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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>सत्रारंभ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Anik poryay" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="खाजगी साधनां" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">खाजगी साधनां</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=gom.wikipedia.org&uselang=gom"><span>दान कर</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6:CreateAccount&returnto=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुमी खातें उगडून सत्रारंभ करचें अशें सुचयतात, पूण तें सक्तीचें ना."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>खातें रोचात</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6:UserLogin&returnto=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सत्रारंभ करप बरें, पूण तशी सक्ती ना. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>सत्रारंभ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0:Introduction" aria-label="संपादना विशीं अदीक शिकून घे"><span>अदीक शिकून घे</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>योगदान</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>चर्चा</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="विशय सुची" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">विशय सुची</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">देग-पट्टियेचेर वर</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">लिपय</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">सुरवात</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-संदर्भ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#संदर्भ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>संदर्भ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-संदर्भ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="विशय सुची" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="विशय सुची दाखय / लिपय" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">विशय सुची दाखय / लिपय</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">भास आनी भासविज्ञान</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="दूसऱ्या भासेन एके लेखाचेर वच. 260 भासानीं उपलब्ध आसा." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-260" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">260 भासो</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa" title="Bahsa – अचायनीज" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="अचायनीज" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Boreantlim borim panam"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taal" title="Taal – अफ्रिकान्स" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Taal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="अफ्रिकान्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprache" title="Sprache – स्विस जर्मन" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="स्विस जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Тил – दक्षिणी अल्टाय" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Тил" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="दक्षिणी अल्टाय" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B" title="ቋንቋ – अमहारिक्" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቋንቋ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="अमहारिक्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowal" title="Sowal – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Sowal" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengache" title="Luengache – आरागोनिस" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengache" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="आरागोनिस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A6c" title="Spræc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Spræc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9" title="لغة – अरेबिक" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="अरेबिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_(%DC%A1%DC%A1%DC%A0%DC%A0%DC%90)" title="ܠܫܢܐ (ܡܡܠܠܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ (ܡܡܠܠܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A9" title="لوغة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لوغة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87" title="لغه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ভাষা – आसामी" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="आसामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llinguaxe" title="Llinguaxe – अस्टुरियान" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llinguaxe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="अस्टुरियान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="МацӀ – अवारिक" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="МацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="अवारिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – अवधी" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="अवधी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aru" title="Aru – ऐमरा" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="ऐमरा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil" title="Dil – अझरबैजानी" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="अझरबैजानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84" title="دیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тел (лингвистика) – बष्किर" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тел (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="बष्किर" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" title="Basa – बालिनीज" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="बालिनीज" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproch" title="Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata" title="Hata – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon" title="Tataramon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мова – बेलारुशियन" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="बेलारुशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" title="Basa – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Език (лингвистика) – बल्गेरियन" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Език (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="बल्गेरियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue" title="Langue – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Langue" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%84%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AB" title="ဘာႏသာႏငဝ်းငွါ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဘာႏသာႏငဝ်းငွါ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan" title="Kan – बंबारा" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="बंबारा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ভাষা – बांग्ला" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="बांग्ला" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="སྐད་རིགས། – तिबेटी" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐད་རིགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="तिबेटी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezh" title="Yezh – ब्रेटन" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ब्रेटन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezik" title="Jezik – बोस्नियन" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="बोस्नियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro" title="Saro – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenguatge" title="Llenguatge – कटलान" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llenguatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="कटलान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaje" title="Lenguaje – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Lenguaje" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-ngi%C3%B2ng" title="Ngṳ̄-ngiòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngṳ̄-ngiòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Мотт – चिचेन" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="चिचेन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongan" title="Pinulongan – सेबुआनो" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="सेबुआनो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenggu%C3%A5hi" title="Lengguåhi – चामोर्रो" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Lengguåhi" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="चामोर्रो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – चॅरोकी" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="चॅरोकी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمان – मध्य कर्दिश" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="मध्य कर्दिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Til" title="Til – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Til" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazyk_(lingvistika)" title="Jazyk (lingvistika) – चेक" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jazyk (lingvistika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="चेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A8%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Ѩꙁꙑкъ – चर्च स्लेव्हीक" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="चर्च स्लेव्हीक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5" title="Чĕлхе – चुवाश" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чĕлхе" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="चुवाश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaith" title="Iaith – वेल्श" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iaith" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="वेल्श" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprog" title="Sprog – डॅनिश" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="डॅनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%9Bt%C9%94%C9%A3ili" title="Yɛtɔɣili – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Yɛtɔɣili" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprache" title="Sprache – जर्मन" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan_(l%C4%B1san)" title="Zıwan (lısan) – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwan (lısan)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ބަސް – दिवेही" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="दिवेही" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Γλώσσα – ग्रीक" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ग्रीक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langua" title="Langua – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Langua" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" title="Language – इंग्लीश" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="इंग्लीश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvo" title="Lingvo – इस्परान्टो" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="इस्परान्टो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaje" title="Lenguaje – स्पॅनीश" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="स्पॅनीश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel" title="Keel – इस्टोनियन" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="इस्टोनियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintzaira" title="Mintzaira – बास्क" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mintzaira" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="बास्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguagi" title="Lenguagi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lenguagi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زبان – पर्शियन" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="पर्शियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieli" title="Kieli – फिनिश" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="फिनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiil_(keeletiid%C3%BCs)" title="Kiil (keeletiidüs) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kiil (keeletiidüs)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosa" title="Vosa – फिजी" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vosa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="फिजी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1l" title="Mál – फेरोस" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="फेरोस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langage" title="Langage – फ्रेंच" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="फ्रेंच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoua" title="Lengoua – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lengoua" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A4ke_(iinjt%C3%A5l)" title="Spräke (iinjtål) – उत्तरीय फ्रिशियन" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Spräke (iinjtål)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="उत्तरीय फ्रिशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga%C3%A7" title="Lengaç – फ्रिलियन" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lengaç" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="फ्रिलियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taal" title="Taal – पश्चिमी फ्रिशियन" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Taal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="पश्चिमी फ्रिशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga" title="Teanga – आयरिश" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teanga" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="आयरिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="語言" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanng" title="Lanng – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanng" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nan" title="Cànan – स्कॉटीश गॅलीक" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cànan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="स्कॉटीश गॅलीक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaxe" title="Linguaxe – गेलीशियन" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguaxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="गेलीशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زوان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="زوان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDte" title="Ñe'ẽte – ग्वारानी" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽte" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ग्वारानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa – गोरोंटालो" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="गोरोंटालो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="ભાષા – गुजराती" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="गुजराती" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengey_(%C3%A7haghteraght)" title="Çhengey (çhaghteraght) – मांक्स" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengey (çhaghteraght)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="मांक्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshe_(yare)" title="Harshe (yare) – हौसा" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshe (yare)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="हौसा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%AE-ngi%C3%A8n" title="Ngî-ngièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngî-ngièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94" title="שפה – हिब्रू" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="हिब्रू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – हिन्दी" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="हिन्दी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhasa" title="Bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezik" title="Jezik – क्रोएशियन" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="क्रोएशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_(paw%C3%B2l)" title="Lang (pawòl) – हैतियन क्रेयॉल" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang (pawòl)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="हैतियन क्रेयॉल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyelv" title="Nyelv – हंगेरियन" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="हंगेरियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Լեզու – आर्मेनियन" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեզու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="आर्मेनियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Լեզու – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լեզու" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguage" title="Linguage – इन्टरलिंग्वा" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguage" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="इन्टरलिंग्वा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku" title="Jaku – आयबन" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="आयबन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa – इंडोनेशियन" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="इंडोनेशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue" title="Lingue – इन्टरलिंग्" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lingue" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="इन्टरलिंग्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5" title="Asụsụ – इग्बो" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="इग्बो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqautchit" title="Uqautchit – इनूपेयाक्" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uqautchit" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="इनूपेयाक्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao" title="Pagsasao – इलोको" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="इलोको" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Мотт – इंगूश" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="इंगूश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguo" title="Linguo – इदो" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="इदो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungum%C3%A1l" title="Tungumál – आयस्लान्डिक" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="आयस्लान्डिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaggio" title="Linguaggio – इटालियन" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linguaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="इटालियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="言語 – जपानी" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="जपानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languij" title="Languij – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bangu" title="bangu – लोजबान" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bangu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="लोजबान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" title="Basa – जावनीज" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="जावनीज" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ენა – जॉर्जियन" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="जॉर्जियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt" title="Tutlayt – काबायले" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="काबायले" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1lyem_(nwap)" title="A̱lyem (nwap) – त्याप" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱lyem (nwap)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="त्याप" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%C3%AEnga" title="Ndînga – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Ndînga" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%BB_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тіл (лингвистика) – कझाख" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тіл (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="कझाख" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oqaatsit" title="Oqaatsit – कालाल्लिसुट" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Oqaatsit" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="कालाल्लिसुट" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6" title="ភាសា – कंबोडिया" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="कंबोडिया" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಭಾಷೆ – कन्नड" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="कन्नड" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="언어 – कोरियन" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="कोरियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Тил – कराची-बाल्कर" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="कराची-बाल्कर" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زَبان – कश्मीरी" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="कश्मीरी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprooch" title="Sprooch – कोलोनियन" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="कोलोनियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman" title="Ziman – कर्दिश" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ziman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="कर्दिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Кыв – कोमी" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="कोमी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeth" title="Yeth – कोर्निश" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yeth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="कोर्निश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Тил – किर्गिझ" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тил" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="किर्गिझ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua" title="Lingua – लॅटिन" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="लॅटिन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprooch" title="Sprooch – लक्झेम्बर्गीश" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="लक्झेम्बर्गीश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="ЧӀал – लेझघियान" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ЧӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="लेझघियान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua" title="Lingua – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lingua" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taol" title="Taol – लिंबर्गिश" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Taol" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="लिंबर्गिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz" title="Lingaz – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma" title="Idioma – लोमबार्ड" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Idioma" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="लोमबार्ड" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok%C3%B3t%C3%A1" title="Lokótá – लिंगाला" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lokótá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="लिंगाला" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2" title="ພາສາ – लाओ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="लाओ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba – लिथुआनियन" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="लिथुआनियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol%C5%ABda" title="Volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valoda" title="Valoda – लात्वियन" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="लात्वियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2sa" title="Bhâsa – मादुरीज" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâsa" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="मादुरीज" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – मैथिली" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="मैथिली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" title="Basa – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Кяль – मोक्ष" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="मोक्ष" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_(heviny_mivelatra)" title="Fiteny (heviny mivelatra) – मलागसी" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny (heviny mivelatra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="मलागसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso" title="Bahaso – मिनान्गकाबाव" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="मिनान्गकाबाव" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Јазик – मेसेडोनियन" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="मेसेडोनियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഭാഷ – मल्याळम" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="मल्याळम" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хэл – मंगोलियन" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="मंगोलियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯂꯣꯜ – मणिपुरी" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯣꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="मणिपुरी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – मराठी" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="मराठी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa – मलय" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="मलय" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa" title="Lingwa – माल्टिज" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="माल्टिज" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဘာသာစကား – बर्मीज" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="बर्मीज" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="زوون – मझांडेराणी" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="मझांडेराणी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua" title="Lengua – नियापोलिटन" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="नियापोलिटन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spraak" title="Spraak – लोवर जर्मन" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="लोवर जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taol" title="Taol – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Taol" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – नेपाळी" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="नेपाळी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="भाय् – नेवारी" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भाय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="नेवारी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li" title="Li – नियास" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Li" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="नियास" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taal" title="Taal – डच" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="डच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k" title="Språk – नॉर्वेजियन नायनोर्स्क" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियन नायनोर्स्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k" title="Språk – नॉर्वेजियन बोकमाल" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियन बोकमाल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingues" title="Lingues – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Lingues" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%B2" title="ߞߊ߲ – नको" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߊ߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="नको" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laungue" title="Laungue – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Laungue" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengatge" title="Lengatge – ऑक्सिटन" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengatge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ऑक्सिटन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ଭାଷା – उडीया" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="उडीया" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Æвзаг – ओसेटिक" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ओसेटिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – पंजाबी" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="पंजाबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanu" title="Amanu – पांपान्गा" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="पांपान्गा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma" title="Idioma – पाप्यामेंटो" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Idioma" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="पाप्यामेंटो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langache" title="Langache – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Langache" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schprooch" title="Schprooch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schprooch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laenghwij" title="Laenghwij – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Laenghwij" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_(mowa)" title="Język (mowa) – पोलिश" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język (mowa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="पोलिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langagi" title="Langagi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Langagi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="ژبه – पश्तो" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="पश्तो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem" title="Linguagem – पोर्तुगीज" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linguagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="पोर्तुगीज" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimay" title="Rimay – क्वेच्वा" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rimay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="क्वेच्वा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua" title="Lingua – रोमान्श" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="रोमान्श" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chib" title="Chib – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83_(comunicare)" title="Limbă (comunicare) – रोमानियन" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbă (comunicare)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="रोमानियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C3%A2" title="Limbâ – आरोमेनियन" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limbâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="आरोमेनियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Язык – रशियन" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="रशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – संस्कृत" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="संस्कृत" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BB_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Тыл (саҥарар) – साखा" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тыл (саҥарар)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="साखा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – संथाली" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="संथाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbas" title="Limbas – सार्डिनियान" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limbas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="सार्डिनियान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_(parr%C3%A0ta)" title="Lingua (parràta) – सिसिलियान" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua (parràta)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="सिसिलियान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leid" title="Leid – स्कॉट्स" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="स्कॉट्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ٻولي – सिंधी" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="सिंधी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giella" title="Giella – उत्तरीय सामी" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Giella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="उत्तरीय सामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A2ng%C3%A2k%C3%B6d%C3%B6r%C3%B6" title="Yângâködörö – सांगो" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Yângâködörö" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="सांगो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezik" title="Jezik – सेर्बो-क्रोयेषियन्" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="सेर्बो-क्रोयेषियन्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt" title="Tutlayt – ताछेल्हीट" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="ताछेल्हीट" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="භාෂාව – सिंहला" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="सिंहला" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" title="Language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazyk_(jazykoveda)" title="Jazyk (jazykoveda) – स्लोवाक" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jazyk (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवाक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezik_(sredstvo_sporazumevanja)" title="Jezik (sredstvo sporazumevanja) – स्लोवानियन" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jezik (sredstvo sporazumevanja)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवानियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagana" title="Gagana – सामोअन" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Gagana" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="सामोअन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel%C3%A2" title="Kielâ – ईनारी सामी" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="ईनारी सामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutauro" title="Mutauro – शोना" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mutauro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="शोना" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luuqad_(Af)" title="Luuqad (Af) – सोमाली" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luuqad (Af)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="सोमाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_(komunikim)" title="Gjuha (komunikim) – आल्बेनियन्" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha (komunikim)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="आल्बेनियन्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Језик – सर्बियन" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="सर्बियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongo" title="Tongo – श्रानन टोंगो" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Tongo" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="श्रानन टोंगो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipuo" title="Dipuo – दक्षिणी सोथो" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Dipuo" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="दक्षिणी सोथो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproake" title="Sproake – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sproake" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" title="Basa – सुंदनीस" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="सुंदनीस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k" title="Språk – स्विडीश" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="स्विडीश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha" title="Lugha – स्वाहिली" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="स्वाहिली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godka" title="Godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/kamu" title="kamu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="kamu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="மொழி – तमिळ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="तमिळ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="భాష – तेलुगू" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="तेलुगू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Забон – ताजिक" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ताजिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษา – थाई" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="थाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil" title="Dil – तुर्कमेन" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Dil" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="तुर्कमेन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wika" title="Wika – तगालोग" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="तगालोग" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyvon" title="Zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokples" title="Tokples – तोक पिसीन" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tokples" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="तोक पिसीन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil" title="Dil – तुर्की" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="तुर्की" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari" title="Kari – तारोको" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="तारोको" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ririmi" title="Ririmi – त्सोंगा" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ririmi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="त्सोंगा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Тел – तातर" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="तातर" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84" title="تىل – उयघूर" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تىل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="उयघूर" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мова – युक्रेनियन" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="युक्रेनियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زبان – उर्दू" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="उर्दू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Til" title="Til – उझबेक" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Til" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="उझबेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguajo" title="Lenguajo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lenguajo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kel%27" title="Kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Ngôn ngữ – व्हिएतनामीज" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="व्हिएतनामीज" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCk" title="Pük – ओलापुक" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="ओलापुक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaedje" title="Lingaedje – वालून" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lingaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="वालून" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinaknan" title="Yinaknan – वरय" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Yinaknan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="वरय" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0llaama" title="Kàllaama – वोलोफ" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kàllaama" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="वोलोफ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言 – व्हु चिनी" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="語言" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="व्हु चिनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulwimi" title="Ulwimi – खोसा" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ulwimi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="खोसा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9A" title="שפראך – यिडिश" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שפראך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="यिडिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8" title="Èdè – योरुबा" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="योरुबा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah" title="Vah – झ्हुन्ग" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="झ्हुन्ग" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taele" title="Taele – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Taele" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ – प्रमाणीत मॉरोक्कन तमाझीट" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="प्रमाणीत मॉरोक्कन तमाझीट" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言 – चिनी" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="語言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="चिनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="語言" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A2n-g%C3%BA" title="Giân-gú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Giân-gú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言 – कॅण्टोनीस" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="語言" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="कॅण्टोनीस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izilimi" title="Izilimi – झुलू" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izilimi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="झुलू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q315#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="आंतरभाशीक दुवो संपादीत करात" class="wbc-editpage">दुवो संपादीत करात</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="नांवथलां"> <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">विकिपीडिया कडल्यान</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="gom" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2:Kolbrun_Halldorsdottir_(VG)_deltar_i_debatten_vid_BSPC-s_mote_i_Visby_2008-09-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kolbrun_Halldorsdottir_%28VG%29_deltar_i_debatten_vid_BSPC-s_mote_i_Visby_2008-09-02.jpg/220px-Kolbrun_Halldorsdottir_%28VG%29_deltar_i_debatten_vid_BSPC-s_mote_i_Visby_2008-09-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kolbrun_Halldorsdottir_%28VG%29_deltar_i_debatten_vid_BSPC-s_mote_i_Visby_2008-09-02.jpg/330px-Kolbrun_Halldorsdottir_%28VG%29_deltar_i_debatten_vid_BSPC-s_mote_i_Visby_2008-09-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kolbrun_Halldorsdottir_%28VG%29_deltar_i_debatten_vid_BSPC-s_mote_i_Visby_2008-09-02.jpg/440px-Kolbrun_Halldorsdottir_%28VG%29_deltar_i_debatten_vid_BSPC-s_mote_i_Visby_2008-09-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>भास आनी भासविज्ञान</figcaption></figure> <p><b>भास आनी भासविज्ञान</b> ज्या ध्वनिचिन्नांच्या आदारान मनीस एकामेकांकडे विचारांचें दिवप-घेवप करता, संपर्क सादता त्या ध्वनिचिन्नांच्या एकवटीन रुपाक भास म्हण्टात. भास हें उतर 'भाष' ह्या मूळ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="संस्कृत">संस्कृत</a> उतरावयल्यान आयलां. भास ध्वनीरुप आसता. मनीस आपल्या तोंडांतल्यान तरेकवार नाद वा ध्वनी काडूंक शकता. दर एक भास हातूंतले कांय नाद ध्वनी वेंचून काडटा ह्या ध्वनींचे रचणुकेंतल्यान थरावीक अर्थ उकतो जाता. </p><p>संवसारांत उण्योच म्हळ्यार सुमार चार हजार भासो आसात.ह्यो सगळ्यो भासो लोकांचे जिबेर घोळटात.पूण सगळ्योच बरोवपाखातीर उपेगी पडनात.मनशाचे तशेंच भाशेंचे जिणेंतूय उलोवप आदीं आनी बरोवप उपरांत येता.देखून उलोवप,भाशेचें मुळावें रुप अशें भासविज्ञान मानता. </p><p>मनशाचे उदरगतीच्या इतिहासांत भाशेक मुखेल सुवात आसा.भास हें मनीस-जिणेचें मुळावें आंग.सगळ्या मोनजातीं भितर सैमाचे नदरेन मनीसूच भाशेक पात्र आसा आनी सैमाकडल्यान मेळ्ळिल्ली ही भाशीक तांक मनशाभितर आपशीं फळना,तिका समाजान फळोवंची पडटा म्हणपाचें ह्या मळावयलें संशोधन सांगता. </p><p>मोनजातींच्या संदेशनाचे तुळेन मनशांलें भाशीक संदेशन खूब आगळें वेगळें. </p><p>भास म्हळ्यार चिन्नांची,कुरवांची वेवस्था.एक आंग संकेतकाचें( signifier)वा नादाचें आनी दुसरें आंग संकेतिकाचें(signified)वा अर्थाचें.संकेतक आनी संकेतीत हाचेमदीं संकेतीक नातें आसता.देखीक,झाड ह्या नादांच्या पुंजुल्याचो तागेल्या ह्या अर्थाकडेन कसलोच सैमीक संबंद आसना म्हणुनूच हिंदीतलो पेड वा इंग्लिशींतलो ट्री बें वेगळे नादां पुंजुले होच अर्थ उक्तायतात.मोनजातींच्या संदेशनांत संकेतक आनी संकेतीत हांतेमदीं चडशें सैमीक नातेंच पळोवंक मेळटा.देखीक,म्होंवा मुसांले नाचाचे भाशेंत संकेतक संकेतिताक खूब लागीं आसता.मूस कसो नाचलो-वाटकुळो कांय इंग्लीश आठांची आकृती काडून,तो कशे तरेन लकलो ह्या सारकिल्या बारीकसाणींचें गणित मांडून ताच्या नाचाचो अर्थ लावं येता. </p><p>मनशांचे भासेवरी जायत्या मेनजातींच्योय भासो तोंडाचे नाद उपकारायतात.पुण नाद उपकारवपी ह्या दोनूय भाशांमदीं खूब वेगळेंपण आसा.मोनजातींच्या भाशांभितर मेकळ्या नादाक अर्थ आसता.देखीक,संपश्टाची सुलुस लागतकच गिबन माकड ह्या प्रसंगखातीर आशिल्ली किळांच उच्चारता.हीच किळांच परतो परतो उच्चारीत रावता.पूण मनशांचे भाशेंत असो मेकळ्या नादांक अर्थ आसना.नाद जेन्ना एकठांय येतात तेन्नाच अर्थ घडटा.भाशेंत दोन थर आसात,एक अर्थ नाशिल्ल्या नादांचो स्वनिमांचो आनी दुसरो हे अर्थ नाशिल्ले नाद एकठांय .येवन घडिल्ल्या अर्थपूर्ण रुपिमांचो. </p><p>मोनजातीच्यो भासो चडशो मेकऴ्या नादांच्यो घडिल्ल्यो आशिल्ल्यान तांकां बांदांवळ जावं व्याकरण नासता.पूण व्यकरण हें मनशाचे भाशेचें एक मुळावें खाशेंलेपण.भाशेच्या सगळ्या पांवड्यांचेर ध्वनीच्या,उतराच्या आनी वाक्याच्या व्याकरणाची बांदावळ आसता.ताका ती शिकची पडटा.पूण मानजातीक मात तांच्यो भासो सैमाकडल्यानूच मेळिल्ल्यो आसतात.देखून तांकां त्यो शिकलेबगर आपशींच योतात. </p><p>भास हे मोनजातीच्या सैमाचो वांटो जाल्ल्यान मोनजातींच्या भाशांक काळांचो भेद लागना,शेंक़्यांनी वर्सां सावन म्होंवामूस एकूच भास नाचत आयला,कावळो एकेच भाशेन गायत आयला आनी गाय एकेच तरेन हांबेत आयल्या .मनशांची भास मात ताच्या समाजावरी एकेकडेन थीर उरुंक ना,ती बदलत गेल्या. </p><p>मोनजातींच्या भाशांक सरभोंवतणच्या वाठाराचोच आनी आतांचोच संदर्भ आसता.मनीस मात मुखार आशिल्ल्याच्या समदर्भांत उलोवंक शकता,तितलोच मुखार नाशिल्ल्याच्या संदर्भांत उलोवंक शकता.मनशाक भूतकाळ,भविश्यकाळ आसता.तशेंच मनशाचे भाशेंक थळाकाळाचें बधंन नासता. </p><p>उलोवप आनी आयकप ह्यो भाशेंच्यो दोन कडो आनी भाशीक वेव्हारांतल्या दोन भुमिका.भाशेचो उलोवपी हो भशेचो आयकूपी आसता.म्हणजेच भाशेंत उलोवप्याच्यो आनी आयकुप्यांच्यो दोन जाती आसनात.एकलोच मनीस ह्यो दोनूय भुमिका करता.उलोवपा-आयकुपाच्या भुमिकांची अदलाबदल करपाचें लक्षण मोनजातींच्या भाशांनी आसून लेगीत ह्यो भासो मनशांचे भशेलागी सर करिंन पावनात.संवाद हें मनशांच्या भाशांचें मुखेल आंग.मोनजातींच्या भाशांभिरत संवाद नासता.मोनजाती कांय थरिल्ल्याच प्रसंगांचेर उलयतात.हें प्रसंग चडशे कुडीच्या गरजांकडेन संबंद आशिल्ले आसतात.मनशांचे भाशेक फॅक्ट लागता,तशेंच फिक्शनूय लागता,भाशेच्या आदारान मनीस आपल्याचो असो खाशेलो संवसार निर्मूंक शकता. </p><p>संवसारांतल्या सुमार चार हजार भाशांभितर अमोरिकन इंडियन. </p><p>भाशांचो आंकडो हजारांवयर वता,आफ्रिकेंतूच सुमार हजारभर भासो आनी न्यू गिनी ह्या सुपल्ल्या जुव्याचेर सातशांनयर बासो मेळटात.भारतांत देडशांवयर,रशियेत सेमार एकशें तीस जाल्यार चीनांत कितल्योशो डझन भासो मेळटात.संवसारांतल्यो सगळ्यो भासो एकेमेके पसून साप्प वेगळ्यो नात.कांय भाशांभितर सारकेपण आसा जाल्यार कांय भासो एकेमेकेपरस सामक्यो वेगळ्यो आसात. </p><p>भाशिक सारकेपणांतलें अपघाती सारकेपण आनी उश्णेपणाचें सारकेंपण निवळावन भाशेच्या सगळ्या पांवड्यांवयल्या फकत निजाच्या ,रगताच्या सारकेपणाच्या आदीरान भाशांचीं कुळां थरयतात.भाशेकुळ म्हळ्यार एके मूळ भाशेंतल्यान वयर सरिल्ल्या एका रगताच्या भाशांचो पुंजुलो.एकेच मुळ भाशेंतच्यान वेगवेगळ्यो सरिल्ल्यो भासो काळा वांगडा एकेमेकेपसून अदीक वेगळ्यो जातात आनी हातूंतल्यान एक कुळाचीं उपकुळां घडटात.ह्या संवसारांत मुखेल सुमार वीस आनी हेर ल्हान पन्नाशेक भाशे-कुळां आसात अशें सामान्यतायेन मानतात..भाशे-कुळांत आस्पावपाक मेळनात अशा भाशांक स्वतंत्र भासो लेखतात. </p><p>भारतीययुरोपी(संस्कृत,ग्रिकी,लॅटीन,इंग्लिश,रशियन,परशियन ह्या भाशांचें कुळ),अॅफ्रो-एशियाटिक (अरबी,हिब्रू,सिरियॅक ह्या भाशआंचें कुळ),सिनो-तिबेटन(ब्रह्मी,तिबेटी,थांयलंड ह्या भासांचें कूळ),नायजेर कोंगो(स्वाहीली आनी हेर आफ्रिकेंतल्या कितल्याशा भांशांचें कूळ)हीं कांय मुखेल भाशे-कुळां.हातूंतलें भारतीय-युरोपी कूळ हें संवसारांतलें सगळ्यांत व्हडलें भाशें-कुळ.संवसाराचे लोकसंख्येचें अक अर्द फकत अका भारतीय-युरोपी भाशे-कुळांत वांटून गेलां.उदेंतकडेन भारता ते अस्तंते कडेन युरोप ह्या दोन तोकांमदीं मेळपी कितल्योशो भासो ह्या कुळांत आस्पावतात. </p><p>भारतीय-युरोपी भाशेकुळाचीं एकरा मुखेल अपकुळां आसात अें सामान्यतायोन मानतात.१)भारतीय-इराणी उपकुळ,ह्या उपकुळाचे दोन वांटे करतात,इराणी आनी इंडीक/भारतीय आर्य.२)हॅलेनीक ३)इटालीक ४)कॅल्टीक ह्या उपकुळाचेदोन फांटे आसात.गॅलीक आनी ब्रिटॅनीक ५)जर्मेनीक-ह्या उपकुळाचेय दोन फांटे आसात.उत्तर कडलो फांटो आनी अस्तंतेकडलो फांटे ६)स्लावनीक ७)बाल्टीक ८)अर्मिनियन ९)आल्बेनियन १०)आनातोलियन ११)तोखारियन.ह्या निमाण्या दोन उपकुळांचिॉ्यो भासो फकत अवशेशांच्या रुपान मेळटात..ह्या शतमानाचे सुरवेक तुर्कस्तानांत केल्ल्या एका उत्खननांतल्यान हिटायट हे मुखेल आनातोलियन भाशेचो जाणाकारांक सोद लागिल्लो.जाल्यार तोखारियन भाशेचीय अशीच चीनी तुर्कस्तानांत मेळिल्ल्या लेखी साहित्यांतल्यान संवसाराक वळख जाल्ली.संवसारांतल्या भाशांनी आनीक दोन तरांच्या भाशांचो उल्लेख करचो पडटा- १)भोव भाशिक परिस्थितींत संपर्क म्हणून जल्माक आयिल्ल्या पिज्जीन आनी क्रियोल भासांचो आनी २)मनशांनी मुद्दाम घडयल्ल्या कृत्रीम भाशांचो. </p><p>भाशेच्या वेगळ्या बोलींतल्यान खंयची एक बोली भाशिक वेव्हारांत मुखेलपणात जोडटा आनी बरप-शिक्षण,प्रमार माध्यमां सारकेलीं मळां आडावन बसता,तेन्ना ती भाशेची प्रमाण बोली जाता.थळावे भेद सगळ्या भाशांनी आनी भाशेच्या सगळ्या आंगांनी-हेळ्यांनी ,उतरावळींत नादांत आनी व्याकारणांत पळोवंक मेळटात.ह्या भेदांतले भाशेच्यो थळाव्यो बोली घडटात.ज्या नेमान एके भाशेच्यो वेगळ्यो थळाव्यो बोली पोटभासो घडटात त्याच नेमान एकेच मूळ भाशेंतल्यान वेगळ्यो वेगळ्यो उपभाशोय घडटात थळाव्या भेदांवरी समाजीक जाती वर्गाचे भेदूय आमकां सगळ्या भाशांनी आनी भाशेच्या सगळ्या आंगांनी पळोवंक मेळटात.भूगोलीक आनी समाजीक अंतराक लागून आयिल्ल्या वेगळेपणाभायर भाशेंत आनी एके तरेचें वेगळेंपण पळोवंक मेळटा तें म्हळ्यार प्रसंगाक वा संदर्भाक लागून आयिल्लें वेगळेंपण.हे तरेचें वेगळेपण भाशेच्यो वेगळेपण भाशेच्यो वेगळ्यो शैल्यो घडयता.शैल्यांच्या वेगळेपणा भायर भाशेंत वेवसायीक संदर्भांचेय वेगळेंपण दिसता. </p><p>भाशेचे विज्ञानीक विस्कटावणीच्या आदारान भाशे संबंदीत सिध्दांत प्रस्थापीत करपी शास्त्राक भाशाशास्त्र म्हण्टात.भाशाशास्त्राक भासविज्ञान अशेंय म्हण्टात.मनशाचे कुडींतले खंयचे अवयव ध्वनींची रचणूक कशी जाता आनी तांकां अर्थ कसो लागू जाता,उतरां वाक्या कशीं घडटात,भाशेचे उपेग खंयचे,संवसारांतल्या सगळ्या भाशांक लावंक मेळटात अशे कांय भाशेविशींचे नेम मेळटात काय ना,भास कशी बदलता कित्याक बदलता कित्याक अशे तरेकवार विशय भासाविज्ञानाच्या अभ्यासांत दिसतात.भशेच्या इतिहासाचो, व्याकरणाचो आनी भशेच्या वर्तमानकाळांतल्या रुपाचोय अभ्यास जाता.ध्वनींचे निर्मिती सावन भाशांच्या व्गळेपणां मेरेनचीं भाशेंची तरेकवार आंगां भासविज्ञानाच्या क्षेत्रात येतात. </p><p>खूब पुर्विल्या काळासावन मनीसजात भाशेचेर विचार करीत आयल्या.भासेच्या अभ्यासाक दोन-अडेज हजार वर्सांचो इतिहास आसा.उच्चारण,व्याकरण,व्युत्पती सारकिल्ल्या ह्या भाशेच्या आंगांचो विचार भासविज्ञानाच्या जल्माच्या शेंकड्यानी वर्सां आदींसावन शास्त्रीय तरेन चलत आयला.भारताक असल्या अभ्यासाची खूब व्हडली आनी गिरेस्त परंपरा आसा.युरोपी (ग्रिक,रोमी),चीनी आनी अरबी संस्कृतायांनीय संवसाराक शास्त्रीय भास-वितीरांच्यो आगळ्यो-वेगळ्यो परंपरा दिल्यात. </p><p>अठराव्या शेंकड्यांत सर विलियम जोन्स हो उंग्लिश जाणकार <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="भारत">भारतांत</a> संस्कृत सरस्पतीचो अभ्यास करतालो,तेन्ना उदेंतेकडली ही भास अस्तंतेकडल्या ग्रीक आनी लॅटीन भासांक खूब लागींची म्हणपाचो तांकां सोद लागलो.ताचे मदलें सारकेंपण हें भासांचे उतरावळीच्या मळारुच न्हय जाल्यार व्याकराणी बांदावळीच्या मळारुय दिश्टी पडटालें.पूण संस्कृत,ग्रीक आनी लॅटीन ह्यो भासो एकाच मुळांतल्यान वयर सरल्यात अशें मानल्यारुच ह्या थराचें सारकेंपण समजून घेवं येता हो विचार विलियम जोन्सान १७८६त कलकत्त्याच्या द रॅायल एशियॅटीक सोसायटींत दिल्ल्या व्याख्यानांत मांडलो.ज्या दिसा जोन्सानहें इतिहासीक उलोवप केलें त्या २७ सप्टेंबर १७८६ ह्या दिसाक कांय जाण भासाविज्ञानाचो जल्म दीस मानतात. </p><p>जोन्साच्या सोदान इतिहास घडयलो आनी एकुणिसाव्या शेंकड्यांत भाशेची नातीं सोदपाचो,पाळां-मुळां उस्तून काडपाचो अभ्यास खूब चंवरलो.भाशेचो बदल आनी भाशेची उत्क्रांती हो ह्या अभ्यासाचो विशय आशिल्लो.भाशेंच्या बदलाचो अभ्यास करतां करतां जाणकारांक एक सोद लागलो.भास कशाय कशी बलदना,भाशेच्या बदलांत वेवस्था आसता.हे बदल नेमांक धरुनूच जाता आनी जर आडवाद मेळ्ळे जाल्यारुय आडवादांभितर नेम सोदून काडूं येतात.ह्या सोदान भाशेच्या बदलाच्या अभ्यासाक एक नवी शिस्त जोडून दुली आनी भाशेंचो हो अभ्यास इतिहासीक शास्त्राची मान्यताय मेळोवंक पावलो.शास्त्रीय अभ्यासाच्या मळार ह्या अभ्यासाक वाङ्मय विद्देचो-फिलॅालॅाजीचो वांटो लेखपाक लागलो.ह्या अभ्यासाची तुळा करपाचें खाशेलपण मतींत घेवन जाणकारांनी ताका कंपेरेटिव्ह फिलॅालॅाजी-तुळात्मक वाङ्मयविद्या हें नांव दिल्लें. </p><p>तुळात्मक वाङ्मयविद्या हें भासविरज्ञानाच्याविकासांतलें इतिहासीक पर्व अशें आमच्यांनी म्हणूं येता.रासमुस रास्क(१७८७-१८३२),याकोप ग्रिम(१७८५-१८६३),फ्रांत्झ बॅाप(१७९२-१८६७),ऑगुस्त श्लायखर (१८२१-६४),कार्ल वॅर्नर(१८४३-९६)हे ह्या पर्वांतले म्हालगडे.ह्या जाणकारांनी आपल्या मुळाव्या वावरान भाशेच्या इतिहासाीक अभ्यासाची बुन्याद घाली. </p><p>तुळात्मक वाङ्मयविद्देच्या आनी मुखार भासविज्ञानाच्या अभ्यासाक आकार दिवपांत,संस्क-त भाशेचो व्हड वांटो आसा.आर.एच.रॅाबिन्स बरयता-युरोपाचो संस्कृतव्याकरण विचारां कडेन(नाद-विचार) संबंद येवंक नाशिल्लो जाल्यार घडये भासविज्ञान आयज वेगळेच वटेन चलिल्लें पळोंवंक मेळपाचें.क्रिस्ता आदल्या सुमार ५००ते १५० वर्सा मजगतच्या काळांत संस्कृत भाशेचो व्याकरण विचार खूब विकसीत जाल्लो. </p><p>फेर्दिनां द सोस्यूर(१८५७-१९१३) ह्या स्वित्झर्लंडी भास शास्त्राज्ञान भाशेच्या अभ्यासाक इतिहासीक तनरेंतल्यान जागो केलो आनी भाशेचे बांदावळी विशींचें कांय मुळावे सिध्दांत सोदून काडून भाशेच्या अभ्यासाक वि५ानांत सुवात जोडून दिली.ह्या वावराक लागून सोस्यूराक अर्विल्ल्या भाशाशास्त्राचो मुळपुरुस मानतात.आंत्वान मेय्ये(१८६६-१९३६),लुई ह्येल्मस्लेव(१८९९-१९६५),निकोलाय त्रुबेत्स्कोय(१८९०-१९३८),रोमान याकोप्सन हांणी सोस्यूराची पंरपरा मुखार चलयली. </p><p>तुळात्मक वाङ्मय विद्देची पंरपरा अमेरिकेकूय अनवळखी नासली.विल्यम ड्वायर विट्नी सारकिल्या अमेरिकन विव्दानांनी ह्या मळाचेर तोलामोलाचो वावर केल्लो.विट्नीचें संस्क-त भाशेचें व्याकरण ही भारतीय-युरोपी भासाविज्ञानांत एक म्हत्वाची भर अशें मानतात. </p><p>तशेंच फ्रांत्झ बोआस(१८५८-१९४२) हाच्या वावरांत भाशेंच्या वर्णनात्मक अभ्यासाक नवी दिका मेळ्ळी.मुखार अॅडवर्ड सपीर (१८८४-१९३१)ह्या विट्नी आनी बोआसांच्या विद्यार्थ्यान भाशेच्या अभ्यासाक तत्त्वीक बसका जोडून दिली.सोस्यूरांवरी सपीरांकूय स्वतंत्रपणान भाशे भितरले रचणुकेचो बांदावळीचो दिश्टावो जालो.लॅनर्ड व्लूमफिल्ड (१८८७-१९४९)हांणें भाशेंच्या वर्णनाक शास्त्रीय शिस्त हाडली,१९३३त तागेंलें language हें पुस्तक उजवाडा आयलें.सपीर आनी ब्लूमफिल्डांचे प्रेरणेन अमेरिकन रचणूकवाद्यांची एक पिळगीच कयार जाली.झेलिग हॅरिस,बर्नर्ड,जॅार्ज ट्रेगर,चार्ल्ज हॅाकेट,केनेथ पायक हीं कांय हातूंतलीं मुखेल नांवां तेउपरांत भासविज्ञानांत भाशेचें अर्थाचें आंग कोनशाक पडिल्लें आनी भाशेची बांदानळ आनी तिचे मूळ घटक उक्ताडा हाडपी सोद पद्दतीक चड म्हत्व आयिल्लें.सुमार २० वर्सां अमेरिकन भासविज्ञानाचेर ब्लूमफिल्डांचो प्रभाव उरलो.इतलो मजगतीं बरपांत नाशिल्ल्या कितल्याशाच भाशांची वर्णनात्मक व्याकरणां भासविज्ञानिकांनी बरोवन काडली.भाशेच्या नीज उलोवप्यांकडल्यान भाशेचीं वाक्यां एकठांय करप,अर्थाक कुशीन दवरुन वाक्यांतले भाशेचे बांदावळीचो अभ्यास करप ही त्या भासविज्ञानिकांची वावर पध्दच आशिल्ली.हे पध्दतीक आनी तिचे मोखीक लागून अमेरीकेंतल्या ह्या भासविज्ञानिकांक 'रचणूकवादी'(structuralists)हें नांव पडलें.हाका लागून रचणुकी भासविज्ञान हें उतर कांय जाण रचणूकवाद्यांतें भासविज्ञान ह्या मोटव्या अर्थानूय वापरुंक लागले. </p><p>१९५७त नोअम च्यॅामस्की हाचें syntactic structuresहें पुस्तक उजवाडा आयलें.ताणें भासनिज्ञानांत व्युत्पादक व्याकरणाचें (Generative Grammar)पर्व सुरु केलें. </p><p>अर्विल्या भासविज्ञानाच्या विकासांत आनी विचारांत भारतीय भास विचारांचें,चड करुन पाणिनी-फांट्याच्या भास विचारांचें म्हत्वाचें योगदान आसा.भारताचो युरोपी भास विव्दानांकडेन संर्पक आयलो तेन्ना एकुणिसाव्या शेंकड्यांत डॅा.राम कृष्ण गोपाळ भांडारकर हे तुळात्मक वाङ्मय विद्देचो अभ्यास करपी पयलो भारतीय विव्दान.भांडारकार वांगडा जॅान बीम्स,रुडॅाल्फ ह्योर्नले आनी रॅाबर्ट कॅाल्डवेल हांणी भारतीय भआशांच्या आर्विल्ल्या अभ्यासाची बुन्याद घाली.ह्या सुरवेच्या काळांत चडसो संस्कृत भाशेचेरुच अभ्यास जालो. </p><p>१९१३त कलकत्ता विद्यापिठांत तुळात्मक वाङ्मय विद्देच्या अध्यासनाची स्थापणूक जाली.१९१७ वर्सा ह्या अध्यासनाचेर पयलेच फावट आय.जे.एस.तारापोरेवाला ह्या भारतीय मनशाची नेमणूक जाली.१९१९ वर्सा झुल ब्लॅाक हाचो ला फॅ्र्मास्यों द ला लांग मारात (मराठी भाशेची बांदावळ)हो ग्रंथ उजवाडा आयलो.ह्याच वर्सा भाडांरकर प्राच्याविद्या समशोधन मंदिराच्या फुडाकारान पुण्यांत पयली भारतीय प्राच्याविद्या परिशद भरली.१९२१त सुनितीकुमार चटर्जी हाका ताच्या द ओरिजिन एण्ड डॅनलमॅण्ट ऑफ द बँगाली लँग्वेज ह्या प्रबंधाखातीर लंडन विद्यापिठाची डी.लिट.पदवी मेळ्ळी.उपरांत १९२२ते१९४२ मेरेन ताची कलकत्ता विद्यापिठाच्या तुळात्मक वाङ्मय विद्देच्या अध्यासरनाचेर नेमणूक जाली.ताणें भासविज्ञानाच्या नकाशाचेर भारताक सुवात जोडून दिली.१९२८ वर्सा जॅार्ज एब्रहॅम ग्रियर्सन हाची १९०३ वर्सा सुरु जाल्ली.Linguistic of India ही येवजण पुराय जाली.आर्विल्ल्या भारतीय भाशांच्या अभ्यासाचें मुळावण घालप्यांमदीं ब्लॅाक,चटर्जी हांचे वांगडा राल्फ टर्नर,सिध्देश्र्वर वर्मा,बाबूराम सक्सेना,धीरेंद्र वर्मा हांचोय आस्पाव जाता. उपरांत सु.मं.कत्रे,ना.गो.कालेलकर हांणा ही पंरपरा मुखार चलयली. </p><p>१९५३त रॅाल्फ टर्नर हाच्या येजमानपणाखाला पुण्याचे डॅक्कान कॅालेजींत भासतज्ञ आनी भारतीय शिक्षणतज्ञांची बसका जाली आनी तातूंत भारतीय तरणाट्यांक आर्विल्ल्या भास-विज्ञानाचें शिक्षण दिवपाचो संकल्प केलो.१९५४त डॅक्क्न कॅालेजांन फुडाकार घेवन लिंग्विस्टिक सोसायटी ऑफ इंडियाचें पयलेंच स्वतंत्र अधिवेशन घडोवन हाडलें.मुखार न्युयॅार्काच्या रॅाकफॅलर प्रतिश्ठाना कडल्यान फाटबळ मेळून डॅक्कन कॅालेजींत भासविज्ञान विऊाग स्खापन जालो. </p><p>आयज भारतांतल्या पंदरा परस चड विद्यापिठांनी भासविज्ञानाचे स्वतंत्र विभाग आसात.ह्या विद्यापिठांनी भारतांतले आनी भारता भायलेच विद्यार्थी शिक्षण घेतात. </p><p>ह्या दोन वर्सां मदीं भाशेचो अभ्यास खूब मुखार पावला.गिन्यानाच्या मळार भासवुज्ञान आपणा खातीर एक खाशेली सुवांत जोडूंक पावलां. </p><p>व्याकरण-विचार,नादविरज्ञान आनी अर्थविज्ञान हीं भासविज्ञानीक अभ्यासाचीं मुखेल आंगां अशें सामान्यतायेन मानतात.नाद,व्याकरण आनी अर्थ ह्या भाशेच्या मुळाव्या आंगांच्या अभ्यासाचे बुन्यादीचेर भासविज्ञान उबें आसा.हालींच्या काळांत समाजभासविज्ञान(Sociolinguistics)आनी मानसभासविज्ञान(Psycholinguistice)हे भासविज्ञानाचे दोन फांटे खूब विकसीत जाल्यात. </p><p>समाजभासविज्ञानांत भास आनी समाज हांच्या नात्याचो अभ्यास आस्पावता.समाजीक वेगळेंपण भाशेंत कशें दिश्टी पडटा-जात,कात,धर्म,वर्ग हांचें तशेंच पिराय,लिंग हांचें वेगळेंपण भास कशी दाखयता,संदर्भा प्रमाण भास बदलता,भास-बोलीच्या वा आवयभाशेच्या प्रस्नांक लागून समाजांत कशे आनी कित्याक लागून प्रस्न अपरासतात,भाशेकडेन मानाचो (Prestige)चो प्रस्न कसो घुस्पल्लो आसता,प्रमाणिकरणाची प्रक्रिया कशी आसता,भौ भाशिक परिस्थितींत संपर्क भासो वा जोड भासो कशो नांवां रुपाक येतात? असल्या सगळ्या प्रस्नांचो समाजभासविज्ञान अभ्यास करता. </p><p>भास हें मनीस जातीचें खाशेंलपण.मनशाकूच भास येता.ह्या भास येवपा फाटल्यान मनशाचे सैमीक बांदावळीचीं खंयचीं आंगां आसात?मनशाच्या मेंदवाची घडण कशी आसता?भाशेचें मसीन कशें चलता?भुरगें पयली ऊास कशें शीकता? जाणटी नवी भास कशीं शिकतात? असल्या सगळ्या प्रस्नांचो अभ्यास मानसविज्ञानांत जाता. </p><p>भासविज्ञानाचे आनिकूय फांटे आसात.शैलीविज्ञान (Stylistics)हो फांटो,भास आनी संदर्भ हांच्या नात्याचो अभ्यास करता.साहीत्यीक शैलीविज्ञान (Literacy stylistics) हो ह्या फांट्याचो पोटफांटो साहीत्यांतल्या शैल्यांचो (Literary stylistics )अभ्यास करता.छंदाची बांदावळ भाशेचे नादवेवस्थेचेर कशी उबी आसा.छंदाची बांदावळ भाशेचे नादवेवस्थेचेर कशी उबी आसा.क्रियापद वापरुंक नाशिल्ल्यान कवितेचे कसले परिणाम सादल्यात...सारकील्या गजालींचो अभ्यास साहित्यीक शैलीविज्ञानांत येता.इतिहासीक भासविज्ञान (Historical Linguistics) भाशेंचेर जाल्ल्या काळाच्या संस्कारांचो अभ्यास करता.भास कशी बदलता? भासीक बदलाच्यो प्रक्रिया खंयच्यो? भास कित्याखातीर बदलता?मूळ भाशेंतस्यांन पोटभासो कशो जल्माक येतात? असल्या प्रस्नांचेर इतिहासीक भासविज्ञान उजवाड घालता.चार माग्रांनी इतिहासीक भासविज्ञान भाशेच्या इतिहाचो थाव घेता.त्यो म्हळ्यार;१)तुळात्मक पध्दत(Comparative Method) २)एक भाशिक पुनर्रचणूक (Internal Reconstruction) ३)भाशिक भूगोल बोली भूगोल (Linguistic Geography/Dialect Geography)आनी ४)भाशीक काळनिर्णय(Giottochronology/Lexicostatistics). </p><p>भासविज्ञानीक अभ्यासाचो वेव्हांतूय खूब आदार जाता..भास शिक्षणाच्या मळार भासविज्ञानानम्हत्वाचें योगदान दिलां.हालींच्या काळांत व्याकरणांतल्यान आनी संवकळीच्या बाशेच्या माध्यमांतल्यान अणकारांतल्यान बास शिकोवपाचे अदीक भर दितालें.अमेरिकन रचणूकवाद्यांच्या विचारांत'Language Drills' क म्हत्व आयले.अणकारांतल्यान भास शिकोवपाची रीत फाटीं पडली.नव्या भाशीक संवयां खातीर जिबेक तयार करपाचे रितीक म्हत्व आयलें.शिकोवपाचो विशयूच शिकोवपाचें माध्यम जालो.च्यॅामस्कीन भास शिकपाचे प्रक्रिये कडेन जाणकारांचें लक्ष ओडलें.नवी भास शिकतना शिकोवप्याच्या अभ्यास क्रमाभायर शिकप्याचें तकलेंत एक अभ्यास क्रम तयार आसता.शिकता आसतना ताचेकडल्यान घडपी चूकांतल्यान तो झळकता म्हणपाचो दाखोवन दिलें.ह्या विचारान भास शिकोवपाच्या रितीं भितर म्हत्वाचे बदल घडोवन हाडले.अशे तरेन भासविज्ञानीक मळार नव्या नव्या नदरांची भर पडत गेल्या ते प्रमाण भास शिक्षणाच्या विचार आनी पधिदतीं बितर बदल घडत गेल्यात.तशेंच भाशिक नियोजन आनी भाशिक धोरण थरोवपाच्या मळाचेर भासविज्ञानाचो म्हत्वाचो आदार जाता.अणकाराच्या मळाचेरुय भासविज्ञानान मोलाचें योगदान दिलां.कोशविज्ञानाच्या मळारुय भासविज्ञानीक (Lexicography)अभ्यासाची मोलाची मदत जाता.उलोवपांतलीं उणेंपणां काडपाच्या वावरांत उलोवणें चिकित्सेंत (Speech Therapy) लेगीत भासविज्ञानाचो खूब आदार जाता.तशेंच भासविज्ञानाचो हेर शास्त्रांकडेनूय संबंद येता. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="संदर्भ"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AD"></span>संदर्भ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8&action=edit&section=1" title="विभाग संपादन: संदर्भ"><span>बदल</span></a><span 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