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fundamental layer</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: single fundamental layer"> <meta name="keywords" content="single fundamental layer"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="single fundamental layer"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 8444</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: single fundamental layer</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8234</span> A Wall Law for Two-Phase Turbulent Boundary Layers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhahri%20Maher">Dhahri Maher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aouinet%20Hana"> Aouinet Hana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The presence of bubbles in the boundary layer introduces corrections into the log law, which must be taken into account. In this work, a logarithmic wall law was presented for bubbly two phase flows. The wall law presented in this work was based on the postulation of additional turbulent viscosity associated with bubble wakes in the boundary layer. The presented wall law contained empirical constant accounting both for shear induced turbulence interaction and for non-linearity of bubble. This constant was deduced from experimental data. The wall friction prediction achieved with the wall law was compared to the experimental data, in the case of a turbulent boundary layer developing on a vertical flat plate in the presence of millimetric bubbles. A very good agreement between experimental and numerical wall friction prediction was verified. The agreement was especially noticeable for the low void fraction when bubble induced turbulence plays a significant role. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bubbly%20flows" title="bubbly flows">bubbly flows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=log%20law" title=" log law"> log law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundary%20layer" title=" boundary layer"> boundary layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64652/a-wall-law-for-two-phase-turbulent-boundary-layers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64652.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8233</span> Microfabrication of Three-Dimensional SU-8 Structures Using Positive SPR Photoresist as a Sacrificial Layer for Integration of Microfluidic Components on Biosensors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Su%20Yin%20Chiam">Su Yin Chiam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qing%20Xin%20Zhang"> Qing Xin Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaehoon%20Chung"> Jaehoon Chung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits (ICs) have obtained increased attention in the biosensor community because CMOS technology provides cost-effective and high-performance signal processing at a mass-production level. In order to supply biological samples and reagents effectively to the sensing elements, there are increasing demands for seamless integration of microfluidic components on the fabricated CMOS wafers by post-processing. Although the PDMS microfluidic channels replicated from separately prepared silicon mold can be typically aligned and bonded onto the CMOS wafers, it remains challenging owing the inherently limited aligning accuracy ( > ± 10 μm) between the two layers. Here we present a new post-processing method to create three-dimensional microfluidic components using two different polarities of photoresists, an epoxy-based negative SU-8 photoresist and positive SPR220-7 photoresist. The positive photoresist serves as a sacrificial layer and the negative photoresist was utilized as a structural material to generate three-dimensional structures. Because both photoresists are patterned using a standard photolithography technology, the dimensions of the structures can be effectively controlled as well as the alignment accuracy, moreover, is dramatically improved (< ± 2 μm) and appropriately can be adopted as an alternative post-processing method. To validate the proposed processing method, we applied this technique to build cell-trapping structures. The SU8 photoresist was mainly used to generate structures and the SPR photoresist was used as a sacrificial layer to generate sub-channel in the SU8, allowing fluid to pass through. The sub-channel generated by etching the sacrificial layer works as a cell-capturing site. The well-controlled dimensions enabled single-cell capturing on each site and high-accuracy alignment made cells trapped exactly on the sensing units of CMOS biosensors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SU-8" title="SU-8">SU-8</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microfluidic" title=" microfluidic"> microfluidic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MEMS" title=" MEMS"> MEMS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microfabrication" title=" microfabrication"> microfabrication</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32017/microfabrication-of-three-dimensional-su-8-structures-using-positive-spr-photoresist-as-a-sacrificial-layer-for-integration-of-microfluidic-components-on-biosensors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32017.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">522</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8232</span> A Comparative Study of a Defective Superconductor/ Semiconductor-Dielectric Photonic Crystal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sadegzadeh">S. Sadegzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mousavi"> A. Mousavi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Temperature-dependent tunable photonic crystals have attracted widespread interest in recent years. In this research, transmission characteristics of a one-dimensional photonic crystal structure with a single defect have been studied. Here, we assume two different defect layers: InSb as a semiconducting layer and HgBa<sub>2</sub>Ca<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub> as a high-temperature superconducting layer. Both the defect layers have temperature-dependent refractive indexes. Two different types of dielectric materials (Si as a high-refractive index dielectric and MgF<sub>2</sub> as a low-refractive index dielectric) are used to construct the asymmetric structures (Si/MgF<sub>2</sub>)<sup>N</sup>InSb(Si/MgF<sub>2</sub>)<sup>N</sup> named S.I, and (Si/MgF<sub>2</sub>)<sup>N</sup>HgBa<sub>2</sub>Ca<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(Si/MgF<sub>2</sub>)<sup>N</sup> named S.II. It is found that in response to the temperature changes, transmission peaks within the photonic band gap of the S.II structure, in contrast to S.I, show a small wavelength shift. Furthermore, the results show that under the same conditions, S.I structure generates an extra defect mode in the transmission spectra. Besides high efficiency transmission property of S.II structure, it can be concluded that the semiconductor-dielectric photonic crystals are more sensitive to temperature variation than superconductor types. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defect%20modes" title="defect modes">defect modes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photonic%20crystals" title=" photonic crystals"> photonic crystals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiconductor" title=" semiconductor"> semiconductor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superconductor" title=" superconductor"> superconductor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmission" title=" transmission"> transmission</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67733/a-comparative-study-of-a-defective-superconductor-semiconductor-dielectric-photonic-crystal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67733.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">292</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8231</span> Impact of Different Tillage Practices on Soil Health Status: Carbon Storage and Pools, Soil Aggregation, and Nutrient Use</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Denis%20Constantin%20Topa">Denis Constantin Topa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irina%20Gabriela%20Cara"> Irina Gabriela Cara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerard%20Jitareanu"> Gerard Jitareanu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tillage is a fundamental soil practice with different soil disturbance intensities and unique implications in soil organic carbon, soil structure, and nutrient dynamics. However, the implication of tillage practice on soil organic carbon and soil health is complex and specific to the context. it study evaluated soil health status based on soil carbon sequestration and pools, soil aggregation, and nutrient use under two different tillage practices: conventional and minimum tillage. The results of our study are consistent with the hypothesis that, over time, minimum tillage typically boosts soil health in the 0-10 cm soil layer. Compared to the conventional practice (19.36 t C ha-1) there was a significant accumulation of soil organic carbon (0-30 cm) in the minimum-tillage practice (23.21 t C ha-1). Below 10 cm depth, the soil organic carbon stocks are close to that of the conventional layer (0-30 cm). Soil aggregate stability was improved under conservative tillage, due to soil carbon improvement which facilitated a greater volume of mesopores and micropores. Total nitrogen (TN), available potassium (AK) and phosphorus (AP) content in 0-10 cm depth under minimum-tillage practice were 26%, 6% and 32%, greater respectively, compared to the conventional treatment. Overall, the TN, AP and AK values decreased with depth within the soil profiles as a consequence of soil practice and minimum disturbance. The data show that minimum tillage is a sustainable and effective management practice that maintain soil health with soil carbon increase and efficient nutrient use. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20tillage" title="minimum tillage">minimum tillage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conventional%20tillage" title=" conventional tillage"> conventional tillage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20organic%20carbon" title=" soil organic carbon"> soil organic carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutrients" title=" nutrients"> nutrients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20aggregation" title=" soil aggregation"> soil aggregation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20health" title=" soil health"> soil health</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194602/impact-of-different-tillage-practices-on-soil-health-status-carbon-storage-and-pools-soil-aggregation-and-nutrient-use" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194602.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">11</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8230</span> Electrocatalytic Enhancement Mechanism of Dual-Atom and Single-Atom MXenes-Based Catalyst in Oxygen and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xin%20Zhao.%20Xuerong%20Zheng.%20Andrey%20L.%20Rogach">Xin Zhao. Xuerong Zheng. Andrey L. Rogach</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Using single metal atoms has been considered an efficient way to develop new HER and OER catalysts. MXenes, a class of two-dimensional materials, have attracted tremendous interest as promising substrates for single-atom metal catalysts. However, there is still a lack of systematic investigations on the interaction mechanisms between various MXenes substrates and single atoms. Besides, due to the poor interaction between metal atoms and substrates resulting in low loading and stability, dual-atom MXenes-based catalysts have not been successfully synthesized. We summarized the electrocatalytic enhancement mechanism of three MXenes-based single-atom catalysts through experimental and theoretical results demonstrating the stronger hybridization between Co 3d and surface-terminated O 2p orbitals, optimizing the electronic structure of Co single atoms in the composite. This, in turn, lowers the OER and HER energy barriers and accelerates the catalytic kinetics in the case of the Co@V2CTx composite. The poor interaction between single atoms and substrates can be improved by a surface modification to synthesize dual-atom catalysts. The synergistic electronic structure enhances the stability and electrocatalytic activity of the catalyst. Our study provides guidelines for designing single-atom and dual-atom MXene-based electrocatalysts and sheds light on the origins of the catalytic activity of single-atoms on MXene substrates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual-atom%20catalyst" title="dual-atom catalyst">dual-atom catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single-atom%20catalyst" title=" single-atom catalyst"> single-atom catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MXene%20substrates" title=" MXene substrates"> MXene substrates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20splitting" title=" water splitting"> water splitting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167235/electrocatalytic-enhancement-mechanism-of-dual-atom-and-single-atom-mxenes-based-catalyst-in-oxygen-and-hydrogen-evolution-reactions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167235.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8229</span> The Effect of Soil Reinforcement on Pullout Behaviour of Flat Under-Reamer Anchor Pile Placed in Sand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20K.%20Arora">V. K. Arora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Rastogi"> Amit Rastogi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To understand the anchor pile behaviour and to predict the capacity of piles under uplift loading are important concerns in foundation analysis. Experimental model tests have been conducted on single anchor pile embedded in cohesionless soil and subjected to pure uplift loading. A gravel-filled geogrid layer was located around the enlarged pile base. The experimental tests were conducted on straight-shafted vertical steel piles with an outer diameter of 20 mm in a steel soil tank. The tested piles have embedment depth-to-diameter ratios (L/D) of 2, 3, and 4. The sand bed is prepared at three different values of density of 1.67, 1.59, and 1.50gm/cc. Single piles embedded in sandy soil were tested and the results are presented and analysed in this paper. The influences of pile embedment ratio, reinforcement, relative density of soil on the uplift capacity of piles were investigated. The study revealed that the behaviour of single piles under uplift loading depends mainly on both the pile embedment depth-to-diameter ratio and the soil density. It is believed that the experimental results presented in this study would be beneficial to the professional understanding of the soil–pile-uplift interaction problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flat%20under-reamer%20anchor%20pile" title="flat under-reamer anchor pile">flat under-reamer anchor pile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geogrid" title=" geogrid"> geogrid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pullout%20reinforcement" title=" pullout reinforcement"> pullout reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20reinforcement" title=" soil reinforcement"> soil reinforcement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23669/the-effect-of-soil-reinforcement-on-pullout-behaviour-of-flat-under-reamer-anchor-pile-placed-in-sand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23669.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">468</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8228</span> Layer by Layer Coating of Zinc Oxide/Metal Organic Framework Nanocomposite on Ceramic Support for Solvent/Solvent Separation Using Pervaporation Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20A.%20Nabeela%20Nasreen">S. A. A. Nabeela Nasreen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sundarrajan"> S. Sundarrajan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Syed%20Nizar"> S. A. Syed Nizar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seeram%20Ramakrishna"> Seeram Ramakrishna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable interest due to its diverse pore size tunability, fascinating topologies and extensive uses in fields such as catalysis, membrane separation, chemical sensing, etc. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are a class of MOF with porous crystals containing extended three-dimensional structures of tetrahedral metal ions (e.g., Zn) bridged by Imidazolate (Im). Selected ZIFs are used to separate solvent/solvent mixtures. A layer by layer formation of the nanocomposite of Zinc oxide (ZnO) and ZIF on a ceramic support using a solvothermal method was engaged and tested for target solvent/solvent separation. Metal oxide layer was characterized by XRD, SEM, and TEM to confirm the smooth and continuous coating for the separation process. The chemical composition of ZIF films was studied by using X-Ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The obtained ceramic tube with metal oxide and ZIF layer coating were tested for its packing density, thickness, distribution of seed layers and variation of permeation rate of solvent mixture (isopropyl alcohol (IPA)/methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). Pervaporation technique was used for the separation to achieve a high permeation rate with separation ratio of > 99.5% of the solvent mixture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metal%20oxide" title="metal oxide">metal oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane" title=" membrane"> membrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pervaporation" title=" pervaporation"> pervaporation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solvothermal" title=" solvothermal"> solvothermal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZIF" title=" ZIF"> ZIF</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97314/layer-by-layer-coating-of-zinc-oxidemetal-organic-framework-nanocomposite-on-ceramic-support-for-solventsolvent-separation-using-pervaporation-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97314.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8227</span> Determining the Number of Single Models in a Combined Forecast</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serkan%20Aras">Serkan Aras</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emrah%20Gulay"> Emrah Gulay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Combining various forecasting models is an important tool for researchers to attain more accurate forecasts. A great number of papers have shown that selecting single models as dissimilar models, or methods based on different information as possible leads to better forecasting performances. However, there is not a certain rule regarding the number of single models to be used in any combining methods. This study focuses on determining the optimal or near optimal number for single models with the help of statistical tests. An extensive experiment is carried out by utilizing some well-known time series data sets from diverse fields. Furthermore, many rival forecasting methods and some of the commonly used combining methods are employed. The obtained results indicate that some statistically significant performance differences can be found regarding the number of the single models in the combining methods under investigation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combined%20forecast" title="combined forecast">combined forecast</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forecasting" title=" forecasting"> forecasting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M-competition" title=" M-competition"> M-competition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20series" title=" time series"> time series</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40361/determining-the-number-of-single-models-in-a-combined-forecast" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40361.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">355</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8226</span> SNR Classification Using Multiple CNNs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thinh%20Ngo">Thinh Ngo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Rad"> Paul Rad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brian%20Kelley"> Brian Kelley</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Noise estimation is essential in today wireless systems for power control, adaptive modulation, interference suppression and quality of service. Deep learning (DL) has already been applied in the physical layer for modulation and signal classifications. Unacceptably low accuracy of less than 50% is found to undermine traditional application of DL classification for SNR prediction. In this paper, we use divide-and-conquer algorithm and classifier fusion method to simplify SNR classification and therefore enhances DL learning and prediction. Specifically, multiple CNNs are used for classification rather than a single CNN. Each CNN performs a binary classification of a single SNR with two labels: less than, greater than or equal. Together, multiple CNNs are combined to effectively classify over a range of SNR values from −20 ≤ SNR ≤ 32 dB.We use pre-trained CNNs to predict SNR over a wide range of joint channel parameters including multiple Doppler shifts (0, 60, 120 Hz), power-delay profiles, and signal-modulation types (QPSK,16QAM,64-QAM). The approach achieves individual SNR prediction accuracy of 92%, composite accuracy of 70% and prediction convergence one order of magnitude faster than that of traditional estimation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title="classification">classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CNN" title=" CNN"> CNN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction" title=" prediction"> prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SNR" title=" SNR"> SNR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118278/snr-classification-using-multiple-cnns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118278.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8225</span> Analysis of Advanced Modulation Format Using Gain and Loss Spectrum for Long Range Radio over Fiber System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shaina%20Nagpal">Shaina Nagpal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Gupta"> Amit Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, all optical Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) generated single sideband with suppressed carrier is presented to provide better efficiency. The generation of single sideband and enhanced carrier power signal using the SBS technique is further used to strengthen the low shifted sideband and to suppress the upshifted sideband. These generated single sideband signals are able to work at high frequency ranges. Also, generated single sideband is validated over 90 km transmission using single mode fiber with acceptable bit error rate. The results for an equivalent are then compared so that the acceptable technique is chosen and also the required quality for the optimum performance of the system is reported. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stimulated%20Brillouin%20scattering" title="stimulated Brillouin scattering">stimulated Brillouin scattering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radio%20over%20fiber" title=" radio over fiber"> radio over fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upper%20side%20band" title=" upper side band"> upper side band</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20factor" title=" quality factor"> quality factor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63416/analysis-of-advanced-modulation-format-using-gain-and-loss-spectrum-for-long-range-radio-over-fiber-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63416.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">236</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8224</span> Measurement of Ionospheric Plasma Distribution over Myanmar Using Single Frequency Global Positioning System Receiver </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Win%20Zaw%20Hein">Win Zaw Hein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khin%20Sandar%20Linn"> Khin Sandar Linn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Su%20Su%20Yi%20Mon"> Su Su Yi Mon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoshitaka%20Goto"> Yoshitaka Goto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Earth ionosphere is located at the altitude of about 70 km to several 100 km from the ground, and it is composed of ions and electrons called plasma. In the ionosphere, these plasma makes delay in GPS (Global Positioning System) signals and reflect in radio waves. The delay along the signal path from the satellite to the receiver is directly proportional to the total electron content (TEC) of plasma, and this delay is the largest error factor in satellite positioning and navigation. Sounding observation from the top and bottom of the ionosphere was popular to investigate such ionospheric plasma for a long time. Recently, continuous monitoring of the TEC using networks of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) observation stations, which are basically built for land survey, has been conducted in several countries. However, in these stations, multi-frequency support receivers are installed to estimate the effect of plasma delay using their frequency dependence and the cost of multi-frequency support receivers are much higher than single frequency support GPS receiver. In this research, single frequency GPS receiver was used instead of expensive multi-frequency GNSS receivers to measure the ionospheric plasma variation such as vertical TEC distribution. In this measurement, single-frequency support ublox GPS receiver was used to probe ionospheric TEC. The location of observation was assigned at Mandalay Technological University in Myanmar. In the method, the ionospheric TEC distribution is represented by polynomial functions for latitude and longitude, and parameters of the functions are determined by least-squares fitting on pseudorange data obtained at a known location under an assumption of thin layer ionosphere. The validity of the method was evaluated by measurements obtained by the Japanese GNSS observation network called GEONET. The performance of measurement results using single-frequency of GPS receiver was compared with the results by dual-frequency measurement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionosphere" title="ionosphere">ionosphere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20positioning%20system" title=" global positioning system"> global positioning system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GPS" title=" GPS"> GPS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionospheric%20delay" title=" ionospheric delay"> ionospheric delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20electron%20content" title=" total electron content"> total electron content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TEC" title=" TEC"> TEC</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111009/measurement-of-ionospheric-plasma-distribution-over-myanmar-using-single-frequency-global-positioning-system-receiver" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111009.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8223</span> Impact of Welding Wire Nickel Plating Process Parameters on Ni Layer Thickness</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sylwia%20Wiewiorowska">Sylwia Wiewiorowska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zbigniew%20Muskalski"> Zbigniew Muskalski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The article presents part of research on the development of nickel plated welding wire production technology, whose application will enable the elimination of the flaws of currently manufactured welding wires. The nickel plated welding wire will be distinguished by high quality, because the Ni layer which is deposited electrochemically onto it from acid baths is characterized by very good adhesion to the steel wire surface, while the ductile nickel well deforms plastically in the drawing process and the adhesion of the Ni layer increases in the drawing process due to the occurring process of diffusion between the Ni and the steel. The Ni layer obtained in the proposed technology, despite a smaller thickness than when the wire is coated with copper, is continuous and tight, thus ensuring high corrosion resistance, as well as unsusceptible to scaling, which should provide a product that meets requirements imposed by the market. The product will also reduce, to some extent, the amount of copper brought in to steel through recycling, while the wire coating nickel introduced to the weld in the welding process is expected, to a degree, to favorably influence its mechanical properties. The paper describes the tests of the process of nickel plating of f1.96 mm-diameter wires using various nickel plating baths with different process parameters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20wire" title="steel wire">steel wire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=properties" title=" properties"> properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=welding%20process" title=" welding process"> welding process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ni%20layer" title=" Ni layer"> Ni layer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117352/impact-of-welding-wire-nickel-plating-process-parameters-on-ni-layer-thickness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117352.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8222</span> Numerical Investigation of Wire Mesh Heat Pipe for Spacecraft Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jayesh%20Mahitkar">Jayesh Mahitkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20K.%20Singh"> V. K. Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surendra%20Singh%20Kachhwaha"> Surendra Singh Kachhwaha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wire Mesh Heat Pipe (WMHP) as an effective component of thermal control system in the payload of spacecraft, utilizing ammonia to transfer efficient amount of heat. One dimensional generic and robust mathematical model with partial-analytical hydraulic approach (PAHA) is developed to study inside behaviour of WMHP. In this model, inside performance during operation is investigated like mass flow rate, and velocity along the wire mesh as well as vapour core is modeled respectively. This numerical model investigate heat flow along length, pressure drop along wire mesh as well as vapour line in axial direction. Furthermore, WMHP is modeled into equivalent resistance network such that total thermal resistance of heat pipe, temperature drop across evaporator end and condenser end is evaluated. This numerical investigation should be carried out for single layer and double layer wire mesh each with heat input at evaporator section is 10W, 20 W and 30 W at condenser temperature maintained at 20˚C. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ammonia" title="ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modeling" title=" modeling"> modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wire%20mesh" title=" wire mesh"> wire mesh</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88304/numerical-investigation-of-wire-mesh-heat-pipe-for-spacecraft-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88304.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8221</span> Fabricating an Infrared-Radar Compatible Stealth Surface with Frequency Selective Surface and Structured Radar-Absorbing Material</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qingtao%20Yu">Qingtao Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guojia%20Ma"> Guojia Ma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Approaches to microwave absorption and low infrared emissivity are often conflicting, as the low-emissivity layer, usually consisting of metals, increases the reflection of microwaves, especially in high frequency. In this study, an infrared-radar compatible stealth surface was fabricated by first depositing a layer of low-emissivity metal film on the surface of a layer of radar-absorbing material. Then, ultrafast laser was used to generate patterns on the metal film, forming a frequency selective surface. With proper pattern design, while the majority of the frequency selective surface is covered by the metal film, it has relatively little influence on the reflection of microwaves between 2 to 18 GHz. At last, structures on the radar-absorbing layer were fabricated by ultra-fast laser to further improve the absorbing bandwidth of the microwave. This study demonstrates that the compatibility between microwave absorption and low infrared emissivity can be achieved by properly designing patterns and structures on the metal film and the radar-absorbing layer accordingly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency%20selective%20surface" title="frequency selective surface">frequency selective surface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrared-radar%20compatible" title=" infrared-radar compatible"> infrared-radar compatible</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20infrared%20emissivity" title=" low infrared emissivity"> low infrared emissivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radar-absorbing%20material" title=" radar-absorbing material"> radar-absorbing material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patterns" title=" patterns"> patterns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structures" title=" structures"> structures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115550/fabricating-an-infrared-radar-compatible-stealth-surface-with-frequency-selective-surface-and-structured-radar-absorbing-material" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115550.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8220</span> Depth-Averaged Modelling of Erosion and Sediment Transport in Free-Surface Flows</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Rowan">Thomas Rowan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Seaid"> Mohammed Seaid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A fast finite volume solver for multi-layered shallow water flows with mass exchange and an erodible bed is developed. This enables the user to solve a number of complex sediment-based problems including (but not limited to), dam-break over an erodible bed, recirculation currents and bed evolution as well as levy and dyke failure. This research develops methodologies crucial to the under-standing of multi-sediment fluvial mechanics and waterway design. In this model mass exchange between the layers is allowed and, in contrast to previous models, sediment and fluid are able to transfer between layers. In the current study we use a two-step finite volume method to avoid the solution of the Riemann problem. Entrainment and deposition rates are calculated for the first time in a model of this nature. In the first step the governing equations are rewritten in a non-conservative form and the intermediate solutions are calculated using the method of characteristics. In the second stage, the numerical fluxes are reconstructed in conservative form and are used to calculate a solution that satisfies the conservation property. This method is found to be considerably faster than other comparative finite volume methods, it also exhibits good shock capturing. For most entrainment and deposition equations a bed level concentration factor is used. This leads to inaccuracies in both near bed level concentration and total scour. To account for diffusion, as no vertical velocities are calculated, a capacity limited diffusion coefficient is used. The additional advantage of this multilayer approach is that there is a variation (from single layer models) in bottom layer fluid velocity: this dramatically reduces erosion, which is often overestimated in simulations of this nature using single layer flows. The model is used to simulate a standard dam break. In the dam break simulation, as expected, the number of fluid layers utilised creates variation in the resultant bed profile, with more layers offering a higher deviation in fluid velocity . These results showed a marked variation in erosion profiles from standard models. The overall the model provides new insight into the problems presented at minimal computational cost. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=erosion" title="erosion">erosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20volume%20method" title=" finite volume method"> finite volume method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sediment%20transport" title=" sediment transport"> sediment transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shallow%20water%20equations" title=" shallow water equations"> shallow water equations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73381/depth-averaged-modelling-of-erosion-and-sediment-transport-in-free-surface-flows" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73381.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">217</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8219</span> Effects of Viscous Dissipation on Free Convection Boundary Layer Flow towards a Horizontal Circular Cylinder </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Khairul%20Anuar%20Mohamed">Muhammad Khairul Anuar Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Zuki%20Salleh"> Mohd Zuki Salleh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anuar%20Ishak"> Anuar Ishak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nor%20Aida%20Zuraimi%20Md%20Noar"> Nor Aida Zuraimi Md Noar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the numerical investigation of viscous dissipation on convective boundary layer flow towards a horizontal circular cylinder with constant wall temperature is considered. The transformed partial differential equations are solved numerically by using an implicit finite-difference scheme known as the Keller-box method. Numerical solutions are obtained for the reduced Nusselt number and the skin friction coefficient as well as the velocity and temperature profiles. The features of the flow and heat transfer characteristics for various values of the Prandtl number and Eckert number are analyzed and discussed. The results in this paper is original and important for the researchers working in the area of boundary layer flow and this can be used as reference and also as complement comparison purpose in future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20convection" title="free convection">free convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horizontal%20circular%20cylinder" title=" horizontal circular cylinder"> horizontal circular cylinder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viscous%20dissipation" title=" viscous dissipation"> viscous dissipation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convective%20boundary%20layer%20flow" title=" convective boundary layer flow"> convective boundary layer flow</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21742/effects-of-viscous-dissipation-on-free-convection-boundary-layer-flow-towards-a-horizontal-circular-cylinder" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21742.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">439</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8218</span> Triggering Supersonic Boundary-Layer Instability by Small-Scale Vortex Shedding</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guohua%20Tu">Guohua Tu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhi%20Fu"> Zhi Fu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhiwei%20Hu"> Zhiwei Hu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neil%20D%20Sandham"> Neil D Sandham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianqiang%20Chen"> Jianqiang Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tripping of boundary-layers from laminar to turbulent flow, which may be necessary in specific practical applications, requires high amplitude disturbances to be introduced into the boundary layers without large drag penalties. As a possible improvement on fixed trip devices, a technique based on vortex shedding for enhancing supersonic flow transition is demonstrated in the present paper for a Mach 1.5 boundary layer. The compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved directly using a high-order (fifth-order in space and third-order in time) finite difference method for small-scale cylinders suspended transversely near the wall. For cylinders with proper diameter and mount location, asymmetry vortices shed within the boundary layer are capable of tripping laminar-turbulent transition. Full three-dimensional simulations showed that transition was enhanced. A parametric study of the size and mounting location of the cylinder is carried out to identify the most effective setup. It is also found that the vortex shedding can be suppressed by some factors such as wall effect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundary%20layer%20instability" title="boundary layer instability">boundary layer instability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundary%20layer%20transition" title=" boundary layer transition"> boundary layer transition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vortex%20shedding" title=" vortex shedding"> vortex shedding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supersonic%20flows" title=" supersonic flows"> supersonic flows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20control" title=" flow control"> flow control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61412/triggering-supersonic-boundary-layer-instability-by-small-scale-vortex-shedding" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61412.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8217</span> Estimation of Normalized Glandular Doses Using a Three-Layer Mammographic Phantom </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kuan-Jen%20Lai">Kuan-Jen Lai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fang-Yi%20Lin"> Fang-Yi Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shang-Rong%20Huang"> Shang-Rong Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun-Zheng%20Zeng"> Yun-Zheng Zeng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Po-Chieh%20Hsu"> Po-Chieh Hsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jay%20Wu"> Jay Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The normalized glandular dose (DgN) estimates the energy deposition of mammography in clinical practice. The Monte Carlo simulations frequently use uniformly mixed phantom for calculating the conversion factor. However, breast tissues are not uniformly distributed, leading to errors of conversion factor estimation. This study constructed a three-layer phantom to estimated more accurate of normalized glandular dose. In this study, MCNP code (Monte Carlo N-Particles code) was used to create the geometric structure. We simulated three types of target/filter combinations (Mo/Mo, Mo/Rh, Rh/Rh), six voltages (25 ~ 35 kVp), six HVL parameters and nine breast phantom thicknesses (2 ~ 10 cm) for the three-layer mammographic phantom. The conversion factor for 25%, 50% and 75% glandularity was calculated. The error of conversion factors compared with the results of the American College of Radiology (ACR) was within 6%. For Rh/Rh, the difference was within 9%. The difference between the 50% average glandularity and the uniform phantom was 7.1% ~ -6.7% for the Mo/Mo combination, voltage of 27 kVp, half value layer of 0.34 mmAl, and breast thickness of 4 cm. According to the simulation results, the regression analysis found that the three-layer mammographic phantom at 0% ~ 100% glandularity can be used to accurately calculate the conversion factors. The difference in glandular tissue distribution leads to errors of conversion factor calculation. The three-layer mammographic phantom can provide accurate estimates of glandular dose in clinical practice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monte%20Carlo%20simulation" title="Monte Carlo simulation">Monte Carlo simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mammography" title=" mammography"> mammography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=normalized%20glandular%20dose" title=" normalized glandular dose"> normalized glandular dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glandularity" title=" glandularity"> glandularity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97111/estimation-of-normalized-glandular-doses-using-a-three-layer-mammographic-phantom" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97111.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8216</span> Modelling and Optimisation of Floating Drum Biogas Reactor </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Rakesh">L. Rakesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Y.%20Heblekar"> T. Y. Heblekar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study entails the development and optimization of a mathematical model for a floating drum biogas reactor from first principles using thermal and empirical considerations. The model was derived on the basis of mass conservation, lumped mass heat transfer formulations and empirical biogas formation laws. The treatment leads to a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations whose solution mapped four-time independent controllable parameters to five output variables which adequately serve to describe the reactor performance. These equations were solved numerically using fourth order Runge-Kutta method for a range of input parameter values. Using the data so obtained an Artificial Neural Network with a single hidden layer was trained using Levenberg-Marquardt Damped Least Squares (DLS) algorithm. This network was then fine-tuned for optimal mapping by varying hidden layer size. This fast forward model was then employed as a health score generator in the Bacterial Foraging Optimization code. The optimal operating state of the simplified Biogas reactor was thus obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biogas" title="biogas">biogas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=floating%20drum%20reactor" title=" floating drum reactor"> floating drum reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20network%20model" title=" neural network model"> neural network model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105998/modelling-and-optimisation-of-floating-drum-biogas-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105998.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8215</span> Single Species vs Mixed Microbial Culture Degradation of Pesticide in a Membrane Bioreactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karan%20R.%20Chavan">Karan R. Chavan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Srivats%20Gopalan"> Srivats Gopalan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kumudini%20V.%20Marathe"> Kumudini V. Marathe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the current work, the comparison of degradation of malathion by single species, Pseudomonas Stutzeri, and Activated Sludge/Mixed Microbial Culture is studied in a Membrane Bioreactor. Various parameters were considered to study the effect of single species degradation compared to degradation by activated sludge. The experimental results revealed 85-90% reduction in the COD of the Malathion containing synthetic wastewater. Complete reduction of malathion was observed within 24 hours in both the cases. The critical flux was 10 LMH for both the systems. Fouling propensity, Cake and Membrane resistances were calculated thus giving an insight regarding the working of Membrane Bioreactor-based on single species and activated sludge. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fouling" title="fouling">fouling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane%20bioreactor" title=" membrane bioreactor"> membrane bioreactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20microbial%20culture" title=" mixed microbial culture"> mixed microbial culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20species" title=" single species"> single species</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46965/single-species-vs-mixed-microbial-culture-degradation-of-pesticide-in-a-membrane-bioreactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46965.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8214</span> Optimisation of the Input Layer Structure for Feedforward Narx Neural Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zongyan%20Li">Zongyan Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matt%20Best"> Matt Best</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents an optimization method for reducing the number of input channels and the complexity of the feed-forward NARX neural network (NN) without compromising the accuracy of the NN model. By utilizing the correlation analysis method, the most significant regressors are selected to form the input layer of the NN structure. An application of vehicle dynamic model identification is also presented in this paper to demonstrate the optimization technique and the optimal input layer structure and the optimal number of neurons for the neural network is investigated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlation%20analysis" title="correlation analysis">correlation analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F-ratio" title=" F-ratio"> F-ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=levenberg-marquardt" title=" levenberg-marquardt"> levenberg-marquardt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MSE" title=" MSE"> MSE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NARX" title=" NARX"> NARX</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20network" title=" neural network"> neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimisation" title=" optimisation"> optimisation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23195/optimisation-of-the-input-layer-structure-for-feedforward-narx-neural-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23195.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8213</span> Single-Molecule Analysis of Structure and Dynamics in Polymer Materials by Super-Resolution Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiroyuki%20Aoki">Hiroyuki Aoki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The physical properties of polymer materials are dependent on the conformation and molecular motion of a polymer chain. Therefore, the structure and dynamic behavior of the single polymer chain have been the most important concerns in the field of polymer physics. However, it has been impossible to directly observe the conformation of the single polymer chain in a bulk medium. In the current work, the novel techniques to study the conformation and dynamics of a single polymer chain are proposed. Since a fluorescence method is extremely sensitive, the fluorescence microscopy enables the direct detection of a single molecule. However, the structure of the polymer chain as large as 100 nm cannot be resolved by conventional fluorescence methods because of the diffraction limit of light. In order to observe the single chains, we developed the labeling method of polymer materials with a photo-switchable dye and the super-resolution microscopy. The real-space conformational analysis of single polymer chains with the spatial resolution of 15-20 nm was achieved. The super-resolution microscopy enables us to obtain the three-dimensional coordinates; therefore, we succeeded the conformational analysis in three dimensions. The direct observation by the nanometric optical microscopy would reveal the detailed information on the molecular processes in the various polymer systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20materials" title="polymer materials">polymer materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20molecule" title=" single molecule"> single molecule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=super-resolution%20techniques" title=" super-resolution techniques"> super-resolution techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conformation" title=" conformation"> conformation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57901/single-molecule-analysis-of-structure-and-dynamics-in-polymer-materials-by-super-resolution-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57901.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8212</span> Comparison of the Boundary Element Method and the Method of Fundamental Solutions for Analysis of Potential and Elasticity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Zenhari">S. Zenhari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Hematiyan"> M. R. Hematiyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Khosravifard"> A. Khosravifard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Feizi"> M. R. Feizi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The boundary element method (BEM) and the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) are well-known fundamental solution-based methods for solving a variety of problems. Both methods are boundary-type techniques and can provide accurate results. In comparison to the finite element method (FEM), which is a domain-type method, the BEM and the MFS need less manual effort to solve a problem. The aim of this study is to compare the accuracy and reliability of the BEM and the MFS. This comparison is made for 2D potential and elasticity problems with different boundary and loading conditions. In the comparisons, both convex and concave domains are considered. Both linear and quadratic elements are employed for boundary element analysis of the examples. The discretization of the problem domain in the BEM, i.e., converting the boundary of the problem into boundary elements, is relatively simple; however, in the MFS, obtaining appropriate locations of collocation and source points needs more attention to obtain reliable solutions. The results obtained from the presented examples show that both methods lead to accurate solutions for convex domains, whereas the BEM is more suitable than the MFS for concave domains. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundary%20element%20method" title="boundary element method">boundary element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=method%20of%20fundamental%20solutions" title=" method of fundamental solutions"> method of fundamental solutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elasticity" title=" elasticity"> elasticity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potential%20problem" title=" potential problem"> potential problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convex%20domain" title=" convex domain"> convex domain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concave%20domain" title=" concave domain"> concave domain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163380/comparison-of-the-boundary-element-method-and-the-method-of-fundamental-solutions-for-analysis-of-potential-and-elasticity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163380.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8211</span> Mathematical Modeling of Thin Layer Drying Behavior of Bhimkol (Musa balbisiana) Pulp</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ritesh%20Watharkar">Ritesh Watharkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sourabh%20Chakraborty"> Sourabh Chakraborty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brijesh%20Srivastava"> Brijesh Srivastava</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reduction of water from the fruits and vegetables using different drying techniques is widely employed to prolong the shelf life of these food commodities. Heat transfer occurs inside the sample by conduction and mass transfer takes place by diffusion in accordance with temperature and moisture concentration gradient respectively during drying. This study was undertaken to study and model the thin layer drying behavior of Bhimkol pulp. The drying was conducted in a tray drier at 500c temperature with 5, 10 and 15 % concentrations of added maltodextrin. The drying experiments were performed at 5mm thickness of the thin layer and the constant air velocity of 0.5 m/s.Drying data were fitted to different thin layer drying models found in the literature. Comparison of fitted models was based on highest R2(0.9917), lowest RMSE (0.03201), and lowest SSE (0.01537) revealed Middle equation as the best-fitted model for thin layer drying with 10% concentration of maltodextrin. The effective diffusivity was estimated based on the solution of Fick’s law of diffusion which is found in the range of 3.0396 x10-09 to 5.0661 x 10-09. There was a reduction in drying time with the addition of maltodextrin as compare to the raw pulp. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhimkol" title="Bhimkol">Bhimkol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diffusivity" title=" diffusivity"> diffusivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maltodextrine" title=" maltodextrine"> maltodextrine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Midilli%20model" title=" Midilli model"> Midilli model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75887/mathematical-modeling-of-thin-layer-drying-behavior-of-bhimkol-musa-balbisiana-pulp" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75887.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">211</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8210</span> New Concept for Real Time Selective Harmonics Elimination Based on Lagrange Interpolation Polynomials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Makhlouf">B. Makhlouf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Bouchhida"> O. Bouchhida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Nibouche"> M. Nibouche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Laidi"> K. Laidi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A variety of methods for selective harmonics elimination pulse width modulation have been developed, the most frequently used for real-time implementation based on look-up tables method. To address real-time requirements based in modified carrier signal is proposed in the presented work, with a general formulation to real-time harmonics control/elimination in switched inverters. Firstly, the proposed method has been demonstrated for a single value of the modulation index. However, in reality, this parameter is variable as a consequence of the voltage (amplitude) variability. In this context, a simple interpolation method for calculating the modified sine carrier signal is proposed. The method allows a continuous adjustment in both amplitude and frequency of the fundamental. To assess the performance of the proposed method, software simulations and hardware experiments have been carried out in the case of a single-phase inverter. Obtained results are very satisfactory. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=harmonic%20elimination" title="harmonic elimination">harmonic elimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Particle%20Swarm%20Optimisation%20%28PSO%29" title=" Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO)"> Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polynomial%20interpolation" title=" polynomial interpolation"> polynomial interpolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pulse%20width%20modulation" title=" pulse width modulation"> pulse width modulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real-time%20harmonics%20control" title=" real-time harmonics control"> real-time harmonics control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voltage%20inverter" title=" voltage inverter"> voltage inverter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32807/new-concept-for-real-time-selective-harmonics-elimination-based-on-lagrange-interpolation-polynomials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32807.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">503</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8209</span> High-Speed Particle Image Velocimetry of the Flow around a Moving Train Model with Boundary Layer Control Elements</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20Buhr">Alexander Buhr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Klaus%20Ehrenfried"> Klaus Ehrenfried</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Trackside induced airflow velocities, also known as slipstream velocities, are an important criterion for the design of high-speed trains. The maximum permitted values are given by the Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI) and have to be checked in the approval process. For train manufactures it is of great interest to know in advance, how new train geometries would perform in TSI tests. The Reynolds number in moving model experiments is lower compared to full-scale. Especially the limited model length leads to a thinner boundary layer at the rear end. The hypothesis is that the boundary layer rolls up to characteristic flow structures in the train wake, in which the maximum flow velocities can be observed. The idea is to enlarge the boundary layer using roughness elements at the train model head so that the ratio between the boundary layer thickness and the car width at the rear end is comparable to a full-scale train. This may lead to similar flow structures in the wake and better prediction accuracy for TSI tests. In this case, the design of the roughness elements is limited by the moving model rig. Small rectangular roughness shapes are used to get a sufficient effect on the boundary layer, while the elements are robust enough to withstand the high accelerating and decelerating forces during the test runs. For this investigation, High-Speed Particle Image Velocimetry (HS-PIV) measurements on an ICE3 train model have been realized in the moving model rig of the DLR in Göttingen, the so called tunnel simulation facility Göttingen (TSG). The flow velocities within the boundary layer are analysed in a plain parallel to the ground. The height of the plane corresponds to a test position in the EN standard (TSI). Three different shapes of roughness elements are tested. The boundary layer thickness and displacement thickness as well as the momentum thickness and the form factor are calculated along the train model. Conditional sampling is used to analyse the size and dynamics of the flow structures at the time of maximum velocity in the train wake behind the train. As expected, larger roughness elements increase the boundary layer thickness and lead to larger flow velocities in the boundary layer and in the wake flow structures. The boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness and momentum thickness are increased by using larger roughness especially when applied in the height close to the measuring plane. The roughness elements also cause high fluctuations in the form factors of the boundary layer. Behind the roughness elements, the form factors rapidly are approaching toward constant values. This indicates that the boundary layer, while growing slowly along the second half of the train model, has reached a state of equilibrium. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundary%20layer" title="boundary layer">boundary layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-speed%20PIV" title=" high-speed PIV"> high-speed PIV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICE3" title=" ICE3"> ICE3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moving%20train%20model" title=" moving train model"> moving train model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=roughness%20elements" title=" roughness elements"> roughness elements</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65754/high-speed-particle-image-velocimetry-of-the-flow-around-a-moving-train-model-with-boundary-layer-control-elements" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65754.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">305</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8208</span> Approach to Study the Workability of Concrete with the Fractal Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Achouri%20Fatima">Achouri Fatima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chouicha%20Kaddour"> Chouicha Kaddour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main parameters affecting the workability are the water content, particle size, and the total surface of the grains, as long as the mixing water begins by wetting the surface of the grains and then fills the voids between the grains to form entrapped water, the quantity of water remaining is called free water. The aim is to undertake a fractal approach through the relationship between the concrete formulation parameters and workability, to develop this approach a series of concrete taken from the literature was investigated by varying formulation parameters such as G / S, the quantity of cement C and the quantity of mixing water E. We also call on other model as the model for the thickness of the water layer and model of the thickness of the paste layer to judge their relevance, hence the following results : the relevance of the model of the thickness of the water layer is considered relevant when there is a variation in the water quantity, the model of the thickness of the layer of the paste is only applicable if we consider that the paste is made with the grain value Dmax = 2.85: value from which we see a stable model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title="concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractal%20method" title=" fractal method"> fractal method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paste%20thickness" title=" paste thickness"> paste thickness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20thickness" title=" water thickness"> water thickness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=workability" title=" workability"> workability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29521/approach-to-study-the-workability-of-concrete-with-the-fractal-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29521.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8207</span> Cytokine Profiling in Cultured Endometrial Cells after Hormonal Treatment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mark%20Gavriel">Mark Gavriel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ariel%20J.%20Jaffa"> Ariel J. Jaffa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dan%20Grisaru"> Dan Grisaru</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Elad"> David Elad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The human endometrium-myometrium interface (EMI) is the uterine inner barrier without a separatig layer. It is composed of endometrial epithelial cells (EEC) and endometrial stromal cells (ESC) in the endometrium and myometrial smooth muscle cells (MSMC) in the myometrium. The EMI undergoes structural remodeling during the menstruation cycle which are essential for human reproduction. Recently, we co-cultured a layer-by-layer in vitro model of EEC, ESC and MSMC on a synthetic membrane for mechanobiology experiments. We also treated the model with progesterone and β-estradiol in order to mimic the in vivo receptive uterus In the present study we analyzed the cytokines profile in a single layer of EEC the hormonal treated in vitro model of the EMI. The methodologies of this research include simple tissue-engineering . First, we cultured commercial EEC (RL95-2, ATCC® CRL-1671™) in 24-wellplate. Then, we applied an hormonal stimuli protocol with 17-β-estradiol and progesterone in time dependent concentration according to the human physiology that mimics the menstrual cycle. We collected cell supernatant samples of control, pre-ovulation, ovulation and post-ovulaton periods for analysis of the secreted proteins and cytokines. The cytokine profiling was performed using the Proteome Profiler Human XL Cytokine Array Kit (R&D Systems, Inc., USA) that can detect105 human soluble cytokines. The relative quantification of all the cytokines will be analyzed using xMAP – LUMINEX. We conducted a fishing expedition with the 4 membranes Proteome Profiler. We processed the images, quantified the spots intensity and normalized these values by the negative control and reference spots at the membrane. Analyses of the relative quantities that reflected change higher than 5% of the control points of the kit revealed the The results clearly showed that there are significant changes in the cytokine level for inflammation and angiogenesis pathways. Analysis of tissue-engineered models of the uterine wall will enable deeper investigation of molecular and biomechanical aspects of early reproductive stages (e.g. the window of implantation) or developments of pathologies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tissue-engineering" title="tissue-engineering">tissue-engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hormonal%20stimuli" title=" hormonal stimuli"> hormonal stimuli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reproduction" title=" reproduction"> reproduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-layer%20uterine%20model" title=" multi-layer uterine model"> multi-layer uterine model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=progesterone" title=" progesterone"> progesterone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%B2-estradiol" title=" β-estradiol"> β-estradiol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=receptive%20uterine%20model" title=" receptive uterine model"> receptive uterine model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fertility" title=" fertility"> fertility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149276/cytokine-profiling-in-cultured-endometrial-cells-after-hormonal-treatment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149276.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8206</span> Hysteresis Effect in Organometallic Perovskite Solar Cells with Mesoscopic NiO as a Hole Transport Layer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20C.%20Asebiah">D. C. Asebiah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Saranin"> D. Saranin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Karazhanov"> S. Karazhanov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20R.%20Tameev"> A. R. Tameev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Kah"> M. Kah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the mesoscopic NiO was used as a hole transport layer in the inverted planar organometallic hybrid perovskite solar cell to study the effect of hysteresis. The devices we fabricated have the structures Fluorine Tin Oxide (FTO)/mesoscopic NiO/perovskite/[6,6]-phenyl C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester (PC₆₁BM) photovoltaic device. The perovskite solar cell was done by toluene air (TLA) method and horn sonication for the dispersion of the NiO nanoparticles in deionized water. The power conversion efficiency was 12.07% under 1.5 AM illumination. We report hysteresis in the in current-voltage dependence of the solar cells with mesoscopic NiO as a hole transport layer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perovskite" title="perovskite">perovskite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesoscopic" title=" mesoscopic"> mesoscopic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hysteresis" title=" hysteresis"> hysteresis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toluene%20air" title=" toluene air"> toluene air</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101215/hysteresis-effect-in-organometallic-perovskite-solar-cells-with-mesoscopic-nio-as-a-hole-transport-layer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101215.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8205</span> Numerical Simulations of Acoustic Imaging in Hydrodynamic Tunnel with Model Adaptation and Boundary Layer Noise Reduction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sylvain%20Amailland">Sylvain Amailland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean-Hugh%20Thomas"> Jean-Hugh Thomas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charles%20P%C3%A9zerat"> Charles Pézerat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Romuald%20Boucheron"> Romuald Boucheron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean-Claude%20Pascal"> Jean-Claude Pascal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The noise requirements for naval and research vessels have seen an increasing demand for quieter ships in order to fulfil current regulations and to reduce the effects on marine life. Hence, new methods dedicated to the characterization of propeller noise, which is the main source of noise in the far-field, are needed. The study of cavitating propellers in closed-section is interesting for analyzing hydrodynamic performance but could involve significant difficulties for hydroacoustic study, especially due to reverberation and boundary layer noise in the tunnel. The aim of this paper is to present a numerical methodology for the identification of hydroacoustic sources on marine propellers using hydrophone arrays in a large hydrodynamic tunnel. The main difficulties are linked to the reverberation of the tunnel and the boundary layer noise that strongly reduce the signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper it is proposed to estimate the reflection coefficients using an inverse method and some reference transfer functions measured in the tunnel. This approach allows to reduce the uncertainties of the propagation model used in the inverse problem. In order to reduce the boundary layer noise, a cleaning algorithm taking advantage of the low rank and sparse structure of the cross-spectrum matrices of the acoustic and the boundary layer noise is presented. This approach allows to recover the acoustic signal even well under the boundary layer noise. The improvement brought by this method is visible on acoustic maps resulting from beamforming and DAMAS algorithms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustic%20imaging" title="acoustic imaging">acoustic imaging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundary%20layer%20noise%20denoising" title=" boundary layer noise denoising"> boundary layer noise denoising</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inverse%20problems" title=" inverse problems"> inverse problems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20adaptation" title=" model adaptation"> model adaptation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58399/numerical-simulations-of-acoustic-imaging-in-hydrodynamic-tunnel-with-model-adaptation-and-boundary-layer-noise-reduction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58399.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20fundamental%20layer&page=7" rel="prev">&lsaquo;</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20fundamental%20layer&page=1">1</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20fundamental%20layer&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20fundamental%20layer&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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