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id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lobbying_to_do_business_in_Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobbying_to_do_business_in_Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Lobbying to do business in Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobbying_to_do_business_in_Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Environmental record </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cleanup_of_the_Copper_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleanup_of_the_Copper_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Cleanup of the Copper Basin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleanup_of_the_Copper_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Love_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Love_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Love Canal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Love_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oleum_spill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oleum_spill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Oleum spill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oleum_spill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Bangladesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Colombia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caño_Limón" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caño_Limón"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Caño Limón </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caño_Limón-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maynas_Carijano_v._Occidental_Petroleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maynas_Carijano_v._Occidental_Petroleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Maynas Carijano v. Occidental Petroleum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maynas_Carijano_v._Occidental_Petroleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anadarko_Petroleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anadarko_Petroleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Anadarko Petroleum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anadarko_Petroleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Political record </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Contributions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gore_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gore_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Gore family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gore_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Safety record </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Piper_Alpha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piper_Alpha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Piper Alpha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piper_Alpha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenmail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenmail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Greenmail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenmail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Price-fixing_lawsuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price-fixing_lawsuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Price-fixing lawsuit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price-fixing_lawsuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Occidental Petroleum</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="اکسیدنتال پترولیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اکسیدنتال پترولیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Occidental Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Occidental Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Occidental Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Occidental Petroleum Corporation – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Occidental Petroleum Corporation" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="اکسیدنتال پترولیوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکسیدنتال پترولیوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Occidental Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EB%8D%B4%ED%83%88_%ED%8E%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%A4%EB%A6%AC%EC%9B%80" title="옥시덴탈 페트롤리움 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="옥시덴탈 페트롤리움" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Occidental Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Occidental Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Occidental Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Occidental Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0" title="オキシデンタル・ペトロリアム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オキシデンタル・ペトロリアム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Occidental Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Occidental Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Occidental Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Occidental Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Occidental Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="西方石油公司 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西方石油公司" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2013357#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Occidental Petroleum Corporation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:OXY_LOGO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/OXY_LOGO.svg/220px-OXY_LOGO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/OXY_LOGO.svg/330px-OXY_LOGO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/OXY_LOGO.svg/440px-OXY_LOGO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="525" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">NYSE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:OXY">OXY</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/S%26P_500" title="S&P 500">S&P 500</a> component</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Energy_industry" title="Energy industry">Energy industry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1920; 104 years ago (1920)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicki_Hollub" title="Vicki Hollub">Vicki Hollub</a>, CEO & <a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a></li> <li>Cedric W. Burgher, CFO</li> <li>Eugene L. Batchelder, Chairman</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substances</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production output</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,512 thousand <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">barrels of oil equivalent</a> (21,490,000 GJ) per day (2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>26.314 billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)<a href="#cite_note-AnnualR2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>2.790 billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)<a href="#cite_note-AnnualR2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>2.332 billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)<a href="#cite_note-AnnualR2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>75.036 billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)<a href="#cite_note-AnnualR2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>20.327 billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)<a href="#cite_note-AnnualR2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 11,678 (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)<a href="#cite_note-AnnualR2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxy.com">oxy.com</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Footnotes / references <a href="#cite_note-10K-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Occidental_Chemical_Corporation_Aerial_-_Wichita_(50902494042).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Occidental_Chemical_Corporation_Aerial_-_Wichita_%2850902494042%29.jpg/300px-Occidental_Chemical_Corporation_Aerial_-_Wichita_%2850902494042%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Occidental_Chemical_Corporation_Aerial_-_Wichita_%2850902494042%29.jpg/450px-Occidental_Chemical_Corporation_Aerial_-_Wichita_%2850902494042%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Occidental_Chemical_Corporation_Aerial_-_Wichita_%2850902494042%29.jpg/600px-Occidental_Chemical_Corporation_Aerial_-_Wichita_%2850902494042%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Occidental Chemical plant in Kansas</figcaption></figure> Occidental Petroleum Corporation (often abbreviated Oxy in reference to its <a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">ticker symbol</a> and logo) is an American company engaged in <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">hydrocarbon exploration</a> in the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> manufacturing in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. It is incorporated under the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law" title="Delaware General Corporation Law">Delaware General Corporation Law</a> and headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>. The company ranked 183rd on the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> based on its 2020 revenues<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and 670th on the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000" title="Forbes Global 2000">Forbes Global 2000</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Occidental Petroleum was founded in Los Angeles, CA in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Hammer" title="Armand Hammer">Armand Hammer</a> became the company's president and CEO after acquiring a controlling stake.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The 1960s marked a period of expansion as Occidental established operations in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1961, the company discovered the Lathrop Gas Field in <a href="/wiki/Lathrop,_California" title="Lathrop, California">Lathrop, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-moscow-7">[7]</a> In 1965, Occidental won exploration rights in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-moscow-7">[7]</a> where it operated until 1986 when United States economic sanctions led to the suspension of activities.<a href="#cite_note-libya-8">[8]</a> The company diversified in 1968 by entering the chemical business with the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Hooker_Chemical_Company" title="Hooker Chemical Company">Hooker Chemical Company</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Love_Canal" title="Love Canal">Love Canal</a> contamination incident.<a href="#cite_note-love-9">[9]</a> In 1971, Occidental received approval to build an <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refinery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canvey_Island" title="Canvey Island">Canvey Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Essex,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Essex, England">Essex, England</a>, but construction ceased in 1975 due to the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a>. The site remained derelict; the tanks and the chimney were subsequently demolished. Only some concrete foundations and the river jetty remain extant.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1973, Occidental negotiated a phosphate-for-natural-gas deal with the Soviet Union, in which the Hammer-controlled firms Occidental Petroleum and <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_S._Eaton#Tower_International" title="Cyrus S. Eaton">Tower International</a> would export to the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>, which Occidental mined in northern Florida, in return for the Soviet Union exporting from <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a> through Hammer's firms <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> that would be converted into <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> The total value of this trade was estimated at $20 billion. The construction of Soviet port facilities, designed by Hammer's firms, was partially financed by the <a href="/wiki/Export%E2%80%93Import_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Export–Import Bank of the United States">Export-Import Bank</a> as endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> In August 1973, Libya nationalized 51% of Occidental's assets in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:1-14">[14]</a> In February 1974, the company announced a 35-year oil exploration agreement with Libya. 81% of the oil extracted by Occidental Petroleum was to go to the Libyan government, with 19% retained by Occidental Petroleum.<a href="#cite_note-:1-14">[14]</a> In 1986, the company suspended operation in the country due to economic sanctions imposed by the United States. In 2005, Occidental and its partner, Liwa, won 8 out of 15 exploration spots on the EPSA-4 auction, making both companies among the first to enter the Libyan market since the United States lifted its embargo on Libya.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The company was one of the first companies to research developing <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 1983, Occidental and <a href="/wiki/Ecopetrol" title="Ecopetrol">Ecopetrol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombian</a> state-owned oil company, discovered the giant <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1o_Lim%C3%B3n_oilfield" title="Caño Limón oilfield">Caño Limón oilfield</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arauca_Department" title="Arauca Department">Arauca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In July 1996, the company sold its interest in 3 oilfields in the Congo to the Congolese government for $215 million.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The following year, it paid $3.65 billion to acquire the <a href="/wiki/Elk_Hills_Oil_Field" title="Elk Hills Oil Field">Elk Hills Oil Field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1986, the company formed a joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Church_%26_Dwight" title="Church & Dwight">Church & Dwight</a>, which makes <a href="/wiki/Arm_%26_Hammer" title="Arm & Hammer">Arm & Hammer</a> products, for a potassium carbonate plant at <a href="/wiki/Muscle_Shoals,_Alabama" title="Muscle Shoals, Alabama">Muscle Shoals, Alabama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> On July 6, 1988, an explosion and subsequent inferno on the company's <a href="/wiki/Piper_Alpha" title="Piper Alpha">Piper Alpha</a> platform in the Scottish North Sea, resulted in 167 fatalities in what remains the world's most deadly offshore disaster.<a href="#cite_note-piper-21">[21]</a> In 1990, Armand Hammer died and <a href="/wiki/Ray_R._Irani" title="Ray R. Irani">Ray R. Irani</a> became chairman and chief executive officer of the company.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 1991, Occidental sold its stake in <a href="/wiki/IBP,_Inc." title="IBP, Inc.">IBP, Inc.</a><a href="#cite_note-ibp-24">[24]</a> In 1993, the company sold its remaining coal operations.<a href="#cite_note-coal-25">[25]</a> In 2006, the government of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> seized the company's interest in block 15 of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a>, forcing the company to take a $306 million after-tax charge.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 2016, Ecuador agreed to pay $980 million in restitution to the company, down from the original award of $1.77 billion. The agreement was based on a 2012 arbitration award from the <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes" class="mw-redirect" title="International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes">International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 2007, Occidental's compensation policies came under scrutiny after it was announced that Irani received $460 million in compensation in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In May 2011, Irani retired as CEO after <a href="/wiki/CalSTRS" title="CalSTRS">CalSTRS</a> and Relational Investors, two major shareholders, objected to the company's compensation policies for top executives.<a href="#cite_note-iraniret-30">[30]</a> President Stephen I. Chazen was named CEO to replace Irani and in 2013, shareholders ousted Irani as chairman.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Despite his outlandish compensation, during Irani's tenure, the company grew from a collection of unrelated businesses to one that focuses on oil and gas and the <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a> of the company went from $5.5 billion to $80 billion.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In December 2010, Occidental acquired shale oil properties in the <a href="/wiki/Williston_Basin" title="Williston Basin">Williston Basin</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> for $1.4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> These assets, as well as other assets acquired by Oxy in the Williston Basin, were sold in 2015 for $600 million.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The company also sold its proven and probable reserves of 393 million <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">barrels of oil equivalent</a> (2.40×109 GJ) in Argentina to <a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a>, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/China_Petrochemical_Corporation" title="China Petrochemical Corporation">China Petrochemical Corporation</a>, and acquired properties in South Texas and North Dakota for $3.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In January 2011, Occidental partnered with Abu Dhabi's state oil company in developing the Shah Field, one of the largest natural gas fields in the Middle East, through a joint venture known as Al Hosn Gas.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Al Hosn Gas became operational in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In September 2014, Occidental moved its headquarters to Houston, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In November, the company sold its 50% interest in BridgeTex Pipeline Company, owner of a 300,000 barrel-per-day crude oil pipeline system that extends from <a href="/wiki/Colorado_City,_Texas" title="Colorado City, Texas">Colorado City, Texas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Texas_City,_Texas" title="Texas City, Texas">Texas City, Texas</a>, for $1.075 billion.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In December 2014, Occidental distributed 80.5% of its shares in <a href="/wiki/California_Resources_Corporation" title="California Resources Corporation">California Resources Corporation</a>, the largest producer of oil and natural gas on a gross-operated barrels of oil equivalent basis in California, to Occidental shareholders<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and distributed its remaining stake to shareholders in March 2016.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In June 2017, the company sold land in the <a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a> for $600 million and used the proceeds to acquire other assets in the area.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In October 2015, Occidental completed the first phase of a $500 million carbon dioxide flooding project in <a href="/wiki/Hobbs,_New_Mexico" title="Hobbs, New Mexico">Hobbs, New Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In March 2017, the company and its 50/50 joint venture partner <a href="/wiki/Mexichem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexichem">Mexichem</a> began operations of a 1.2-billion-pound per year capacity <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> cracker at the OxyChem plant in <a href="/wiki/Ingleside,_Texas" title="Ingleside, Texas">Ingleside, Texas</a>, along with pipelines and storage at <a href="/wiki/Markham,_Texas" title="Markham, Texas">Markham, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In May 2016, <a href="/wiki/Vicki_Hollub" title="Vicki Hollub">Vicki Hollub</a>, who had worked at Occidental since 1981 and joined the board in 2015, became the chief executive officer of the company, the first female to serve as chief executive officer of a major U.S. oil and gas company.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In January 2018, Occidental was found to be partially responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Corne_sinkhole" title="Bayou Corne sinkhole">Bayou Corne sinkhole</a>, along with Texas Brine Company and <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Materials_Company" title="Vulcan Materials Company">Vulcan Materials Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In October 2020, Occidental sold its onshore operations in Colombia to the Carlyle Group for $825 million. The deal included operations and working interests in the Llanos Norte, Middle Magdalena, and Putumayo Basins. <a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Working interest on exploration offshore in Colombia remained under ownership of Oxy in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Ecopetrol" title="Ecopetrol">Ecopetrol</a>, with plans to drill the first well by 2024. <a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquisitions">Acquisitions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Acquisitions">edit</a>]</div> In 1981, Occidental acquired <a href="/wiki/IBP,_Inc." title="IBP, Inc.">IBP, Inc.</a>, one of largest producers of beef and pork products in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-ibp-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 1988, the company acquired <a href="/wiki/Cain_Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Cain Chemical">Cain Chemical</a> for $2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 2005, the company acquired Vintage Petroleum for $3.8 billion.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In 2008, it acquired a 10% stake in <a href="/wiki/Plains_All_American_Pipeline" title="Plains All American Pipeline">Plains All American Pipeline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The company also acquired assets from <a href="/wiki/Plains_Exploration_%26_Production" title="Plains Exploration & Production">Plains Exploration & Production</a> for $1.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In October 2009, Occidental acquired <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a>'s controversial <a href="/wiki/Phibro" title="Phibro">Phibro</a> energy-trading business, for its net asset value of approximately $250 million.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The unit was managed by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hall_(hedge_fund_manager)" title="Andrew Hall (hedge fund manager)">Andrew J. Hall</a>, who received compensation of approximately $100 million per year in 2007 and 2008. After the acquisition, the division reported its first losses since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In 2016, Phibro was wound down and sold.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In August 2019, Occidental acquired <a href="/wiki/Anadarko_Petroleum" title="Anadarko Petroleum">Anadarko Petroleum</a> for $57 billion, making the deal the world's fourth biggest oil and gas acquisition to date.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In August 2023, Occidental acquired all the outstanding equity of the <a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">direct air capture</a> technology company, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Engineering" title="Carbon Engineering">Carbon Engineering</a> for $1.1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In December, the company acquired a Permian producer, CrownRock, for $12 billion. The acquisition was completed in August 2024.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oil and gas">edit</a>]</div> The company's oil and gas operations are concentrated in two geographic areas: the United States and the Middle East, with some ventures in South America. As of December 31, 2020, Occidental had 2.911 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">barrels of oil equivalent</a> (1.781×1010 GJ) of oil equivalent net proved reserves, of which 51% was petroleum, 19% was natural gas liquids, and 30% was natural gas. In 2020, the company had production of 1,350 thousand <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">barrels of oil equivalent</a> (8,300,000 GJ) per day.<a href="#cite_note-10K-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> In 2020, the company's United States operations produced 1,037 thousand <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">barrels of oil equivalent</a> (6,340,000 GJ) per day, representing 77% of the company's worldwide production, including 575 thousand <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">barrels of oil equivalent</a> (3,520,000 GJ) per day in <a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a>, where Occidental is the largest operator and oil producer. The company produced 435 thousand <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">barrels of oil equivalent</a> (2,660,000 GJ) per day from <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional oil">unconventional oil</a> <a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">directional drilling</a> via Permian Resources and 140 thousand <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">barrels of oil equivalent</a> (860,000 GJ) per day using a technique called <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">enhanced oil recovery</a>, whereby <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water are injected into underground formations to extract the oil and gas. The company also produced 293 thousand <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">barrels of oil equivalent</a> (1,790,000 GJ) per day in the <a href="/wiki/Denver_Basin" title="Denver Basin">Denver Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10K-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle East">edit</a>]</div> The company's oil and gas operations in the Middle East are in <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and are via <a href="/wiki/Production_sharing_agreement" title="Production sharing agreement">production sharing agreements</a>. The region produced 251 thousand <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">barrels of oil equivalent</a> (1,540,000 GJ) per day, representing approximately 19% of 2020 total production. The region also held 28% of the company's proved reserves in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-10K-2">[2]</a> The company is the largest independent oil producer in Oman.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In Qatar, the company is the second-largest oil producer offshore and is a partial owner in the <a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Gas_Project" title="Dolphin Gas Project">Dolphin Gas Project</a>, which delivers gas to Oman and the United Arab Emirates.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_America">South America</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: South America">edit</a>]</div> In Colombia, Anadarko Colombia, a subsidiary of Oxy, and <a href="/wiki/Ecopetrol" title="Ecopetrol">Ecopetrol</a> entered into a joint exploration agreement in May 2022 for offshore exploration in deep waters of the Caribbean,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> with plans to drill the world's deepest offshore oil well by 2024. <a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In Peru, Anadarko Peru, a subsidiary of Oxy, completed the initial phase of a 3D marine seismic acquisition project in northern Peruvian waters in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chemical">edit</a>]</div> OxyChem, a <a href="/wiki/Wholly-owned_subsidiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholly-owned subsidiary">wholly-owned subsidiary</a>, manufactures <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC) resins, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> (caustic soda) used in plastics, pharmaceuticals, and water treatment chemicals. Other products manufactured by the company include caustic <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochloride">chlorinated organics</a>, sodium silicates, chlorinated <a href="/wiki/Cyanuric_acid" title="Cyanuric acid">cyanuric acid</a> (isocyanurate), and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">calcium chloride</a>. OxyChem has manufacturing facilities in the United States, Canada, and Chile. In a joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Church_%26_Dwight" title="Church & Dwight">Church & Dwight</a>, OxyChem owns Armand Products Company, which sells <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bicarbonate" title="Potassium bicarbonate">potassium bicarbonate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10K-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decarbonization_projects">Decarbonization projects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Decarbonization projects">edit</a>]</div> In June 2024, Occidental Petroleum signed a memorandum of understanding with <a href="/wiki/TAE_Technologies" title="TAE Technologies">TAE Technologies</a> to explore commercial opportunities for using TAE's nuclear fusion technology to provide clean electricity and heat for Occidental's <a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">direct air capture</a> (DAC) projects. DAC is an energy-intensive process that involves removing CO2 from the atmosphere, and the partnership aims to address the energy needs of DAC with low-carbon power solutions. TAE Technologies, known for its advanced nuclear fusion research, plans to have a demonstration project by 2025 and a commercial facility in the 2030s.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobbying_to_do_business_in_Libya">Lobbying to do business in Libya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lobbying to do business in Libya">edit</a>]</div> The company began operations in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> in 1965 and operated there until <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">economic sanctions</a> were imposed in 1986 by the United States.<a href="#cite_note-libya-8">[8]</a> The company was one of the first American companies to resume negotiations in Libya after the sanctions were lifted in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In 2008, the company, along with 5 other oil companies, was criticized for hiring <a href="/wiki/Hogan_Lovells" title="Hogan Lovells">Hogan Lovells</a> to lobby to exempt Libya from a law written by U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Frank Lautenberg</a> (D-NJ) to assist American terror victims in seizing assets of countries found culpable in terror attacks, such as the Libyan bombing of <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a> over <a href="/wiki/Lockerbie" title="Lockerbie">Lockerbie</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and to remove a provision in the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a> that requires disclosure of payments to foreign governments.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In early 2011, the company ceased exploration activities and production operations in Libya due to the growing civil unrest in the country and U.S. sanctions. In June 2011, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> and United Kingdom prosecutors requested information from the company, <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> and <a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Investment_Authority" title="Libyan Investment Authority">Libyan Investment Authority</a> (LIA), an investment firm controlled by Libyan leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>, to determine if there were any violations of international bribery laws.<a href="#cite_note-Ruffel-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The Libyan Investment Authority's investments were frozen by the U.S. government in early 2011 following the Gaddafi regime's attacks on Libyan civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Ruffel-76">[76]</a> In 2016, the company ceased operations in Libya. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_record">Environmental record</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Environmental record">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, the company was ranked 55th on the Carbon Majors Report, a list of the Top 100 producers and their cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from 1988-2015.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The company has stated that its use of <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">enhanced oil recovery</a> for a portion of its production is one way it helps mitigate its high emissions.<a href="#cite_note-10K-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cleanup_of_the_Copper_Basin">Cleanup of the Copper Basin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cleanup of the Copper Basin">edit</a>]</div> In 1982, the company acquired land in the Copper Basin in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, formerly the site of the <a href="/wiki/Burra_Burra_Mine_(Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burra Burra Mine (Tennessee)">Burra Burra Mine</a>, where copper and sulfur had been mined in the 1800s. In 2016, Occidental agreed to spend $50 million to clean up the Copper Basin and restore the water quality of its creeks.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Love_Canal">Love Canal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Love Canal">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Love_Canal" title="Love Canal">Love Canal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abandoned_parking_lot_in_Love_Canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Abandoned_parking_lot_in_Love_Canal.jpg/220px-Abandoned_parking_lot_in_Love_Canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Abandoned_parking_lot_in_Love_Canal.jpg/330px-Abandoned_parking_lot_in_Love_Canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Abandoned_parking_lot_in_Love_Canal.jpg/440px-Abandoned_parking_lot_in_Love_Canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3584" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>An abandoned parking lot near <a href="/wiki/Love_Canal" title="Love Canal">Love Canal</a></figcaption></figure> Since the 1920s, several companies and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Love_Canal" title="Love Canal">Love Canal</a> as a chemical disposal site. In 1942, Occidental predecessor <a href="/wiki/Hooker_Chemical_Company" title="Hooker Chemical Company">Hooker Chemical Company</a> began disposing of chemical waste at the site and, in 1947, it became the sole owner and user of the land. In 1952, the site was filled to capacity and closed off. The company leased the land to the local school board in 1953. Later in the 1950s, the school board requested that the company sell the land, and threatened to use <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a>. The school board intended to build a school on an unused area of the dump.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> A school was built on the site, and later a middle-class residential district was built on land adjacent to the site. The construction broke through the 4-foot (1.2 m) clay seal containing the waste. In 1968, Hooker Chemical was purchased by Occidental. In 1978, residents became concerned about unusual health issues in the region, including high rates of cancer and <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a>. This subsequently became a national news story, and in 1980, president <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> declared a federal emergency in the area. Residents were eventually relocated, and the company paid $129 million in restitution.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-love-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oleum_spill">Oleum spill</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Oleum spill">edit</a>]</div> On Saturday, October 11, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Oleum" title="Oleum">oleum</a> was accidentally spilled at a facility in <a href="/wiki/Petrolia,_Pennsylvania" title="Petrolia, Pennsylvania">Petrolia, Pennsylvania</a> which belonged to Indspec, an affiliate of Occidental Chemical Corporation. Oleum is a chemical mixture of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">sulfur trioxide</a>. The accident contaminated the ventilation system and caused a cloud of toxic gas. Over 2,000 residents had to be evacuated for the day.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The spill was caused by an auxiliary pump <a href="/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supply</a> which lacked safety interlocks to prevent tank overfilling.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-love-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bangladesh">edit</a>]</div> On 14 June 1997, an explosion at the Magurchhaqra gas field in Kamalganj Upazila, <a href="/wiki/Moulvibazar_District" title="Moulvibazar District">Moulvibazar District</a> of Bangladesh destroyed large areas of <a href="/wiki/Lawachara_National_Park" title="Lawachara National Park">Lawachara National Park</a> and nearby areas.<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[86]</a> Occidental was drilling at the gas field which was later abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The explosion damaged 28 tea gardens in the area. It was estimated to have caused 90 to 140 billion <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">BDT</a> in damages.<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[86]</a> The government of Bangladesh claimed compensation from Occidental but it left the country handing over the well to <a href="/wiki/Unocal_Corporation" title="Unocal Corporation">Unocal</a> which later sold the interests to <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia">Colombia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Colombia">edit</a>]</div> From 1992 to 2001, the company tried to drill for oil in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/U%27wa_people" title="U'wa people">U'wa people</a>, in northeast <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. The locals resisted, concerned about <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> and fears that development would bring strangers and be a target for <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>. There also were tribal beliefs that oil is the "blood of the earth" and should not be removed.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 2002, after years of <a href="/wiki/Shareholder_resolution" title="Shareholder resolution">shareholder resolutions</a>, legal battles, protests, and a failed test well, the company abandoned the project.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Repsol" title="Repsol">Repsol</a> took over the project. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caño_Limón">Caño Limón</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Caño Limón">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1o_Lim%C3%B3n_%E2%80%93_Cove%C3%B1as_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Caño Limón – Coveñas pipeline">Caño Limón – Coveñas pipeline</a></div> On December 13, 1998, 17 civilians, including 7 children, were killed when the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Air_Force" title="Colombian Air Force">Colombian Air Force</a> (CAF) dropped a cluster bomb in the hamlet of Santo Domingo, Colombia, after <a href="/wiki/AirScan" title="AirScan">AirScan</a>, Occidental's security contractor, misidentified it as a hostile guerrilla target. Groups such as <a href="/wiki/FARC" class="mw-redirect" title="FARC">FARC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)" title="National Liberation Army (Colombia)">National Liberation Army</a> were active in the area. Three employees of AirScan were flying the Skymaster plane from which they provided the Colombian military with the coordinates to drop the bombs. The operation had been planned by the CAF and AirScan at Occidental's complex in Caño Limón. In April 2003, Luis Alberto Galvis Mujica, a witness and survivor of the accident, sued Occidental.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The courts ruled that Occidental was not liable for the incident.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maynas_Carijano_v._Occidental_Petroleum">Maynas Carijano v. Occidental Petroleum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Maynas Carijano v. Occidental Petroleum">edit</a>]</div> On May 10, 2007, a group of 25 <a href="/wiki/Achuar" title="Achuar">Achuar</a> <a href="/wiki/Peruvians" title="Peruvians">Peruvians</a>, a group of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a>, filed suit against the company, demanding <a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">environmental remediation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reparation_(legal)" title="Reparation (legal)">reparations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> allegedly caused by the company between 1971 and 2000, when it drilled in Block 1-AB in Peru. The plaintiffs claimed that the company violated <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">technical standards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental law</a> when it dumped a total of 9 billion barrels (1.4×10<s style="display:none">^</s>9 m3) of toxic oil <a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-products</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, lead, and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basins</a> used by the Achuar people to fish, drink, and bathe. This environmental damage was alleged to have caused premature deaths and <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a>. A 2006 study by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Peru)" title="Ministry of Health (Peru)">Ministry of Health of Peru</a>, found that all but 2 of the 199 people tested had levels of cadmium in their blood above safe levels.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The Achuar were represented by <a href="/w/index.php?title=EarthRights_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EarthRights International (page does not exist)">EarthRights International</a> and the law firm Schonbrun DeSimone Seplow Harris & Hoffman LLP.<a href="#cite_note-payout-97">[97]</a> On March 3, 2010, EarthRights International argued to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> that the case should be litigated in Los Angeles, where the company was headquartered.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The court agreed with a trial in the United States, overturning the decision of the lower courts, and, in 2013, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> refused to hear the company's appeal. In March 2015, the company made a <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)" title="Settlement (litigation)">settlement</a> for an undisclosed amount, with the funds to be used for health, education, and nutrition projects in five Achuar communities in the <a href="/wiki/Corrientes_River" title="Corrientes River">Corrientes River</a> basin.<a href="#cite_note-payout-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anadarko_Petroleum">Anadarko Petroleum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Anadarko Petroleum">edit</a>]</div> In 2019, Occidental Petroleum acquired <a href="/wiki/Anadarko_Petroleum" title="Anadarko Petroleum">Anadarko Petroleum</a>, inheriting a significant legacy of environmental infractions including the largest environmental contamination settlement in American history,<a href="#cite_note-tucker-100">[100]</a> involvement with the <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion" title="Deepwater Horizon explosion">Deepwater Horizon BP disaster</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and fines under the Clean Water Act.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The deal was clinched as investor and <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway" title="Berkshire Hathaway">Berkshire Hathaway</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a> pledged $10 billion to finance the deal in exchange for 100,000 shares of cumulative perpetual preferred stock with a value of $100,000 per share. Buffett and Berkshire also received a warrant to purchase up to 80 million more shares at an exercise price of $62.50 a share.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_record">Political record</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Political record">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contributions">Contributions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Contributions">edit</a>]</div> Occidental has disclosed its contributions to <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">political action committees</a>, lobbyists, and <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">trade associations</a> on its website.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In 2005, the company was among 53 entities which contributed the maximum of $250,000 to the <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">Second inauguration of George W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The company also donated between $10,000 and $25,000 to the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Foundation" title="Clinton Foundation">Clinton Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gore_family">Gore family</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gore family">edit</a>]</div> Former CEO Armand Hammer was a long time friend of former <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gore,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Gore, Sr.">Albert Gore, Sr.</a> and Gore was a member of the board of directors of the company. In September 1972, after he lost an election for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> in 1970, Gore became the head of Island Creek Coal Company, an Occidental subsidiary.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Much of the company's coal and phosphate production was in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, the state Gore represented in the Senate, and Gore owned shares in the company.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The company liquidated its coal assets in 1993 after Hammer died.<a href="#cite_note-coal-25">[25]</a> Former Vice President of the United States <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> was criticized by environmentalists when he inherited shares in the company after the death of his father in 1998; however, the shares were immediately sold.<a href="#cite_note-goreties-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 1998, the U.S. government sold the <a href="/wiki/Elk_Hills_Oil_Field" title="Elk Hills Oil Field">Elk Hills Oil Field</a> to Occidental for $3.65 billion after an auction process that involved selling the field in segments and offering it to multiple bidders.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> However, critics cited the Gore family's involvement with the company as evidence of <a href="/wiki/Graft_(politics)" title="Graft (politics)">graft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-goreties-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_record">Safety record</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Safety record">edit</a>]</div> In 1999, OxyChem achieved Star Status under OSHA's Voluntary Protection Programs as being among the safest work sites in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piper_Alpha">Piper Alpha</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Piper Alpha">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Piper_Alpha" title="Piper Alpha">Piper Alpha</a></div> On July 6, 1988, the company's <a href="/wiki/Piper_Alpha" title="Piper Alpha">Piper Alpha</a> offshore production platform in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> was destroyed when an out of service gas <a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">condensate pump</a> was started with its pressure <a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">safety valve</a> removed. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Gas_leak" title="Gas leak">gas leak</a>, explosion and fire resulted in the deaths of 167 workers in what remains the world's deadliest offshore disaster.<a href="#cite_note-piper-21">[21]</a> The subsequent inquiry blamed the accident on inadequate maintenance and safety procedures by Occidental, though no charges were brought. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenmail">Greenmail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Greenmail">edit</a>]</div> In 1984, billionaire <a href="/wiki/David_Murdock" class="mw-redirect" title="David Murdock">David Murdock</a> owned about 5% of the company and was a member of its board of directors, after the company acquired <a href="/wiki/IBP,_Inc." title="IBP, Inc.">IBP, Inc.</a>, of which Murdock owned 19%. After disagreements between Murdock and then CEO Armand Hammer, the company paid <a href="/wiki/Greenmail" title="Greenmail">greenmail</a> to buy Murdock's shares at $40.09 each, while the market price was $28.75.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Price-fixing_lawsuit">Price-fixing lawsuit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Price-fixing lawsuit">edit</a>]</div> In January 2024, a <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">class action</a> lawsuit was filed by drivers in three US states accusing Occidental, along with seven other oil and gas producers, of an illegal <a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">price-fixing</a> scheme to constrain production of shale oil that led to American drivers paying more for gasoline than they would have in a competitive market.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies" title="List of oil exploration and production companies">List of oil exploration and production companies</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output 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December 31, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305121929/https://occidentalpetroleum.gcs-web.com/static-files/d8c06678-74ee-4f6b-a7ed-8d4439ee6f49">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2022. 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Retrieved July 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Occidental+Chemical+Corporation+2020+Form+10-K+Annual+Report&rft.pub=U.S.+Securities+and+Exchange+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2Fix%3Fdoc%3D%2FArchives%2Fedgar%2Fdata%2F797468%2F000079746821000009%2Foxy-20201231.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/fortune500/occidental-petroleum/">"Fortune: Occidental Petroleum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530052347/http://fortune.com/fortune500/occidental-petroleum">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Fortune%3A+Occidental+Petroleum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2Ffortune500%2Foccidental-petroleum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/companies/occidental-petroleum/">"Forbes: Occidental Petroleum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303055218/https://www.forbes.com/companies/occidental-petroleum/">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Forbes%3A+Occidental+Petroleum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fcompanies%2Foccidental-petroleum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Occidental-Petroleum-Corporation">"Occidental Petroleum Corporation | American company | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved March 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Occidental+Petroleum+Corporation+%7C+American+company+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FOccidental-Petroleum-Corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastedt2011" class="citation book cs1">Hastedt, Glenn, ed. (2011). Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations; An Encyclopedia of American Espionage: Hammer, Armand. 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Retrieved October 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Deal-maker+Armand+Hammer+Moscow%27s+capitalist+comrade&rft.date=1980-07-03&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Lynde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1980%2F0703%2F070362.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-libya-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-libya_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-libya_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMILLER1986" class="citation news cs1">MILLER, JUDITH (January 30, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/30/business/oil-officials-are-said-to-leave-libya.html">"OIL OFFICIALS ARE SAID TO LEAVE LIBYA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423185044/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/30/business/oil-officials-are-said-to-leave-libya.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=OIL+OFFICIALS+ARE+SAID+TO+LEAVE+LIBYA&rft.date=1986-01-30&rft.aulast=MILLER&rft.aufirst=JUDITH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F01%2F30%2Fbusiness%2Foil-officials-are-said-to-leave-libya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-love-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-love_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-love_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-love_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWALD1994" class="citation news cs1">WALD, MATTHEW L. 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Retrieved December 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Out-of-Court+Settlement+Reached+Over+Love+Canal&rft.date=1994-06-22&rft.aulast=WALD&rft.aufirst=MATTHEW+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F06%2F22%2Fnyregion%2Fout-of-court-settlement-reached-over-love-canal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-the-remains-of-the-occidental-petroleum-jetty-on-canvey-island-in-38011340.html">"Stock Photo - The remains of the Occidental Petroleum Jetty on Canvey Island in Essex"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423201847/https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-the-remains-of-the-occidental-petroleum-jetty-on-canvey-island-in-38011340.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stock+Photo+-+The+remains+of+the+Occidental+Petroleum+Jetty+on+Canvey+Island+in+Essex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamy.com%2Fstock-photo-the-remains-of-the-occidental-petroleum-jetty-on-canvey-island-in-38011340.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1973" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Hedrick (April 13, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/13/archives/soviet-and-occidental-oil-in-multibilliondollar-deall-20year-barter.html">"Soviet and Occidental Oil In Multibillion-Dollar Deal"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109024328/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/13/archives/soviet-and-occidental-oil-in-multibilliondollar-deall-20year-barter.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Soviet+and+Occidental+Oil+In+Multibillion-Dollar+Deal&rft.date=1973-04-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Hedrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F04%2F13%2Farchives%2Fsoviet-and-occidental-oil-in-multibilliondollar-deall-20year-barter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/29/magazine/the-riddle-of-armand-hammer.html">"THE RIDDLE OF ARMAND HAMMER"</a>. The New York Times. November 29, 1981. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211217222637/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/29/magazine/the-riddle-of-armand-hammer.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THE+RIDDLE+OF+ARMAND+HAMMER&rft.date=1981-11-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F11%2F29%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-riddle-of-armand-hammer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1974" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Hedrick (June 29, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/29/archives/occidental-signs-deal-with-soviet-4-contracts-are-activated-in-a.html">"OCCIDENTAL SIGNS DEAL WITH SOVIET"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206033540/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/29/archives/occidental-signs-deal-with-soviet-4-contracts-are-activated-in-a.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=OCCIDENTAL+SIGNS+DEAL+WITH+SOVIET&rft.date=1974-06-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Hedrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F06%2F29%2Farchives%2Foccidental-signs-deal-with-soviet-4-contracts-are-activated-in-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/08/archives/occidentallibya-exploration-pact-set.html">"Occidental-Libya Exploration Pact Set"</a>. The New York Times. February 8, 1974. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011054821/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/08/archives/occidentallibya-exploration-pact-set.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Occidental-Libya+Exploration+Pact+Set&rft.date=1974-02-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F02%2F08%2Farchives%2Foccidentallibya-exploration-pact-set.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofoman.com/article/75987/Business/Occidental-not-planning-to-divest-assets-in-Oman-Abu-Dhabi-and-Qatar:-Occidental-chief">"Occidental not planning to divest assets in Oman, Abu Dhabi and Qatar: Occidental chief"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Oman" title="Times of Oman">Times of Oman</a>. January 23, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417013243/https://timesofoman.com/article/75987/Business/Occidental-not-planning-to-divest-assets-in-Oman-Abu-Dhabi-and-Qatar:-Occidental-chief">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Oman&rft.atitle=Occidental+not+planning+to+divest+assets+in+Oman%2C+Abu+Dhabi+and+Qatar%3A+Occidental+chief&rft.date=2016-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofoman.com%2Farticle%2F75987%2FBusiness%2FOccidental-not-planning-to-divest-assets-in-Oman-Abu-Dhabi-and-Qatar%3A-Occidental-chief&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbB-GLUUie8C">A Preliminary Assessment of the Environmental Impacts from Oil Shale Developments</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>. 1977. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225215854/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbB-GLUUie8C">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Preliminary+Assessment+of+the+Environmental+Impacts+from+Oil+Shale+Developments&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZbB-GLUUie8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/stories/2003/07/14/daily31.html">"Occidental to invest $80M in Colombia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals" title="American City Business Journals">American City Business Journals</a>. July 16, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051211025149/http://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/stories/2003/07/14/daily31.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2005. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+City+Business+Journals&rft.atitle=Occidental+to+invest+%2480M+in+Colombia&rft.date=2003-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Flosangeles%2Fstories%2F2003%2F07%2F14%2Fdaily31.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/31/business/company-news-occidental-petroleum-sells-stake-in-oilfields-to-congo.html">"Occidental Petroleum Announces Layoffs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. February 14, 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917070737/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/31/business/company-news-occidental-petroleum-sells-stake-in-oilfields-to-congo.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Occidental+Petroleum+Announces+Layoffs&rft.date=1996-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F07%2F31%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-occidental-petroleum-sells-stake-in-oilfields-to-congo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKRAUL1997" class="citation news cs1">KRAUL, CHRIS (October 7, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-oct-07-mn-40208-story.html">"Occidental's $3.7-Billion Bid Buys Elk Hills Field"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201226121207/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-oct-07-mn-40208-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Occidental%27s+%243.7-Billion+Bid+Buys+Elk+Hills+Field&rft.date=1997-10-07&rft.aulast=KRAUL&rft.aufirst=CHRIS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1997-oct-07-mn-40208-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1986/09/23/armand-hammer-to-own-pinch-of-arm-38/7b829ee6-3e53-4373-b470-de1f3519b1f9/">"Armand Hammer to Own Pinch of Arm &"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 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Retrieved October 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Armand+Hammer+to+Own+Pinch+of+Arm+%26&rft.date=1986-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fbusiness%2F1986%2F09%2F23%2Farmand-hammer-to-own-pinch-of-arm-38%2F7b829ee6-3e53-4373-b470-de1f3519b1f9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-piper-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-piper_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-piper_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuff2008" class="citation news cs1">Duff, Steven (June 6, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/7438774.stm">"Remembering Piper Alpha disaster"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021080152/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/7438774.stm">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2020. 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Retrieved December 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Armand+Hammer+Dies+at+92%3B+Industrialist+and+Philanthropist+Forged+Soviet+Links&rft.date=1990-12-12&rft.aulast=PACE&rft.aufirst=ERIC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F12%2F12%2Fobituaries%2Farmand-hammer-dies-at-92-industrialist-and-philanthropist-forged-soviet-links.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-12-14-fi-6585-story.html">"Ray Irani Officially Named Oxy Chairman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 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Retrieved March 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Ray+Irani+Officially+Named+Oxy+Chairman&rft.date=1990-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-12-14-fi-6585-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibp-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibp_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibp_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPARRISH1991" class="citation news cs1">PARRISH, MICHAEL (September 5, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-05-fi-2641-story.html">"Occidental Will Sell Its Stake in Iowa Beef Unit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126013018/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-05-fi-2641-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Occidental+Will+Sell+Its+Stake+in+Iowa+Beef+Unit&rft.date=1991-09-05&rft.aulast=PARRISH&rft.aufirst=MICHAEL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-09-05-fi-2641-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coal-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coal_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coal_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/16/business/company-news-occidental-petroleum-sheds-its-last-coal-company.html">"OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM SHEDS ITS LAST COAL COMPANY"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. April 16, 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423190615/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/16/business/company-news-occidental-petroleum-sheds-its-last-coal-company.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=OCCIDENTAL+PETROLEUM+SHEDS+ITS+LAST+COAL+COMPANY&rft.date=1993-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F04%2F16%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-occidental-petroleum-sheds-its-last-coal-company.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/17/business/worldbusiness/17oil.html">"Ecuador Cancels an Oil Deal With Occidental Petroleum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. May 17, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507092351/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/17/business/worldbusiness/17oil.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ecuador+Cancels+an+Oil+Deal+With+Occidental+Petroleum&rft.date=2006-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F17%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F17oil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/stories/2006/07/03/daily19.html">"Occidental Petroleum takes $306M charge on Ecuador operations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals" title="American City Business Journals">American City Business Journals</a>. July 5, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081118211624/http://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/stories/2006/07/03/daily19.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+City+Business+Journals&rft.atitle=Occidental+Petroleum+takes+%24306M+charge+on+Ecuador+operations&rft.date=2006-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Flosangeles%2Fstories%2F2006%2F07%2F03%2Fdaily19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValenci2016" class="citation news cs1">Valenci, Alexandra (January 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/ecuador-occidental/ecuador-to-pay-980-million-to-occidental-for-asset-seizure-idUSL2N14X0U420160113">"Ecuador to pay $980 million to Occidental for asset seizure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028005040/https://www.reuters.com/article/ecuador-occidental/ecuador-to-pay-980-million-to-occidental-for-asset-seizure-idUSL2N14X0U420160113">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2020. 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Retrieved March 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Occidental%27s+Irani+to+retire+as+CEO+in+2011%3A+report&rft.date=2010-08-31&rft.aulast=Driver&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-occidental%2Foccidentals-irani-to-retire-as-ceo-in-2011-report-idUSTRE67U5WI20100831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiWhite2013" class="citation news cs1">Li, Shan; White, Ronald D. 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Retrieved March 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Occidental+Petroleum+Chairman+Ray+Irani+ousted+at+annual+meeting&rft.date=2013-05-04&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Shan&rft.au=White%2C+Ronald+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-xpm-2013-may-04-la-fi-occidental-irani-20130504-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorkery2010" class="citation news cs1">Corkery, Michael (August 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2010/08/03/is-occidentals-irani-worth-his-big-pay-check/">"Is Occidental's Irani Worth His Big Pay Check?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804171545/https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2010/08/03/is-occidentals-irani-worth-his-big-pay-check/">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2019. 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Retrieved March 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oil+%26+Gas+Journal&rft.atitle=OxyChem%2C+Mexichem+commission+Texas+ethylene+complex&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.aulast=Brelsford&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ogj.com%2Farticles%2F2017%2F02%2Foxychem-mexichem-commission-texas-ethylene-complex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-29/occidental-s-hollub-named-first-female-ceo-of-big-u-s-oil-firm">"Occidental Names Hollub First Woman CEO of Big U.S. Oil Firm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a> April 29, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423222756/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-29/occidental-s-hollub-named-first-female-ceo-of-big-u-s-oil-firm">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+L.P.&rft.atitle=Occidental+Names+Hollub+First+Woman+CEO+of+Big+U.S.+Oil+Firm&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-04-29%2Foccidental-s-hollub-named-first-female-ceo-of-big-u-s-oil-firm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/article_7856ff5e-f4ae-11e7-b86c-4f261682612b.html">Judge: Fault for Bayou Corne sinkhole lies with Texas Brine, OxyChem, Vulcan; companies had decades of warnings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210913195737/https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/article_7856ff5e-f4ae-11e7-b86c-4f261682612b.html">Archived</a> September 13, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(Louisiana)" title="The Advocate (Louisiana)">The Advocate</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.carlyle.com/media-room/news-release-archive/carlyle-group-acquire-occidental%E2%80%99s-onshore-operations-colombia">https://www.carlyle.com/media-room/news-release-archive/carlyle-group-acquire-occidental%E2%80%99s-onshore-operations-colombia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Occidental-Petroleum-and-Ecopetrol-to-Drill-Worlds-Deepest-Offshore-Oil-Well.html#:~:text=Occidental%20Petroleum%20and%20Ecopetrol%20plan,distances%2C%20revolutionizing%20offshore%20oil%20drilling">https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Occidental-Petroleum-and-Ecopetrol-to-Drill-Worlds-Deepest-Offshore-Oil-Well.html#:~:text=Occidental%20Petroleum%20and%20Ecopetrol%20plan,distances%2C%20revolutionizing%20offshore%20oil%20drilling</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/02/business/occidental-to-acquire-iowa-beef.html">"OCCIDENTAL TO ACQUIRE IOWA BEEF"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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Retrieved March 5, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Campaigner%27s+finances+Where+the+presidential+hopefuls+have+invested+their+fortunes+may+reveal+something+about+the+character+of+each&rft.date=2000-07-30&rft.aulast=Kong&rft.aufirst=Dolores&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgraphics.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcampaign2000%2Fnews%2FCampaigner_s_finances%2B.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/fe/sale-elk-hills-naval-petroleum-reserve">"Sale of the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228193443/https://www.energy.gov/fe/sale-elk-hills-naval-petroleum-reserve">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sale+of+the+Elk+Hills+Naval+Petroleum+Reserve&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Ffe%2Fsale-elk-hills-naval-petroleum-reserve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinter1999" class="citation news cs1">Minter, Steve (February 1, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ehstoday.com/news/ehs_imp_32795">"OxyChem Profits from Partnership"</a>. EHS Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228191856/https://www.ehstoday.com/news/ehs_imp_32795">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EHS+Today&rft.atitle=OxyChem+Profits+from+Partnership&rft.date=1999-02-01&rft.aulast=Minter&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehstoday.com%2Fnews%2Fehs_imp_32795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCOLE1984" class="citation news cs1">COLE, ROBERT J. (July 20, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/20/business/ocidental-buys-back-5-stake.html">"Occidental Buys Back 5% Stake"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170119215644/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/20/business/ocidental-buys-back-5-stake.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Occidental+Buys+Back+5%25+Stake&rft.date=1984-07-20&rft.aulast=COLE&rft.aufirst=ROBERT+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F07%2F20%2Fbusiness%2Focidental-buys-back-5-stake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarcella2024" class="citation web cs1">Scarcella, Mike (January 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/drivers-sue-us-shale-oil-producers-over-alleged-price-fixing-scheme-2024-01-16/">"Drivers sue US shale oil producers over alleged price-fixing scheme"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121051029/https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/drivers-sue-us-shale-oil-producers-over-alleged-price-fixing-scheme-2024-01-16/">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Drivers+sue+US+shale+oil+producers+over+alleged+price-fixing+scheme&rft.date=2024-01-16&rft.aulast=Scarcella&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Flegal%2Flitigation%2Fdrivers-sue-us-shale-oil-producers-over-alleged-price-fixing-scheme-2024-01-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+Petroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jay_Epstein" title="Edward Jay Epstein">Epstein, Edward Jay</a>. Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> (1996). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679448020" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679448020">978-0679448020</a>. 418 pages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_Petroleum&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxy.com">Official website</a></li> <li>Business data for Occidental Petroleum: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/OXY:US">Bloomberg</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/OXY">Google</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/OXY.N">Reuters</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=797468">SEC filings</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/OXY">Yahoo!</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Petroleum_industry" title="Template talk:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Petroleum_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">Primary energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">Benchmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argus_Sour_Crude_Index" title="Argus Sour Crude Index">Argus Sour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonny_Light_oil" title="Bonny Light oil">Bonny Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Crude" title="Dubai Crude">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Basket" title="Indian Basket">Indian Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Crude_Price" title="Indonesian Crude Price">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus-34_Light" title="Isthmus-34 Light">Isthmus-34 Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Crude_Cocktail" title="Japan Crude Cocktail">Japan Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapis_crude" title="Tapis crude">Tapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urals_oil" title="Urals oil">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Select" title="Western Canadian Select">Western Canadian Select</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Natural gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_consumption" title="List of countries by natural gas consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_imports" title="List of countries by natural gas imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_prices" title="Natural gas prices">Price</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Petroleum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posted_oil_price" title="Posted oil price">Posted oil price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">of gasoline and diesel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">Core sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_asset_modelling" title="Integrated asset modelling">Integrated asset modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_simulation" title="Reservoir simulation">Reservoir simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_modeling" title="Reservoir modeling">Reservoir modeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrophysics" title="Petrophysics">Petrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">Reflection seismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_inversion" title="Seismic inversion">Seismic inversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_source" title="Seismic source">Seismic source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">Drilling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">Blowout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)" title="Completion (oil and gas wells)">Completion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_job" title="Squeeze job">Squeeze job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_sticking" title="Differential sticking">Differential sticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">Directional drilling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosteering" title="Geosteering">Geosteering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_stem_test" title="Drill stem test">Drill stem test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_engineering" title="Drilling engineering">Drilling engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">Drilling fluid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid_invasion" title="Drilling fluid invasion">invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_circulation" title="Lost circulation">Lost circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_while_drilling" title="Measurement while drilling">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_oil_extraction" title="Shale oil extraction">Shale oil extraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Ljungstr%C3%B6m#Shale_oil_extraction" title="Fredrik Ljungström">Ljungström method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_use_in_the_oil_industry" title="Tracer use in the oil industry">Tracers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underbalanced_drilling" title="Underbalanced drilling">Underbalanced drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_fiscal_regime" title="Petroleum fiscal regime">Petroleum fiscal regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_licensing" title="Petroleum licensing">Concessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_sharing_agreement" title="Production sharing agreement">Production sharing agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_lift" title="Artificial lift">Artificial lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lift" title="Gas lift">Gas lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpjack" title="Pumpjack">Pumpjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump (ESP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">Downstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reinjection" title="Gas reinjection">Gas reinjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_injection_(oil_industry)" title="Steam injection (oil industry)">Steam injection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midstream" title="Midstream">Midstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">Petroleum product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">Upstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(oil_production)" title="Water injection (oil production)">Water injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_intervention" title="Well intervention">Well intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_well)" title="Christmas tree (oil well)">XT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="History of the petroleum industry">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Oil_Embargo" title="1967 Oil Embargo">1967 Oil Embargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_oil_price_shock" title="1990 oil price shock">1990 oil price shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">2010s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_oil_supplies" title="Nationalization of oil supplies">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">GECF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">Seven Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_France" title="History of the petroleum industry in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_India" title="History of the oil industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Norway" title="History of the petroleum industry in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the petroleum industry in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces and fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_fields" title="List of natural gas fields">List of natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_fields" title="List of oil fields">List of oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Oil_Province" title="East Midlands Oil Province">East Midlands Oil Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas_Oil_Field" title="East Texas Oil Field">East Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta#Nigerian_oil" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field" title="Prudhoe Bay Oil Field">Prudhoe Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Venezuela" title="Oil reserves in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin">Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_in_oil_and_gas_exploration_and_production" title="List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production">Abbreviations</a></li> <li>Classification <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_crude_oil" title="Sweet crude oil">sweet oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_crude_oil" title="Sour crude oil">sour oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_gas" title="Oil shale gas">Oil shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_wells" title="Orphan wells">Orphan wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">timing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petrocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrodollar_recycling" title="Petrodollar recycling">Petrodollar recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofiction" title="Petrofiction">Petrofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_band" title="Shale band">Shale band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">Shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">Swing producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_and_gas)_reservoir" title="Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir">Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy crude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Companies and organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies" title="List of oil exploration and production companies">petroleum companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Supermajors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">National oil companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_National_Oil_Company" title="Abu Dhabi National Oil Company">Abu Dhabi National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANCAP_(Uruguay)" title="ANCAP (Uruguay)">ANCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">China National Offshore Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopetrol" title="Ecopetrol">Ecopetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KazMunayGas" title="KazMunayGas">KazMunayGas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Kuwait Petroleum Corporation">Kuwait Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupa_Lotos" title="Grupa Lotos">Lotos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftogaz" title="Naftogaz">Naftogaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_South_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian South Oil Company">National Iranian South Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNPC_Limited" title="NNPC Limited">NNPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_%26_Gas_Development_Company" title="Oil & Gas Development Company">Oil & Gas Development Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlen" title="Orlen">Orlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobangla" title="Petrobangla">Petrobangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovietnam" title="Petrovietnam">Petrovietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited" title="PTT Public Company Limited">PTT Public Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QatarEnergy" title="QatarEnergy">QatarEnergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCAR" title="SOCAR">SOCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonangol_Group" title="Sonangol Group">Sonangol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPAO" title="TPAO">TPAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPF" title="YPF">YPF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy trading">Energy trading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunvor" title="Gunvor">Gunvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercuria" title="Mercuria">Mercuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafigura" title="Trafigura">Trafigura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APA_Corporation" title="APA Corporation">APA Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenovus_Energy" title="Cenovus Energy">Cenovus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cepsa" title="Cepsa">Cepsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Energy" title="Devon Energy">Devon Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneos_Holdings" title="Eneos Holdings">Eneos Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galp_Energia" title="Galp Energia">Galp Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hess_Corporation" title="Hess Corporation">Hess Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husky_Energy" title="Husky Energy">Husky Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Oil" title="Imperial Oil">Imperial Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon Petroleum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Occidental Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMV" title="OMV">OMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Refining_Company" title="Port Harcourt Refining Company">Port Harcourt Refining Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repsol" title="Repsol">Repsol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncor_Energy" title="Suncor Energy">Suncor Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunoco" title="Sunoco">Sunoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgutneftegas" title="Surgutneftegas">Surgutneftegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechnipFMC" title="TechnipFMC">TechnipFMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNK-BP" title="TNK-BP">TNK-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCpra%C5%9F" title="Tüpraş">Tüpraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_oilfield_service_companies" title="List of oilfield service companies">services companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_International" title="Cameron International">Cameron International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGG_(company)" title="CGG (company)">CGG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH2M" title="CH2M">CH2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bridge_%26_Iron_Company" title="Chicago Bridge & Iron Company">Chicago Bridge & Iron Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Oilfield_Services" title="China Oilfield Services">China Oilfield Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Power" title="GE Power">GE Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabors_Industries" title="Nabors Industries">Nabors Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOV_Inc." title="NOV Inc.">NOV Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saipem" title="Saipem">Saipem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlumberger" title="Schlumberger">Schlumberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snam" title="Snam">Snam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsea_7" title="Subsea 7">Subsea 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_Energy" title="TC Energy">TC Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transocean" title="Transocean">Transocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaris_Limited" title="Valaris Limited">Valaris Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherford_International" title="Weatherford International">Weatherford International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_petroleum_companies" title="Canadian petroleum companies">Canadian petroleum companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange_Futures" title="Intercontinental Exchange Futures">Intercontinental Exchange Futures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Oil_%26_Gas_Producers" title="International Association of Oil & Gas Producers">International Association of Oil & Gas Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers" title="Society of Petroleum Engineers">Society of Petroleum Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Petroleum_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="World Petroleum 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