CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91361c4a29c93dad',cH: 'Wn9uF.TijOqhCjpbGBLDno3dgfevO1x8_JJMgXYZAY4-1739798801-1.2.1.1-CsAargR6Awro_xaExQAhafxF8Ncs0Y02XGROcd2n_ND5VZpHCvA30Sepi0HNLQIz',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=signal%20amplification&__cf_chl_tk=ryLAwcQ5E9ZymYrDnL0jgY6Xx.CarTPdsFdvMZ0eeEE-1739798801-1.0.1.1-mawimaeB5mgh_uGw5VcO3vcbtUKbtBvhLuHRfU1sdyg",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739798801',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=signal%20amplification&__cf_chl_f_tk=ryLAwcQ5E9ZymYrDnL0jgY6Xx.CarTPdsFdvMZ0eeEE-1739798801-1.0.1.1-mawimaeB5mgh_uGw5VcO3vcbtUKbtBvhLuHRfU1sdyg",md: "20ZUXyVX.oZIKO.D2kfuSjlBvXvKB75.myZ8PBcj9_4-1739798801-1.2.1.1-omLWAZX_Ga170aLLoiwVE4q1kJxKs090D9B4dx7_ZyPxzOHJCmiUINnsL9h0X5eduOdpwpwKoqKZaA.DJGffBte8WgQd5utsy_VSqLC9OfyMtgiKSNHc7a8_PsqXdfpK7LI1JicNQG49H.uavUVaxFEgiu62bXA.Vxc1Wo3S3Pkmm0Wzi_L3xtp.6Xwcthegacz_jhdCy5DYjefvwC8wn8xAgB7q8X.KcgU34.sGAz7gMHMo.1MS.Y1HUHoPkFUU3Po4Hl3KiFX_KrUtAKIDkere1hbB5cXiP8bmThOJDjesJsLSpVntDLEn7x7qazzlnEACWVZK3B21OvIjwIGdPK7SVjJX7_HtJ3cwGDSBaMKsaHJiLQXeQKLlczDTmfK.PQ2HjVVzfc0345riRqJDzAR8uiZbSBGYYS4fn1a_DFTQWFNSmBa3.Cu_ebi3ERFF0pyOZRnQllDpW9oKM7EeHGIVaU7Z7YhMgAUACNlPowNSPxWiQ1W95i913hZPOUKn3pO.Jqt4cUYamDoDGqB6i80Lne7VzUa251h6o0tSHHTaYz.jyPIt2rolCFGb6bo2KTWgC8tJknghO0cFx2iqFPkR2in6M8E1KfxChJtpCwxAeimvrvugFtFGw_0vNOnL62VMqkVmhcbKEop0vhW9ksZzy_uh7VwcEVjefx1QlrEX.27bvRU.r1atCKAuYr0uj_lxFX8O_E1gNr7SkG6.urwwlOKJNsEErafWAcnVpQ_xW02x2PwosJKoZdy3oEATyIyKMz6lzIktunJzR21cvjOYuM3D4KtczF1q68oI4SRYDMkhq2SpfFfCu69AAllDcPpnmRxiE5zPgHkssZniwMhCqVwjUH6zO2RKy6aKI1r.kI5nOnu8Hs2Cy_MlptFHiPiU97vsazT5JV6jUY9br4e4QwNsgZP_Pf7qAu8VLmbTHqlqUGPk_KeAR75YJSRZWThepbe3jY.r5cmRI_.fexl3dJ1ySf87q0ZIHc.mv2KvDYur8EfHf4sCKi36ZIRh9chibkf3vj6mSrFeI1Zw.2mGH3o51ckEKy5sMFrDUKl2ceGgtG_jgkDO0pYugra9AuwNwXe7utwksV.k5t5JB96DOgE0iq26rpPllnOEKfX7q8btoQRb44Z0Xh.Kx6t05VAr6EO.v5e0Dtj4AqSIonJOwNSEfLg0ReQwmwXG1uH8ukH._dERfIvfJIW1UNDIJL23NHn8LafChJuNBAcmowUpY3CJWJydV.LPVyR2CejdO.lC74eyn.xdh37HhQI9XbMMNBcWXWKlNEHNevP3249gXPi2Mqa0JZFVMufDTJdXtmP7MsArhHygcViZ0G6i.bW2xrenM2JBZxizIdupfdkhN_KKWo.W5yjXldMPW9fQ13QITqstLevKBlggdB0Rv7fFpcHfb1BzsDTBnfs8z3tnc9cqPaXeI_KVNCFTIrvs2qZf1atH7YEUCn0zFNlw8Lp2hnAQpBJlGbG2xUwjMnC03.JwnxaqwRjIgerxzg8j_O.LpQAhHEpi72oFFwoqlEVOabwOn0Ur.CfEuO1IfU8fW6KNDidCHjR6Rr3rqHvo4NKXTs8pj8xRaxlwyRR_K1OeysUpT8859w8xx28M9dulZxD9kbDSeywejJVv9.nuZRa.5Y1_HoAP0qKNqeLKYpeJ6CgqZ98UAPkuSj2XRnqCgryqaqgsjZ_oep1t6t4PS03x8b4lpURDUuFaG2GkMLFBDd5CDwNO6gb7eVKF75cXSR0TrIJmDifuzXkvF8XhFhi.MiNz7jpph1tZXqqsCySFYW5LVovdJtZlF2jHlX3c77g5UDzGSUYlLXweJuseH5xxsemvxFhcycMhNLpo__mavFBlBM6P2feY7bxhewesHfKqHe0QHSOTqVMK5hRgswOWXv6h_0I11mWUOv7KwJflNQxUEuB6D4W11xXXu_kxeEkpznMt33RW8t2dAlsSUKt86N53b0vW23efIAdV",mdrd: "BtoZXZERhZdSLjjxOzMTAs5V5tB1DsE4.g5srZhUk_U-1739798801-1.2.1.1-OepV6HNdyR1PUvrMqrZ.AkHmJIDDtP7a_toGGbMK8lgwV_HaUUFAziwZizFMKhNGJXXz3s7mf01pSFMy22faoo_iDhwcipsb7HgvC9LKqaoLqitXF_bkit85UI6GOkx8x1TjKwMSrTQw0X.aCrGe6YbqNJpPpybCsI91Eoc_AmhGKj.yoJDwR3ZwGMe9ok45LrCViP5JxcLnqpIN7nHFqdNafT37WMVX2HDLRryb1MGC.UVYjsgyEKgqUVtIpuiuv8zwhrSSxHYYy7q0wqrfffN9sYv7kFeQ9uaHCOHqU0lvDkOwovv.aqp1gtCiBmAzqi0_X5EX12xXGedi1AAwInVphfAnewLpMHFU00dKJW5zOv6SrNS0vq8TXKEV6j3y1P6CBUHgztiLXl969IN524Sf5SRb6blzMm5sndq.J51PbzdlYX_m1QzHLhB9C07Hqr5ZYx2JLy2elILi_Dq5_SIVKhCLoRh_X6so1qnsdjRYB1hGKMth7QR_NGnmJxVVkz0ZNd.6.CDmbU4foknZdoa3.aMNm.liVQCJYa3AtHJbYBE0p7ahT1wiqzCgjSsXDbGLrnzbbnMeUURk9qIcwC1p2Eso4SWv0BTmrmvFK8v5GdVKAwpIgnubg54wvI5sGmkwf7BcSbbTTQTEJCzRh_UcJziWIxMDVnqw4l52.jiNEvlvy6y1c1v13gk._18IkIxNdFwDLoXFdwD8h7WymyAViC_TKDJmBs8s6vD6A8Xj4wHjROpGksV_wY65kPBY.LDZjAvlXAMfL0dQZ9_xv1gPvOWwwiVDCNrrBDLNteq1DTU1L37UNTxdiB7fYCN_fLpxOLbFgi7yN_pCf_9PXJpKvGw5Kqjd2cdUHj8AVvtIqL0D2ACAO_JCPqzP1XgiLFpBzxwCC0_Y5Orz470xXR5OyfM5N2wMdF1_TPvqRJ_mSpZHHojtZ0Ydy_jhIq19fd0yJydaw_F8BW2wuSQofSp_xys.M9pvKCYFotX8gvWJ3bnplxd3dWC7zssy0L6j8IreDehybpsH6u4riYrhODEz6WL01HEyfYjKb7jHMKGX01MZmiQ_c_peY98bjIkz0zIcpD2FfEicjrb1ZB6Onpf48cOwyNzUrZkGFjzgUUo9qa1gzosGGfJcg9HkdMIpAr9_HYb4Gg98dYHjCCH74H8tcbq01RzyGIRrxEukeviKbvewatQNRLyPKIVkqcd2u.f3BCsi3BrFyo2_uWXg1qPLYgoIBFK.F9V0pEbSbWdE.hj2OKxJosSDbiydZ.aDmY70Py_KaJvj.UZ6MkCj0dZ9BNMqPDNhYJqvaJK3IngzoEedlrmZ_RXn9V9ys96b29ubGT.x49PXHITdefI_IL9Yu1p3g6Eacz6Q91cHImVW9Dbt4sn1mIQpt2Wg8hSUK1Sz5iKuI4W5qYk3LGeAz5acE3hOwJqhUpAGKCzNCXTkOZetdBizp7Wl6LUTc.x3s1jQ7MY.rxj5CHTJvvOBOpYHxdRKO8KqF04ZYdT.ETkliBOFHLAx8CLYhMiiJNR8qr27_8ySTaIAPLUUYZx07Mu4AotgcHQ_gbI9DTnjCyfa0j.6iWk.M0su338wYy4vyPJeZtvD8f7RPILzQ5nFNZ8XjYo5XdxZzta_pjXguSFLOIX.CFTMa.Ps1aG22YgnZuUTWSkzoSkxtlPWnQyIXIlPzN5bA1H.RTwlVTEvpBHUfr7wXl_CoyTLQt1plK7FT2FzYAEryT0aw.TRk5XxtPQQhrEHL8_d12IePSvAMt238cw5qjnX.QsFkBptqovw6xm3x8ZtYyyIgZXg0U.GbY996.DrYxzYM_EaG.9eXAXFlCjtG6v1_FIPwcym_v3pRZrCtCYPpD12CvFWdaLQxwlXeOFxXneHPqPRZMvOSi_2V4uqOzIGoboIHc8zFQJGi2xeKl9z2Ka7OrVazoQNw71rxFkCua3FnNBUs4OfQM3SxwKEwH8C4MSl6FKNke0uJk6Q1OJYIn_hkrWsG97ppg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91361c4a29c93dad';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=signal%20amplification&__cf_chl_rt_tk=ryLAwcQ5E9ZymYrDnL0jgY6Xx.CarTPdsFdvMZ0eeEE-1739798801-1.0.1.1-mawimaeB5mgh_uGw5VcO3vcbtUKbtBvhLuHRfU1sdyg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>