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<li id="toc-Unification_of_Vietnam_(1947–48)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification_of_Vietnam_(1947–48)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Unification of Vietnam (1947–48)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification_of_Vietnam_(1947–48)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Union_(1949–54)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Union_(1949–54)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>French Union (1949–54)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Union_(1949–54)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition_(1954–55)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_(1954–55)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Partition (1954–55)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_(1954–55)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam_(1948–49)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam_(1948–49)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948–49)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam_(1948–49)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Vietnam_(1949–55)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Vietnam_(1949–55)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>State of Vietnam (1949–55)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Vietnam_(1949–55)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaders_(1948–55)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders_(1948–55)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Leaders (1948–55)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaders_(1948–55)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1955_referendum,_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1955_referendum,_Republic_of_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1955 referendum, Republic of Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1955_referendum,_Republic_of_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vietnamese_National_Army_(1949–55)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamese_National_Army_(1949–55)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vietnamese National Army (1949–55)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamese_National_Army_(1949–55)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administrative divisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autonomous_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Autonomous regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domain_of_the_Crown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domain_of_the_Crown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Domain of the Crown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domain_of_the_Crown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specialized_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Specialized sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">State of Vietnam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="دولة فيتنام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دولة فيتنام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_de_Vietnam" title="Estáu de Vietnam – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu de Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetnam_D%C3%B6vl%C9%99ti" title="Vyetnam Dövləti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vyetnam Dövləti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Дзяржава В’етнам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзяржава В’етнам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Държава Виетнам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държава Виетнам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamsk%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t" title="Vietnamský stát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vietnamský stát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Κράτος του Βιετνάμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κράτος του Βιετνάμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_Vietnam" title="Estado de Vietnam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado de Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamgo_Estatua" title="Vietnamgo Estatua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vietnamgo Estatua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_du_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam" title="État du Viêt Nam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État du Viêt Nam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8%EA%B5%AD" title="베트남국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베트남국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_Vietnam" title="Negara Vietnam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_del_Vietnam" title="Stato del Vietnam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato del Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_Vietnam" title="Negara Vietnam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat_Vietnam" title="Staat Vietnam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staat Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0%E5%9B%BD" title="ベトナム国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベトナム国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Vietnam" title="Staten Vietnam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Staten Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_do_Vietn%C3%A3" title="Estado do Vietnã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado do Vietnã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Государство Вьетнам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государство Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="State of Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Vietnam" title="Staten Vietnam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Staten Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="รัฐเวียดนาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเวียดนาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ریاست ویت نام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاست ویت نام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" title="Quốc gia Việt Nam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quốc gia Việt Nam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%8B" title="越南國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="越南國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%8B" title="越南國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="越南國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%BD" title="越南国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="越南国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1193879#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=State_of_Vietnam&params=10_48_N_106_39_E_region:VN_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°48′N</span> <span class="longitude">106°39′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.800°N 106.650°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.800; 106.650</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until December 18, 2025 at 01:27 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1949–1954 constituent state of French Indochina</div> <style 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For the present-day state, see <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. For other states, see <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vietnam (disambiguation)">Vietnam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/State_of_Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/State of Vietnam">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22State+of+Vietnam%22">"State of Vietnam"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22State+of+Vietnam%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22State+of+Vietnam%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22State+of+Vietnam%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22State+of+Vietnam%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22State+of+Vietnam%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">State of Viet-Nam</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Quốc gia Việt Nam</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>)</span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">État du Viêt Nam</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1949–1955</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of State of Vietnam"><img alt="Flag of State of Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/125px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/188px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/250px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Vietnam" title="Flag of South Vietnam">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qu%E1%BB%91c_huy_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_(%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%BD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of State of Vietnam"><img alt="Coat of arms of State of Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Qu%E1%BB%91c_huy_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_%28%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%BD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%29.svg/85px-Qu%E1%BB%91c_huy_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_%28%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%BD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Qu%E1%BB%91c_huy_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_%28%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%BD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%29.svg/128px-Qu%E1%BB%91c_huy_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_%28%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%BD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Qu%E1%BB%91c_huy_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_%28%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%BD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%29.svg/170px-Qu%E1%BB%91c_huy_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_%28%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%BD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Vietnam#List" title="Emblem of Vietnam"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Dân vi quý</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"The people are the most important"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Thanh_ni%C3%AAn_H%C3%A0nh_Kh%C3%BAc" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh niên Hành Khúc">Thanh niên Hành Khúc</a></i></span><br />"The March of Youths"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="65" data-mwtitle="South_Vietnamese_national_anthem_on_AFVN_radio.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/South_Vietnamese_national_anthem_on_AFVN_radio.mp3/South_Vietnamese_national_anthem_on_AFVN_radio.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/South_Vietnamese_national_anthem_on_AFVN_radio.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_Vietnamese_national_anthem_on_AFVN_radio.mp3&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_Vietnamese_national_anthem_on_AFVN_radio.mp3&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)#Government_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Grand Seal</a> of the State</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">保大國長</span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_as_Chief_of_State_of_Vietnam_(1949%E2%80%931954).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Seal_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_as_Chief_of_State_of_Vietnam_%281949%E2%80%931954%29.svg/85px-Seal_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_as_Chief_of_State_of_Vietnam_%281949%E2%80%931954%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Seal_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_as_Chief_of_State_of_Vietnam_%281949%E2%80%931954%29.svg/128px-Seal_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_as_Chief_of_State_of_Vietnam_%281949%E2%80%931954%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Seal_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_as_Chief_of_State_of_Vietnam_%281949%E2%80%931954%29.svg/170px-Seal_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_as_Chief_of_State_of_Vietnam_%281949%E2%80%931954%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="170" /></a></span><br />(1949–1954)<hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Vietnam_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The territory controlled by the State of Vietnam after the 1954 Geneva Conference"><img alt="The territory controlled by the State of Vietnam after the 1954 Geneva Conference" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/South_Vietnam_in_its_region.svg/250px-South_Vietnam_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/South_Vietnam_in_its_region.svg/375px-South_Vietnam_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/South_Vietnam_in_its_region.svg/500px-South_Vietnam_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="342" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The territory controlled by the State of Vietnam after the 1954 Geneva Conference</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> (until 1954) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Independent_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent state">Independent state</a> (after 1954)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Saigon–Cholon</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=State_of_Vietnam&params=10_48_N_106_39_E_region:VN_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°48′N</span> <span class="longitude">106°39′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.800°N 106.650°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.800; 106.650</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Vietnam">Roman Catholicism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Vietnam" title="Demographics of Vietnam">Vietnamese,<br />South Vietnamese</a> (after 1954)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">Provisional</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">Chief of State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949–1955 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1955 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949–1950 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1950 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Phan_Long" title="Nguyễn Phan Long">Nguyễn Phan Long</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1950–1952 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%E1%BB%AFu" title="Trần Văn Hữu">Trần Văn Hữu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1952–1953 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m" title="Nguyễn Văn Tâm">Nguyễn Văn Tâm</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1954 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%ADu_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Bửu Lộc">Bửu Lộc</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1954–1955 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Proclamation </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 July 1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">Geneva Accords</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 July 1954</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum" title="1955 State of Vietnam referendum">1955 referendum</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 October 1955</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochinese_piastre" title="French Indochinese piastre">piastre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="South Vietnamese đồng">đồng</a> (from 1953)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam" title="Provisional Central Government of Vietnam"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1949:</b></span><br />Provisional Central Government of Vietnam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1954:</b></span><br />French Indochina</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Vietnam" title="Category:History of Vietnam">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">History of <span class="fn org label">Vietnam</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lichsuvietnammoi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lichsuvietnammoi.png/150px-Lichsuvietnammoi.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lichsuvietnammoi.png/225px-Lichsuvietnammoi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lichsuvietnammoi.png/300px-Lichsuvietnammoi.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VietNamToanCanhDuDo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Việt Nam toàn cảnh dư đồ (越南全境輿圖) là bản đồ Dại Nam chú giải bằng chữ Hán"><img alt="Việt Nam toàn cảnh dư đồ (越南全境輿圖) là bản đồ Dại Nam chú giải bằng chữ Hán" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/VietNamToanCanhDuDo.jpg/200px-VietNamToanCanhDuDo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/VietNamToanCanhDuDo.jpg/300px-VietNamToanCanhDuDo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/VietNamToanCanhDuDo.jpg/400px-VietNamToanCanhDuDo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="2287" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Prehistoric_period" title="History of Vietnam">Prehistoric</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_Vi_culture" title="Sơn Vi culture">Sơn Vi culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 20,000 BC–12,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hoabinhian" title="Hoabinhian">Hoabinhian</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 12,000 BC–10,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_S%C6%A1n_culture" title="Bắc Sơn culture">Bắc Sơn culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10,000 BC–8,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%B3nh_V%C4%83n_culture" title="Quỳnh Văn culture">Quỳnh Văn culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 8,000 BC–6,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90a_B%C3%BAt_culture" title="Đa Bút culture">Đa Bút culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 4,000 BC–3,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Ages</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B9ng_Nguy%C3%AAn_culture" title="Phùng Nguyên culture">Phùng Nguyên culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2,000 BC–1,500 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_culture" title="Đồng Đậu culture">Đồng Đậu culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1,500 BC–1,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B2_Mun_culture" title="Gò Mun culture">Gò Mun culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1,000–800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_culture" title="Dong Son culture">Dong Son culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1,000 BC–100 AD)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1,000 BC–200 AD)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Óc Eo culture">Óc Eo culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1–630 AD)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Ancient_period_(2879–111_BC)" title="History of Vietnam">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_B%C3%A0ng_dynasty" title="Hồng Bàng dynasty">Hồng Bàng dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="mythological">2879 BC</abbr>–258 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Thục dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 257 BC–179 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tri%E1%BB%87u_dynasty" title="Triệu dynasty">Triệu dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 204 BC–111 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese domination of Vietnam">Dominated</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chinese domination of Vietnam">1st Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 111 BC–40 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Trung_sisters%27_rebellion" title="Trung sisters' rebellion">Trung sisters' rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 40–43</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Chinese domination of Vietnam">2nd Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 43–544</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Early Lý dynasty">Early Lý dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">544–602</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Third_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Chinese domination of Vietnam">3rd Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">602–938</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Monarchical_period_(938–1858)" title="History of Vietnam">Dynastic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_dynasty" title="Ngô dynasty">Ngô dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 939–965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords" title="Anarchy of the 12 Warlords">Anarchy of the 12 Warlords</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 965–968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Đinh dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 968–980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Lê dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 980–1009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Later Lý dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1009–1225</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1225–1400</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1400–1407</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Era_of_Northern_Domination" title="Fourth Era of Northern Domination">4th Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1407–1428</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Lê dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1428–1527</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1527–1592</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Later Lê Restoration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1533–1789</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1778–1802</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1802–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#French_colonial_era_(1858–1945)" title="History of Vietnam">Colonial</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">French Cochinchina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1862–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">French Annam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1883–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">French Tonkin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1883–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1887–1954</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Vietnam (1945–present)">Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a><br /><small></small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Republic of South Vietnam</a><small></small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975–1976 <hr /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a><br /><small></small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1955–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">State of Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1949–1955 <hr /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976-now</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam#History" title="Vietnam">Non-Vietnamese history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 68–627</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 192–1832</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1t_Ti%C3%AAn_archaeological_site" title="Cát Tiên archaeological site">Cát Tiên archaeological site</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 300–800</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 550–781</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 738–902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 802–1431</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 937–1253</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhigao_rebellions" title="Nong Zhigao rebellions">Nung-Zhuang kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1042–1052</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C6%B0u_H%E1%BB%91ng" title="Ngưu Hống">Ngưu Hống</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1061–1432</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_X%C3%A1_and_H%E1%BB%8Fa_X%C3%A1" title="Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá">Jarai kingdoms</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1100–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1600–1954</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_H%C3%A0_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Principality of Hà Tiên">Principality of Hà Tiên</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1707–1832</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Vietnam">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dynasties" title="List of Vietnamese dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Vietnam" title="Economic history of Vietnam">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Vietnam" title="List of historical capitals of Vietnam">Historical capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of immigration to Vietnam">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Vietnam" title="Military history of Vietnam">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Vietnam" title="Naval history of Vietnam">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Vietnam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina Wars">Indochina Wars</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Vietnam" title="Template:History of Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Vietnam" title="Template talk:History of Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>State of Vietnam</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Quốc gia Việt Nam</i>; <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a>: 國家越南; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">État du Viêt-Nam</i>) was a state in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> that existed from 1949 until 1955, first as a member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> and later as a country (from 4 June 1954 to 26 October 1955). The state claimed authority over all of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>, although large parts of its territory were controlled by the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a>. </p><p>The state was created in 1949 by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Union_(1946%E2%80%931958)" class="mw-redirect" title="French Union (1946–1958)">French Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was internationally recognised in 1950. Former <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vietnamese monarchs">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> became Chief of State. After the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Agreements">Geneva Agreements</a>, the State of Vietnam abandoned its sovereignty over the northern part of the country, which was controlled by the Việt Minh. <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of South Vietnam">prime minister</a> the same year and—<a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum" title="1955 State of Vietnam referendum">after having ousted Bảo Đại in 1955</a>—became <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="President of South Vietnam">president</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unification_of_Vietnam_(1947–48)"><span id="Unification_of_Vietnam_.281947.E2.80.9348.29"></span>Unification of Vietnam (1947–48)</h3></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a>, the Việt Minh had seized all of the territories of Vietnam. The <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> was established by the Việt Minh on September 2, 1945 (the same day Japan signed surrender documents with the United States). </p><p>By February 1947, following the pacification of Tonkin (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a>), the Tonkinese capital, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, and the main traffic axis returned to French control. The <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Việt Minh</a> partisans were forced to retreat into the jungle and prepared to pursue the war using <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>. </p><p>In order to reduce Việt Minh leader <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a>’s influence over the Vietnamese population, the French authorities in Indochina supported the return to power of <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> (the last emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn Dynasty</a>), by establishing puppet states, including the State of Vietnam. Bao Dai had voluntarily abdicated<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on August 25, 1945, after the fall of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. </p><p>On June 5, 1948, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halong_Bay_Agreements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halong Bay Agreements (page does not exist)">Halong Bay Agreements</a> (<i>Accords de la baie d’Along</i>) allowed the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam" title="Provisional Central Government of Vietnam">unified Vietnamese government</a> replacing the governments of <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a> (North Vietnam) and <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a> (Middle Vietnam) associated to France within the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochinese Federation</a> then including the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cambodia">Kingdom of Cambodia</a>. <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a> (South Vietnam), however, had a different status, both as a <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> and as an autonomous republic, and its reunification with the rest of Vietnam had to be approved by its local assembly, and then by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">French National Assembly</a>. During the transitional period, a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam" title="Provisional Central Government of Vietnam">Provisional Central Government of Vietnam</a> was proclaimed: <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Nguyễn Văn Xuân">Nguyễn Văn Xuân</a>, until then head of the <i>Provisional Government of South Vietnam</i> (as Cochinchina had been known since 1947) became its president, while <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> waited for a complete reunification to take office. </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> had declared the independence of Vietnam and had control of almost all of Vietnam's territory since September 2, 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides that, the DRV had also hosted the <a href="/wiki/1946_Vietnamese_National_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 Vietnamese National Assembly election">1946 Vietnamese National Assembly election</a> with the participation of 89% of Vietnamese voters (north and south). The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> had officially become the constitutional representatives of Vietnam in 1946. </p><p>Since the Halong Bay Agreements resulted in many aspects—excluding the <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>—in the enforcement of the March 6, 1946, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indochinese_Independence_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indochinese Independence Convention (page does not exist)">Indochinese Independence Convention</a> signed by <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist</a> Hồ Chí Minh's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner">High Commissioner of France in Indochina</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thierry_d%27Argenlieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thierry d'Argenlieu">Thierry d'Argenlieu</a>, representative of <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gouin" title="Félix Gouin">Félix Gouin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional French Republic</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> (SFIO), some regarded the State of Vietnam as a puppet state of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">French Fourth Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Union_(1949–54)"><span id="French_Union_.281949.E2.80.9354.29"></span>French Union (1949–54)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></div> <p>On May 20, 1949, the French National Assembly approved the reunification of Cochinchina with the rest of Vietnam. The decision took effect on June 4 and the State of Vietnam was officially proclaimed on July 2. From 1949 to 1954, after reunification with Cochinchina, the State of Vietnam had partial autonomy from France as an <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">associated state</a> within the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a>. </p><p>Bảo Đại fought against communist leader Hồ Chí Minh for legitimacy as the legitimate government of Vietnam through the struggle between the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army" title="Vietnamese National Army">Vietnamese National Army</a> and the Việt Minh during the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>. </p><p>The State of Vietnam found support in the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">French Fourth Republic</a> and the United States (1950–1954) while Hồ Chí Minh was backed by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (since 1950), and to a lesser extent by the Soviet Union. Despite French support, roughly 60% of Vietnamese territory was under Việt Minh control in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition_(1954–55)"><span id="Partition_.281954.E2.80.9355.29"></span>Partition (1954–55)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">Geneva Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Vietnam">Partition of Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Indochina_post_partition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/French_Indochina_post_partition.png/220px-French_Indochina_post_partition.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/French_Indochina_post_partition.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Indochina after the Geneva Conference.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">Geneva Conference of 1954</a>, as well as becoming fully independent with its departure from the French Union, the State of Vietnam became territorially confined to those lands of Vietnam south of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone">17th parallel</a>, and as such became commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a>. Communist forces entered <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> on 10 October 1954. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HD-SN-99-02044.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HD-SN-99-02044.JPEG/220px-HD-SN-99-02044.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HD-SN-99-02044.JPEG/330px-HD-SN-99-02044.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HD-SN-99-02044.JPEG/440px-HD-SN-99-02044.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>A photo published by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">USIA</a> allegedly showing <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Vietnamese pulling alongside a French <a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank" title="Landing Ship, Tank">LST</a> in 1954.</figcaption></figure> <p>The massive semi-voluntary migration of anti-communist north Vietnamese, essentially <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> people, proceeded during the French-American <a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Operation Passage to Freedom</a> from 1954 to 1955. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam_(1948–49)"><span id="Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam_.281948.E2.80.9349.29"></span>Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948–49)</h3></div> <p>On May 27, 1948, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Nguyễn Văn Xuân">Nguyễn Văn Xuân</a>, then President of the Republic of Cochinchina, became President of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (<i>Thủ tướng lâm thời</i>) following the merging of the government of Cochin China and Vietnam in what is sometimes referred as "Pre-Vietnam". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Vietnam_(1949–55)"><span id="State_of_Vietnam_.281949.E2.80.9355.29"></span>State of Vietnam (1949–55)</h3></div> <p>On June 14, 1949, Bảo Đại was appointed Chief of State (<i>Quốc trưởng</i>) of the State of Vietnam; he was concurrently Prime Minister for a short while (<i>Kiêm nhiệm Thủ tướng</i>). </p><p>On October 26, 1955, the Republic of Vietnam was established and Ngô Đình Diệm became the first President of the Republic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaders_(1948–55)"><span id="Leaders_.281948.E2.80.9355.29"></span>Leaders (1948–55)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">Leaders of South Vietnam</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th> <th>Title </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Nguyễn Văn Xuân">Nguyễn Văn Xuân</a></b></td> <td>May 27, 1948</td> <td>July 14, 1949</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (page does not exist)">President of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a></b></td> <td>July 14, 1949</td> <td>January 21, 1950</td> <td>Prime Minister; remained Chief of State throughout the State of Vietnam </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Phan_Long" title="Nguyễn Phan Long">Nguyễn Phan Long</a></b></td> <td>January 21, 1950</td> <td>April 27, 1950</td> <td>Prime Minister </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%E1%BB%AFu" title="Trần Văn Hữu">Trần Văn Hữu</a></b></td> <td>May 6, 1950</td> <td>June 3, 1952</td> <td>Prime Minister </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m" title="Nguyễn Văn Tâm">Nguyễn Văn Tâm</a></b></td> <td>June 23, 1952</td> <td>December 7, 1953</td> <td>Prime Minister </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%ADu_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Bửu Lộc">Bửu Lộc</a></b></td> <td>January 11, 1954</td> <td>June 16, 1954</td> <td>Prime Minister </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></b></td> <td>June 16, 1954</td> <td>October 26, 1955</td> <td>Prime Minister </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1955_referendum,_Republic_of_Vietnam"><span id="1955_referendum.2C_Republic_of_Vietnam"></span>1955 referendum, Republic of Vietnam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum" title="1955 State of Vietnam referendum">1955 State of Vietnam referendum</a></div> <p>In South Vietnam, a referendum was scheduled for 23 October 1955 to determine the future direction of the south, in which the people would choose Diệm or Bảo Đại as the leader of South Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the election, Diệm's brother Ngô Đình Nhu and the <a href="/wiki/Personalist_Labor_Revolutionary_Party" title="Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party">Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party</a> (commonly known as "Cần Lao Party") supplied Diệm's electoral base in organizing and supervising the elections, especially the propaganda campaign for destroying Bảo Đại's reputation. Supporters of Bảo Đại were not allowed to campaign, and were physically attacked by Nhu's workers.<sup id="cite_ref-karnow55_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karnow55-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official results showed 98.2 per cent of voters favoured Diệm, an implausibly high result that was condemned as fraudulent. The total number of votes far exceeded the number of registered voters by over 380,000, further evidence that the referendum was heavily rigged.<sup id="cite_ref-karnow55_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karnow55-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jacobs_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobs-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, only 450,000 voters were registered in Saigon, but 605,025 were said to have voted for Diệm. On 26 October, Diệm proclaimed the Republic of Vietnam—widely known as <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>—whose reformed army, with American assistance, pursued the conflict with North Vietnam; the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jacobs_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobs-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnamese_National_Army_(1949–55)"><span id="Vietnamese_National_Army_.281949.E2.80.9355.29"></span>Vietnamese National Army (1949–55)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army" title="Vietnamese National Army">Vietnamese National Army</a></div> <p>Following the signing of the 1949 <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Accords" title="Élysée Accords">Élysée Accords</a> in Paris, Bảo Đại was able to create a <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army" title="Vietnamese National Army">National Army</a> for defense purposes. </p><p>It fought under the State of Vietnam's banner and leadership and was commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Hinh" title="Nguyễn Văn Hinh">Nguyễn Văn Hinh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Indochina_100_Piastres.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/French_Indochina_100_Piastres.png/190px-French_Indochina_100_Piastres.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/French_Indochina_100_Piastres.png/285px-French_Indochina_100_Piastres.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/French_Indochina_100_Piastres.png/380px-French_Indochina_100_Piastres.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>A 100 <a href="/wiki/Piastres" class="mw-redirect" title="Piastres">piastres</a> sample note of 1954.</figcaption></figure> <p>The currency used within the French Union was the <a href="/wiki/French_Indochinese_piastre" title="French Indochinese piastre">French Indochinese piastre</a>. Notes were issued and managed by the "Issue Institute of the States of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam" (<i>Institut d’Emission des Etats du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêt-Nam</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnam" title="Provinces of Vietnam">Provinces of Vietnam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomous_regions">Autonomous regions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Northern,_Central_and_Southern_Vietnam" title="Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam">Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam</a></div> <p>Following the creation of the State of Vietnam and the establishment of its government, the Chief of State <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> signed the two ordinances related to the administration and local governance of the State of Vietnam, namely Ordinance No. 1 ("Organisation and Operation of civil authorities in Vietnam") and Ordinance No. 2 ("Statutes of Government office").<sup id="cite_ref-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ordinances divided the State of Vietnam into three large <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">autonomous regions</a>, namely <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BA%AFc_Vi%E1%BB%87t_(State_of_Vietnam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bắc Việt (State of Vietnam) (page does not exist)">Bắc Việt</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trung_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trung Việt (page does not exist)">Trung Việt</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a>), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_Vi%E1%BB%87t_(State_of_Vietnam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nam Việt (State of Vietnam) (page does not exist)">Nam Việt</a> (former <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a>), the local government of each autonomous region was headed by a <i>Thủ hiến</i> (Governour).<sup id="cite_ref-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 August 1954 the government of the State of Vietnam enacted Ordinance No. 21 which abolished the autonomous status of the three regions and abolished the post of regional governour, replacing them with central government representatives in all parts of its territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three regions were renamed to Bắc phần, Trung phần, and Nam phần.<sup id="cite_ref-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domain_of_the_Crown">Domain of the Crown</h3></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Domain_of_the_Crown" title="Domain of the Crown">Domain of the Crown</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <span title="Chữ Quốc Ngữ"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Hoàng triều Cương thổ</i></span></span> / <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880798">.mw-parser-output .vi-nom{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","Han-Nom Kai","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinA","HanaMinB","HanaMin","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .vi-nom.ext{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP2","BabelStone Han","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinB","Han-Nom Kai",sans-serif}</style><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom" title="Hán-Nôm">皇朝疆土</span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i>Domaine de la Couronne</i>) was originally the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>'s geopolitical concept for its protectorates and principalities where the <a href="/wiki/Kinh_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinh people">Kinh ethnic group</a> didn't make up the majority, later it became a type of administrative unit of the State of Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anh-Thái-Phượng-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was officially established on 15 April 1950 and dissolved on 11 March 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anh-Thái-Phượng-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the areas of the Domain of the Crown Chief of State Bảo Đại was still officially (and legally) titled as the "Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty".<sup id="cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lê-Đình-Chi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Domain of the Crown contained the following five provinces established from the former <a href="/wiki/Montagnard_country_of_South_Indochina" title="Montagnard country of South Indochina">Montagnard country of South Indochina</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lê-Đình-Chi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Nai_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Đồng Nai Thượng (page does not exist)">Đồng Nai Thượng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_Vi%C3%AAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Lâm Viên">Lâm Viên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiku" title="Pleiku">Pleiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_L%E1%BA%AFk" class="mw-redirect" title="Đắk Lắk">Darlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kon_Tum" title="Kon Tum">Kontum</a></li></ol> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Bắc phần</a> it contained the following provinces:<sup id="cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lê-Đình-Chi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_B%C3%ACnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hòa Bình Province">Hòa Bình</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Autonomous_Territory" title="Mường Autonomous Territory">Mường Autonomous Territory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phong_Th%E1%BB%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Phong Thổ">Phong Thổ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Thái Autonomous Territory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Ch%C3%A2u_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lai Châu Province">Lai Châu</a> (Thái Autonomous Territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_La" title="Sơn La">Sơn La</a> (Thái Autonomous Territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0o_Cai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lào Cai Province">Lào Kay</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hmong_Kingdoms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hmong Kingdoms (page does not exist)">Mèo Autonomous Territory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Giang" title="Hà Giang">Hà Giang</a> (Mèo Autonomous Territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_K%E1%BA%A1n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bắc Kạn Province">Bắc Kạn</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_Autonomous_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thổ Autonomous Territory (page does not exist)">Thổ Autonomous Territory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Bằng Province">Cao Bằng</a> (Thổ Autonomous Territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n" title="Lạng Sơn">Lạng Sơn</a> (Thổ Autonomous Territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_Ninh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hải Ninh Province">Hải Ninh</a> (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_Autonomous_Territory" title="Nùng Autonomous Territory">Nùng Autonomous Territory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3ng_C%C3%A1i" title="Móng Cái">Móng Cái</a> (Nùng Autonomous Territory)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochinese_piastre" title="French Indochinese piastre">French Indochinese piastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">History of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army" title="Vietnamese National Army">Vietnamese National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">War in Vietnam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">officially written <b>State of Viet-Nam</b></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoàng Cơ Thụy. <i>Việt sử khảo luận</i>. Paris, 2002. Trang 2299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_with_photograph,_signature,_and_Grand_Seal_of_the_State_from_his_majesty_the_Chief_of_State_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_to_Madame_Jeanne_Leveque_(1952)_01.jpg" title="File:Letter with photograph, signature, and Grand Seal of the State from his majesty the Chief of State Bảo Đại to Madame Jeanne Leveque (1952) 01.jpg">Letter with photograph, signature, and Grand Seal of the State from his majesty the Chief of State Bảo Đại to Madame Jeanne Leveque in New York City</a> (1952).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, Ellen J. "The Bao Dai Experiment". <i>Pacific Affairs</i>, vol. 23, no. 1, Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, 1950, p. 55, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2753754">10.2307/2753754</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/thoi-su/le-thoai-vi-cua-hoang-de-bao-dai-qua-loi-ke-cua-nha-tho-huy-can-3271851.html">"Lễ thoái vị của Hoàng đế Bảo Đại qua lời kể của nhà thơ Huy Cận"</a>. VnExpress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%E1%BB%85+tho%C3%A1i+v%E1%BB%8B+c%E1%BB%A7a+Ho%C3%A0ng+%C4%91%E1%BA%BF+B%E1%BA%A3o+%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+qua+l%E1%BB%9Di+k%E1%BB%83+c%E1%BB%A7a+nh%C3%A0+th%C6%A1+Huy+C%E1%BA%ADn&rft.pub=VnExpress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvnexpress.net%2Ftin-tuc%2Fthoi-su%2Fle-thoai-vi-cua-hoang-de-bao-dai-qua-loi-ke-cua-nha-tho-huy-can-3271851.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/vietnam-independence-proclaimed">"Vietnam independence proclaimed – Sep 02, 1945"</a>. HISTORY.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam+independence+proclaimed+%E2%80%93+Sep+02%2C+1945&rft.pub=HISTORY.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fvietnam-independence-proclaimed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Montagnon, <i>L'Indochine française</i>, Tallandier, 2016, p. 325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moyar, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karnow55-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-karnow55_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-karnow55_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnow, pp. 223–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacobs-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jacobs_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jacobs_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Woodblocks_of_Nguyễn_Dynasty_-_World_documentary_heritage2021" class="citation web cs1">Royal Woodblocks of Nguyễn Dynasty - World documentary heritage (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mocban.vn/en/about-us/significant-collections/#3f94314fe34b3f4cda490461e78419e8">"Significant collections § Fonds of the Phủ Thủ hiến Trung Việt or Office of the Governor of Trung Viet"</a>. <i>mocban.vn</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mocban.vn&rft.atitle=Significant+collections+%C2%A7+Fonds+of+the+Ph%E1%BB%A7+Th%E1%BB%A7+hi%E1%BA%BFn+Trung+Vi%E1%BB%87t+or+Office+of+the+Governor+of+Trung+Viet.&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Royal+Woodblocks+of+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+Dynasty+-+World+documentary+heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmocban.vn%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fsignificant-collections%2F%233f94314fe34b3f4cda490461e78419e8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anh-Thái-Phượng-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anh Thái Phượng. <i>Trăm núi ngàn sông: Tập I</i>. Gretna, LA: Đường Việt Hải ngoại, 2003. Page: 99. (in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lê-Đình-Chi-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lê Đình Chi. <i>Người Thượng Miền Nam Việt Nam.</i> <a href="/wiki/Gardena,_California" title="Gardena, California">Gardena</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>: Văn Mới, 2006. Pages: 401-449. (in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUÔNG_THÁI_BIỂU2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">UÔNG THÁI BIỂU (9 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nhandan.com.vn/baothoinay-hosotulieu/hoang-de-man-trieu-va-hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-619761/">"Hoàng đế mãn triều và "Hoàng triều Cương thổ"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Vietnamese). <a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A2n_D%C3%A2n" title="Nhân Dân">Nhân Dân</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ho%C3%A0ng+%C4%91%E1%BA%BF+m%C3%A3n+tri%E1%BB%81u+v%C3%A0+%22Ho%C3%A0ng+tri%E1%BB%81u+C%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+th%E1%BB%95%22.&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A2n+D%C3%A2n+%28Communist+Party+of+Vietnam%29&rft.date=2020-10-09&rft.au=U%C3%94NG+TH%C3%81I+BI%E1%BB%82U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnhandan.com.vn%2Fbaothoinay-hosotulieu%2Fhoang-de-man-trieu-va-hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-619761%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2006" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Seth (2006). <i>Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963</i>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4447-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4447-8"><bdi>0-7425-4447-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War+Mandarin%3A+Ngo+Dinh+Diem+and+the+Origins+of+America%27s+War+in+Vietnam%2C+1950%E2%80%931963&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7425-4447-8&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnow1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Karnow" title="Stanley Karnow">Karnow, Stanley</a> (1997). <i>Vietnam: A History</i>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4"><bdi>0-670-84218-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-670-84218-4&rft.aulast=Karnow&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyar2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Moyar" title="Mark Moyar">Moyar, Mark</a> (2006). <i>Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-86911-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-86911-0"><bdi>0-521-86911-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+Forsaken%3A+The+Vietnam+War%2C+1954%E2%80%931965&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-86911-0&rft.aulast=Moyar&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_sources">Specialized sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn_Khắc_Ngữ1991a" class="citation book cs1">Nguyễn Khắc Ngữ (1991a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elib.thuviennguyenvanhuong.vn/jspui/handle/TVNVH/1456"><i>Các Đảng-phái Quốc-gia Lưu-vong 1946–1950: Hội-nghị Hương-Cảng 9-9-1947</i></a>. Montréal, Canada: Nhóm Nghiên-cứu Sử Địa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%A1c+%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng-ph%C3%A1i+Qu%E1%BB%91c-gia+L%C6%B0u-vong+1946%E2%80%931950%3A+H%E1%BB%99i-ngh%E1%BB%8B+H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng-C%E1%BA%A3ng+9-9-1947&rft.place=Montr%C3%A9al%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Nh%C3%B3m+Nghi%C3%AAn-c%E1%BB%A9u+S%E1%BB%AD+%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Nguy%E1%BB%85n+Kh%E1%BA%AFc+Ng%E1%BB%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felib.thuviennguyenvanhuong.vn%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2FTVNVH%2F1456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn_Khắc_Ngữ1991b" class="citation book cs1">Nguyễn Khắc Ngữ (1991b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elib.thuviennguyenvanhuong.vn/jspui/handle/TVNVH/1454"><i>Bảo-Đại, các Đảng-phái Quốc-gia và sự Thành-lập Chính-quyền Quốc-gia</i></a>. Montréal, Canada: Nhóm Nghiên-cứu Sử Địa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%E1%BA%A3o-%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i%2C+c%C3%A1c+%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng-ph%C3%A1i+Qu%E1%BB%91c-gia+v%C3%A0+s%E1%BB%B1+Th%C3%A0nh-l%E1%BA%ADp+Ch%C3%ADnh-quy%E1%BB%81n+Qu%E1%BB%91c-gia&rft.place=Montr%C3%A9al%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Nh%C3%B3m+Nghi%C3%AAn-c%E1%BB%A9u+S%E1%BB%AD+%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Nguy%E1%BB%85n+Kh%E1%BA%AFc+Ng%E1%BB%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felib.thuviennguyenvanhuong.vn%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2FTVNVH%2F1454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Reilly, Brett (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/9913275159802121"><i>The Origins of the Vietnamese Civil War and the State of Vietnam</i></a> (PhD). University of Wisconsin–Madison.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Origins+of+the+Vietnamese+Civil+War+and+the+State+of+Vietnam&rft.inst=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.library.wisc.edu%2Fcatalog%2F9913275159802121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNinh2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Ninh, Xuân Thao (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30037"><i>L'État du Viêt-Nam dans ses rapports avec la France (1949–1955): une autre voie pour l'indépendance du Viêt-Nam</i></a> (PhD). Université Bordeaux Montaigne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=L%27%C3%89tat+du+Vi%C3%AAt-Nam+dans+ses+rapports+avec+la+France+%281949%E2%80%931955%29%3A+une+autre+voie+pour+l%27ind%C3%A9pendance+du+Vi%C3%AAt-Nam&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+Bordeaux+Montaigne&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Ninh&rft.aufirst=Xu%C3%A2n+Thao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theses.fr%2F2019BOR30037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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