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various points in the legislative process.</p><div class="jump-links"><nav><ul><li><a href="#1">Baseline Budget and Economic Projections</a></li><li><a href="#14">Technical Assistance</a></li><li><a href="#2">Cost Estimates and Mandate Statements</a></li><li><a href="#10">Scorekeeping for Legislation</a></li><li><a href="#3">Long-Term Budget Projections</a></li><li><a href="#5">Analytic Reports</a></li><li><a href="#6">Analyses of the President's Budget</a></li><li><a href="#7">Budget Options</a></li><li><a href="#9">Monthly Budget Reviews</a></li><li><a href="#4">Testimony, Statements, and Answers to Questions for the Record</a></li><li><a href="#11">Working Papers</a></li><li><a href="#12">Data and Technical Information</a></li><li><a href="#13">Presentations</a></li><li><a href="#15">Data Visualizations</a></li><li><a href="#16">Interactive Tools</a></li></ul></nav></div><p><a id="1"></a></p><h3>Baseline Budget and Economic Projections</h3><p>As required by the Budget Act, CBO regularly publishes <a href="/about/products/major-recurring-reports#1">projections of budgetary and economic outcomes</a> that reflect the assumption that current laws about federal spending and revenues will generally remain in place. The economic forecast includes projections of income, interest rates, and other variables. It draws information from the agency's ongoing analysis of daily economic events and data, the major commercial forecasting services, consultation with economists both within and outside the federal government, and the advice of the experts on the agency's Panel of Economic Advisers. (For more information, see <a href="/publication/58916"><em>CBO Explains How It Develops the Budget Baseline</em></a> and <a href="/publication/53537"><em>How CBO Produces Its 10-Year Economic Forecast</em></a>.)</p><p>CBO uses its economic forecast as a basis for projecting revenues from each major revenue source, spending for every federal budget account, the resulting deficits or surpluses, and federal debt. Those budget projections鈥攐ften referred to as CBO's budget baseline鈥攑rovide a benchmark that is used to evaluate the anticipated effects of proposed legislation and to determine whether the legislation is subject to various budget enforcement procedures.</p><p>CBO's budget baseline covers the 10-year period used in the Congressional budget process. Specific <a href="/publication/58955">rules for developing baseline projections</a> are set in law (in particular, by the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985) or have been developed by CBO in consultation with the House and Senate Budget Committees. Reports on those projections usually describe differences between current and previous projections, compare CBO's economic forecast with other forecasts, and show the budgetary effects of some alternative policies.</p><p><em>Frequency</em>: A recurring report, <a href="/about/products/major-recurring-reports#1"><em>The Budget and Economic Outlook</em></a> is generally issued each winter and updated in the summer; the budget projections are usually also updated in the spring. The schedule for those reports sometimes varies, depending on the timing of major legislation.</p><p><a id="14"></a></p><h3>Technical Assistance</h3><p>CBO fulfills numerous requests for technical assistance as committees are crafting legislation, as amendments to bills are being debated, and at other stages in the legislative process. The agency's analysts often provide preliminary estimates to committee staff, helping them weigh different options for achieving legislative goals. For draft legislation, CBO's technical assistance may be confidential. (For a more detailed discussion, see <a href="/about/processes#release">"How Does CBO Make Its Work Available?"</a>)</p><p>By law, CBO's primary responsibility is to Congressional committees, but to the extent practicable, the agency also provides information to Members' offices. The most common request is for a preliminary estimate of the effects on <a href="/publication/57660#_idTextAnchor003">direct (mandatory) spending</a> of a bill or a tentative proposal. The agency provides help鈥攊n phone calls, emails, and meetings鈥攖o Members and their staff as they consider and draft bills or as they ask questions about a complicated estimate or report.</p><p>Individual Members and staff seeking a review of bill language may submit a request, with any draft language attached or the bill number referenced, by email to <a href="mailto:costestimates@cbo.gov">costestimates@cbo.gov</a>. If time allows, CBO provides preliminary feedback about a bill's possible effects on direct spending, usually by phone or email. If analysts cannot work on a request right away, the agency will provide a sense of whether or when they can.</p><p><em>Frequency</em>: CBO fulfills thousands of requests for technical assistance each year.</p><p><a id="2"></a></p><h3>Cost Estimates and Mandate Statements</h3><p>CBO is required by law to produce a <a href="/cost-estimates">cost estimate</a> for nearly every bill that is approved by a full committee of either the House or the Senate. The agency also publishes cost estimates at other stages of the legislative process if requested to do so by a relevant committee or by the Congressional leadership. In addition, CBO reviews bills scheduled to be considered under suspension of the rules in the House (a procedure sometimes used to consider legislation on the House floor in an expedited manner).</p><p>Cost estimates typically show how a bill would affect discretionary spending, mandatory spending, or revenues over the next 5 or 10 years, depending on the type of spending involved, and describe the basis for the estimate. Those estimates also include <a href="/topics/mandates">analyses of any mandates</a> and associated costs that bills would impose on state, local, and tribal governments or on the private sector. For a bill considered under suspension of the rules in the House, CBO provides information about the bill's effects on direct spending and revenues.</p><p>The Budget Committees are the Congress's scorekeepers, and they use CBO's estimates to enforce budgetary rules or targets. As House or Senate budgetary rules have changed, CBO has modified its cost estimates to include additional information necessary to support the Budget Committees' scorekeeping work. For instance, CBO includes budgetary information about the decades beyond the standard 10-year budget period in its cost estimates to help the committees make determinations about points of order. (Points of order are prohibitions against certain Congressional actions or consideration of certain types of legislation. Those prohibitions are enforced when a Member raises a point of order against actions or legislation that may violate the rules when it is pending in the House or the Senate.)</p><p>CBO's cost estimates are only advisory. They can鈥攂ut need not鈥攂e used to enforce budgetary rules or targets. CBO does not enforce such budgetary rules; the Budget Committees do. For tax legislation, CBO is required by statute to use estimates provided by the staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT), a nonpartisan, bicameral Congressional committee that works closely with the tax-writing committees. When legislation includes provisions that would change the Internal Revenue Code, CBO's cost estimates include estimates provided by the JCT's staff of tax provisions alongside estimates provided by CBO's analysts of the nontax provisions.</p><p>CBO's analysts are available to answer questions from Members and their staff about cost estimates. For more information, see <a href="/publication/59003"><em>CBO Describes Its Cost-Estimating Process</em></a>.</p><p><em>Frequency</em>: Produced throughout the year. CBO typically publishes about a thousand cost estimates annually.</p><p><a id="10"></a></p><h3>Scorekeeping for Legislation</h3><p>CBO supplies the Budget and Appropriations Committees with frequent tabulations of Congressional action affecting spending and revenues. Those <a href="/topics/budget/status-appropriations">scorekeeping reports</a> provide information about whether legislative actions are consistent with the spending and revenue levels set in budget resolutions.</p><p><em>Frequency</em>: Produced periodically throughout the year.</p><p><a id="3"></a></p><h3>Long-Term Budget Projections</h3><p>CBO provides the Congress with <a href="/about/products/major-recurring-reports#2">budget projections beyond the standard 10-year period</a>. Those projections, which focus on the next 30 years, show the effects of demographic trends, economic developments, and health care costs on federal spending, revenues, and deficits. The assumptions about federal spending and revenue policies used for the long-term budget projections match those underlying the agency's 10-year baseline for the first decade and are extended in a similar way to later years. The projections also include the long-term budgetary and economic effects of some alternative policies.</p><p><em>Frequency</em>: Produced annually, usually in the summer. Interim updates are provided in <a href="/about/products/major-recurring-reports#1"><em>The Budget and Economic Outlook</em></a>.</p><p><em><a id="5"></a></em></p><h3>Analytic Reports</h3><p>CBO's <a href="/publication/most-recent/reports">reports</a> cover every major area of federal policy, including spending programs, the tax code, and budgetary and economic challenges. Most reports are written at the request of the Chair or Ranking Member of a committee or subcommittee or at the request of the leadership of either party in the House or Senate. Often, the reports present a set of options for changes in the federal program or tax rules under consideration, estimating each option's budgetary and economic effects and discussing its benefits and drawbacks. As with the agency's other products, those reports make no recommendations.</p><p>CBO prepares some of its analytic reports annually. For instance, the agency prepares a report each year listing all programs and activities funded for the current fiscal year for which <a href="/about/products/major-recurring-reports#13">authorizations of appropriations have expired or will expire</a> during the current fiscal year. CBO also publishes an <a href="/about/products/major-recurring-reports#6">annual report on the Defense Department's five-year plan</a>, known as the Future Years Defense Program. The report examines the plan's costs and long-term budgetary implications.</p><p><em>Frequency</em>: Produced throughout the year.</p><p><em><a id="6"></a></em></p><h3>Analyses of the President's Budget</h3><p>After the President submits a budget, CBO produces its own <a href="/about/products/major-recurring-reports#3">estimate of the effects of the proposed policies</a> using the agency's own economic forecast and estimating methods鈥攖he same ones it uses to develop its baseline projections of spending and revenues and to estimate the effects of other spending and revenue proposals. That approach allows the Congress to compare the various proposals and projections.</p><p><em>Frequency</em>: Produced annually, usually in the spring. CBO has sometimes provided an additional analysis of the effects of the President's budgetary proposals on the economy and the resulting effects on the federal budget.</p><p><a id="7"></a></p><h3>Budget Options</h3><p>CBO produces reference volumes that examine <a href="/about/products/major-recurring-reports#4">options for reducing budget deficits</a>. They include a wide range of options, derived from many sources, for reducing spending or increasing revenues. The agency provides estimates of the budgetary effects of each option over 10 years.</p><p><em>Frequency</em>: Produced every two years.</p><p><a id="9"></a></p><h3>Monthly Budget Reviews</h3><p>CBO issues a <a href="/about/products/major-recurring-reports#9">monthly analysis</a> of federal spending and revenue totals for the previous month and the fiscal year to date.</p><p><em>Frequency</em>: Produced on the sixth working day of each month.</p><p><a id="4"></a></p><h3>Testimony, Statements, and Answers to Questions for the Record</h3><p>Representatives of CBO <a href="/about/transparency#testimony">testify at Congressional hearings</a>, providing written statements and answering specific public questions from Members of Congress. The agency also publishes answers to Members' subsequent questions on its website.</p><p><em>Frequency</em>: Produced throughout the year.</p><p><a id="11"></a></p><h3>Working Papers</h3><p>CBO's <a href="/publication/most-recent/working-papers">working papers</a> provide technical descriptions and explanations of its analyses as well as independent research by the agency's analysts. Those publications enhance the transparency of CBO's work and encourage external review of it.</p><p><em>Frequency</em>: Produced throughout the year.</p><p><a id="12"></a></p><h3>Data and Technical Information</h3><p>To provide more details about CBO's budget and economic projections and to increase the transparency of its other analyses, the agency posts <a href="/data">data and other technical information</a> on its website.</p><p><em>Frequency</em>: Produced throughout the year and coordinated with the release of related publications.</p><p><a id="13"></a></p><h3>Presentations</h3><p>CBO's staff gives <a href="/publication/most-recent/presentations">presentations</a> on various topics to Congressional staff and outside groups. The agency generally publishes the visual content of those presentations on its website.</p><p><em>Frequency</em>: Produced throughout the year.</p><p><a id="15"></a></p><h3>Data Visualizations</h3><p>To make CBO's analyses easier to understand, the agency publishes <a href="/about/transparency#visualizing-data">visual reports, slide decks, and infographics</a> about the budget and the economy.</p><p><em>Frequency</em>: Produced throughout the year.</p><p><a id="16"></a></p><h3>Interactive Tools</h3><p>CBO posts <a href="/interactives">interactive tools</a> on its website that allow the Congress and the public to simulate and compare alternative scenarios for major programmatic and budgetary areas of interest. The tools are based on the agency's process for developing cost estimates and baseline projections.</p><p>In particular, the tools include a waterfall model for projecting discretionary spending (so called because it allows users to see how projections of outlays flow from each year's estimated budget authority), a debt-service calculator, and a workbook allowing users to define and analyze alternative economic scenarios.</p><p><em>Frequency</em>: Produced throughout the year.</p></div> </article> </section> </section> </main> <footer id="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="footer-top-wrapper"> <section class="footer-top"> <section id="block-cbo-stayconnected" class="block block-block-content block-block-content121d8e86-2c04-4907-8bda-853870ff58b5"> <h2 >Stay Connected</h2> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><form action="https://www.feedblitz.com/f/f.fbz?AddNewUserDirect" 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