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id="toc-Revolution_and_Civil_war,_1917–1923" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_and_Civil_war,_1917–1923"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Revolution and Civil war, 1917–1923</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_and_Civil_war,_1917–1923-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period,_1924_to_1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period,_1924_to_1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Interwar period, 1924 to 1939</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period,_1924_to_1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_Two,_1939–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_Two,_1939–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>World War Two, 1939–1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_Two,_1939–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejuvenation_of_the_population,_1946–1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejuvenation_of_the_population,_1946–1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Rejuvenation of the population, 1946–1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejuvenation_of_the_population,_1946–1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_dynamics_in_the_1970–1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_dynamics_in_the_1970–1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Population dynamics in the 1970–1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_dynamics_in_the_1970–1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy_and_infant_mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy_and_infant_mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Life expectancy and infant mortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy_and_infant_mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographic_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographic statistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographic_statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographic statistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographic_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_demographic_table,_1950–1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_demographic_table,_1950–1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Soviet demographic table, 1950–1991</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_demographic_table,_1950–1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_growth_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_growth_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Population growth rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_growth_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crude_birth_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crude_birth_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Crude birth rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crude_birth_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crude_death_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crude_death_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Crude death rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crude_death_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Net_migration_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Net_migration_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Net migration rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Net_migration_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infant_mortality_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infant_mortality_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Infant mortality rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infant_mortality_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy_at_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy_at_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Life expectancy at birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy_at_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_fertility_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_fertility_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Total fertility rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_fertility_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Nationality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Literacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Labor force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Abortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethnic groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_Groups_(1926–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_Groups_(1926–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ethnic Groups (1926–1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_Groups_(1926–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of the Soviet Union</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Δημογραφία της Σοβιετικής Ένωσης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημογραφία της Σοβιετικής Ένωσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograf%C3%ADa_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Demografía de la Unión Soviética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Demografía de la Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popoloj_de_Sovetunio" title="Popoloj de Sovetunio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Popoloj de Sovetunio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mographie_de_l%27Union_sovi%C3%A9tique" title="Démographie de l'Union soviétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démographie de l'Union soviétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografi_Uni_Soviet" title="Demografi Uni Soviet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demografi Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia_dell%27Unione_Sovietica" title="Demografia dell'Unione Sovietica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Demografia dell'Unione Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA" title="דמוגרפיה של ברית המועצות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמוגרפיה של ברית המועצות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia_ZSRR" title="Demografia ZSRR – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Demografia ZSRR" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia_Uniunii_Sovietice" title="Demografia Uniunii Sovietice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Demografia Uniunii Sovietice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Население СССР – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Население СССР" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Демографија Совјетског Савеза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Демографија Совјетског Савеза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionens_demografi" title="Sovjetunionens demografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sovjetunionens demografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovyetler_Birli%C4%9Fi_demografisi" title="Sovyetler Birliği demografisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sovyetler Birliği demografisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A2n_kh%E1%BA%A9u_Li%C3%AAn_X%C3%B4" title="Nhân khẩu Liên Xô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhân khẩu Liên Xô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="蘇聯人口 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蘇聯人口" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2633463#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_1989_Population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Soviet_Union_1989_Population_pyramid.svg/284px-Soviet_Union_1989_Population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="284" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Soviet_Union_1989_Population_pyramid.svg/426px-Soviet_Union_1989_Population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Soviet_Union_1989_Population_pyramid.svg/568px-Soviet_Union_1989_Population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="2068" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of the Soviet Union in 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>According to data from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1989)">1989 Soviet census</a>, the population of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> was made up of 70% <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> and 17% <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, with no other single ethnic group making up more than 2%.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_and_Civil_war,_1917–1923"><span id="Revolution_and_Civil_war.2C_1917.E2.80.931923"></span>Revolution and Civil war, 1917–1923</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revolution and Civil war, 1917–1923"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1926.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1926.svg/220px-Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1926.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1926.svg/330px-Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1926.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1926.svg/440px-Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1926.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2811" data-file-height="2167" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of the Soviet Union in 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Russian Revolution and Civil War period, Russia lost territories of the former <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, whose populations totaled about 30 million people (<a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: 18 million; <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: 3 million; <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: 3 million; the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>: 5 million, <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>: 400 thousand). At least 2 million citizens of the former Russian Empire died during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> of 1917–1923, and a further 1 to 2 million <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">emigrated</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period,_1924_to_1939"><span id="Interwar_period.2C_1924_to_1939"></span>Interwar period, 1924 to 1939</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interwar period, 1924 to 1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1939.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1939.svg/220px-Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1939.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1939.svg/330px-Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1939.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1939.svg/440px-Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1939.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2811" data-file-height="2175" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of the Soviet Union in 1939</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_Two,_1939–1945"><span id="World_War_Two.2C_1939.E2.80.931945"></span>World War Two, 1939–1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War Two, 1939–1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Population pyramid before and after the Second World War</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1941.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1941.svg/200px-Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1941.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1941.svg/300px-Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1941.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1941.svg/400px-Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1941.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2811" data-file-height="2175" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1941</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1946.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1946.svg/200px-Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1946.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1946.svg/300px-Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1946.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1946.svg/400px-Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1946.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2811" data-file-height="2175" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1946</div></div></div></div></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> on the Eastern Front, the Soviet Union lost an approximate <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">26.6 million people.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At this time, the population pyramid was starting to look more triangular. </p><p>To counter the population loses, the Soviet government started to push pro <a href="/wiki/Natalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalist">natalist</a> policies, such as a <a href="/wiki/Childless_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Childless tax">Childless tax</a> and a award for mothers called the <a href="/wiki/Mother_Heroine" title="Mother Heroine">Mother Heroine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rejuvenation_of_the_population,_1946–1960s"><span id="Rejuvenation_of_the_population.2C_1946.E2.80.931960s"></span>Rejuvenation of the population, 1946–1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rejuvenation of the population, 1946–1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1950.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1950.svg/249px-Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1950.svg.png" decoding="async" width="249" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1950.svg/374px-Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1950.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1950.svg/498px-Population_pyramid_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1950.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="2059" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of the Soviet Union in 1950</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Second World War, the population of the Soviet Union began to gradually recover to pre-war levels. By 1959 there were a registered 209,035,000 people, over the 1941 population count of 196,716,000. In 1958–59, Soviet fertility stood at around 2.8 children per woman.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_dynamics_in_the_1970–1980s"><span id="Population_dynamics_in_the_1970.E2.80.931980s"></span>Population dynamics in the 1970–1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Population dynamics in the 1970–1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate#Crude_birth_rate" title="Birth rate">crude birth rate</a> in the Soviet Union throughout its history had been decreasing – from 44.0 per thousand in 1926 to 18.0 in 1974, mostly due to urbanization and rising average age of marriages. The total fertility rate fell from 2.4 in 1969–70 to 2.3 in 1978–79.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crude_death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude death rate">crude death rate</a> had been gradually decreasing as well – from 23.7 per thousand in 1926 to 8.7 in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-GSE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While death rates did not differ greatly across regions of the Soviet Union through much of Soviet history, birth rates in the southern republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia were much higher than those in the northern parts of the Soviet Union, and in some cases even increased in the post-World War II period. This was partly due to slower rates of urbanization and traditionally early marriages in southern republics.<sup id="cite_ref-GSE_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mainly as a result of differential birthrates, with most of the European nationalities moving toward <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">sub-replacement fertility</a> and the Central Asian and other nationalities of southern republics having well-above replacement-level fertility, the percentage of the population who were ethnic Russians was gradually being reduced. According to some Western predictions made in the 1990s, if the Soviet Union had stayed together, it is likely that ethnic Russians would have lost their majority status in the 2000s (decade).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This differential could not be offset by assimilation of non-Russians by Russians, in part because the nationalities of southern republics maintained a distinct ethnic consciousness and were not easily assimilated. </p><p>The late 1960s and the 1970s witnessed a dramatic reversal of the path of declining mortality in the Soviet Union, and was especially notable among men in working ages, and also especially in Russia and other predominantly Slavic areas of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not unique to the Soviet Union (Hungary in particular showed a pattern that was similar to Russia), this male mortality increase, accompanied by a noticeable increase in <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rates in the early 1970s, drew the attention of Western <a href="/wiki/Demographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographer">demographers</a> and Sovietologists at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An analysis of the official data from the late 1980s showed that after worsening in the late 1970s and the early 1980s, the situation for adult mortality began to improve again.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referring to data for the two decades ending in 1989–1990, while noting some abatement in adult mortality rates in the Soviet republics in the 1980s, Ward Kingkade and Eduardo Arriaga characterized this situation as follows: "All the former Soviet countries have followed the universal tendency for mortality to decline as infectious diseases are brought under control while death rates from degenerative diseases rise. What is exceptional in the former Soviet countries and some of their East European neighbors is that a subsequent increase in mortality from causes other than infectious disease has brought about overall rises in mortality from all causes combined. Another distinctive characteristic of the former Soviet case is the presence of unusually high levels of mortality from accidents and other external causes, which are typically associated with alcoholism."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rising infant mortality rates in the Soviet Union in the 1970s became the subject of much discussion and debate among Western demographers. The infant mortality rate (IMR) had increased from 24.7 in 1970 to 27.9 in 1974. Some researchers regarded the rise in infant mortality as largely real, a consequence of worsening health conditions and services.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others regarded it as largely an artifact of improved reporting of infant deaths, and found the increases to be concentrated in the Central Asian republics where improvement in coverage and reporting of births and deaths might well have the greatest effect on increasing the published rates.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rising reported adult mortality and infant mortality was not explained or defended by Soviet officials at the time. Instead, they simply stopped publishing all mortality statistics for ten years. Soviet demographers and health specialists remained silent about the mortality increases until the late 1980s, when the publication of mortality data resumed and researchers could delve into the real and artificial aspects of the reported mortality increases. When these researchers began to report their findings, they accepted the increases in adult male mortality as real and focused their research on explaining its causes and finding solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, investigations of the rise in reported infant mortality concluded that while the reported increases in the IMR were largely an artifact of improved reporting of infant deaths in the Central Asian republics, the actual levels in this region were much higher than had yet been reported officially.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, the reported <i>rise</i> in infant mortality in the Soviet Union as a whole was an artifact of improved statistical reporting, but reflected the reality of a much higher actual infant mortality <i>level</i> than had previously been recognized in official statistics. </p><p>As the detailed data series that was ultimately published in the late 1980s showed, the reported IMR for the Soviet Union as a whole increased from 24.7 in 1970 to a peak of 31.4 in 1976. After that the IMR gradually decreased and by 1989 it had fallen to 22.7, which was lower than had been reported in any previous year (though close to the figure of 22.9 in 1971).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, the IMR ranged from a low of 11.1 in the Latvian SSR to a high of 54.7 in the Turkmen SSR.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research conducted after the dissolution of the Soviet Union revealed that the originally reported mortality rates vary substantially underestimated the actual rates, especially for infant mortality. This has been shown for <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> republics.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After two decades of declining and stagnating fertility rates, the Soviet TFR rose from 2.27 in 1978–79 to 2.51 in 1986–87. Most Muslim areas of the USSR continued to fall, while non-Muslim regions rose slightly.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History of the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demography_USSR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Demography_USSR.svg/300px-Demography_USSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Demography_USSR.svg/450px-Demography_USSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Demography_USSR.svg/600px-Demography_USSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Demographics of Soviet Union, Data of Andreev, E.M., <i>et al.</i>, <i>Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991</i>. Number of inhabitants in thousands.</figcaption></figure><p>Russia lost former territories of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> with about 30 million inhabitants after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917 (<a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: 18 million; <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: 3 million; <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: 3 million; the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>: 5 million, <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>: 400 thousand). At least 2 million citizens of the former Russian Empire died in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> of 1917–1923, and a further 1 to 2 million <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">emigrated</a>. An estimated 800,000 to 1,200,000 people died during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_purges_of_the_1930s" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet purges of the 1930s">purges of the 1930s</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> suffered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">26.6 million deaths</a> (1941–1945) during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, including an increase in <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> of 1.3 million. Total war-loss figures include territories annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939–1945.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>-rate decreased over time, it remained positive throughout the history of the Soviet Union in all <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">republics</a>, and the population grew each year by more than 2 million except during periods of wartime, and <a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">famine</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1897 (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>): </td> <td>125,640,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911 (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>): </td> <td>167,003,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 (<a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>): </td> <td>137,727,000* </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926 </td> <td>148,656,000<sup id="cite_ref-and_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-and-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937 </td> <td>162,500,000<sup id="cite_ref-and_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-and-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measured quantity is not of the same type as previous one, units are different or at least would have been different at the time before completion of project 'new soviet man' </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939 </td> <td>168,524,000<sup id="cite_ref-and_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-and-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td>196,716,000<sup id="cite_ref-and_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-and-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td>170,548,000<sup id="cite_ref-and_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-and-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>182,321,000<sup id="cite_ref-and_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-and-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td>209,035,000<sup id="cite_ref-and_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-and-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>241,720,000<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td>257,800,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td>270,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>277,800,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>290,938,469 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td>293,047,571 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_expectancy_and_infant_mortality">Life expectancy and infant mortality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Life expectancy and infant mortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A newborn Soviet child in 1926–27 had a life expectancy of 44.4 years, up from 32.3 years in the Russian Empire thirty years before. By 1958–59, the life expectancy for newborns had reached 68.6 years.<sup id="cite_ref-SeemingParadox_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeemingParadox-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life expectancy in the Soviet Union remained fairly stable during most years, although in the 1970s it decreased slightly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographic_statistics">Demographic statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographic statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSR_Population_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USSR_Population_1974.jpg/514px-USSR_Population_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="514" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USSR_Population_1974.jpg/771px-USSR_Population_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USSR_Population_1974.jpg/1028px-USSR_Population_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Demographic distribution of the population within the Soviet Union in 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>The following demographic statistics are from the 1990 edition of the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unless otherwise indicated. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_of_former_USSR.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Population_of_former_USSR.PNG/520px-Population_of_former_USSR.PNG" decoding="async" width="520" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Population_of_former_USSR.PNG/780px-Population_of_former_USSR.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Population_of_former_USSR.PNG/1040px-Population_of_former_USSR.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet Union">Former Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a> from 1950 to 2100.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_demographic_table,_1950–1991"><span id="Soviet_demographic_table.2C_1950.E2.80.931991"></span>Soviet demographic table, 1950–1991</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Soviet demographic table, 1950–1991"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th style="width:80pt;">Average population <b>(thousand)</b> </th> <th style="width:80pt;">Live births <b>(thousand)</b> </th> <th style="width:80pt;">Deaths <b>(thousand)</b> </th> <th style="width:80pt;">Natural change <b>(thousand)</b> </th> <th style="width:80pt;">Crude birth rate (per 1,000) </th> <th style="width:80pt;">Crude death rate (per 1,000) </th> <th style="width:80pt;">Natural change (per 1,000) </th> <th style="width:80pt;">Crude migration change (per 1,000) </th> <th style="width:80pt;"><a href="/wiki/Total_Fertility_Rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Total Fertility Rate">Total fertility rate</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>fn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">179,020 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,805 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,745 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,060 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.0 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;">3.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">181,582 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,953 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,779 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,174 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.3 </td> <td>–3.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;">3.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">185,966 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,028 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,749 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,279 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.1 </td> <td>5.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;">3.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">188,127 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,754 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,727 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,027 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.0 </td> <td>–4.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;">2.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">191,569 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,179 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,724 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,455 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.7 </td> <td>–0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;">3.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">194,409 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,048 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,613 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,435 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.5 </td> <td>–3.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;">2.93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">197,880 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,023 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,511 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,512 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.6 </td> <td>–0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;">2.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">201,355 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,164 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,594 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue">3,570 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.6 </td> <td>–0.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;">2.94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">204,963 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,240 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,490 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,750 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.1 </td> <td>–0.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;">2.92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">208,827 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,264 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,604 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,660 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.4 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">212,417 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,341 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,529 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,812 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.8 </td> <td>–1.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">216,307 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,192 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,563 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,629 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.7 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">220,017 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,959 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,667 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,292 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.9 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">223,457 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,758 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,627 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,131 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.9 </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">226,665 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,457 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,581 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,876 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.6 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">229,616 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,253 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,690 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,563 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.1 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">232,220 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,242 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,711 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,531 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.9 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">234,800 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,093 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,799 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,294 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.7 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">237,209 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,088 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,833 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,255 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.5 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">239,507 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,087 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,957 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,130 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.9 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">241,720 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,226 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,996 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,230 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.2 </td> <td>–0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">243,950 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,372 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,015 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,357 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.6 </td> <td>–0.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right; color:blue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">246,254 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,404 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,299 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.3 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">248,613 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,386 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,164 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,222 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.9 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">250,865 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,546 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,191 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,355 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.3 </td> <td>–0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">253,279 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,611 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,363 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,248 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.8 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">255,463 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,720 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,426 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,294 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.9 </td> <td>–0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">257,892 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,693 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,495 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,198 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.5 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">260,125 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,763 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,546 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,217 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.5 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">262,436 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,807 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,666 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,141 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.1 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">264,530 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,851 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,744 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,107 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.0 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">266,629 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,961 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,742 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,219 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.3 </td> <td>–0.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">268,841 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,724 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,376 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.9 </td> <td>–0.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">271,227 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,392 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,823 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,569 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.4 </td> <td>–0.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">273,769 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,387 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,965 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,422 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.8 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">276,310 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,374 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,947 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,427 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.8 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">278,845 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,611 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,737 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,874 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.2 </td> <td>–1.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">281,537 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,599 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,805 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,794 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.9 </td> <td>–0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">284,049 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,381 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,889 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,492 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.8 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">286,731 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,062 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,875 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,187 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.6 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">288,624 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,853 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,985 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,868 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.5 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">290,034 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,756 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,206 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,550 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.3 </td> <td>–0.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_2">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Population: 290,644,720 (July 1992) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="It's unclear why to even bother imitating data for 1992, if USSR was dissolved in 1991 (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_growth_rate">Population growth rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Population growth rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>0.4% (1992) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="It's unclear why to even bother imitating data for 1992, if USSR had been dissolved in 1991 (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crude_birth_rate">Crude birth rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Crude birth rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>18 births/1,000 population (1990)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crude_death_rate">Crude death rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Crude death rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Net_migration_rate">Net migration rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Net migration rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1 migrants/1,000 population (1990)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infant_mortality_rate">Infant mortality rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Infant mortality rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>24 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_expectancy_at_birth">Life expectancy at birth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Life expectancy at birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>65 years male, 74 years female (1990)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_fertility_rate">Total fertility rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Total fertility rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2.4 children born/woman (1985)</li> <li>2.528 children born/woman (1987)</li> <li>2.26 children born/woman (1990)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationality">Nationality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nationality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>noun – Soviet(s); adjective – Soviet</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy">Literacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Literacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>99.8% (1980)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_force">Labor force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Labor force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Labor force: 152,300,000 civilians; 80% industry and other nonagricultural fields, 20% agriculture; shortage of skilled labor (1989) </p><p>Organized labor: 98% of workers were union members; all trade unions were organized within the <a href="/wiki/All-Union_Central_Council_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions">All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions</a> (AUCCTU) and conducted their work under the guidance of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist party</a>. There was a market relationship between the people and the state as the employer; people were free to choose their job and leave if they wished, although members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> could be ordered to work in certain places, but seldom were.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USSR_population_density_map_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soviet Union urban and rural population density map 1982"><img alt="Soviet Union urban and rural population density map 1982" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/USSR_population_density_map_1982.jpg/120px-USSR_population_density_map_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/USSR_population_density_map_1982.jpg/180px-USSR_population_density_map_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/USSR_population_density_map_1982.jpg/240px-USSR_population_density_map_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Soviet Union urban and rural population density map 1982</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortion">Abortion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Abortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="4">Year </th> <th colspan="9">Abortions in the USSR from 1954 – 1990<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">All abortions </th> <th colspan="3">Legal induced abortions ('complete') </th> <th rowspan="3">Spontaneous or criminal abortions ('incomplete') </th> <th colspan="2">Legal abortion rate </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Total figures </th> <th rowspan="2">By Ministry of Health </th> <th rowspan="2">By Ministry of Transport </th> <th rowspan="2">All methods <p>(Total legal) </p> </th> <th rowspan="2">Curettage </th> <th rowspan="2">Aspiration <p>('mini') </p> </th> <th rowspan="2">per 100 live birthes </th> <th rowspan="2">per 1,000 women aged 15 – 49 </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1954 </th> <td><b>1,985,302</b> </td> <td>1,895,964 </td> <td>89,339 </td> <td><b>399,046</b> </td> <td>399,046 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,586,257</b> </td> <td>7.84 </td> <td>6.84 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1955 </th> <td><b>2,598,761</b> </td> <td>2,481,816 </td> <td>116,944 </td> <td><b>600,314</b> </td> <td>600,314 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,998,447</b> </td> <td>11.92 </td> <td>10.15 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1956 </th> <td><b>4,724,547</b> </td> <td>4,511,942 </td> <td>212,605 </td> <td><b>3,316,632</b> </td> <td>3,316,632 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,407,915</b> </td> <td>65.10 </td> <td>55.40 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1957 </th> <td><b>5,338,738</b> </td> <td>5,108,970 </td> <td>229,768 </td> <td><b>3,996,159</b> </td> <td>3,996,159 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,342,579</b> </td> <td>76.81 </td> <td>66.26 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1958 </th> <td><b>6,128,871</b> </td> <td>5,892,260 </td> <td>236,611 </td> <td><b>4,844,567</b> </td> <td>4,844,567 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,284,304</b> </td> <td>92.24 </td> <td>80.62 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1959 </th> <td><b>6,398,541</b> </td> <td>6,211,160 </td> <td>187,381 </td> <td><b>5,102,306</b> </td> <td>5,102,306 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,296,235</b> </td> <td>96.21 </td> <td>85.79 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1960 </th> <td><b>7,038,395</b> </td> <td>6,504,677 </td> <td>533,718 </td> <td><b>5,642,210</b> </td> <td>5,642,210 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,396,185</b> </td> <td>107.17 </td> <td>96.06 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1961 </th> <td><b>7,425,507</b> </td> <td>7,073,785 </td> <td>351,722 </td> <td><b>6,006,038</b> </td> <td>6,006,038 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,419,469</b> </td> <td>118.39 </td> <td>103.57 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1962 </th> <td><b>7,774,506</b> </td> <td>7,344,506 </td> <td>430,000 </td> <td><b>6,414,217</b> </td> <td>6,414,217 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,360,289</b> </td> <td>132.08 </td> <td>110.19 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1963 </th> <td><b>8,023,290</b> </td> <td>7,662,242 </td> <td>361,048 </td> <td><b>6,667,354</b> </td> <td>6,667,354 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,355,936</b> </td> <td>144.82 </td> <td>114.64 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1964 </th> <td><b>8,408,408</b> </td> <td>8,030,030 </td> <td>378,378 </td> <td><b>7,021,021</b> </td> <td>7,021,021 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,387,387</b> </td> <td>161.30 </td> <td>120.23 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1965 </th> <td><b>8,551,351</b> </td> <td>8,166,540 </td> <td>384,811 </td> <td><b>7,191,686</b> </td> <td>7,191,686 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,359,665</b> </td> <td>169.33 </td> <td>122.46 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1966 </th> <td><b>8,337,567</b> </td> <td>7,962,377 </td> <td>375,191 </td> <td><b>7,020,232</b> </td> <td>7,020,232 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,317,336</b> </td> <td>168.52 </td> <td>118.15 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1967 </th> <td><b>7,846,354</b> </td> <td>7,493,268 </td> <td>353,086 </td> <td><b>6,624,990</b> </td> <td>6,624,990 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,222,364</b> </td> <td>161.94 </td> <td>109.72 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1968 </th> <td><b>7,654,441</b> </td> <td>7,301,396 </td> <td>344,045 </td> <td><b>6,471,055</b> </td> <td>6,471,055 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,174,386</b> </td> <td>158.32 </td> <td>105.25 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1969 </th> <td><b>7,460,316</b> </td> <td>7,124,602 </td> <td>335,714 </td> <td><b>6,330,413</b> </td> <td>6,330,413 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,129,903</b> </td> <td>152.26 </td> <td>101.84 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1970 </th> <td><b>7,531,270</b> </td> <td>7,192,363 </td> <td>338,907 </td> <td><b>6,406,594</b> </td> <td>6,406,594 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,124,676</b> </td> <td>148.99 </td> <td>101.44 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1971 </th> <td><b>7,610,001</b> </td> <td>7,267,551 </td> <td>342,450 </td> <td><b>6,489,481</b> </td> <td>6,489,481 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,120,520</b> </td> <td>147.89 </td> <td>101.07 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1972 </th> <td><b>7,497,264</b> </td> <td>7,159,887 </td> <td>337,377 </td> <td><b>6,408,802</b> </td> <td>6,408,802 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,088,462</b> </td> <td>144.45 </td> <td>98.27 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1973 </th> <td><b>7,514,765</b> </td> <td>7,176,601 </td> <td>338,164 </td> <td><b>6,439,040</b> </td> <td>6,439,040 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,075,725</b> </td> <td>145.48 </td> <td>97.50 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1974 </th> <td><b>7,449,129</b> </td> <td>7,113,918 </td> <td>335,211 </td> <td><b>6,397,731</b> </td> <td>6,397,731 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,051,398</b> </td> <td>139.71 </td> <td>95.89 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1975 </th> <td><b>7,471,572</b> </td> <td>7,135,351 </td> <td>336,221 </td> <td><b>6,431,773</b> </td> <td>6,431,773 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,039,798</b> </td> <td>137.65 </td> <td>95.68 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1976 </th> <td><b>7,636,191</b> </td> <td>7,292,562 </td> <td>343,629 </td> <td><b>6,588,364</b> </td> <td>6,588,364 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,047,827</b> </td> <td>140.09 </td> <td>97.22 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1977 </th> <td><b>7,579,105</b> </td> <td>7,238,045 </td> <td>341,060 </td> <td><b>6,553,674</b> </td> <td>6,553,674 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,025,430</b> </td> <td>138.70 </td> <td>96.22 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1978 </th> <td><b>7,497,397</b> </td> <td>7,160,014 </td> <td>337,383 </td> <td><b>6,497,226</b> </td> <td>6,497,226 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>1,000,171</b> </td> <td>136.12 </td> <td>94.98 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1979 </th> <td><b>7,339,566</b> </td> <td>7,009,286 </td> <td>330,380 </td> <td><b>6,374,161</b> </td> <td>6,374,161 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>965,406</b> </td> <td>131.63 </td> <td>93.21 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1980 </th> <td><b>7,333,073</b> </td> <td>7,003,085 </td> <td>329,988 </td> <td><b>6,382,028</b> </td> <td>6,382,028 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>951,045</b> </td> <td>130.49 </td> <td>93.18 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1981 </th> <td><b>7,155,594</b> </td> <td>6,833,592 </td> <td>322,002 </td> <td><b>6,240,562</b> </td> <td>6,240,562 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>915,032</b> </td> <td>124.57 </td> <td>91.17 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1982 </th> <td><b>7,250,355</b> </td> <td>6,924,089 </td> <td>326,266 </td> <td><b>6,336,188</b> </td> <td>6,336,188 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>914,167</b> </td> <td>120.29 </td> <td>92.13 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1983 </th> <td><b>7,085,370</b> </td> <td>6,766,528 </td> <td>318,842 </td> <td><b>6,204,515</b> </td> <td>6,204,515 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>880,855</b> </td> <td>115.07 </td> <td>90.05 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1984 </th> <td><b>7,115,825</b> </td> <td>6,795,613 </td> <td>320,212 </td> <td><b>6,243,572</b> </td> <td>6,243,572 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>872,253</b> </td> <td>115.70 </td> <td>89.98 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1985 </th> <td><b>7,365,852</b> </td> <td>7,034,389 </td> <td>331,463 </td> <td><b>6,475,595</b> </td> <td>6,475,595 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>890,258</b> </td> <td>118.64 </td> <td>92.77 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1986 </th> <td><b>7,116,000</b> </td> <td>6,790,141 </td> <td>325,859 </td> <td><b>6,267,984</b> </td> <td>6,267,984 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>848,016</b> </td> <td>110.62 </td> <td>89.47 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1987 </th> <td><b>6,818,000</b> </td> <td>6,496,499 </td> <td>321,501 </td> <td><b>6,009,655</b> </td> <td>6,009,655 </td> <td>– </td> <td><b>808,345</b> </td> <td>109.33 </td> <td>85.71 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1988 </th> <td><b>7,229,000</b> </td> <td>6,965,221 </td> <td>263,779 </td> <td><b>6,469,096</b> </td> <td>5,271,096 </td> <td>1,198,000 </td> <td><b>759,904</b> </td> <td>124.16 </td> <td>92.42 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1989 </th> <td><b>6,974,431</b> </td> <td>6,672,041 </td> <td>302,390 </td> <td><b>6,286,035</b> </td> <td>4,828,267 </td> <td>1,457,768 </td> <td><b>688,396</b> </td> <td>126.89 </td> <td>90.03 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1990 </th> <td><b>6,459,000</b> </td> <td>6,226,821 </td> <td>232,179 </td> <td><b>5,836,823</b> </td> <td>4,150,448 </td> <td>1,686,375 </td> <td><b>622,177</b> </td> <td>123.57 </td> <td>84.77 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1991 </th> <td>– </td> <td>6,014,000 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>1992 </th> <td>– </td> <td>5,442,900 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total number from time period </th> <td><b>258,723,655</b>(1954–1990) </td> <td>258,476,032 <p>(1954–92) </p> </td> <td>11,695,624 <p>(1954–90) </p> </td> <td><b>216,987,139</b>(1954–90) </td> <td>212,644,996 <p>(1954–1990) </p> </td> <td>4,342,143 <p>(1988–90) </p> </td> <td><b>41,728,518</b> <p>(1954–90) </p> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_makeup_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1989.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ethnic_makeup_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1989.svg/516px-Ethnic_makeup_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1989.svg.png" decoding="async" width="516" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ethnic_makeup_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1989.svg/774px-Ethnic_makeup_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1989.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ethnic_makeup_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1989.svg/1032px-Ethnic_makeup_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_1989.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3036" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic makeup of the Soviet Union visualised</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Ethnic groups in the Soviet Union">Ethnic groups in the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>The Soviet Union was one of the world's most ethnically diverse countries, with more than 100 distinct national ethnicities living within its borders.<sup id="cite_ref-sakwa_soviet_pols_in_perspec_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sakwa_soviet_pols_in_perspec-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._S.R._-_Ethnic_Compositions_-_DPLA_-_754227d4ec980a6b169104b656de499a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/U.S._S.R._-_Ethnic_Compositions_-_DPLA_-_754227d4ec980a6b169104b656de499a.jpg/350px-U.S._S.R._-_Ethnic_Compositions_-_DPLA_-_754227d4ec980a6b169104b656de499a.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/U.S._S.R._-_Ethnic_Compositions_-_DPLA_-_754227d4ec980a6b169104b656de499a.jpg/525px-U.S._S.R._-_Ethnic_Compositions_-_DPLA_-_754227d4ec980a6b169104b656de499a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/U.S._S.R._-_Ethnic_Compositions_-_DPLA_-_754227d4ec980a6b169104b656de499a.jpg/700px-U.S._S.R._-_Ethnic_Compositions_-_DPLA_-_754227d4ec980a6b169104b656de499a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9226" data-file-height="6397" /></a><figcaption>U.S.S.R. - Ethnic Composition by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> 1949.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_Groups_(1926–1989)"><span id="Ethnic_Groups_.281926.E2.80.931989.29"></span>Ethnic Groups (1926–1989)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ethnic Groups (1926–1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Ethnic Group </th> <th colspan="12">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1926<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1939<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope.ru_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope.ru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1959<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1970<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1979<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1989<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> </th> <th>113,725,023 </th> <th>77.3% </th> <th>132,977,920 </th> <th>78% </th> <th>159,279,997 </th> <th>76.2% </th> <th>178,820,141 </th> <th>74% </th> <th>189,207,191 </th> <th>72.2% </th> <th>199,377,746 </th> <th>69.8% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1954%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>77,791,124 </td> <td>52.9% </td> <td>99,591,520 </td> <td>58.4% </td> <td>114,113,579 </td> <td>54.6% </td> <td>129,015,140 </td> <td>53.4% </td> <td>137,397,089 </td> <td>52.4% </td> <td>145,155,489 </td> <td>50.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1949%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>31,194,976 </td> <td>21.2% </td> <td>28,111,007 </td> <td>16.5% </td> <td>37,252,930 </td> <td>17.8% </td> <td>40,753,246 </td> <td>16.9% </td> <td>42,347,387 </td> <td>16.2% </td> <td>44,186,006 </td> <td>15.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>4,738,923 </td> <td>3.2% </td> <td>5,275,393 </td> <td>3.1% </td> <td>7,913,488 </td> <td>3.8% </td> <td>9,051,755 </td> <td>3.7% </td> <td>9,462,715 </td> <td>3.6% </td> <td>10,036,251 </td> <td>3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Baltic </th> <th>337,832 </th> <th>0.2% </th> <th>290,689 </th> <th>0.2% </th> <th>4,714,249 </th> <th>2.3% </th> <th>5,102,144 </th> <th>2.1% </th> <th>5,309,793 </th> <th>2% </th> <th>5,553,025 </th> <th>2% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag-lithuanian-ssr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag-lithuanian-ssr.png/20px-Flag-lithuanian-ssr.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag-lithuanian-ssr.png/30px-Flag-lithuanian-ssr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag-lithuanian-ssr.png/40px-Flag-lithuanian-ssr.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td>41,463 </td> <td>– </td> <td>32,624 </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,326,094 </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>2,664,944 </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>2,850,905 </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>3,067,390 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.png/20px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.png/30px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.png/40px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.png 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </td> <td>141,703 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>114,476 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>1,399,539 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>1,429,844 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>1,439,037 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>1,458,986 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>154,666 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>143,589 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>988,616 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>1,007,356 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>1,019,851 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>1,026,649 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Central Asia </th> <th>10,378,267 </th> <th>7.1% </th> <th>10,872,278 </th> <th>6.3% </th> <th>13,004,209 </th> <th>6.3% </th> <th>19,607,300 </th> <th>8.1% </th> <th>25,844,301 </th> <th>9.9% </th> <th>34,306,926 </th> <th>12% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>3,904,622 </td> <td>2.7% </td> <td>4,845,140 </td> <td>2.8% </td> <td>6,015,416 </td> <td>2.9% </td> <td>9,195,093 </td> <td>3.8% </td> <td>12,455,978 </td> <td>4.8% </td> <td>16,697,825 </td> <td>5.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953%E2%80%931991);_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>3,968,289 </td> <td>2.7% </td> <td>3,100,949 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>3,621,610 </td> <td>1.7% </td> <td>5,298,818 </td> <td>2.2% </td> <td>6,556,442 </td> <td>2.5% </td> <td>8,135,818 </td> <td>2.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952%E2%80%931991);_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>762,736 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>884,615 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>968,659 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>1,452,222 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>1,906,271 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>2,528,946 </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>978,680 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>1,229,170 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>1,396,939 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>2,135,883 </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>2,897,697 </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>4,215,372 </td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1973%E2%80%931991);_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>763,940 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>812,404 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>1,001,585 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>1,525,284 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>2,027,913 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>2,728,965 </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Caucasus </th> <th>5,095,357 </th> <th>3.5% </th> <th>6,678,174 </th> <th>3.9% </th> <th>8,418,590 </th> <th>4% </th> <th>11,184,388 </th> <th>4.6% </th> <th>13,199,075 </th> <th>5.1% </th> <th>15,374,680 </th> <th>5.4% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>1,706,605 </td> <td>1.2% </td> <td>2,275,678 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>2,939,728 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>4,379,937 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>5,477,330 </td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>6,770,403 </td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Georgian_SSR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Georgian_SSR.png/20px-Flag_of_Georgian_SSR.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Georgian_SSR.png/30px-Flag_of_Georgian_SSR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Georgian_SSR.png/40px-Flag_of_Georgian_SSR.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="399" /></a></span> </td> <td>1,821,184 </td> <td>1.2% </td> <td>2,249,636 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>2,691,950 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>3,245,300 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>3,570,504 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>3,981,045 </td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>1,567,568 </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>2,152,860 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>2,786,912 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>3,559,151 </td> <td>1.5% </td> <td>4,151,241 </td> <td>1.6% </td> <td>4,623,232 </td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other prominent Ethnic groups </th> <th>11,060,350 </th> <th>7.5% </th> <th>13,329,325 </th> <th>7.8% </th> <th>16,143,803 </th> <th>7.7% </th> <th>17,791,480 </th> <th>7.4% </th> <th>18,316,932 </th> <th>7% </th> <th>18,989,883 </th> <th>6.6% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>278,905 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>260,418 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>2,214,139 </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>2,697,994 </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>2,968,224 </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>3,352,352 </td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Jews</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/20px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/40px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> </td> <td>2,672,499 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>3,028,538 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>2,267,814 </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>2,099,833 </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>1,761,724 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>1,378,344 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia_Germans" title="Russia Germans">Germans</a> </td> <td>1,238,549 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>1,427,232 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>1,619,655 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>1,846,317 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>1,936,214 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>2,038,603 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> </td> <td>2,916,536 </td> <td>2% </td> <td>4,313,488 </td> <td>2.5% </td> <td>4,917,991 </td> <td>2.4% </td> <td>5,783,111 </td> <td>2.4% </td> <td>6,185,196 </td> <td>2.4% </td> <td>6,648,760 </td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Poles</a> </td> <td>782,334 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>630,097 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>1,380,282 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>1,167,523 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>1,150,991 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>1,126,334 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a> </td> <td>1,117,419 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>1,369,574 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>1,469,766 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>1,694,351 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>1,751,366 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>1,842,346 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mordvinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordvinian">Mordvinian</a> </td> <td>1,340,415 </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>1,456,330 </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>1,285,116 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>1,262,670 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>1,191,765 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>1,153,987 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkir</a> </td> <td>713,693 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>843,648 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>989,040 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>1,239,681 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>1,371,452 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>1,449,157 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Others </th> <th>6,431,086 </th> <th>4.4% </th> <th>6,408,707 </th> <th>3.8% </th> <th>7,216,092 </th> <th>3.5% </th> <th>9,214,681 </th> <th>3.8% </th> <th>10,207,362 </th> <th>3.9% </th> <th>12,140,251 </th> <th>4.2% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total: </th> <th>147,027,915 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>170,557,093 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>208,826,650 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>241,720,134 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>262,084,654 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>285,742,511 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table><p>Other ethnic groups included <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz people">Abkhaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe people">Adyghes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleut_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut people">Aleuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Avars" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Avars">Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen people">Chechens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingushes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk people">Kalmyks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ket_people" title="Ket people">Kets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Maris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenetses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Udmurt people">Udmurts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a>. Dozens of these other ethnic groups were the titular nations of different <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union">Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous Oblasts</a> within the union-level republics (ex. Tatars in <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tatar ASSR</a> within the RSFSR, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Abkhaz ASSR</a> within Georgia) or had been previously (<a href="/wiki/Volga_German_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Volga German ASSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Crimean ASSR</a>). </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout its entire history, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Russians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Russians">ethnic Russians</a> made up a majority of Soviet citizens. According to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1939)">1939 census</a>, Russians reached a peak of 58.4% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope.ru_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope.ru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously in 1926, Russians were 52.9% of the population. This could be due to the decrease of Ukrainians, which coincides with the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>. </p><p>Since 1939, the percentage of ethnic Russians in the USSR began to decrease. By 1959, 54.6% of Soviet citizens were recorded as ethnic Russians. At first, this was due to the incorporation of new territories westward in Europe after World War II, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Polish Eastern Borderlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>. This resulted in an increase of non-Russian ethnic groups, especially those who were <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonian</a>. However, starting in the 1960s, the decline of the Russian majority was mainly driven by indigenous ethnic groups residing in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian">Central Asian</a> Soviet republics. For example, the five main Central Asian groups, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, together saw a 163.81% increase from 1959 to 1989. Azerbaijanis, the largest Muslim group in the Soviet Caucasus, grew from 2.9 million people to almost 6.8 million during the same time, which represents a 130.31% increase. Meanwhile, ethnic Russians increased by only 27.20%. When the 1989 census was released, ethnic Russians made up just 50.8% of the population and were projected to become a minority within the next decade. </p><p>The rise of non-Russians, especially Soviet Muslims from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> can be explained by analysing the different patterns of total fertility rates among ethnic groups. According to research professors Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, Soviet fertility was both high and low. The national rate stood at 2.8 children per woman in 1958–59 before falling to 2.4 in 1969–70 and 2.3 in 1978–79.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total fertility for ethnic Russian women within the <a href="/wiki/RSFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFSR">RSFSR</a> declined from 2.4 to 1.8 in the late 1960s and 1970s. The same trend could be found in the Baltic and Western regions of the USSR, which each of the Soviet republics' titular nationality approaching <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">sub-replacement fertility</a>. Caucasian ethnic groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> followed the same trend, but on average had more children than Soviet citizens living in the Soviet European republics. Overall, the mentioned ethnicities had an average total fertility rate between 1.8 and 2.3 by 1978–79.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Soviet Muslim women had much higher fertility rates. In 1969–70, the average Muslim woman had 7 children, which represents an increase from 6.2 in 1958–59. Despite decreasing to 5.6 in 1978–79 and further falling in the 1980s, the birth rate amongst Soviet Muslims remained consistently higher than those who were non-Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion in the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>The Soviet Union promoted <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a> from 1928 to 1941, in which religion was largely discouraged and heavily persecuted. The USSR remained a secular state from 1945 until its dissolution. However, according to various Soviet and Western sources, over one-third of the country's people professed religious beliefs: Russian Orthodox 20%, Muslim 15%, Protestant, Georgian Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Roman Catholic 7%, Jewish less than 1%, atheist 60% (1990 est.).<sup id="cite_ref-cia_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some indigenous pagan belief systems existed in the <a href="/wiki/Siberian" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian">Siberian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far Eastern</a> lands in the local populations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages of the Soviet Union</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> became the official language of the Soviet Union in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until that time it was still necessary to have a language of common communication. The <i>de facto</i> result inevitably favored Russian, the native language of half of Soviet citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-lang_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall Soviet citizens spoke more than 200 languages and dialects (at least 18 with more than 1 million speakers); <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic group</a>: 75%, other <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>: 8%, <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a>: 12%, <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a>: 3%, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a>: 2% (1990 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-cia_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Central_Asia" title="Demographics of Central Asia">Demographics of Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_censuses" title="List of Russian censuses">List of Russian censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_on_childlessness" title="Tax on childlessness">Tax on childlessness</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050601080906/http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact90/world12.txt">"The CIA World Factbook – 1990"</a>. 2005-06-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact90/world12.txt">the original</a> on 1 June 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+1990&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umsl.edu%2Fservices%2Fgovdocs%2Fwofact90%2Fworld12.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAanderson1990" class="citation journal cs1">Aanderson, Barbara A. (July 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1046801">"Growth and Diversity of the Population of the Soviet Union"</a>. <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>510</b>: <span class="nowrap">155–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716290510001012">10.1177/0002716290510001012</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F67141">2027.42/67141</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1046801">1046801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31041389">31041389</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Growth+and+Diversity+of+the+Population+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=510&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=1990-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F67141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31041389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1046801%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716290510001012&rft.aulast=Aanderson&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1046801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSE-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GSE_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSE_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i> (in Russian) (3rd ed.). Moscow: Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya. 1977. vol. 24 (part II), p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia.&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=vol.+24+%28part+II%29%2C+p.+15&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Sovetskaya+Entsiklopediya&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonSilver1990" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Barbara A.; Silver, Brian D. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1046801">"Growth and Diversity of the Population of the Soviet Union"</a>. <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>510</b>: <span class="nowrap">155–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716290510001012">10.1177/0002716290510001012</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F67141">2027.42/67141</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162">0002-7162</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1046801">1046801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31041389">31041389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Growth+and+Diversity+of+the+Population+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=510&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F67141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1046801%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716290510001012&rft.issn=0002-7162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31041389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft.au=Silver%2C+Brian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1046801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first to call attention to the reversal of declining adult mortality in the Soviet Union (in contrast to trends in Western Europe) were J. Vallin and J. C. Chesnais, "Recent Developments of Mortality in Europe, English-Speaking Countries and the Soviet Union, 1960–1970," <i>Population</i> 29 (4–5): 861–898. For a probe into the age-specific and regional aspects of the trends, once new mortality tables were released in the late 1980s, see Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver. 1989. "The Changing Shape of Soviet Mortality, 1958–1985: An Evaluation of Old and New Evidence," <i>Population Studies</i> 43: 243–265. Also see Alain Blum and Roland Pressat. 1987. "Une nouvelle table de mortalité pour l'URSS (1984–1985)," <i>Population</i>, 42e Année, No. 6 (Nov.): 843–862.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a summary of the mortality trends and the literature concerning them, see Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver. 1990. "Trends in Mortality of the Soviet Population," <i>Soviet Economy</i> 6, No. 3: 191–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Ryan, "Life expectancy and mortality data from the Soviet Union," <i>British Medical Journal,</i> Vol. 296, No. 6635 (May 28, 1988): 1, 513–1515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Ward Kingkade and Eduardo E. Arriaga, “Mortality in the New Independent States: Patterns and Impacts,” in José Luis Bobadilla, Christine A. Costello, and Faith Mitchell, Eds., <i>Premature Death in the New Independent States</i> (Washington, D.C., National Academy Press 1997), 156–183, citation at p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most notably, see Christopher Davis and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Feshbach" title="Murray Feshbach">Murray Feshbach</a>. 1980. "Rising Infant Mortality in the Soviet Union in the 1970s," U.S. Bureau of the Census, International Population Reports, Series P-95, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. The following article, which ostensibly reviewed the Davis and Feshbach report, brought widespread attention to the issue of health care in the Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Eberstadt" title="Nicholas Eberstadt">Nick Eberstadt</a>, "The Health Crisis in the Soviet Union," <i>New York Review of Books</i> 28, No. 2 (February 19, 1981).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most notably, see Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver. 1986. "Infant Mortality in the Soviet Union: Regional Differences and Measurement Issues," <i>Population and Development Review</i> 12, No. 4: 705–737, and Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "The Geodemography of Infant Mortality in the Soviet Union, 1950–1990," in G. J. Demko, Z. Zaionchkovskaya, S. Pontius, and G. Ioffe, Eds., <i>Population Under Duress: The Geodemography of Post-Soviet Russia,</i> <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>, pp. 73–103 (1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Juris Krumins. 1990. "The Changing Mortality Patterns in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia: Experience of the Past Three Decades," Paper presented at the International Conference on Health, Morbidity and Mortality by Cause of Death in Europe. December 3–7. Vilnius; A. G. Vishnevskiy, V.M. Shkolnikov, and S.A. Vasin. 1990. "Epidemiological Transition in the Soviet Union as Mirrored by Regional Disparities," Paper presented at the International Conference on Health, Morbidity and Mortality by Cause of Death in Europe. December 3–7. Vilnius; and F. Meslé, V. Shkolnikov, and J. Vallin. 1991. "Mortality by Cause in the Soviet Union in 1970–1987: The Reconstruction of Time Series," Paper presented at the European Population Conference, October 21–25, Paris.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, A. A. Baranov, V. Y. Al‘bitskiy, and Y. M. Komarov. 1990. "Тенденции младенческой смертности в СССР в 70–80е годы [Trends in infant mortality in the Soviet Union in the 70's and 80's]," Советское здравоохранение, 3: 3–37; and Y. M. Andreyev and N. Y. Ksenofontova. 1991. "Оценка достоверности данных о младенческой смертности“ [Assessment of the reliability of data on infant mortality], Вестник статистики, 8: 21–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comecon Secretariat, Статистический ежегодник стран-членов Совета экономической взаимопомощи, 1990 [Yearbook of the Member-Countries of Comecon] (Moscow: Finansy i statistika, 1990), and Goskomstat SSSR, Демографический ежегодник СССР 1990 [Demographic Yearbook of the Soviet Union] (Moscow: Finansy i statistika, 1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Демографический ежегодник СССР 1990, at p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Géraldine Duthé, Irina Badurashvili, Karine Kuyumjyan, France Meslé, and Jacques Vallin, "Mortality in the Caucasus: An attempt to re-estimate recent mortality trends in Armenia and Georgia," <i>Demographic Research,</i> Vol. 22, art. 23, pp. 691–732 (2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Guillot, So-jung Lim, Liudmila Torgasheva & Mikhail Denisenko, "Infant mortality in Kyrgyzstan before and after the break-up of the Soviet Union," <i>Population Studies,</i> Vol. 67, No. 3: 335–352 (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-and-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-and_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-and_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-and_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-and_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-and_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-and_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-and_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreev, E.M., <i>et al.</i>, <i>Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991</i>. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-013479-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-02-013479-1">5-02-013479-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statoids.com/uru.html">Statoids population figures of the Soviet Union</a> Retrieved on 2009-04-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeemingParadox-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SeemingParadox_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Seeming Paradox of Increasing Mortality in a Highly Industrialized Nation: the Example of the Soviet Union : 1985. author Dinkel, R. H.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMironov1991" class="citation journal cs1">Mironov, Boris (1991). "The Development of Literacy in Russia and the USSR from the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries". <i>History of Education Quarterly</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F368437">10.2307/368437</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/368437">368437</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144460404">144460404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Literacy+in+Russia+and+the+USSR+from+the+Tenth+to+the+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=247&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144460404%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F368437%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F368437&rft.aulast=Mironov&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2003" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Philip (2003). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Economy: An Economic History of the USSR 1945–1991</i>. 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Справочник статистических показателей"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fussr_nac_26.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demoscope.ru-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demoscope.ru_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-demoscope.ru_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_39.php">"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fsng_nac_39.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_59.php">"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fsng_nac_59.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_70.php?reg=0">"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fsng_nac_70.php%3Freg%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_79.php?reg=0">"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fsng_nac_79.php%3Freg%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php">"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fsng_nac_89.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal-ussr.narod.ru/data01/tex10935.htm">"ЗАКОН СССР ОТ 24.04.1990 О ЯЗЫКАХ НАРОДОВ СССР"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508201331/http://legal-ussr.narod.ru/data01/tex10935.htm">Archived</a> 2016-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (The April 24, 1990 Soviet Union Law about the Languages of the Soviet Union) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lang-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lang_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Comrie, <i>The Languages of the Soviet Union</i>, page 31, the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23230-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23230-9">0-521-23230-9</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> 1991 – most figures, unless attributed to another source.</li> <li><i>J. A. Newth: The 1970 Soviet Census, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Studies">Soviet Studies</a> vol. 24, issue 2 (October 1972) pp. 200–222.</i> – Population figures from 1897 to 1970.</li> <li><i>The Russian State Archive of the Economy: Soviet Censuses of 1937 and 1939</i> – Population figures for 1937 and 1939. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020927142010/http://www.library.yale.edu/slavic/census3739.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20020927142010/http://www.library.yale.edu/slavic/census3739.html</a></li></ol> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics570" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Caribbean Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Vehicle registration plates of the Soviet Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union" title="Category:Soviet Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_Europe127" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_Europe" title="Template:Demographics of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Demographics of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_Europe127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Andorra" title="Demographics of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Demographics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Austria" title="Demographics of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Demographics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belarus" title="Demographics of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belgium" title="Demographics of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bulgaria" title="Demographics of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Croatia" title="Demographics of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cyprus" title="Demographics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Demographics of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Denmark" title="Demographics of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia" title="Demographics of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greece" title="Demographics of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iceland" title="Demographics of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latvia" title="Demographics of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Demographics of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lithuania" title="Demographics of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Luxembourg" title="Demographics of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malta" title="Demographics of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Moldova" title="Demographics of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Monaco" title="Demographics of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Montenegro" title="Demographics of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Demographics of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Demographics of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Norway" title="Demographics of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Poland" title="Demographics of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portugal" title="Demographics of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania" title="Demographics of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_San_Marino" title="Demographics of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Serbia" title="Demographics of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Slovakia" title="Demographics of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Slovenia" title="Demographics of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sweden" title="Demographics of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland" title="Demographics of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Vatican_City" title="Demographics of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Abkhazia" title="Demographics of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kosovo" title="Demographics of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Demographics of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Gibraltar" title="Demographics of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Demographics of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jersey" title="Demographics of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_Asia416" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_Asia416" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Asia" title="Demographics of Asia">Demographics of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Demographics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Demographics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bahrain" title="Demographics of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh" title="Demographics of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bhutan" title="Demographics of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brunei" title="Demographics of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cambodia" title="Demographics of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cyprus" title="Demographics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jordan" title="Demographics of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Korea" title="Demographics of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Korea" title="Demographics of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kuwait" title="Demographics of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Demographics of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Laos" title="Demographics of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon" title="Demographics of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia" title="Demographics of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a 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