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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">B-theory of time</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophical theory regarding temporal ordering of events</div> <p>The <b>B-theory of time</b>, also called the "tenseless theory of time", is one of two positions regarding the temporal ordering of events in the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of time">philosophy of time</a>. B-theorists argue that the flow of time is only a subjective illusion of human <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, that the past, present, and future are equally real, and that time is tenseless: temporal becoming is not an objective feature of reality. Therefore, there is nothing privileged about the present, ontologically speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The B-theory is derived from a distinction drawn by <a href="/wiki/J._M._E._McTaggart" title="J. M. E. McTaggart">J. M. E. McTaggart</a> between <a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a>. The B-theory is often drawn upon in <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is seen in theories such as <a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">eternalism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_terms">Origin of terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B-theory_of_time&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms <a href="/wiki/A-series_and_B-series" class="mw-redirect" title="A-series and B-series">A-theory and B-theory</a>, first coined by Richard Gale in 1966,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derive from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/J._M._E._McTaggart" title="J. M. E. McTaggart">J. M. E. McTaggart</a>'s analysis of time and change in "<a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a>" (1908), in which events are ordered via a tensed A-series or a tenseless B-series. It is popularly assumed that the A theory represents time like an A-series, while the B theory represents time like a B-series.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Events (or "times"), McTaggart observed, may be characterized in two distinct but related ways. On the one hand they can be characterized as past, present or future, normally indicated in natural languages such as English by the verbal inflection of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a> or auxiliary adverbial modifiers. Alternatively, events may be described as earlier than, simultaneous with, or later than others. Philosophers are divided as to whether the tensed or tenseless mode of expressing temporal fact is fundamental.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some philosophers have criticised hybrid theories, where one holds a tenseless view of time but asserts that the present has special properties, as falling foul of McTaggart's paradox.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a thorough discussion of McTaggart's paradox, see R. D. Ingthorsson (2016).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The debate between A-theorists and B-theorists is a continuation of a metaphysical dispute reaching back to the ancient Greek philosophers <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parmenides thought that reality is timeless and unchanging.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heraclitus, in contrast, believed that the world is a process of ceaseless change or flux.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reality for Heraclitus is dynamic and ephemeral. Indeed, the world is so fleeting, according to Heraclitus, that it is impossible to step twice into the same river.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metaphysical issues that continue to divide A-theorists and B-theorists concern the reality of the past, the reality of the future, and the ontological status of the present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="B-theory_in_metaphysics">B-theory in metaphysics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B-theory_of_time&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: B-theory in metaphysics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The difference between A-theorists and B-theorists is often described as a dispute about temporal passage or 'becoming' and 'progressing'. B-theorists argue that this notion is purely psychological.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many A-theorists argue that in rejecting temporal 'becoming', B-theorists reject time's most vital and distinctive characteristic.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common (though not universal) to identify A-theorists' views with belief in temporal passage.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another way to characterise the distinction revolves around what is known as the <i>principle of temporal parity</i>, the thesis that contrary to what appears to be the case, all times really exist in parity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="You can help -- (May 2023)">definition needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. A-theory (and especially presentism) denies that all times exist in parity, while B-theory insists all times exist in parity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>B-theorists such as <a href="/wiki/D._H._Mellor" class="mw-redirect" title="D. H. Mellor">D. H. Mellor</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/J._J._C._Smart" title="J. J. C. Smart">J. J. C. Smart</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wish to eliminate all talk of past, present and future in favour of a tenseless ordering of events, believing the past, present, and future to be equally real, opposing the idea that they are irreducible foundations of temporality. B-theorists also argue that the past, present, and future feature very differently in deliberation and reflection. For example, we remember the past and anticipate the future, but not vice versa. B-theorists maintain that the fact that we know much less about the future simply reflects an <a href="/wiki/Epistemological" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological">epistemological</a> difference between the future and the past: the future is no less real than the past; we just know less about it.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="B-theory_in_theoretical_physics">B-theory in theoretical physics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B-theory_of_time&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: B-theory in theoretical physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The B-theory of time has received support from physicists.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is likely due to its compatibility with physics and the fact that many theories such as <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/ADD_model" class="mw-redirect" title="ADD model">ADD model</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brane_cosmology" title="Brane cosmology">brane cosmology</a>, point to a theory of time similar to B-theory. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Special_Relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Relativity">special relativity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">relativity of simultaneity</a> shows that there is no unique present, and that each point in the universe can have a different set of events that are in its present moment. </p><p>Many of special relativity's now-proven counterintuitive predictions, such as <a href="/wiki/Length_contraction" title="Length contraction">length contraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">time dilation</a>, are a result of this. Relativity of simultaneity is often taken to imply <a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">eternalism</a> (and hence a B-theory of time), where the present for different observers is a time slice of the four-dimensional universe. This is demonstrated in the <a href="/wiki/Rietdijk%E2%80%93Putnam_argument" title="Rietdijk–Putnam argument">Rietdijk–Putnam argument</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>'s advanced form of this argument, the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Andromeda paradox">Andromeda paradox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is therefore common (though not universal) for B-theorists to be <a href="/wiki/Four_dimensionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Four dimensionalism">four-dimensionalists</a>, that is, to believe that objects are extended in time as well as in space and therefore have temporal as well as spatial parts. This is sometimes called a time-slice <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B-theory_of_time&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irreducibility_of_tense">Irreducibility of tense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B-theory_of_time&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Irreducibility of tense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earlier B-theorists argued that one could paraphrase tensed sentences (such as "the sun is now shining", uttered on September 28) into tenseless sentences (such as "on September 28, the sun shines") without loss of meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later B-theorists argued that tenseless sentences could give the truth conditions of tensed sentences or their tokens.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Smith" title="Quentin Smith">Quentin Smith</a> argues that "now" cannot be reduced to descriptions of dates and times, because all date and time descriptions, and therefore truth conditionals, are relative to certain events. Tensed sentences, on the other hand, do not have such truth conditionals.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The B-theorist could argue that "now" is reducible to a <a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">token</a>-reflexive phrase such as "simultaneous with this utterance", yet Smith states that even such an argument fails to eliminate tense. One can think the statement "I am not uttering anything now", and such a statement would be true. The statement "I am not uttering anything simultaneous with this utterance" is self-contradictory, and cannot be true even when one thinks the statement.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, while tensed statements can express token-independent truth values, no token-reflexive statement can do so (by definition of the term "token-reflexive").<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith claims that proponents of the B-theory argue that the inability to translate tensed sentences into tenseless sentences does not prove A-theory.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Logician and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Prior" title="Arthur Prior">Arthur Prior</a> has also drawn a distinction between what he calls A-facts and B-facts. The latter are facts about tenseless relations, such as the fact that the year 2025 is 25 years later than the year 2000. The former are tensed facts, such as that the Jurassic age is in the past, or that the end of the universe is in the future. Prior asks the reader to imagine having a headache, and after the headache subsides, saying "thank goodness that's over." Prior argues that the B-theory cannot make sense of this sentence. It seems bizarre to be thankful that a headache is earlier than one's utterance, anymore than being thankful that the headache is later than one's utterance. Indeed, most people who say "thank goodness that's over" are not even thinking of their own utterance. Therefore, when people say "thank goodness that's over," they are thankful for an A-fact, and not a B-fact. Yet, A-facts are only possible on the A-theory of time.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See also: <a href="/wiki/Further_facts" title="Further facts">Further facts</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endurantism_and_perdurantism">Endurantism and perdurantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B-theory_of_time&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Endurantism and perdurantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opponents also charge the B-theory with being unable to explain persistence of objects. The two leading explanations for this phenomenon are <a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">endurantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">perdurantism</a>. According to the former, an object is wholly present at every moment of its existence. According to the latter, objects are extended in time and therefore have <a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">temporal parts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Temporal_Parts_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temporal_Parts-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hales and Johnson explain endurantism as follows: "something is an enduring object only if it is wholly present at each time in which it exists. An object is wholly present at a time if all of its parts co-exist at that time."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under endurantism, all objects must exist as wholes at each point in time, but an object such as a rotting fruit will have the property of being not rotten one day and being rotten on another. On eternalism, and hence the B-theory, it seems that one is committed to two conflicting states for the same object.<sup id="cite_ref-Temporal_Parts_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temporal_Parts-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacetime (Minkowskian) interpretation of relativity adds an additional problem for endurantism under B-theory. On the spacetime interpretation, an object may appear as a whole at its rest frame, but on an <a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial frame">inertial frame</a>, it will have proper parts at different positions, and therefore different parts at different times. Hence it will not exist as a whole at any time, contradicting endurantism.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opponents will then charge perdurantism with numerous difficulties of its own. First, it is controversial whether perdurantism can be formulated coherently. An object is defined as a collection of spatiotemporal parts, defined as pieces of a perduring object. If objects have temporal parts, this leads to difficulties. For example, the rotating discs argument asks the reader to imagine a world containing nothing more than a homogeneous spinning disk. Under endurantism, the same disc endures despite its rotations. The perdurantist supposedly has a difficult time explaining what it means for such a disc to have a determinate state of rotation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temporal parts also seem to act unlike physical parts. A piece of chalk can be broken into two physical halves, but it seems nonsensical to talk about breaking it into two temporal halves.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American epistemologist <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Roderick Chisholm</a> argued that someone who hears the bird call "Bob White" knows "that his experience of hearing 'Bob' and his experience of hearing 'White' were not also had by two other things, each distinct from himself and from each other. The endurantist can explain the experience as "There exists an x such that x hears 'Bob' and then x hears 'White'" but the perdurantist cannot give such an account.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a> asks the reader to consider Descartes as a four-dimensional object that extends from 1596 to 1650. If Descartes had lived a much shorter life, he would have had a radically different set of temporal parts. This diminished Descartes, he argues, could not have been the same person on perdurantism, since their temporal extents and parts are so different.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B-theory_of_time&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCraig2000" class="citation book cs1">Craig, W. L. (2000). <i>The Tenseless Theory of Time: A Critical Examination</i>. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0792366352" title="Special:BookSources/0792366352"><bdi>0792366352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tenseless+Theory+of+Time%3A+A+Critical+Examination&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0792366352&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Brian Greene on the B-theory of time" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1WfFkp4puw">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1WfFkp4puw</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGale1966" class="citation journal cs1">Gale, Richard (April 1966). "McTaggart's Analysis of Time". <i>American Philosophical Quarterly</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 145–152. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20009201">20009201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=McTaggart%27s+Analysis+of+Time&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-152&rft.date=1966-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20009201%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gale&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanford-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkosian" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ned_Markosian" title="Ned Markosian">Markosian, Ned</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time/#PreEteGroUniThe">"Time"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time&rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Markosian&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftime%2F%23PreEteGroUniThe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallender2000" class="citation journal cs1">Callender, Craig (September 1, 2000). "Shedding Light on Time". <i>Philosophy of Science</i>. <b>67</b>: S587–S599. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F392848">10.1086/392848</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120906143">120906143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Shedding+Light+on+Time&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=S587-S599&rft.date=2000-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F392848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120906143%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Callender&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngthorsson2016" class="citation book cs1">Ingthorsson, R. D. (2016). <i>McTaggart's Paradox</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-67724-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-67724-1"><bdi>978-1-138-67724-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McTaggart%27s+Paradox&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-67724-1&rft.aulast=Ingthorsson&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart2010" class="citation book cs1">Smart, J.J.C. (2010). <i>Time and Cause Essays Presented to Richard Taylor</i>. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195082273" title="Special:BookSources/0195082273"><bdi>0195082273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+time&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=%5B1.+paperback+issue%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0195082273&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1993" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Quentin (1993). <i>Language and time</i> ([1. paperback issue] ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195082273" title="Special:BookSources/0195082273"><bdi>0195082273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+time&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=79&rft.edition=%5B1.+paperback+issue%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0195082273&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1993" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Quentin (1993). <i>Language and time</i> ([1. paperback issue] ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195082273" title="Special:BookSources/0195082273"><bdi>0195082273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+time&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=%5B1.+paperback+issue%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0195082273&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1993" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Quentin (1993). <i>Language and time</i> ([1. paperback issue] ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195082273" title="Special:BookSources/0195082273"><bdi>0195082273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+time&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=%5B1.+paperback+issue%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0195082273&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkosian2010" class="citation book cs1">Markosian, John W. Carroll, Ned (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontome00carr"><i>An introduction to metaphysics</i></a></span> (1. publ., repr. ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontome00carr/page/n180">169</a>–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521533683" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521533683"><bdi>978-0521533683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+metaphysics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=169-170&rft.edition=1.+publ.%2C+repr.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521533683&rft.aulast=Markosian&rft.aufirst=John+W.+Carroll%2C+Ned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontome00carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Temporal_Parts-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Temporal_Parts_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Temporal_Parts_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawley2020" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, Katherine (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/temporal-parts/"><i>Temporal Parts</i></a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temporal+Parts&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftemporal-parts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2001" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, David (2001). <a href="/wiki/On_the_Plurality_of_Worlds" title="On the Plurality of Worlds"><i>On the Plurality of Worlds</i></a> ([Reprint.] ed.). Malden, Mass. [u.a.]: Blackwell Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onpluralityworld00lewi/page/n202">202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631224262" title="Special:BookSources/0631224262"><bdi>0631224262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Plurality+of+Worlds&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass.+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=202&rft.edition=%5BReprint.%5D&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0631224262&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalesJohnson" class="citation journal cs1">Hales, Steven D.; Johnson, Timothy A. "Endurantism, Perdurantism, and Special Relativity". <i>The Philosophical Quarterly</i>. <b>53</b> (213): 532.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Endurantism%2C+Perdurantism%2C+and+Special+Relativity&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=213&rft.pages=532&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=Steven+D.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Timothy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalesJohnson" class="citation journal cs1">Hales, Steven D.; Johnson, Timothy A. "Endurantism, Perdurantism, and Special Relativity". <i>The Philosophical Quarterly</i>. <b>53</b> (213): 535.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Endurantism%2C+Perdurantism%2C+and+Special+Relativity&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=213&rft.pages=535&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=Steven+D.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Timothy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeller2002" class="citation journal cs1">Teller, Paul (2002). "The Rotating Disc Argument and Humean Supervenience". <i>Analysis</i>. <b>62</b> (3): 206–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanalys%2F62.3.205">10.1093/analys/62.3.205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analysis&rft.atitle=The+Rotating+Disc+Argument+and+Humean+Supervenience&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=206-207&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanalys%2F62.3.205&rft.aulast=Teller&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, Judith Jarvis. "Parthood and Identity Across Time". <i>Journal of Philosophy</i>: 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Parthood+and+Identity+Across+Time&rft.pages=80&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Judith+Jarvis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuniz1971" class="citation book cs1">Muniz, Milton K., ed. (June 1971). <i>Identity and Individuation</i>. New York University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814753752" title="Special:BookSources/0814753752"><bdi>0814753752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Individuation&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1971-06&rft.isbn=0814753752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Inwagen1990" class="citation journal cs1">Van Inwagen, Peter (1990). "Four-Dimensional Objects". <i>Noûs</i>: 252–254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=No%C3%BBs&rft.atitle=Four-Dimensional+Objects&rft.pages=252-254&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Van+Inwagen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B-theory_of_time&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1978" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, M (1978). "Time-slices of particular continuants as basic individuals: An impossible ontology". <i>Philosophical Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 403–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00354208">10.1007/bf00354208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170267880">170267880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Studies&rft.atitle=Time-slices+of+particular+continuants+as+basic+individuals%3A+An+impossible+ontology&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=403-408&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00354208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170267880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">Craig, W.L.</a> (2001) <i>The Tensed Theory of Time: A Critical Examination</i>. Synthese Library.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">Craig, W.L.</a> (2000) <i>The Tenseless Theory of Time: A Critical Examination</i>. Synthese Library.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Davies, Paul</a> (1980) <i>Other Worlds</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lockwood_(philosopher)" title="Michael Lockwood (philosopher)">Michael Lockwood</a> <i>The Labyrinth of Time</i>, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 9780199249954.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcTaggart1908" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J.M.E._McTaggart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.M.E. McTaggart">McTaggart, J.M.E.</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1431815">"The Unreality of Time"</a>. <i>Mind</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 457–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2Fxvii.4.457">10.1093/mind/xvii.4.457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind&rft.atitle=The+Unreality+of+Time&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=457-73&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmind%2Fxvii.4.457&rft.aulast=McTaggart&rft.aufirst=J.M.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1431815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.M.E._McTaggart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.M.E. McTaggart">McTaggart, J.M.E.</a> (1927) <i>The Nature of Existence</i>, Vol II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mellor" title="Hugh Mellor">Mellor, D.H.</a> (1998) <i>Real Time II</i>. London: Routledge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.N._Prior" class="mw-redirect" title="A.N. Prior">Prior, A.N.</a> (2003) <i>Papers on Time and Tense</i>. New Edition by Per Hasle, Peter Øhrstrøm, Torben Braüner & Jack Copeland. Oxford: Clarendon.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam, H.</a> (2005). "A Philosopher Looks at Quantum Mechanics Again". <i>British Journal for the Philosophy of Science</i>. <b>56</b> (4): 615–634. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjps%2Faxi135">10.1093/bjps/axi135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+for+the+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=A+Philosopher+Looks+at+Quantum+Mechanics+Again&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=615-634&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbjps%2Faxi135&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB-theory+of+time" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine, W. V. O.</a> (1960) <i> Word and Object</i>, Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B-theory_of_time&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Markosian, Ned, 2002, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time/">Time</a>", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prior/">Arthur Prior</a>, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_topics" title="Template:Time topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_topics" title="Template talk:Time topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_time" title="Template:Philosophy of time"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_time" title="Template talk:Philosophy of time"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_time" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of time"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_time" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts in time</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">A priori and a posteriori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(philosophy)" title="Action (philosophy)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Eviternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_time" title="Imaginary time">Imaginary time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_time_dimensions" title="Multiple time dimensions">Multiple time dimensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporality" title="Temporality">Temporality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories of time</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-theory_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="A-theory of time">A-theory of time</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-dimensionalism" title="Four-dimensionalism">Four-dimensionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growing_block_universe" title="Growing block universe">Growing block universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">Etiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc ergo propter hoc">Post hoc ergo propter hoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Singular_Universe_and_the_Reality_of_Time" title="The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time">The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Experiment_with_Time" title="An Experiment with Time">An Experiment with Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B-theory_of_time&oldid=1254503250">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B-theory_of_time&oldid=1254503250</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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