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management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordnance_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_inefficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_inefficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 Operational inefficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operational_inefficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_resource_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_resource_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.6 Human resource management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_resource_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.7 Corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_of_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_of_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.8 Implementation of technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_of_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violent_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violent_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Violent crime </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Violent_crime-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Violent crime subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Violent_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Murder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Murder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Rape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicle_hijackings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle_hijackings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Vehicle hijackings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicle_hijackings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxi_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxi_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Taxi violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxi_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cash-in-transit_heists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cash-in-transit_heists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Cash-in-transit heists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cash-in-transit_heists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cash_point_robberies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cash_point_robberies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Cash point robberies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cash_point_robberies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farm_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farm_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Farm attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farm_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kidnapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kidnapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Kidnapping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kidnapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gang_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gang_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Gang violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gang_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xenophobic_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xenophobic_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Xenophobic violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xenophobic_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_and_property_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_and_property_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Financial and property crimes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Financial_and_property_crimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Financial and property crimes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Financial_and_property_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bank_and_credit_card_fraud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bank_and_credit_card_fraud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Bank and credit card fraud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bank_and_credit_card_fraud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residential_and_farm_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residential_and_farm_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Residential and farm land </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residential_and_farm_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_hijacking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_hijacking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Building hijacking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_hijacking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-competitive_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-competitive_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Anti-competitive practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-competitive_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asset_stripping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asset_stripping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Asset stripping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asset_stripping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pension_and_welfare_fraud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pension_and_welfare_fraud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Pension and welfare fraud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pension_and_welfare_fraud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confidence_tricks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confidence_tricks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Confidence tricks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confidence_tricks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment_and_fake_professional_scams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_and_fake_professional_scams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Employment and fake professional scams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_and_fake_professional_scams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Municipalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_servants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_servants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Public servants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_servants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large_parastatals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_parastatals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Large parastatals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_parastatals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Targeting_of_government_auditors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targeting_of_government_auditors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Targeting of government auditors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targeting_of_government_auditors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawyer_scams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawyer_scams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 Lawyer scams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawyer_scams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_scams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_scams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.14 COVID-19 scams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_scams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cybercrime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cybercrime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.15 Cybercrime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cybercrime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theft,_smuggling_and_vandalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theft,_smuggling_and_vandalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Theft, smuggling and vandalism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theft,_smuggling_and_vandalism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theft, smuggling and vandalism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theft,_smuggling_and_vandalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vehicle_thefts_or_scams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle_thefts_or_scams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Vehicle thefts or scams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicle_thefts_or_scams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Looting_of_railway_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Looting_of_railway_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Looting of railway infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Looting_of_railway_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Arson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explosives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explosives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Explosives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explosives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegal_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Illegal mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livestock_and_produce_theft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock_and_produce_theft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Livestock and produce theft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock_and_produce_theft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housebreaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housebreaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Housebreaking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housebreaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Municipal property </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_grid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_grid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Power grid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_grid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity_theft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_theft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Electricity theft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity_theft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_theft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_theft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Fuel theft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_theft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_plunder_and_vandalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_plunder_and_vandalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 School plunder and vandalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_plunder_and_vandalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_smuggling_and_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_smuggling_and_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13 Drug smuggling and consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_smuggling_and_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cigarette_smuggling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cigarette_smuggling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.14 Cigarette smuggling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cigarette_smuggling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_in_protected_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_in_protected_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.15 Trade in protected species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_in_protected_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.16 Cultural artifacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-border_crime_and_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-border_crime_and_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.17 Cross-border crime and corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-border_crime_and_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organised_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organised_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Organised crime </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organised_crime-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organised crime subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organised_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nigerian_mafia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigerian_mafia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Nigerian mafia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigerian_mafia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gated_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gated_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Gated communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gated_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_security_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_security_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Private security companies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_security_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Crime in South Africa</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" > 6 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الجريمة في جنوب إفريقيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجريمة في جنوب إفريقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminalit%C3%A9_en_Afrique_du_Sud" 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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://businesstech.co.za/news/trending/86568/eskom-lost-billions-to-electricity-syndicate/">https://businesstech.co.za/news/trending/86568/eskom-lost-billions-to-electricity-syndicate/</a> (refs: 390, 511) </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ewn.co.za/2020/10/24/woman-appears-in-court-for-defrauding-eskom-of-r300-00">https://ewn.co.za/2020/10/24/woman-appears-in-court-for-defrauding-eskom-of-r300-00</a> (refs: 391, 512) </li></ul></div> It is recommended to use <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#WP:NAMEDREFS" title="Help:Footnotes">named references</a> to consolidate citations that are used multiple times. (October 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Long-term_Murder_Rate_in_South_Africa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Long-term_Murder_Rate_in_South_Africa.png/220px-Long-term_Murder_Rate_in_South_Africa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Long-term_Murder_Rate_in_South_Africa.png/330px-Long-term_Murder_Rate_in_South_Africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Long-term_Murder_Rate_in_South_Africa.png/440px-Long-term_Murder_Rate_in_South_Africa.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A graph of South Africa's murder rate (annual murders per 100,000 people) spanning the century from 1915 to 2022. The murder rate increased rapidly towards the end of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>, reaching a peak in 1993. It then decreased until bottoming out at 30 per 100,000 in 2011, but steadily increased again to 41 per 100,000 in 2021 after a brief drop in 2020. More than 500,000 people have been murdered in South Africa since 1994.<a href="#cite_note-bus1a-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-africacheck_crime_2018-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-africacheck_crime_2019-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-statssa_pop_2020-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-statssa_pop_2021-6">[6]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smash_and_Grab_Hot_Spot,_Retreat_(South_Africa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Smash_and_Grab_Hot_Spot%2C_Retreat_%28South_Africa%29.jpg/220px-Smash_and_Grab_Hot_Spot%2C_Retreat_%28South_Africa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Smash_and_Grab_Hot_Spot%2C_Retreat_%28South_Africa%29.jpg/330px-Smash_and_Grab_Hot_Spot%2C_Retreat_%28South_Africa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Smash_and_Grab_Hot_Spot%2C_Retreat_%28South_Africa%29.jpg/440px-Smash_and_Grab_Hot_Spot%2C_Retreat_%28South_Africa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3272" data-file-height="2266" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Smash_and_grab" title="Smash and grab">Smash and grab</a> incidents are prevalent on South African roads.</figcaption></figure> Crime in South Africa includes all violent and non-violent <a href="/wiki/Crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes">crimes</a> that take place in the country of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, or otherwise within its <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>. When compared to other countries, South Africa has notably high rates of violent crime<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and has a reputation for consistently having one of the highest <a href="/wiki/Murder_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder rates">murder rates</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The country also experiences high rates of <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organised crime</a> relative to other countries.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> Crime levels have been attributed to poverty, problems with delivery of <a href="/wiki/Public_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Public services">public services</a>, and wealth disparity.<a href="#cite_note-felix1-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Security_Studies" title="Institute for Security Studies">Institute for Security Studies</a> also highlighted factors beyond poverty and <a href="/wiki/Inequality_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Inequality in post-apartheid South Africa">inequality</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Social_stress" title="Social stress">social stress</a> from uncaring environments in <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood" title="Early childhood">early childhood</a><a href="#cite_note-dav1-15">[15]</a> and subsequent lack of <a href="/wiki/Guardianship" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardianship">guardianship</a>. South Africa's high crime rates, <a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">recidivism</a> and overburdened <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal justice system">criminal justice system</a> have been described as a crisis<a href="#cite_note-nji2-16">[16]</a> which will require a radical rethink of <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">crime and punishment</a> in young people.<a href="#cite_note-ross1-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-bal3-18">[18]</a> In February 2007, the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation was contracted by the South African ANC government to carry out a study on the nature of crime in South Africa. The study pointed out different factors which contributed to high levels of violence.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Violent and non-violent crimes in South Africa have been ascribed to: <ul><li>The normalisation of violence. Violence is seen by many as a necessary and justified way of resolving conflict, and some men believe that coercive sexual behaviour towards women is legitimate.</li> <li>A subculture of violence and criminality, ranging from individual criminals who rape or rob, to informal groups or more formalised gangs. Those involved in the subculture are engaged in criminal careers<a href="#cite_note-low-20">[20]</a> and commonly use firearms, with the exception of Cape Town; where knife violence is more prevalent. Credibility within this subculture is related to the readiness to resort to extreme violence.</li> <li>The vulnerability of young people due to inadequate child-rearing, followed by poor guardianship and youth socialisation. Due to poverty and deprivation, unstable living arrangements and inconsistent parenting,<a href="#cite_note-low-20">[20]</a> some South African children are exposed to <a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">risk factors</a> which increase their chances of becoming involved in criminality and violence.</li> <li>High levels of inequality, poverty, unemployment, social exclusion and marginalisation.</li> <li>The consumption and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">abuse of alcohol</a> is a demonstrable cause or contributing factor in many violent crimes including murder, attempted murder, assault,<a href="#cite_note-isa3-21">[21]</a> gender-based assault and rape cases. These incidents regularly occur in or directly outside bars, <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">taverns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shebeen" title="Shebeen">shebeens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ns3-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-daw1-24">[24]</a> In addition many South Africans, including on-duty policemen,<a href="#cite_note-afm1-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-car1-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-kp1-27">[27]</a> are arrested for <a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving" title="Drunk driving">drinking and driving</a>,<a href="#cite_note-iolm1-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-mm3-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-ml3-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-com2-31">[31]</a> a crime which is linked to 27% of fatal <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">road accidents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iolm2-32">[32]</a></li> <li>In traditional African culture, cattle theft from rival tribes served an important social and cultural function within chiefdoms, and was considered a rite of passage for young warriors.<a href="#cite_note-kin2-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-bei1-34">[34]</a></li> <li>Tax profitability of crimes such as <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a>, tender fraud and <a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">state capture</a>, besides <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Value_added_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value added tax">VAT</a> fraud itself, due to the alleged inefficiency and lack of procedural measures at <a href="/wiki/South_African_Revenue_Service" title="South African Revenue Service">SARS</a>, the priorities of which are geared towards cooperative and law-abiding citizens.<a href="#cite_note-mer1-35">[35]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> The country relies on a criminal justice system that is mired in many issues, including inefficiency, corruption and internal polarisation.<a href="#cite_note-bur1-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-cor3-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organization_and_finances">Organization and finances</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organization and finances">edit</a>]</div> In 2020 the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Security_Studies" title="Institute for Security Studies">Institute for Security Studies</a> pointed out that the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">SAPS</a> proceeded from crisis to crisis, had not implemented the proposals for effective policing outlined in the <a href="/wiki/National_Development_Plan_2030" title="National Development Plan 2030">National Development Plan</a> of 2012, and had inept and poorly skilled personnel in top posts.<a href="#cite_note-lp1-38">[38]</a> Following 2019's gang violence and <a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_unrest" title="2021 South African unrest">2021's unrest</a> it was pointed out that the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">military</a> is increasingly deployed to assist with policing tasks for which it is poorly suited or equipped, while the manifestly dysfunctional policing infrastructure is not attended to.<a href="#cite_note-oli1-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-nji3-40">[40]</a> The SAPS announced a streamlining of its organizational and top structure in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-cc4-41">[41]</a> following major restructuring in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-mt1-42">[42]</a> The SAPS got qualified audits for the years 2016/17 through 2019/20, as audit requirements for purchases, contracts, prevention of irregular expenses and quality of financial statements were not upheld.<a href="#cite_note-lp1-38">[38]</a> Irregular expenditure amounted to R33 million in 2017/18, a massive R996 million in 2018/19<a href="#cite_note-mt2-43">[43]</a> and R452 million in 2019/20, excluding fruitless and wasteful expenditure<a href="#cite_note-iol7-44">[44]</a> and expenses incurred due to civil actions against it, which in 2019/20 amounted to R522 million.<a href="#cite_note-lp1-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Police_stations">Police stations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Police stations">edit</a>]</div> Some police stations are distant from the communities they serve, while others become overburdened in precincts that experience rapid urbanization.<a href="#cite_note-kal1-45">[45]</a> Some stations are closed at night due to staffing issues and lack of available officers.<a href="#cite_note-mol7-46">[46]</a> In many instances police officers work long hours out of under-resourced stations which may lack basic office equipment like a photocopier or a fax machine, while the only landline telephone may be busy.<a href="#cite_note-thamm2-47">[47]</a> Office electricity may be cut for non-payment,<a href="#cite_note-pij2-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-ger2-49">[49]</a> or office buildings may be closed due to rent defaults.<a href="#cite_note-han1-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">SAPS</a> officers are often deployed in life-threatening situations,<a href="#cite_note-dm1-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-per3-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-kub1-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-com3-54">[54]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ngcobo_Police_Killings" title="Ngcobo Police Killings">Ngcobo killings</a> of 2018 highlighted security at police stations.<a href="#cite_note-ndl2-55">[55]</a> After additional attacks on police stations in the Western Cape, Northern Cape, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and North West, <a href="/wiki/South_African_Policing_Union" title="South African Policing Union">SAPU</a> suggested that these crimes be considered acts of treason.<a href="#cite_note-mcc1-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Logistics">Logistics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Logistics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Out_of_order_Gauteng_police_vehicles,_November_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Out_of_order_Gauteng_police_vehicles%2C_November_2020.png/310px-Out_of_order_Gauteng_police_vehicles%2C_November_2020.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Out_of_order_Gauteng_police_vehicles%2C_November_2020.png/465px-Out_of_order_Gauteng_police_vehicles%2C_November_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Out_of_order_Gauteng_police_vehicles%2C_November_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Police vehicles awaiting repairs at selected police stations in <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> – the top 5 in terms of reported contact crimes in their precincts.<a href="#cite_note-ajvr1-57">[57]</a> By April 2021 almost 27% of Gauteng's fleet was awaiting repairs<a href="#cite_note-moa1-58">[58]</a> which only commenced after 3 months due to the backlog. By February 2022 there were 1,169 out-of-service police vehicles in Gauteng, not counting those stolen from stations,<a href="#cite_note-mar7-59">[59]</a> which affected visible policing, detective services and support.<a href="#cite_note-wee1-60">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> Of 5,781 police vehicles in Gauteng, 1,407 or almost a quarter were out of order in 2020, which negatively affected reaction times and visible policing.<a href="#cite_note-ajvr1-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-iol6-61">[61]</a> Three to four detectives rely on a single vehicle, meaning that detectives have to share with a colleague to visit a crime scene. Poor quality infrastructure prevented the conversion of paper dockets to an e-docket system,<a href="#cite_note-mt2-43">[43]</a> while its PCEM, FPS and VA-AMIS systems,<a href="#cite_note-pil1-62">[62]</a> acquired from FDA to keep tabs on case evidence and firearms, functioned only intermittently from 2018 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-cor3-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-maq1-63">[63]</a> From 2018 to 2020, funds were insufficient to supply service members with new uniforms,<a href="#cite_note-lp1-38">[38]</a> though some were found in the possession of blue light hijackers and other armed robbers.<a href="#cite_note-vh1-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-luh3-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-sim4-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-abr1-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_vest" title="Bulletproof vest">Bulletproof vests</a> were likewise in short supply.<a href="#cite_note-cor3-37">[37]</a> By 2020 some <a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">toxicological reports</a> of the SAPS were lagging by as much as a decade,<a href="#cite_note-lp1-38">[38]</a> while the number of unprocessed DNA samples at the National Forensic Science Laboratories (NFSL) reached a backlog of 117,000 due to mismanagement of the supply chain process.<a href="#cite_note-mz2-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-cc3-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-maq1-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ordnance_management">Ordnance management</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ordnance management">edit</a>]</div> Ordnance is regularly stolen from the security forces<a href="#cite_note-bat3-70">[70]</a> or security firms,<a href="#cite_note-mm5-71">[71]</a> and it is feared that these may be used in other crimes.<a href="#cite_note-sar20190405-72">[72]</a> The July 2019 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UNODC</a> report highlighted a surge in the availability of illegal firearms, including hundreds which are diverted from SAPS custody by corrupt officials, particularly to gangs.<a href="#cite_note-gib1-73">[73]</a> From 2010 to 2015 two SAPS colonels sold 5,000 police firearms worth R9 million to gangs in the Western Cape,<a href="#cite_note-mt2-43">[43]</a> and in 2022 two members of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Johannesburg_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality">JMPD</a> were arrested for allegedly supplying criminals with <a href="/wiki/Vektor_R4" title="Vektor R4">R5</a> ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-Iav1-74">[74]</a> Firearms stolen from, or lost by, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">SANDF</a> during the period 2017–2020 include 57 <a href="/wiki/Vektor_R4" title="Vektor R4">R4 or R5</a> rifles, 10 <a href="/wiki/Vektor_SP1" title="Vektor SP1">Z88 pistols</a>, five <a href="/wiki/Beretta_92" title="Beretta 92">Beretta pistols</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Star_Model_BM" title="Star Model BM">Star pistols</a>, a pair of <a href="/wiki/SIG_Sauer" title="SIG Sauer">SIG Sauer</a> pistols, and one <a href="/wiki/Glock_Ges.m.b.H." title="Glock Ges.m.b.H.">Glock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vektor_CP1" title="Vektor CP1">Vector</a> handgun each. Ammunition stolen from, or lost by, the SANDF during the same period are 7,618 rounds of <a href="/wiki/5.56%C3%9745mm_NATO#South_Africa" title="5.56×45mm NATO">5.56mm</a> ammunition, 340 rounds of <a href="/wiki/5.45%C3%9739mm" title="5.45×39mm">5.45mm</a> and <a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9751mm_NATO" title="7.62×51mm NATO">7.62mm</a> ammunition for <a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">light machine guns</a> (LMGs) and <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifles</a>, besides some <a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm_Parabellum" title="9×19mm Parabellum">9mm</a> and <a href="/wiki/.50_BMG" title=".50 BMG">12.7mm</a> ammunition, a <a href="/wiki/Stun_grenade" title="Stun grenade">stun grenade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smoke_grenade" title="Smoke grenade">smoke grenade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dw1-75">[75]</a> As of 2021 the fire arms register was dysfunctional and the SAPS did not know to which officers arms were issued.<a href="#cite_note-cor3-37">[37]</a> Fire arms licensing, licensing renewals and amnesty applications are subject to red tape, inefficiency and backlogs until envisaged online procedures replace the CFR.<a href="#cite_note-ger1-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operational_inefficiency">Operational inefficiency</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Operational inefficiency">edit</a>]</div> When suspects are apprehended, the police lack experience to prepare a thorough <a href="/wiki/Prima_facie" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a> case,<a href="#cite_note-hey3-77">[77]</a> leaving the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) powerless to institute legal proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-pri1-78">[78]</a> This results in very low conviction rates of serious crimes. Only 2% of vehicle hijackings, 2% of robberies of either residential or commercial premises, 9% of sexual offences (5% of adult rape and 9% of child rape cases<a href="#cite_note-sal1-79">[79]</a>) result in convictions. As of 2020 less than 20% of murder investigations would result in a trial date being set,<a href="#cite_note-myn1-80">[80]</a> down from 31% in 2010/11.<a href="#cite_note-leg1-81">[81]</a> Cooperation between the SAPS and private prosecution initiatives have been effective in stalled cases.<a href="#cite_note-afr1-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-smi2-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human_resource_management">Human resource management</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Human resource management">edit</a>]</div> While South Africa had one police officer to 250 members of the public in 2010, this ratio declined to one to 450 in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-mol7-46">[46]</a> The force dedicated to rail network policing was reduced by some 6,000 between 1986 and 2010, which exposed the network to train arson attacks<a href="#cite_note-cor2-84">[84]</a> and widespread looting of infrastructure. Mass recruitment of poorly skilled applicants occurs, and some of these are trained at substandard facilities.<a href="#cite_note-nan1-85">[85]</a> In what is seen as a culture of non-liability, very few police personnel are being expelled from the service.<a href="#cite_note-lp1-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-mit1-86">[86]</a> Instead disciplinary hearings have declined greatly in frequency, skilled recruits are not sensibly deployed, and from 2018 to 2019, 22% of officers received promotions without regard to their performance.<a href="#cite_note-leg1-81">[81]</a> The SAPS's very understaffed<a href="#cite_note-lp1-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crime_Intelligence_Division" title="Crime Intelligence Division">Crime Intelligence Division</a> was at times effective, but also subject to enduring power struggles during which effective members were sidelined.<a href="#cite_note-mt2-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-mt1-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-dol1-87">[87]</a> Effective control of <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a> used in various crimes is only achieved by joint investigation task teams that engage in collaborative operations. The SAPS's capacity and resource constraints however, besides a lack of intelligence sharing with border control officials and poor internal, inter-departmental collaboration, hamper their execution of operations in this specialized area.<a href="#cite_note-chel1-88">[88]</a> Budget cuts in training and explosive consumables for detectives and prosecutors fundamentally constrain the SAPS's operating ability, and as of 2018–2021, SAPS staff was not receiving any refresher courses.<a href="#cite_note-chel1-88">[88]</a> Some economic crimes go undetected, while the imposed penalties amount to little deterrence.<a href="#cite_note-myn1-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-har-89">[89]</a> Meaningful enforcement would require specialist detectives in dedicated investigative departments.<a href="#cite_note-har-89">[89]</a> From 2020 to 2023, 10111 emergency response centres of all provinces were severely understaffed, resulting in millions of calls being dropped annually.<a href="#cite_note-mak1-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corruption">Corruption</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Corruption">edit</a>]</div> A 2019 survey by <a href="/wiki/Global_Corruption_Barometer" title="Global Corruption Barometer">Global Corruption Barometer</a> Africa suggested that the SAPS is seen as the most corrupt institution in the country.<a href="#cite_note-manya-91">[91]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Whitfield_(politician)" title="Andrew Whitfield (politician)">Andrew Whitfield</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">DA</a> described the SAPS as "rotten to the core", and proposed the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">parliamentary</a> ad hoc committee to investigate SAPS corruption.<a href="#cite_note-gm1-92">[92]</a> Many SAPS officers accept bribes from the criminal underworld, especially when their superiors and seniors are visibly on the take.<a href="#cite_note-thamm2-47">[47]</a> Officers of various ranks have been implicated in forms of corruption which involves fraud, <a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">blackmail</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mla4-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-tlo2-94">[94]</a> assisting the escape of prisoners, or the irregular awarding of contracts. As of 2020, 286 corruption cases involving 564 police officers were pending.<a href="#cite_note-ana1-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-bisa1-96">[96]</a> The Criminal Justice Budget was subject to plunder by corrupt police officials at least during the period from 1997 to 2017.<a href="#cite_note-thamm2-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-thamm1-97">[97]</a> The massive inside job involved over 20 persons in the SAPS's top brass,<a href="#cite_note-thamm3-98">[98]</a> and probes into these activities necessitated the discontinuation of some essential policing services.<a href="#cite_note-thamm4-99">[99]</a> Contraventions of the Disaster Management Act, and over R1 billion of allegedly irregular transfers of COVID-19 relief funds have been tied to SAPS officials,<a href="#cite_note-gm1-92">[92]</a> while others were dismissed (but not convicted) for alleged corrupt branding and outsourcing practices involving the police vehicle fleet.<a href="#cite_note-iol9-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-phe1-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-mas3-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implementation_of_technology">Implementation of technology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Implementation of technology">edit</a>]</div> Implementation of <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drone</a> technology in urban centers and <a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">informal settlements</a> is seen as an effective and cost-saving crime-fighting tool. The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Cape_Town" title="City of Cape Town">City of Cape Town</a> was first to invest in it, but licensing applications submitted to <a href="/wiki/South_African_Civil_Aviation_Authority" title="South African Civil Aviation Authority">SACAA</a> may take up to two years to be processed.<a href="#cite_note-cab1-103">[103]</a> From 2016 to 2019 Cape Town invested millions in ShotSpotter, a technology which allowed authorities to pinpoint the source of gunfire. Its implementation did not result in a reduction in murders, and its use was discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-wag1-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violent_crime">Violent crime</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Violent crime">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chan%C3%A9lle_Henning,_roadside_memorial_in_Pretoria,_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Chan%C3%A9lle_Henning%2C_roadside_memorial_in_Pretoria%2C_a.jpg/220px-Chan%C3%A9lle_Henning%2C_roadside_memorial_in_Pretoria%2C_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Chan%C3%A9lle_Henning%2C_roadside_memorial_in_Pretoria%2C_a.jpg/330px-Chan%C3%A9lle_Henning%2C_roadside_memorial_in_Pretoria%2C_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Chan%C3%A9lle_Henning%2C_roadside_memorial_in_Pretoria%2C_a.jpg/440px-Chan%C3%A9lle_Henning%2C_roadside_memorial_in_Pretoria%2C_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2168" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roadside_memorial" title="Roadside memorial">Roadside memorial</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Drive-by_shooting" title="Drive-by shooting">drive-by shooting</a> victim in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></figcaption></figure> South Africa has exceptionally high rates of murder, gender-based violence, robbery and violent conflict.<a href="#cite_note-bru1-105">[105]</a> A survey for the period 1990–2000 compiled by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> ranked South Africa second for assault and murder (by all means) per capita and first for rapes per capita in a data set of 60 countries.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Total crime per capita was 10th out of the 60 countries in the dataset.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interregional_Crime_and_Justice_Research_Institute" title="United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute">United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute</a> have conducted research<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> on the victims of crime which shows the picture of South African crime as more typical of a developing country. According to <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">SAPS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistics_South_Africa" title="Statistics South Africa">SSA</a> statistics, the rate of increase in violent crimes committed in South Africa (2016-2020) was slowing down,<a href="#cite_note-stats2016-109">[109]</a> but up to 2019/20, the incidence of this crime category was usually growing year on year.<a href="#cite_note-bc1-110">[110]</a> In April 2022, <a href="/wiki/Numbeo" title="Numbeo">Numbeo</a> found that 5 of the top 20 most dangerous cities in the world were in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In 2023 the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Economics_and_Peace" title="Institute for Economics and Peace">IEP</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a> ranked South Africa 130th out of 163 nations (32nd out of 44 in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>) in terms of peacefulness, and the cost of violence was estimated at R3.30 trillion ($176.49 billion) in 2022, or 15% of the country’s GDP.<a href="#cite_note-nee1-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder">Murder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Murder">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murder_rate_in_South_Africa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Murder_rate_in_South_Africa.png/260px-Murder_rate_in_South_Africa.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Murder_rate_in_South_Africa.png/390px-Murder_rate_in_South_Africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Murder_rate_in_South_Africa.png/520px-Murder_rate_in_South_Africa.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Murder rate in South Africa (see table for source data and references)</figcaption></figure> During the last 3 months of 2023, around 85 people were murdered in South Africa every day.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The murder rate increased rapidly in the late-1980s and early-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In 2001, a South African was more likely to be murdered than die in a car crash,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> but the murder rate halved between 1994 and 2009 from 67 to 34 murders per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Between 2011 and 2015, it stabilised to around 32 homicides per 100,000 people although the total number of lives lost had increased due to the increase in population.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-119">[119]</a> In the 2016/17 year, the rate of murders increased to 52 a day, with 19,016 murders recorded between April 2016 to March 2017.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In 2022, the murder rate was 45,53 per 100,000 people, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate#By_country,_region,_or_dependent_territory" title="List of countries by intentional homicide rate">fourth highest</a> in the world, according to <a href="/wiki/UNODC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNODC">UNODC</a> reports.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> and <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> provinces have the highest murder rates in the country.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> South Africa has four cities (<a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson Mandela Bay">Nelson Mandela Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>) included in the top 50 most dangerous cities (defined as cities with a population over 300,000 with the highest murder rates, as reported by The Citizen Council for Public Security and Criminal Justice, a Mexican advocacy group, in its 2023/2024 ranking).<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Against the background of volatile gang activity, fatalities of innocent bystanders caught in their crossfire have also risen sharply.<a href="#cite_note-hey4-124">[124]</a> Mob justice is regularly meted out in informal settlements where the police are mistrusted and frustration with high crime levels runs high.<a href="#cite_note-pet1-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-mke1-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-fis3-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-isa5-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-isa6-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-gwe1-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-mok4-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-van2-132">[132]</a> Country-wide some 1,350 murders were ascribed to vigilantism and mob justice during the 2020/21 financial year.<a href="#cite_note-lud3-133">[133]</a> Fatal <a href="/wiki/Drive-by_shooting" title="Drive-by shooting">drive-by shootings</a> with either known or unclear motives occur regularly.<a href="#cite_note-kub1-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-jmm1-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-pat1-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-mas5-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-tsh1-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-sib1-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-sabc1-139">[139]</a> In September 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Nigerian president</a> boycotted the Africa Economy Summit in Cape Town because of the riots against foreigners that left many dead.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">Paramedics</a> and police often have to enter unsafe environments in order to assist shooting victims,<a href="#cite_note-goba1-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-gea1-142">[142]</a> and some paramedics have started wearing bulletproof vests.<a href="#cite_note-ada1-143">[143]</a> Cape Town's paramedics experienced few if any attacks during the 1990s, but 288 attacks in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-gea2-144">[144]</a> 22 attacks in 2019, some 68 attacks in 2020<a href="#cite_note-ada1-143">[143]</a> and over 60 attacks in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-hla-145">[145]</a> On-duty nurses have been murdered, prompting the <a href="/wiki/Public_Servants_Association_of_South_Africa" title="Public Servants Association of South Africa">PSA</a> to call for stricter security at health facilities.<a href="#cite_note-boo1-146">[146]</a> Women accused of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> are murdered at regular intervals,<a href="#cite_note-sob1-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-pal1-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-kho1-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-bal1-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-nkg1-151">[151]</a> a trend which is associated with poverty and illiteracy.<a href="#cite_note-mee1-152">[152]</a> As muggings have claimed the lives of many, the courts impose maximum sentences.<a href="#cite_note-com4-153">[153]</a> There have been numerous press reports on the manipulation of crime statistics that have highlighted the existence of incentives not to record violent crime.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Nonetheless, murder statistics for adults are considered accurate.<a href="#cite_note-econ-scp-155">[155]</a> It is believed that 800 to 900 children are murdered annually, but a 2014 study found that child homicide is substantially under-reported in police statistics. Deaths of newborns due to abandonment or murder<a href="#cite_note-mar5-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-mar4-157">[157]</a> are filed as "concealment of birth" by the police, which contributes to an oversight in official statistics.<a href="#cite_note-gre1-158">[158]</a> The number of <a href="/wiki/Frailty_syndrome" title="Frailty syndrome">frail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">handicapped</a> patients that die at <a href="/wiki/Residential_care" title="Residential care">residential care</a> facilities due to <a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">criminal neglect</a> is unknown,<a href="#cite_note-per1-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-clo2-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-kub2-161">[161]</a> but is ascribed to a pattern of abuse which is widespread and under-reported.<a href="#cite_note-bat2-162">[162]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:right;"> <caption class="nowrap">Homicides per 100,000 for reporting periods that commence in April of the listed year and end in March:<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-sacrime-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-africacheck_crime_2018-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-africacheck_crime_2019-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-statssa_pop_2020-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-statssa_pop_2021-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-statssa_pop_2022-167">[167]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Reporting period </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Free_State_(South_African_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State (South African province)">Free State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kwazulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwazulu-Natal">Kwazulu-Natal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> </th> <th>South Africa </th></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td>22.2 </td> <td>37.6 </td> <td>37.5 </td> <td>69.5 </td> <td>83.1 </td> <td>50.6 </td> <td>95.0 </td> <td>71.5 </td> <td>76.8 </td> <td>66.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>19.8 </td> <td>44.5 </td> <td>43.6 </td> <td>83.9 </td> <td>81.3 </td> <td>54.0 </td> <td>92.5 </td> <td>83.9 </td> <td>73.4 </td> <td>67.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td>19.0 </td> <td>46.7 </td> <td>50.0 </td> <td>70.3 </td> <td>76.6 </td> <td>50.7 </td> <td>76.4 </td> <td>79.4 </td> <td>70.4 </td> <td>62.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td>19.3 </td> <td>38.9 </td> <td>42.8 </td> <td>64.7 </td> <td>78.2 </td> <td>46.1 </td> <td>72.9 </td> <td>80.6 </td> <td>61.5 </td> <td>59.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td>18.4 </td> <td>40.9 </td> <td>39.7 </td> <td>70.4 </td> <td>77.5 </td> <td>43.3 </td> <td>75.1 </td> <td>86.9 </td> <td>59.6 </td> <td>59.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td>15.3 </td> <td>31.6 </td> <td>35.6 </td> <td>58.4 </td> <td>64.6 </td> <td>38.6 </td> <td>67.7 </td> <td>77.0 </td> <td>56.2 </td> <td>52.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>14.6 </td> <td>30.2 </td> <td>32.0 </td> <td>55.6 </td> <td>63.1 </td> <td>33.9 </td> <td>61.4 </td> <td>84.0 </td> <td>50.7 </td> <td>49.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>16.1 </td> <td>30.2 </td> <td>29.6 </td> <td>54.8 </td> <td>54.1 </td> <td>34.2 </td> <td>57.0 </td> <td>76.2 </td> <td>55.2 </td> <td>47.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>13.2 </td> <td>30.7 </td> <td>33.1 </td> <td>52.7 </td> <td>53.3 </td> <td>35.2 </td> <td>56.5 </td> <td>79.5 </td> <td>52.1 </td> <td>47.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>12.9 </td> <td>25.9 </td> <td>30.4 </td> <td>40.4 </td> <td>48.8 </td> <td>30.5 </td> <td>53.9 </td> <td>63.1 </td> <td>48.6 </td> <td>42.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>13.8 </td> <td>23.9 </td> <td>31.9 </td> <td>38.1 </td> <td>41.6 </td> <td>30.7 </td> <td>51.1 </td> <td>58.7 </td> <td>48.6 </td> <td>40.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>12.9 </td> <td>22.8 </td> <td>25.4 </td> <td>36.4 </td> <td>38.8 </td> <td>29.5 </td> <td>49.9 </td> <td>59.2 </td> <td>53.2 </td> <td>39.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>13.9 </td> <td>24.4 </td> <td>24.8 </td> <td>38.1 </td> <td>40.8 </td> <td>32.2 </td> <td>50.4 </td> <td>60.7 </td> <td>52.6 </td> <td>40.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>12.9 </td> <td>24.3 </td> <td>23.6 </td> <td>38.3 </td> <td>38.9 </td> <td>29.7 </td> <td>47.0 </td> <td>58.6 </td> <td>51.1 </td> <td>38.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>14.2 </td> <td>25.5 </td> <td>23.3 </td> <td>37.5 </td> <td>34.6 </td> <td>33.3 </td> <td>46.9 </td> <td>43.3 </td> <td>50.2 </td> <td>36.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>14.3 </td> <td>21.8 </td> <td>22.2 </td> <td>33.8 </td> <td>29.3 </td> <td>33.1 </td> <td>41.3 </td> <td>41.1 </td> <td>49.6 </td> <td>33.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>12.4 </td> <td>21.6 </td> <td>18.1 </td> <td>30.3 </td> <td>27.1 </td> <td>35.0 </td> <td>36.3 </td> <td>40.9 </td> <td>49.1 </td> <td>31.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>13.6 </td> <td>22.8 </td> <td>18.0 </td> <td>32.3 </td> <td>24.4 </td> <td>34.7 </td> <td>32.9 </td> <td>39.8 </td> <td>50.5 </td> <td>30.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>12.8 </td> <td>24.4 </td> <td>16.9 </td> <td>36.0 </td> <td>23.7 </td> <td>36.8 </td> <td>34.5 </td> <td>43.7 </td> <td>51.5 </td> <td>30.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>13.2 </td> <td>22.8 </td> <td>19.4 </td> <td>37.7 </td> <td>25.7 </td> <td>33.8 </td> <td>34.1 </td> <td>48.3 </td> <td>53.1 </td> <td>31.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>13.9 </td> <td>23.2 </td> <td>19.6 </td> <td>35.2 </td> <td>27.6 </td> <td>33.6 </td> <td>35.5 </td> <td>51.9 </td> <td>51.2 </td> <td>32.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>15.9 </td> <td>24.2 </td> <td>19.9 </td> <td>31.3 </td> <td>28.2 </td> <td>35.1 </td> <td>36.2 </td> <td>51.4 </td> <td>56.3 </td> <td>34.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>14.2 </td> <td>23.7 </td> <td>21.8 </td> <td>28.6 </td> <td>29.3 </td> <td>33.3 </td> <td>36.6 </td> <td>51.7 </td> <td>55.9 </td> <td>34.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>15.7 </td> <td>24.5 </td> <td>20.7 </td> <td>27.9 </td> <td>29.5 </td> <td>36.7 </td> <td>39.4 </td> <td>57.0 </td> <td>58.7 </td> <td>35.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>15.6 </td> <td>24.4 </td> <td>21.9 </td> <td>26.1 </td> <td>30.5 </td> <td>34.5 </td> <td>39.1 </td> <td>59.4 </td> <td>60.9 </td> <td>36.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>14.8 </td> <td>21.5 </td> <td>22.6 </td> <td>26.1 </td> <td>30.1 </td> <td>32.1 </td> <td>42.6 </td> <td>58.2 </td> <td>59.5 </td> <td>36.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>12.3 </td> <td>17.9 </td> <td>20.0 </td> <td>22.2 </td> <td>28.5 </td> <td>26.3 </td> <td>41.8 </td> <td>54.9 </td> <td>55.1 </td> <td>33.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>16.8 </td> <td>24.5 </td> <td>25.1 </td> <td>27.8 </td> <td>33.1 </td> <td>34.7 </td> <td>55.6 </td> <td>57.3 </td> <td>65.4 </td> <td>41.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>16.9 </td> <td>26.7 </td> <td>28.1 </td> <td>29.9 </td> <td>33.0 </td> <td>39.4 </td> <td>56.8 </td> <td>59.7 </td> <td>76.5 </td> <td>45.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rape">Rape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rape">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">Sexual violence in South Africa</a></div> The country has one of the highest rates of <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> in the world, with some 65,000 rapes and other sexual assaults reported for the year ending in March 2012, or 127.6 per 100,000 people in the country.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The high incidence of rape has led to the country being referred to as the "rape capital of the world",<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> but this assertion might not be supported by facts.<a href="#cite_note-sta1-171">[171]</a> One in three of the 4,000 women questioned by the Community of Information, Empowerment and Transparency said they had been raped in the past year.<a href="#cite_note-bbc1-172">[172]</a> More than 25% of South African men questioned in a survey published by the Medical Research Council (MRC) in June 2009 admitted to rape; of those, nearly half said they had raped more than one person.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-smi1-174">[174]</a> Three out of four of those who had admitted rape indicated that they had attacked for the first time during their teenage years.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2-173">[173]</a> South Africa has amongst the highest incidence of child and infant rape in the world,<a href="#cite_note-time-175">[175]</a> and sexual violence remains a scourge at day care facilities, schools, colleges, universities<a href="#cite_note-bc1-110">[110]</a> and churches.<a href="#cite_note-com1-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-sing1-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-sif1-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-mar2-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-ven1-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-luh1-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-ryk1-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-fra2-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory rape</a> is evidently common with almost 700 births recorded during 2020 where the mother was 9 or 10 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-bhe2-184">[184]</a> A sexual misconduct unit is envisaged for the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">SANDF</a>, which has convicted and fired a number of soldiers for sexual assault.<a href="#cite_note-zz1-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicle_hijackings">Vehicle hijackings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vehicle hijackings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hijacking_Hotspot,_R511_in_Gauteng_(South_Africa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hijacking_Hotspot%2C_R511_in_Gauteng_%28South_Africa%29.jpg/220px-Hijacking_Hotspot%2C_R511_in_Gauteng_%28South_Africa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hijacking_Hotspot%2C_R511_in_Gauteng_%28South_Africa%29.jpg/330px-Hijacking_Hotspot%2C_R511_in_Gauteng_%28South_Africa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hijacking_Hotspot%2C_R511_in_Gauteng_%28South_Africa%29.jpg/440px-Hijacking_Hotspot%2C_R511_in_Gauteng_%28South_Africa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Carjacking" title="Carjacking">Hijacking</a> Hotspot" warning sign, R511 in <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></figcaption></figure> South Africa has a high record of <a href="/wiki/Carjacking" title="Carjacking">carjacking</a> when compared with other industrialised countries.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Insurance company <a href="/wiki/Hollard_Group" title="Hollard Group">Hollard Insurance</a> stated in 2007 that they would no longer insure <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Citi_Golf" title="Volkswagen Citi Golf">Volkswagen Citi Golfs</a>, as they were one of the country's most frequently carjacked vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Certain high-risk areas<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> are marked with road signs indicating a high incidence of carjackings within the locality.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Smash-and-grab robbers or opportunist vagrants target slow-moving traffic in cities, cars at filling stations or motorists that have become stranded beside highways.<a href="#cite_note-tn-190">[190]</a> More brazen robbers may resort to throwing rocks, petrol bombs or wet cement at vehicles to bring them to a standstill, or may drop rocks from <a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">overpasses</a>. Various debris like spikes,<a href="#cite_note-mol4-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-lou1-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-vdm1-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-mza1-194">[194]</a> concrete slabs, tyres or rocks are also placed on roadways, or a car may be tapped or bumped to induce the driver to leave the vehicle. So-called "blue light gangs" have been active in Gauteng since 2018,<a href="#cite_note-karr1-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-pij1-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-flw1-197">[197]</a> who employ vehicles fitted with blue lights and sirens, and wear police apparel to convince motorists or truckers to cooperate. Criminals also target freight trucks, courier vehicles and the lucrative goods that are transported in them.<a href="#cite_note-bt3-198">[198]</a> A blue light gang may induce a truck driver to stop, or criminals in unmarked vehicles may pull up along the truck to convince the driver that something is wrong with the tires or load. If the driver stops he is boxed in and abducted.<a href="#cite_note-flw1-197">[197]</a> 1,202 cases of truck hijacking were reported to the SAPS in 2019/20.<a href="#cite_note-gnsb1-199">[199]</a> Bus drivers are often the targets of attacks, and some of these are ascribed to a campaign of violence by a taxi mafia.<a href="#cite_note-cru2-200">[200]</a> The attacks include about a dozen shootings a month, besides stonings and other acts of intimidation directed at bus drivers or their passengers. Preventive police operations on <a href="/wiki/N1_(South_Africa)" title="N1 (South Africa)">N1</a>, <a href="/wiki/N2_(South_Africa)" title="N2 (South Africa)">N2</a>, <a href="/wiki/N7_(South_Africa)" title="N7 (South Africa)">N7</a>, <a href="/wiki/R300_(South_Africa)" title="R300 (South Africa)">R300</a>, M9 and <a href="/wiki/R102_(South_Africa)" title="R102 (South Africa)">R102</a> highways are aimed at reducing crime on these roads,<a href="#cite_note-iol1-201">[201]</a> and Durban Metro Police has established a street crime unit that will attend to attacks on motorists in the city.<a href="#cite_note-sar20190312-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxi_violence">Taxi violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Taxi violence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taxi_wars_in_South_Africa" title="Taxi wars in South Africa">Taxi wars in South Africa</a></div> South African taxi operators regularly engage in turf wars to control lucrative routes.<a href="#cite_note-pal2-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-lud1-204">[204]</a> A high number of murders of taxi owners or drivers have not resulted in either arrests or successful prosecutions,<a href="#cite_note-shiv-205">[205]</a> and this has been blamed on vested interests of police officials. In 2021 the SAPS assembled a dedicated detective team to investigate a surge in these crimes in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isa2-206">[206]</a> A private bus operator in the province has however won consecutive cases against the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Executive Council of the Western Cape">MEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service#List_of_former_National_Commissioners" title="South African Police Service">national police commissioners</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fikile_Mbalula" title="Fikile Mbalula">Department of Transport</a> for their failures in protecting it from attacks following its rejection of extortion demands from the taxi mafia.<a href="#cite_note-di1-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cash-in-transit_heists">Cash-in-transit heists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cash-in-transit heists">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cash-in-transit" title="Cash-in-transit">Cash-in-transit</a> (CIT) heists have at times reached epidemic proportions in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-ab-208">[208]</a> These are well-planned operations with military-style execution,<a href="#cite_note-csir-209">[209]</a> where the robbers use stolen luxury vehicles and high-powered automatic firearms<a href="#cite_note-smil-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-sim2-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-hos1-212">[212]</a> to bring the armoured car to a stop. Some 44% of CIT attacks occur while money personnel are on foot from the vehicle to the client's place of business.<a href="#cite_note-wt1-213">[213]</a> In 2006 there were 467 reported cases, 400 in 2007/2008,<a href="#cite_note-smil-210">[210]</a> 119 in 2012, 180 in 2014, 370 in 2017, 116 in 2018 and 90 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-wt1-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-burg-214">[214]</a> Arrest rates are generally low,<a href="#cite_note-ab-208">[208]</a> but it was believed that the 2017/2018 spate of heists in Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West and Gauteng were brought to an end with the arrest of Wellington Cenenda. Several gangs believed to be part of his crime syndicate were also rounded up.<a href="#cite_note-km-215">[215]</a> These crimes are often perpetrated by ex convicts who are willing to commit extreme violence. They typically act on inside information with cooperation of a police official,<a href="#cite_note-smil-210">[210]</a> or the guards themselves.<a href="#cite_note-cm1-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-ral1-217">[217]</a> In 2020 the three largest CIT companies resolved to launch an association that would co-ordinate efforts to counter the unacceptably high levels of violent attacks.<a href="#cite_note-wt1-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cash_point_robberies">Cash point robberies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cash point robberies">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machines</a> are blown up, portable ATMs are stolen,<a href="#cite_note-news24v-218">[218]</a> or persons who withdraw grants from these machines are targeted afterward. R104 million was taken in a 2014 cash centre heist in <a href="/wiki/Witbank" title="Witbank">Witbank</a> where the gang impersonated police officers.<a href="#cite_note-burg-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farm_attacks">Farm attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Farm attacks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_African_farm_attacks" title="South African farm attacks">South African farm attacks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_African_farm_attack_and_farm_murder_graph_(2010-2023).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/South_African_farm_attack_and_farm_murder_graph_%282010-2023%29.png/220px-South_African_farm_attack_and_farm_murder_graph_%282010-2023%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/South_African_farm_attack_and_farm_murder_graph_%282010-2023%29.png/330px-South_African_farm_attack_and_farm_murder_graph_%282010-2023%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/South_African_farm_attack_and_farm_murder_graph_%282010-2023%29.png/440px-South_African_farm_attack_and_farm_murder_graph_%282010-2023%29.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Annual farm attacks and murders from 2010 to 2023</figcaption></figure> From 1994 to 2020 South Africa experienced 13,000 farm attacks, during which 2,000 commercial farmers were killed<a href="#cite_note-buys1-219">[219]</a> besides others who were injured or wounded. Since 2014 black farmers have also become victims.<a href="#cite_note-svh-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-ns2-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-kle1-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-tsa1-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-mz1-224">[224]</a> Residents of farms have a four times greater chance to be murdered than the average South African,<a href="#cite_note-mm1-225">[225]</a> and the elderly constitute a large proportion of victims.<a href="#cite_note-moy1-226">[226]</a> However, there is insufficient data to reliably estimate a murder rate for South African farmers. These crimes against farmers and their black or white staff<a href="#cite_note-702burgerafriforumworkers-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-nn2-228">[228]</a> have gained notable press, given the country's past racial tensions.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Proposed solutions include the creation of specialised reaction units, research and statistical analysis, improved crime intelligence, drone and other technology and the designation of farm attacks as priority crimes.<a href="#cite_note-kom1-233">[233]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">DA</a> proposed harsher sentences and a reclassification of farm attacks as priority and hate crimes.<a href="#cite_note-mm1-225">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bheki_Cele" title="Bheki Cele">Bheki Cele</a>, in a written reply to parliament, said that farm attacks or murders would not be classified as priority crimes, but assured parliamentarians that farm murders are taken very seriously.<a href="#cite_note-sel1-234">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Kidnapping">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_in_South_Africa" title="Kidnapping in South Africa">Kidnapping in South Africa</a> is common, with over 4,100 occurring in the 2013/2014 period. A child is reported missing every 5 hours (not all due to kidnapping), of which 23% are not located.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gang_violence">Gang violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gang violence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_South_Africa" title="Gangs in South Africa">Gangs in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thug-life-manenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thug-life-manenberg.jpg/220px-Thug-life-manenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thug-life-manenberg.jpg/330px-Thug-life-manenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thug-life-manenberg.jpg/440px-Thug-life-manenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Gang associated graffiti on public housing in the Cape Town neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Manenberg" title="Manenberg">Manenburg</a>. </figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Nyanga,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyanga, Cape Town">Nyanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitchells_Plain" title="Mitchells Plain">Mitchells Plain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delft,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Delft, Cape Town">Delft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Lavis" title="Bishop Lavis">Bishop Lavis</a> townships and suburbs of the Western Cape, gang violence is tightly connected to rates of murder and attempted murder. Gang activity occurs in areas of poor lighting, high unemployment levels, substance abuse and crowded spatial development. Gang bosses and drug lords are well-known members of the community, and while feared, may also receive praise from their community.<a href="#cite_note-gangs-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-nortier-238">[238]</a> They may support poor families who cannot otherwise pay their rent, or engage in a variety of humanitarian activities.<a href="#cite_note-tsa2-239">[239]</a> Outside the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats" title="Cape Flats">Cape Flats</a> area, gangs are also active along drug routes in northern <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-enca7-240">[240]</a> Gangster violence erupted in <a href="/wiki/Westbury,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Westbury, Gauteng">Westbury</a> in Johannesburg in 2018, in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Durban" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix, Durban">Phoenix</a>, Durban, during 2019,<a href="#cite_note-eNCA2019-241">[241]</a> and intermittently in <a href="/wiki/Shallcross,_Durban" title="Shallcross, Durban">Shallcross</a>, Durban, from 2019 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-tl1-242">[242]</a> In 2019, after 13 gang-related deaths in one day in <a href="/wiki/Philippi,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippi, Cape Town">Philippi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">military</a> was authorized to assist a contingent of police to "seal" off affected areas, and "stamp the authority of the state" on the area.<a href="#cite_note-n24-243">[243]</a> In 2021, amid a proliferation of illegal firearms,<a href="#cite_note-nic1-244">[244]</a> gang violence was affecting vulnerable communities in <a href="/wiki/Lavender_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender Hill">Lavender Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Park,_Cape_Town" title="Hanover Park, Cape Town">Hanover Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manenberg" title="Manenberg">Manenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mfuleni" title="Mfuleni">Mfuleni</a>, Wesbank and Philippi,<a href="#cite_note-isa1-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-palm1-246">[246]</a> and a community initiative to bring peace in Mitchells Plain failed to make headway.<a href="#cite_note-the1-247">[247]</a> Witnesses have noted that they do not consider it worthwhile the risk and exposure to testify against gang members.<a href="#cite_note-gea1-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-pascoe-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-ser1-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-cru1-250">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Protection_racket" title="Protection racket">Extortion rackets</a> are a rising trend in gang areas,<a href="#cite_note-pal3-251">[251]</a> and affects residents, commuters, small businesses and service delivery.<a href="#cite_note-tho1-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-tho2-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xenophobic_violence">Xenophobic violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Xenophobic violence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa-Xenophobia-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/South_Africa-Xenophobia-001.jpg/220px-South_Africa-Xenophobia-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/South_Africa-Xenophobia-001.jpg/330px-South_Africa-Xenophobia-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/South_Africa-Xenophobia-001.jpg/440px-South_Africa-Xenophobia-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a> camp in Gauteng, erected in 2008 for refugees from xenophobic attacks</figcaption></figure> Outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Xenophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophobic">xenophobic</a> violence have become a regular occurrence in South Africa. These acts are perpetrated by the poorest of the poor, and have been ascribed to a combination of socio-economic issues relating to immigration, migration, lack of economic opportunity, and the ineffective administration of these.<a href="#cite_note-fabr-254">[254]</a> The 2019 spate of attacks in Gauteng were in part ascribed to premeditated criminality.<a href="#cite_note-mapisa-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-samk-256">[256]</a> Hundreds of foreigners had to seek safety, while twelve people were killed and dozens of small businesses belonging to foreigners were looted or completely destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-enca1-257">[257]</a> Hundreds of arrests were made on charges of attempted murder, public violence, unlawful possession of firearms and malicious damage to property.<a href="#cite_note-ana2-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-enca4-259">[259]</a> From <a href="/wiki/Jeppestown" title="Jeppestown">Jeppestown</a><a href="#cite_note-fabr-254">[254]</a> the violence spread to <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Johannesburg" title="Denver, Johannesburg">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Gauteng" title="Cleveland, Gauteng">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvern,_Gauteng" title="Malvern, Gauteng">Malvern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katlehong" title="Katlehong">Katlehong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turffontein" title="Turffontein">Turffontein</a>, Maboneng, <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_CBD" title="Johannesburg CBD">Johannesburg CBD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marabastad,_Pretoria" title="Marabastad, Pretoria">Marabastad</a>. The African Diaspora Forum prompted the government to declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> and suggested the deployment of troops.<a href="#cite_note-enca1-257">[257]</a> Some victims accused the country's leadership and the police of inaction, and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> arranged voluntary evacuation of its citizens from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. South African businesses in Nigeria were attacked in reprisals,<a href="#cite_note-enca1-257">[257]</a> and South Africa's High Commission in Nigeria was temporarily closed.<a href="#cite_note-fabr-254">[254]</a> Malicious rumours of attacks by foreigners caused the closing of several schools.<a href="#cite_note-ana2-258">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dudula" title="Operation Dudula">Operation Dudula</a> members which have protested the allegedly <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> approach followed by <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Home_Affairs_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Home Affairs (South Africa)">Home Affairs</a> in regards to <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Illegal immigration to South Africa">illegal immigrants</a>, have pointed out that their activism should not be linked to xenophobic motives.<a href="#cite_note-bhe3-260">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financial_and_property_crimes">Financial and property crimes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Financial and property crimes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption in South Africa</a></div> <a href="/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a>' fourth biennial global economic crime survey reported a 110% increase in fraud reports from South African companies in 2005. 83% of South African companies reported being affected by <a href="/wiki/White_collar_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="White collar crime">white collar crime</a> in 2005, and 72% of South African companies reported being affected in 2007. 64% of the South African companies surveyed stated that they pressed forward with criminal charges upon detection of fraud. 3% of companies said that they each lost more than 10 million <a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</a> in two years due to <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Louis Strydom, the head of PricewaterhouseCoopers' forensic auditing division, said that the increase in fraud reports originates from "an increased focus on fraud risk management and embedding a culture of <a href="/wiki/Whistle-blowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistle-blowing">whistle-blowing</a>". According to the survey, 45% of cases involved a perpetrator between the ages of 31 and 40: 64% of con men held a high school education or less.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bank_and_credit_card_fraud">Bank and credit card fraud</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bank and credit card fraud">edit</a>]</div> The Banking Risk Information Centre (Sabric) indicated that credit and debit card fraud increased by 20.5% between 2018 and 2019,<a href="#cite_note-jv1-263">[263]</a> and the perpetrators manage to bag hundreds of millions annually.<a href="#cite_note-jdh1-264">[264]</a> Cloning (or skimming) of bank cards at filling stations, toll gates, ATMs and restaurants is a recurring problem,<a href="#cite_note-jdh1-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-cdp1-265">[265]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Phone_cloning" title="Phone cloning">sim card swopping</a> is one of several tactics employed by thieves to change PIN numbers and get access to client accounts.<a href="#cite_note-klr1-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-net1-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-nai1-268">[268]</a> Operators of <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> scams launch either massive or selective email distributions, paired with a malicious copy of a legitimate website.<a href="#cite_note-bus1c-269">[269]</a> Consumers may apply for free protective registration at the Southern African Fraud Protection Service (SAFPS), an <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">NPO</a> which i.a. aims to protect individuals against financial fraud through impersonation.<a href="#cite_note-tim3-270">[270]</a> In 2018 <a href="/wiki/VBS_Mutual_Bank" title="VBS Mutual Bank">VBS Bank</a> collapsed following a spate of corruption, fraud, theft, <a href="/wiki/Racket_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racket (crime)">racketeering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>,<a href="#cite_note-th2-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-ewn1-272">[272]</a> and claims totaling R1.5 billion were submitted to the liquidator. Fourteen municipalities had deposits which were illegal in terms of the Municipal Finance Management Act (MFMA), while <a href="/wiki/KPMG" title="KPMG">KPMG</a> partners had additional financial interests.<a href="#cite_note-rs1-273">[273]</a> The largest were a R245 million deposit by <a href="/wiki/Fetakgomo/Tubatse_Local_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetakgomo/Tubatse Local Municipality">Fetakgomo/Tubatse Municipality</a>, and a R161 million deposit by <a href="/wiki/Greater_Giyani_Local_Municipality" title="Greater Giyani Local Municipality">Giyani Municipality</a>. By November 2020 some 411 retailers, <a href="/wiki/Stokvel" title="Stokvel">stokvels</a> and funeral homes have also submitted claims totalling R322 million.<a href="#cite_note-mm2-274">[274]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Postbank_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postbank (South Africa)">Postbank</a>,<a href="#cite_note-maa1-275">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Absa_Bank_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Absa Bank Limited">ABSA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitec_Bank" title="Capitec Bank">Capitec</a>, hackers and IT specialists have embezzled millions through unauthorized transfers.<a href="#cite_note-mol6-276">[276]</a> Similar transfers totalling R248 million were affected by a fraudulent debit order system, allegedly set up in 2018 by a syndicate of call centre operators.<a href="#cite_note-bt6-277">[277]</a> Banks have converted their cash handling and transactions to electronic means, ATM's and independent cash-in-transit services. Traditional armed and violent bank heists have consequently reached low levels, with none recorded in the year ending March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-bt1-278">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential_and_farm_land">Residential and farm land</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Residential and farm land">edit</a>]</div> Land invasion in and around major cities is a growing concern, and affects private as well as state-owned land.<a href="#cite_note-khe1-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-zul1-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-iol2-281">[281]</a> Land grabs were formerly linked to the expansion of cramped informal settlements. More recently land occupations were organised by persons who take advantage of uncertainty around the relevant land policy. People are encouraged by <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> to act in unison, and drive from afar to illegally occupy plots which are sold unlawfully for profit.<a href="#cite_note-rm1-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-sad1-283">[283]</a> As of 2021, R1,000 to R5,000 was charged for a plot that lacks water tanks, electricity or any basic services,<a href="#cite_note-mpo1-284">[284]</a> but the price rises to R120,000 if the scam is profitable.<a href="#cite_note-rm1-282">[282]</a> When the government acquires residential land the process may be hijacked by corrupt officials.<a href="#cite_note-sap1-285">[285]</a> Likewise individuals who successfully approached the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Land_Reform_and_Rural_Development" title="Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development">DALRRD</a> for access to agricultural land have found that they are harassed and face eviction from their farms when refusing to pay bribes to corrupt officials.<a href="#cite_note-ste1-286">[286]</a> Communities on the verges of expanding <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open-cast mines</a> have found that they are subjected to intense intimidation when not willing to sell,<a href="#cite_note-bbc3-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-sb1-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw1-289">[289]</a> and coastal communities likewise contend that they are forcibly deprived of their customary access to coastal and oceanic resources by political and corporate agents.<a href="#cite_note-mcg1-290">[290]</a> In 2015 the government implemented additional protective measures relating to <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">RDP</a> properties, after many scams relating to transactions in RDP plots and houses came to light.<a href="#cite_note-tm1-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-sap2-292">[292]</a> Swindlers posing as department or municipal officials have also sold state, municipal or private land.<a href="#cite_note-har-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-sap2-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-cha1-293">[293]</a> The courts have repeatedly upheld an interdict brought by <a href="/wiki/AfriForum" title="AfriForum">AfriForum</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">EFF</a> for inciting land occupation.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Victims of invasions (as opposed to trespassing) have recourse to the court for an eviction order in terms of the Prevention of Illegal Eviction From and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act, 1998 (Act 19 of 1998).<a href="#cite_note-govza1-295">[295]</a> A land court is envisaged.<a href="#cite_note-iol8-296">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_hijacking">Building hijacking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Building hijacking">edit</a>]</div> City buildings and suburban houses are regularly hijacked by syndicates who collect rent from immigrants and the homeless,<a href="#cite_note-ott1-297">[297]</a> and these become dens for additional criminal activities.<a href="#cite_note-koe1-298">[298]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> alone, the JMPD unit has made thousands of arrests and had returned 73 buildings to their rightful owners by 2018,<a href="#cite_note-mah-299">[299]</a> while by 2023 another 100 or so hijacked buildings remained in the city.<a href="#cite_note-joh1-300">[300]</a> After a <a href="/wiki/2023_Johannesburg_building_fire" title="2023 Johannesburg building fire">2023 fire</a> in a hijacked government building, it was revealed that 1,260 government buildings were known to be illegally occupied, while the asset registers of <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_South_Africa" title="Municipalities of South Africa">metros and municipalities</a> would likely reveal more.<a href="#cite_note-ott1-297">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sihle_Zikalala" title="Sihle Zikalala">Sihle Zikalala</a> was tasked with a review of the government's 29,000 buildings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-competitive_practices">Anti-competitive practices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Anti-competitive practices">edit</a>]</div> The economy of post-apartheid South Africa retains a colonial or apartheid structure where a few private and public companies dominate key sectors, a situation that has been condoned and perpetuated by political connections.<a href="#cite_note-had1-301">[301]</a> Worldwide, <a href="/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices" title="Anti-competitive practices">anti-competitive</a> structures and practices are increasingly seen as criminal,<a href="#cite_note-lex1-302">[302]</a> and South Africa has made limited progress in dismantling them.<a href="#cite_note-mah2-303">[303]</a> The tobacco industry in particular has been accused of undue influence with government and interference with policy.<a href="#cite_note-sny1-304">[304]</a> A 2021 report highlighted alleged bribery, illegal surveillance and illegal access to classified information and called for investigations.<a href="#cite_note-fkz1-305">[305]</a> Company bosses function under high pressure from political expectations and may be required to submit to unethical or criminal demands.<a href="#cite_note-nee2-306">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asset_stripping">Asset stripping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Asset stripping">edit</a>]</div> Mines faced with the financial obligations of creditors, worker benefits and environmental rehabilitation may enter business rescue and liquidation.<a href="#cite_note-oxp-307">[307]</a> Rogue liquidators then collude with the company managers to strip the mine's assets, whereby most financial obligations are bypassed. The Master's office in Pretoria has been compromised in attempts to remove liquidators who fulfilled their role as watchdog.<a href="#cite_note-lm1-308">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pension_and_welfare_fraud">Pension and welfare fraud</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pension and welfare fraud">edit</a>]</div> Although billions in pension benefits remain unclaimed, independent agents that promise to trace these benefits and surpluses have been closed after they were found to be scamming the public.<a href="#cite_note-bur2-309">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-the2-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-tim1-311">[311]</a> Pensioners may also receive communications from supposed pension fund employees, which claim that their annual increases have been incorrectly calculated. They are instructed to pay back the supposed surpluses, failing which they are threatened with deductions from future payouts. Such schemes may be orchestrated by corrupt employees of the pension fund, or may be a fraudulent scam run by third parties.<a href="#cite_note-corw1-312">[312]</a> Social security cards may be stolen and offered for sale,<a href="#cite_note-mar1-313">[313]</a> or non-existing services may be offered to facilitate grants. SASSA confirmed that their services are always free,<a href="#cite_note-kah2-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-san1-315">[315]</a> and warned against scammers posing as their employees.<a href="#cite_note-kah1-316">[316]</a> Cash grants<a href="#cite_note-gov1-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyo1-318">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-clo1-319">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-hm1-320">[320]</a> and pension pay points are also targeted by criminals.<a href="#cite_note-enca6-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-iol10-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-nai2-323">[323]</a> In 2007 it emerged that the CEO of Fidentia, J. Arthur Brown, squandered R1.3 billion of pension benefits, leaving 47,000 beneficiaries, mostly mine workers and their families, destitute.<a href="#cite_note-mg3-324">[324]</a> In 2011, 20,000 clothing workers lost their pension money after highly paid consultants secured a loan for Canyon Springs, a repurposed shell company. Canyon Springs immediately distributed the money to its consultants and subsidiaries, which included a struggling property firm.<a href="#cite_note-mg1-325">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Clothing_and_Textile_Workers_Union" title="Southern African Clothing and Textile Workers Union">Sactwu</a> had to fund the inquiry into a missing R100 million,<a href="#cite_note-mg2-326">[326]</a> while the prospects of recouping the R260 million property investment seemed slim. In April 2017 it was revealed that the Bophelo Beneficiary Fund (BBF), effectively managed by the illegal Zimbabwean immigrant Bongani Mhlanga, likely lost all the funds it held on behalf of Amplats GPF and 7,229 beneficiaries.<a href="#cite_note-mg3-324">[324]</a> The fund's holding company, Mvunonala Group, immediately contested this assertion in a press release,<a href="#cite_note-mvun1-327">[327]</a> claiming all funds were accounted for. Follow-up investigations however revealed that R500 million,<a href="#cite_note-mas2-328">[328]</a> or double the amount initially suspected, was indeed squandered and Mvunonala, which had its sights on additional Amplats pensions,<a href="#cite_note-mas1-329">[329]</a> was liquidated.<a href="#cite_note-mas2-328">[328]</a> The 2017 collapse of <a href="/wiki/Steinhoff_International" title="Steinhoff International">Steinhoff</a> due to financial impropriety once again had a ruinous impact on several South African pension funds.<a href="#cite_note-dre1-330">[330]</a> The government's employee fund lost some R20 billion.<a href="#cite_note-mch1-331">[331]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Board_(South_Africa)" title="Financial Services Board (South Africa)">FSCA</a> intervenes by placing poorly run pension funds under curatorship, it results in exorbitant management fees.<a href="#cite_note-tal1-332">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confidence_tricks">Confidence tricks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Confidence tricks">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Advance_fee_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Advance fee fraud">Advance fee fraud</a> (419) scammers based in South Africa have reportedly conned people from various parts of the world out of millions of rands,<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> and South African police sources stated that <a href="/wiki/Nigerians" title="Nigerians">Nigerians</a> living in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> suburbs operate such schemes.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> In 2002, the South African <a href="/wiki/South_African_Department_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Department of Finance">Minister of Finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Manuel" title="Trevor Manuel">Trevor Manuel</a>, wanted to establish a call centre for the public to check reputations of businesses due to proliferation of scams such as <a href="/wiki/Advance_fee_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Advance fee fraud">advance fee fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid schemes">pyramid schemes</a> and fly-by-night operators.<a href="#cite_note-TimesofIndia-335">[335]</a> In response, the SAPS established a project which identified 419 <a href="/wiki/Scams" class="mw-redirect" title="Scams">scams</a> and closed their websites and bank accounts where possible.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> Pyramid schemes sometimes masquerade as legitimate <a href="/wiki/Stokvel" title="Stokvel">stokvel</a> saving schemes, and lure promotors via <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> or <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> by promising high interest rates and performance incentives.<a href="#cite_note-hey1-337">[337]</a> A steady release of "relief funds" is promised when liquidation looms, to rally stricken investors to their cause.<a href="#cite_note-opp1-338">[338]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catfishing" title="Catfishing">Catfishing</a> is said to net perpetrators about R130 million annually, and their carefully selected victims are usually middle-aged<a href="#cite_note-git2-339">[339]</a> or elderly.<a href="#cite_note-dstv-340">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-lud2-341">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment_and_fake_professional_scams">Employment and fake professional scams</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Employment and fake professional scams">edit</a>]</div> People desperate for employment may fall prey to fake recruitment agencies that levy illegal charges,<a href="#cite_note-rekord1-342">[342]</a> and fraudsters posing as potential employers advertise jobs on social media or career websites, and demand upfront payment for supposed administration fees, accommodation deposits or police clearance checks.<a href="#cite_note-mok1-343">[343]</a> The applicants' money may also be stolen from their airtime accounts when they follow SMS instructions.<a href="#cite_note-mok1-343">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a> syndicates lure and traffic <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Illegal immigration to South Africa">illegal immigrants</a> by promising employment in mines. The victims end up being exploited by their recruiters,<a href="#cite_note-tlo1-344">[344]</a> may be killed in clashes between rival gangs,<a href="#cite_note-mah1-345">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc4-346">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-mon1-347">[347]</a> or may die in shaft collapses or other accidents.<a href="#cite_note-eva1-348">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-htc1-349">[349]</a> Fake professionals render valueless services to the public or con them out of their livelihoods. Fake tax practitioners or tax experts make promises that they can secure refunds from SARS, or offer to assist with PAYE submissions. Some of the refunds are illegal and are pocketed by the syndicates.<a href="#cite_note-tax1-350">[350]</a> Fake school, tertiary or other certificates are a fairly widespread phenomenon and are easy to come by,<a href="#cite_note-mol1-351">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-mol2-352">[352]</a> and fake teachers,<a href="#cite_note-mol3-353">[353]</a> medical practitioners and interns,<a href="#cite_note-mey3-354">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> advocates,<a href="#cite_note-mey2-357">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-sal4-358">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-nie1-359">[359]</a> military veterans,<a href="#cite_note-mah3-360">[360]</a> top parastatal employees, an ambassador, government minister<a href="#cite_note-spe1-361">[361]</a> and church minister<a href="#cite_note-son2-362">[362]</a> have been exposed after their qualifications were scrutinized.<a href="#cite_note-ron1-363">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-mla5-364">[364]</a> Unregistered surgeons that perform circumcisions in initiation ceremonies have caused the deaths of many.<a href="#cite_note-fen1-365">[365]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_African_Qualifications_Authority" title="South African Qualifications Authority">SAQA</a> reported a sharp increase in fake credentials between 2011 and 2018, besides many forged SAQA certificates of evaluation.<a href="#cite_note-maq2-366">[366]</a> Well-placed persons are also able to manipulate payrolls to commit identity fraud, which enables them to collect double salaries<a href="#cite_note-str1-367">[367]</a> or pay salaries to ghost workers.<a href="#cite_note-da1-368">[368]</a> Late 2021, state-owned <a href="/wiki/Passenger_Rail_Agency_of_South_Africa" title="Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa">Prasa</a> uncovered a scam involving 3,000 ghost workers.<a href="#cite_note-cot1-369">[369]</a> Identity fraudsters in combination with poorly vetted bank or other service provider employees also place clients' PIN numbers at risk.<a href="#cite_note-klr1-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipalities">Municipalities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Municipalities">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_South_Africa" title="Municipalities of South Africa">South Africa's municipalities</a> often employ unqualified personnel<a href="#cite_note-22nov-370">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-jou1-371">[371]</a> who are unable to deliver proper financial and performance governance. This leads to fraud, irregular expenditure (R30 billion in 2017, and R25 billion in 2018) and consequence-free misconduct.<a href="#cite_note-Kimi_Makwetu1-372">[372]</a> Only a fraction (14% in 2017, 8% in 2018) of municipalities submit clean annual audits to the <a href="/wiki/Auditor-General_(South_Africa)" title="Auditor-General (South Africa)">Auditor-General</a>, and implementation of the AG's recommendations has been lax. By 2018, 45% of municipalities had not implemented all procedures for reporting and investigating transgressions or fraud, while 74% were found to insufficiently follow up on such allegations.<a href="#cite_note-Kimi_Makwetu1-372">[372]</a> Tender panels, forums to which the tender process is outsourced, have been highlighted as sources of apparent favouritism and corruption.<a href="#cite_note-red1-373">[373]</a> The late <a href="/wiki/Thembekile_Kimi_Makwetu" title="Thembekile Kimi Makwetu">Kimi Makwetu</a> suggested holding employees individually accountable, treating recommendations as binding and issuing a certificate of debt to guilty parties. Government departments<a href="#cite_note-enca2-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-mey1-375">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-quk4-376">[376]</a> and large parastatals generally mirror these problems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_servants">Public servants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Public servants">edit</a>]</div> In tackling state service corruption, the number of public servants that do business with the state has been whittled from 8,500 to 118 people between 2017 and 2021. In 2021 an ethics unit was established by government to identify corruption and take preventative measures. Its mandate includes the setting of frameworks for disciplinary hearings, lifestyle audits and whistleblowing.<a href="#cite_note-quk4-376">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large_parastatals">Large parastatals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Large parastatals">edit</a>]</div> Corruption flourished in South Africa's large parastatals during its <a href="/wiki/The_Judicial_Commission_of_Inquiry_into_Allegations_of_State_Capture" class="mw-redirect" title="The Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture">state capture saga</a> which lasted from 2011/12 to 2017. In the wake of the fallout, the SA government vowed in 2020 to end political interference in the functioning of state-owned entities.<a href="#cite_note-gd2-377">[377]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Transnet" title="Transnet">Transnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denel" title="Denel">Denel</a><a href="#cite_note-nga1-378">[378]</a> in particular, state funds were misappropriated in instances of collusion with certain contractors and suppliers. The resulting losses which amounted to billions of rand were facilitated by dishonest and grossly negligent financial management.<a href="#cite_note-insider-379">[379]</a> In addition the managers of Transnet's pension fund profited to the order of R500 million by using close government ties to leverage their own position against that of the fund,<a href="#cite_note-occ1-380">[380]</a> while a top manager enriched himself through an inappropriate deal with a consulting firm.<a href="#cite_note-vdm2-381">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-sid2-382">[382]</a> State capture had a debilitating effect on <a href="/wiki/Denel" title="Denel">Denel</a> which compromised the country's defence capability<a href="#cite_note-cor1-383">[383]</a> and derailed multibillion-rand projects.<a href="#cite_note-bt5-384">[384]</a> In 2020 the <a href="/wiki/Special_Investigating_Unit" title="Special Investigating Unit">Special Investigating Unit</a> (SIU) referred 5,452 Eskom staff members, or over 10% of its workforce, for disciplinary proceedings due to conflict of interest or after they were exposed in lifestyle audits.<a href="#cite_note-702a-385">[385]</a> The employees failed to declare financial interests and engaged in dodgy coal, diesel or building contracts with Eskom involving billions of rands. Proceedings to recover overpayments of R2.78 billion from three contractors received the go-ahead in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-gd1-386">[386]</a> Various well-connected persons, notably Eskom's CEO <a href="/wiki/Brian_Molefe" title="Brian Molefe">Brian Molefe</a>, also participated unlawfully in Eskom Pension and Provident Fund (EPPF) membership or were given access to employment perks they were not entitled to.<a href="#cite_note-joo1-387">[387]</a> Trade union <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(South_African_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (South African trade union)">Solidarity</a> warned that Eskom had been infiltrated by a corrupt internal network,<a href="#cite_note-kri2-388">[388]</a> and Eskom admitted as much in its 2022 annual report.<a href="#cite_note-eva2-389">[389]</a> In addition to internal malfeasance, external syndicates have defrauded Eskom,<a href="#cite_note-san2-390">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-per4-391">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-bt4-392">[392]</a> profiting especially from <a href="/wiki/Kusile_Power_Station" title="Kusile Power Station">Kusile</a><a href="#cite_note-woo1-393">[393]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tutuka_Power_Station" title="Tutuka Power Station">Tutuka</a><a href="#cite_note-bal2-394">[394]</a> power stations. In December 2022 small contingents of <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">soldiers</a> were placed at Tutuka, <a href="/wiki/Camden_Power_Station" title="Camden Power Station">Camden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grootvlei_Power_Station" title="Grootvlei Power Station">Grootvlei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majuba_Power_Station" title="Majuba Power Station">Majuba</a> stations in a first deployment phase intended to discourage increasing vandalism, theft and corruption.<a href="#cite_note-kri2-388">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-eva2-389">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-mm7-395">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targeting_of_government_auditors">Targeting of government auditors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Targeting of government auditors">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Auditor-General_(South_Africa)" title="Auditor-General (South Africa)">Auditor-General of South Africa</a>, which employs 700 chartered accountants to audit state expenditure at all three levels of government, has revealed a surge in crimes against its employees, starting 2016. The crimes are tied to the detection of financial mismanagement and the annual release of municipal audit reports. During the countrywide audit of municipalities, their auditors have experienced hijackings, death threats, attempted murder, hostage-taking, threatening phone calls and damage to their vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-396">[396]</a> In 2018 South Africa incurred R80 billion in irregular expenditure due to outstanding audits and incomplete information,<a href="#cite_note-Vusi-397">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-enca5-398">[398]</a> and passing of municipal budgets may be subject to bribes.<a href="#cite_note-leroux-399">[399]</a> The country's leadership was accused of disregarding the AG's recommendations in cases of wrongdoing.<a href="#cite_note-Vusi-397">[397]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawyer_scams">Lawyer scams</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Lawyer scams">edit</a>]</div> Lawyers representing clients that make <a href="/wiki/Personal_injury" title="Personal injury">personal injury</a> claims from the <a href="/wiki/Road_Accident_Fund" title="Road Accident Fund">Road Accident Fund</a> (RAF), have made excessive profits by overcharging them.<a href="#cite_note-mla2-400">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-fra1-401">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-mab1-402">[402]</a> Individuals in desperate need of a pay-out are conned by the enticing offer of "no win, no fee". In one prominent case the <a href="/wiki/National_Prosecuting_Authority" title="National Prosecuting Authority">NPA</a>'s Asset Forfeiture Unit managed to obtain a court order in 2019 to seize and reclaim R101 million in assets from two lawyers.<a href="#cite_note-davis1-403">[403]</a> Similar attempts to fleece millions from provincial health departments by submitting fake and fraudulent medical negligence claims have been thwarted.<a href="#cite_note-bus1b-404">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-bus2-405">[405]</a> Lawyers acting as <a href="/wiki/Conveyancer" title="Conveyancer">conveyancers</a> have also colluded with politicians to defraud government in various land acquisition deals.<a href="#cite_note-biz1-406">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-sap1-285">[285]</a> Lawyers that are experiencing tight cash flows, lure clients into property deals and back out unexpectedly, before refusing to refund the client.<a href="#cite_note-mab1-402">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-mar3-407">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-nom1-408">[408]</a> A debarred lawyer can join one law firm after another and continue practicing in direct contravention of the Attorneys’ Act.<a href="#cite_note-sal2-409">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-sal3-410">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_scams">COVID-19 scams</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: COVID-19 scams">edit</a>]</div> The South African government's unemployment insurance fund supplies temporary relief to workers whose income is being affected by the national COVID-19 lockdown. When a worker finds new employment the reference number of the previous employer is used illegally to secure a surreptitious pay-out from the UIF COVID-19 fund.<a href="#cite_note-cov1-411">[411]</a> The bank account details of the receiving company may also be falsified.<a href="#cite_note-ters1-412">[412]</a> Among those who illegally claimed COVID-19 social grants were 16,000 government employees.<a href="#cite_note-quk4-376">[376]</a> COVID-19 emergency funds, supplied to South Africa by the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>, have fallen prey to fraudsters when stringent tender procedures were not followed. Members of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">SAPS</a> were implicated in over R1 billion of irregular deposits of COVID-19 funds into private companies.<a href="#cite_note-gm1-92">[92]</a> Tenders worth over R2 billion for personal protective equipment (ppe), allocated by the Gauteng health department to 160 different companies, came under investigation by Gauteng's special investigation unit.<a href="#cite_note-enca3-413">[413]</a> An additional R30 million of illegal tenders in Kwazulu-Natal, besides tenders in the Eastern Cape, came under investigation and did not appear to comply with the national treasury's regulations on the emergency purchases of supplies and services.<a href="#cite_note-pra1-414">[414]</a> Some of these companies were not in the healthcare business, or were formed in the wake of the pandemic to cash in on relief funds. Some of them spent only 5% of the funds on personal protective equipment, while 40% went to the directors.<a href="#cite_note-gm1-92">[92]</a> Water tank installations and decontamination procedures<a href="#cite_note-ndl1-415">[415]</a> at schools amounted to multiples of their commercial value, a R168 million tender for water and sewer project in the Eastern Cape was not delivered by the municipal manager, a R4.8 million tender for a COVID-19 awareness campaign cannot be accounted for, and a R37 million tender issued under the emergency regulations by the Department of Public Works and Infrastructure, resulted in a poorly constructed fence at <a href="/wiki/Beit_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Bridge">Beit Bridge</a> border post of which large parts were soon stolen.<a href="#cite_note-pra1-414">[414]</a> Private "covidpreneurs" launched numerous scams to exploit the public during the pandemic,<a href="#cite_note-gr1-416">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-je1-417">[417]</a> but violent crime showed a slight decrease during level 4 and 3 lockdown, compared to the same months of the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-ns3-22">[22]</a> Cash-in-transit heists spiked during a policing vacuum due to lockdown enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-qam2-418">[418]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cybercrime">edit</a>]</div> Cyber crime in South Africa is regulated by Act No. 19 of 2020 (No. 44651), the Cybercrimes Act. It circumscribes offences which have a bearing on cybercrime, criminalizes the harmful disclosure of data messages, and facilitates interim protection orders.<a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a> On 22 July 2021, <a href="/wiki/Transnet" title="Transnet">Transnet</a> experienced <a href="/wiki/2021_Transnet_Cyberattack" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Transnet Cyberattack">a cyberattack</a><a href="#cite_note-420">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[422]</a> which caused it to declare a <a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">force majeure</a> at several key <a href="/wiki/Container_port" title="Container port">container terminals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Durban" title="Port of Durban">Port of Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ngqura" title="Port of Ngqura">Ngqura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Port_Elizabeth" title="Port of Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cape_Town" title="Port of Cape Town">Cape Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theft,_smuggling_and_vandalism">Theft, smuggling and vandalism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Theft, smuggling and vandalism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/South_African_Revenue_Service" title="South African Revenue Service">SARS</a> estimates that illicit trade costs the South African economy R100 billion annually, depriving the country of taxes (R250 million annually) and resources, while contributing to instability and low economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-edw1-426">[426]</a> Alcohol, cigarettes, counterfeit electronics, pharmaceuticals, food and apparel, besides fishing and mining related products are the main commodities affected. It is believed that police officers are bribed and provide protection for smugglers at Dragon City in <a href="/wiki/Centurion,_South_Africa" title="Centurion, South Africa">Centurion</a> and China Mall in <a href="/wiki/Midrand" title="Midrand">Midrand</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Marabastad,_Pretoria" title="Marabastad, Pretoria">Marabastad, Pretoria</a>, has been highlighted as another smuggling hub.<a href="#cite_note-edw1-426">[426]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicle_thefts_or_scams">Vehicle thefts or scams</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Vehicle thefts or scams">edit</a>]</div> About R8.5 billion worth of vehicles are stolen annually, some directly from dealership showroom floors, storage facilities,<a href="#cite_note-jor1-427">[427]</a> or wash bays. The smuggling of many stolen vehicles to neighbouring countries<a href="#cite_note-mvw-428">[428]</a> is facilitated by corrupt border control officials.<a href="#cite_note-kho2-429">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-mee2-430">[430]</a> Other purportedly stolen vehicles are "cloned", sold and reintroduced into the system.<a href="#cite_note-mvw-428">[428]</a> In the “hula hoops” scam, a vehicle owner avoids completing his repayments by arranging with criminals to buy the vehicle at a generous amount, before lodging a fraudulent hijacking claim, which may include claims for supposed passenger injuries.<a href="#cite_note-mvw-428">[428]</a> Truck drivers may likewise collude with criminals, and be paid for their bogus claim of a truck hijacking.<a href="#cite_note-flw1-197">[197]</a> Boats are also stolen from marinas or when parked on a street,<a href="#cite_note-lc1-431">[431]</a> or the engines may be cut from the boat. As in other countries, <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">catalytic converters</a> are stolen from cars as they may fetch R4,000 to R20,000 a piece,<a href="#cite_note-sim1-432">[432]</a> whilst on farms, tractors and harvesters are stripped of their electrical wiring by copper thieves.<a href="#cite_note-dev1-433">[433]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Looting_of_railway_infrastructure">Looting of railway infrastructure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Looting of railway infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> South Africa has a rail network of over 30,000 km, and it used to be the most advanced railway system on the continent.<a href="#cite_note-mkh1-434">[434]</a> A significant portion of tracks, stations and train parts have been stripped by criminals looking for scrap metal.<a href="#cite_note-hym2-435">[435]</a> In 2021, the Brenthurst report found that two-thirds of the overhead cables that covered more than 3,000 km of track had been stolen and that the rail network was on the verge of total collapse.<a href="#cite_note-nom3-436">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-sim3-437">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-hym3-438">[438]</a> Gauteng, the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal are the worst affected provinces, and the cost of rebuilding is estimated at R4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-pat2-439">[439]</a> Drones, high barrier walls and facial recognition technology have been proposed as preventative measures.<a href="#cite_note-ash1-440">[440]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metrorail_(South_Africa)" title="Metrorail (South Africa)">Metrorail</a> services bypass many halts or stations due to their unsafety and the effects of vandalism and theft.<a href="#cite_note-ana4-441">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-hum1-442">[442]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arson">Arson</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Arson">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Cape_Town_train_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/2018_Cape_Town_train_fire.jpg/220px-2018_Cape_Town_train_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/2018_Cape_Town_train_fire.jpg/330px-2018_Cape_Town_train_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/2018_Cape_Town_train_fire.jpg/440px-2018_Cape_Town_train_fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2737" data-file-height="4048" /></a><figcaption>Arson was a recurring problem at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_railway_station" title="Cape Town railway station">Cape Town railway station</a> during 2016–2018.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Passenger_Rail_Agency_of_South_Africa" title="Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa">Prasa</a> collected information about train arson attacks since 2015, and stated that losses of some R636 million were incurred due to train fires from 2015 to January 2019. 71%, or losses totaling R451.6 million rand, occurred in the Western Cape, besides damage of R150 million to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_railway_station" title="Cape Town railway station">Cape Town Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maki-443">[443]</a> This entailed the burning of 214 train coaches, 174 in the Western Cape, and the remainder in Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal. Cape Town's fleet of 90 trains was reduced to 44, and only one suspect was arrested.<a href="#cite_note-sicet-444">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-hyman-445">[445]</a> Some replacement trains acquired at R146 million each could not be insured.<a href="#cite_note-mant-446">[446]</a> Police ombudsman J.J. Brand found that the SAPS failed to prevent, properly investigate, or successfully prosecute those responsible.<a href="#cite_note-cor2-84">[84]</a> In 2019, teenage boys (aged 14 and 15) were identified as the arsonists who torched 18 carriages worth R61 million,<a href="#cite_note-sha1-447">[447]</a> while the torching of 24 carriages at <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein_railway_station" title="Bloemfontein railway station">Bloemfontein</a> in 2020 was also ascribed to loitering youths.<a href="#cite_note-nji1-448">[448]</a> One aspect of xenophobic violence is the torching of trucks driven by foreigners on main routes<a href="#cite_note-bran-449">[449]</a> – the depredation flared up along the <a href="/wiki/N3_(South_Africa)" title="N3 (South Africa)">N3</a> route in April 2018, before spreading to other provinces.<a href="#cite_note-gnsb1-199">[199]</a> In the April 2018 incident, 32 trucks were torched and others looted near <a href="/wiki/Mooi_River_(town)" title="Mooi River (town)">Mooi River</a> on the <a href="/wiki/N3_(South_Africa)" title="N3 (South Africa)">N3</a> route,<a href="#cite_note-ana-450">[450]</a> and 54 protesters and opportunist looters were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-daw-451">[451]</a> Coordinated attacks during November 2020 targeted many freight trucks on the N3 and <a href="/wiki/N12_(South_Africa)" title="N12 (South Africa)">N12</a> routes.<a href="#cite_note-en1-452">[452]</a> The attackers managed to loot and destroy 35 trucks<a href="#cite_note-gnsb1-199">[199]</a> in <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg,_Gauteng" title="Heidelberg, Gauteng">Heidelberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tk1-453">[453]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parys" title="Parys">Parys</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sasolburg" title="Sasolburg">Sasolburg</a><a href="#cite_note-gnsb1-199">[199]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daveyton" title="Daveyton">Daveyton</a><a href="#cite_note-ml2-454">[454]</a> respectively. Truck drivers were shot at, with some injured and one killed.<a href="#cite_note-ml1-455">[455]</a> 25 people were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-gnsb1-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Faiez_Jacobs" title="Faiez Jacobs">Faiez Jacobs</a> pointed out that arson cripples the entire value chain of the community‚ with many people unable to go to work‚ losing a day's pay‚ and ultimately losing their employment, which in turn causes social upheaval and adds further burdens to their community.<a href="#cite_note-nomb-456">[456]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_African_Transport_and_Allied_Workers_Union" title="South African Transport and Allied Workers Union">SATAWU</a> has noted that labour strikes that are called by unidentifiable persons have been associated with incidents of arson.<a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explosives">Explosives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Explosives">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Organised_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised crime">Organised crime</a> syndicates smuggle blasting cartridges across South Africa's borders, especially from <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, and their unsuspecting mules deliver these to criminals. The explosives are used to bomb ATMs, rob cash-in-transit vehicles, for <a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">illegal mining</a> operations, or more recently as a tool of extortion during robberies. The Explosives Act of 2003 and its supporting regulations have not been implemented as of 2021,<a href="#cite_note-ea56-458">[458]</a> and law enforcement relies on the outdated Act 26 of 1956 and regulations that were only superficially updated<a href="#cite_note-er2002-459">[459]</a> since 1972. These regulations do not place mandatory obligations on tracking and tracing of explosives, meaning that legal consumers are not prosecuted when their explosives are lost or stolen.<a href="#cite_note-chel1-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegal_mining">Illegal mining</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Illegal mining">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a> is most prevalent in Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Limpopo, North West and the Free State.<a href="#cite_note-dla1-460">[460]</a> It shows an upward trend and is inter-related with organised crime<a href="#cite_note-mcsa1-461">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-ada2-462">[462]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mm6-463">[463]</a> Thousands of disused or active mines attract illegal miners, also known as zama zamas, due to unanswered socio-economic inequalities. The estimated 30,000 illegal miners are organised by some 200 criminal syndicates (as of 2022<a href="#cite_note-led1-464">[464]</a>) which infiltrate industrial gold mines, where they employ violent means<a href="#cite_note-ada2-462">[462]</a> and exploitative working conditions.<a href="#cite_note-iol4-465">[465]</a> Losses in sales, tax revenue and royalties are said to amount to R21 billion per annum, while physical infrastructure and public safety are compromised. Output in excess of R14 billion of gold per annum has been channeled to international markets via neighbouring countries. The greater part, over 34 tons of gold between 2012 and 2016, was smuggled to <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, UAE. At times construction contractors rent out their <a href="/wiki/Haul_truck" title="Haul truck">haul trucks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Excavator" title="Excavator">excavators</a> to syndicates who then proceed with <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open-cast mining</a> in contravention of the <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Management_Act,_1998" title="National Environmental Management Act, 1998">Environmental Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cc1-466">[466]</a> Mining companies which operate from no fixed address may also submit fraudulent applications for mining licences, by for instance plagiarizing the required <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">EIA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-afri2-467">[467]</a> Unregistered operators of precious metal refineries are charged with illegal possession of unwrought precious metals under the Precious Metals Act, cyanide pollution under the Environmental Act, and their equipment and raw materials are seized.<a href="#cite_note-iol3-468">[468]</a><a href="#cite_note-vil1-469">[469]</a> The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act of 2002 acknowledges artisanal miners, but an overhaul of the act has been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-mart-470">[470]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Geoscience" title="Council for Geoscience">Council for Geoscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mineral_Resources_and_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Mineral Resources and Energy">Department of Mineral Resources</a> are jointly responsible for rehabilitating the 6,000 abandoned mines in South Africa (600 around Johannesburg alone).<a href="#cite_note-bing1-471">[471]</a> They are barely making headway, and don't expect to close all abandoned shafts before 2039.<a href="#cite_note-dla1-460">[460]</a> Meanwhile manpower and resources of the Border Management Authority (BMA) will be diverted to combat well-armed illegal miners.<a href="#cite_note-def2-472">[472]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock_and_produce_theft">Livestock and produce theft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Livestock and produce theft">edit</a>]</div> Livestock theft is prevalent and increasing<a href="#cite_note-ste2-473">[473]</a> in all provinces of South Africa, but the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>, where gangs of thieves openly target marginal farmers,<a href="#cite_note-dis1-474">[474]</a> has the highest number of cases.<a href="#cite_note-eck-475">[475]</a> Some 70,000 head of cattle to the value of R1,3 billion are stolen annually, while sheep farming has been abandoned in some areas due to the prevalence of theft. Livestock theft is often motivated by greed,<a href="#cite_note-kg1-476">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-mas4-477">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-hey2-478">[478]</a> and organized theft which bags a large number of animals at a time is on the rise, representing about 88% of these thefts in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-ste1-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-eck-475">[475]</a> The losses impact the livelihoods of farm workers besides farmers,<a href="#cite_note-nn1-479">[479]</a> and it is claimed that crime prevention has yet to catch up with the modus operandi of syndicates.<a href="#cite_note-eck-475">[475]</a> A stock theft task force has been established in the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ns3-22">[22]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a> has provided a hotline for the reporting of suspicious activities by its employees, after alleged stock theft on a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a> farm.<a href="#cite_note-esk1-480">[480]</a> Since 1996, ARC's Animal Genetics Laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Irene,_Gauteng" title="Irene, Gauteng">Irene</a>, Pretoria, assists the SAPS in about 500 cases per annum where DNA matching may provide identification, determine parentage or resolve ownership of stolen livestock or poached game.<a href="#cite_note-zwa1-481">[481]</a> Since 2015, theft of <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">macadamia</a> produce has shown an upward trend which affects smallholder as well as large scale farmers. Locally avocado fetches up to R25 per fruit in 2020, while macadamia, of which South Africa is the largest producer, fetches up to $25 per pound internationally. During the autumn harvest season, producers consequently rely on costly round the clock security measures to dissuade thieves. Single opportunists besides organised syndicates are at work, which via middle men supply a thriving black market.<a href="#cite_note-iol5-482">[482]</a><a href="#cite_note-times1-483">[483]</a> Grain producers are sometimes conned by <a href="/wiki/Silo" title="Silo">silo</a> operators that issue fraudulent silo certificates, which may misstate the quantity, quality and/or location where grain is stored, with resultant financial losses for the producer.<a href="#cite_note-afri1-484">[484]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housebreaking">Housebreaking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Housebreaking">edit</a>]</div> Stats SA reports that the number of households that experienced this crime in the five years preceding the survey has increased from 2.1 million in 2015/16 to 2.3 million in 2019/20.<a href="#cite_note-485">[485]</a> Electronics, especially laptop computers, televisions, decoders and cameras, are the most stolen items; followed by jewellery. Break-ins at police stations are a regular occurrence, and hardly any of the perpetrators are convicted.<a href="#cite_note-mol5-486">[486]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_property">Municipal property</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Municipal property">edit</a>]</div> Vandalism and theft of municipal infrastructure have an impact on municipal budgets, interrupts service delivery, and burdens the taxpayer.<a href="#cite_note-les-487">[487]</a> Gates, fencing, man-hole covers, paving stones, filling material of road embankments,<a href="#cite_note-qam1-488">[488]</a> metal sheeting,<a href="#cite_note-nxu1-489">[489]</a> any copper objects (which fetches R80/kg),<a href="#cite_note-mc1-490">[490]</a> brass water meters,<a href="#cite_note-van1-491">[491]</a> street lights, pipes, bathroom taps and parts of statues are stolen,<a href="#cite_note-voa1-492">[492]</a><a href="#cite_note-wat1-493">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-sel2-494">[494]</a> and smaller items are whisked away in <a href="/wiki/Waste_container" title="Waste container">wheelie bins</a> in broad daylight.<a href="#cite_note-mos-495">[495]</a><a href="#cite_note-rea-496">[496]</a> Proposals to prevent these crimes include: installation of CCTV cameras, raids on scrapyards, closure of illegal scrapyards and daily updates of theft statistics.<a href="#cite_note-les-487">[487]</a> In Cape Town, the specialized Copper Theft Unit (or so-called "Copperheads") was established in 2007, which arrested 275 thieves and scrap dealers during their first year of operation.<a href="#cite_note-voa1-492">[492]</a> This reduced the city's annual financial loss due to <a href="/wiki/Copper_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper theft">copper theft</a> from R22 million to under R500,000.<a href="#cite_note-iv1-497">[497]</a> Municipal land may also be sold illegally by incumbent or self-appointed council agents.<a href="#cite_note-sap2-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-wa1-498">[498]</a> In 2010, 33 fraudulent land transactions were uncovered by the Johannesburg city council.<a href="#cite_note-har-89">[89]</a> Municipal buildings are often occupied illegally, or may be rented out for personal gain.<a href="#cite_note-kgo1-499">[499]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_grid">Power grid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Power grid">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cable_theft_in_Buyscelia_AH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cable_theft_in_Buyscelia_AH.jpg/220px-Cable_theft_in_Buyscelia_AH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cable_theft_in_Buyscelia_AH.jpg/330px-Cable_theft_in_Buyscelia_AH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cable_theft_in_Buyscelia_AH.jpg/440px-Cable_theft_in_Buyscelia_AH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2217" data-file-height="3164" /></a><figcaption>Cut cables at <a href="/wiki/Meyerton,_Gauteng" title="Meyerton, Gauteng">Meyerton</a>, Gauteng</figcaption></figure> A 2021 estimate placed losses due to cable theft at between R5 billion and R7 billion annually.<a href="#cite_note-dev1-433">[433]</a> The <a href="/wiki/EThekwini_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality">eThekwini</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality">Tshwane</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ekurhuleni_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality">Ekurhuleni</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Johannesburg_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality">Johannesburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_Bay_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality">Nelson Mandela Bay</a> metros in particular are pillaged by criminal syndicates and subsistence thieves, while conviction rates hover around 4%. Likewise <a href="/wiki/Telkom_(South_Africa)" title="Telkom (South Africa)">Telkom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transnet_Freight_Rail" title="Transnet Freight Rail">Spoornet</a> each report thousands of cable theft incidents annually,<a href="#cite_note-iv1-497">[497]</a> some by their own employees.<a href="#cite_note-tim2-500">[500]</a> Cable theft from train stations has endangered passengers and brought services to a standstill in parts of Gauteng and the Western Cape.<a href="#cite_note-Ndlazi-501">[501]</a><a href="#cite_note-ash1-440">[440]</a> Around Johannesburg, vandalism and theft of the power grid infrastructure shows an upward trend, and the <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng province</a> has established a multi-disciplinary task team to curb these crimes by integrating available resources and expertise.<a href="#cite_note-bal4-502">[502]</a> Hundreds of millions of rand is lost to vandalising of street poles and theft of newly installed equipment such as supply cables and <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bundled_cable" title="Aerial bundled cable">aerial bundled cables</a>. Mini-substations, pole transformers,<a href="#cite_note-les-487">[487]</a> road interchanges, and lights on pedestrian bridges are targeted by criminals and a high number of illegal connections also damage the supply transformers.<a href="#cite_note-Mashaba-503">[503]</a> Cape Town experiences equipment damage and theft that impacts the electricity supply to residents, communities and road users, and results in almost constant outages in some areas.<a href="#cite_note-quk1-504">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-quk2-505">[505]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity_theft">Electricity theft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Electricity theft">edit</a>]</div> Illegal connections to the power grid is a common problem in major centers. As of 2020, illegal connections in <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a> alone causes <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>'s City Power R3 million in losses daily,<a href="#cite_note-kgm1-506">[506]</a> but the practice is also current in <a href="/wiki/Diepsloot" title="Diepsloot">Diepsloot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandra,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra, Gauteng">Alexandra</a> where meter boxes and units are absent,<a href="#cite_note-egw1-507">[507]</a> besides <a href="/wiki/Roodepoort" title="Roodepoort">Roodepoort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midrand" title="Midrand">Midrand</a> and even the upmarket Waterfall Estate.<a href="#cite_note-bt2-508">[508]</a> Not only households, but many businesses and even a church have been found to steal electricity.<a href="#cite_note-kgm1-506">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-mm4-509">[509]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">property developers</a> deliberately connect <a href="/wiki/Smart_meter" title="Smart meter">smart meters</a> illegally, fail to register meters during construction, or divert power temporarily during and for the construction process.<a href="#cite_note-bt2-508">[508]</a> Johannesburg's City Power imposes a fine of R30,000 and expects the payment of all arrears before a premises is reconnected.<a href="#cite_note-nts1-510">[510]</a> In addition to private premises, there are syndicates that focus on defrauding <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-san3-511">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-per2-512">[512]</a> By 2020, due to a culture of non-payment, <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_South_Africa" title="Municipalities of South Africa">municipalities</a> have accumulated debt of R46.1 billion (R31 billion overdue) with <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bt2-508">[508]</a> and sometimes refuse to pay despite court judgements against them.<a href="#cite_note-bn1-513">[513]</a> Payments meant for Eskom may also disappear in the pockets of municipal workers.<a href="#cite_note-bl1-514">[514]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_theft">Fuel theft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Fuel theft">edit</a>]</div> Fuel worth over R100 million is stolen annually from <a href="/wiki/Transnet" title="Transnet">Transnet</a>'s pipelines,<a href="#cite_note-sid1-515">[515]</a> and evidently sold by unlicensed retailers.<a href="#cite_note-nge1-516">[516]</a> Drone technology, tactical deployments and intelligence gathering are implemented to curb the trend. Many vehicles have been seized at crime scenes, but the conviction rate of perpetrators remains close to 0%.<a href="#cite_note-sid1-515">[515]</a> The skimming of fuel from the tanks of large vehicles is another illicit practice, while at <a href="/wiki/Filling_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Filling stations">filling stations</a> up to 65% of retailers are regular victims of petrol drive-offs.<a href="#cite_note-qam3-517">[517]</a> Similarly, drivers of fuel delivery vehicles are bribed to make partial deliveries,<a href="#cite_note-hey5-518">[518]</a> i.a. by forging invoices, or to mix coal fuel with worthless material.<a href="#cite_note-sta2-519">[519]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel</a> theft in particular is a widespread problem which affects <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a>’s ability to operate gas turbines during peak electricity demand.<a href="#cite_note-cru3-520">[520]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_plunder_and_vandalism">School plunder and vandalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: School plunder and vandalism">edit</a>]</div> Schools are seen as easy targets for thieves looking for laptops, computers, data projectors, photocopiers,<a href="#cite_note-son1-521">[521]</a> cameras and cash,<a href="#cite_note-sow1-522">[522]</a><a href="#cite_note-sim5-523">[523]</a> though fencing, electrical equipment, gas cylinders,<a href="#cite_note-mla1-524">[524]</a> filing cabinets, desks and stationery are also stolen. Strategies to prevent burglaries include access control, upgrading of security gates, fences and burglar bars, CCTV cameras, 24-hour security and alarms linked to armed response.<a href="#cite_note-mla1-524">[524]</a> Teachers have also been charged with theft and fraud at schools, and have been pressured into corrupt deals by external parties.<a href="#cite_note-mla3-525">[525]</a><a href="#cite_note-ty1-526">[526]</a> Perpetrators of school vandalism are often vagrants, gangsters or local male learners, besides ex-learners and drop-outs. Implicated learners are typically experiencing learning problems or societal challenges like poverty or drug and alcohol dependency.<a href="#cite_note-dew1-527">[527]</a> Local protests, whether due to lack of service delivery or other reasons, regularly result in arson or vandalism at schools.<a href="#cite_note-SABC2-528">[528]</a><a href="#cite_note-charl-529">[529]</a><a href="#cite_note-maph-530">[530]</a> During one week in 2018, four schools were set alight in <a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a> province,<a href="#cite_note-SABC-531">[531]</a> while over R300 million in damage was caused to 148 Gauteng and <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KZN</a> schools during <a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_unrest" title="2021 South African unrest">2021's unrest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nts2-532">[532]</a><a href="#cite_note-isa4-533">[533]</a> Student protests at tertiary education facilities likewise cause millions in damage.<a href="#cite_note-mok2-534">[534]</a><a href="#cite_note-lea1-535">[535]</a><a href="#cite_note-kri1-536">[536]</a> Criminals have also targeted teachers and school personnel.<a href="#cite_note-ty1-526">[526]</a><a href="#cite_note-ns1-537">[537]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_smuggling_and_consumption">Drug smuggling and consumption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Drug smuggling and consumption">edit</a>]</div> South Africa has become a consumer, producer and distributor of hard drugs.<a href="#cite_note-felix2-538">[538]</a> The trend is driven by <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a>, criminal overlordship in marginalised communities,<a href="#cite_note-glo1-539">[539]</a> homelessness<a href="#cite_note-quk3-540">[540]</a> and police corruption,<a href="#cite_note-nom2-541">[541]</a><a href="#cite_note-bhe3-260">[260]</a> and is expanding into rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-lee1-542">[542]</a><a href="#cite_note-lee2-543">[543]</a> <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Tik</a> made its appearance in 1998, and the first laboratory was seized in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-glo1-539">[539]</a> By 2005 it had surpassed other substances consumed by drug users in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Mandrax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">dagga</a> and alcohol. Production centres have shifted from South Africa to Nigeria since 2018, besides the Afghanistan–Pakistan border region, from which an <a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a>-based substance is sourced since late 2019.<a href="#cite_note-glo1-539">[539]</a> Tik addicts in townships who commit theft to sustain their habit, have been murdered in instances of mob justice. The trade in <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, ultimately obtained from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, has gained a foothold in cities, towns and some rural areas. The heroin trade has a corrupting effect on police, through their interactions with gangs, dealers and users.<a href="#cite_note-haysom-544">[544]</a><a href="#cite_note-mok3-545">[545]</a><a href="#cite_note-hym1-546">[546]</a> Popular drug combinations that include heroin, are <a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">nyaope</a>, sugars and unga. At least since 2011, consignments of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> have entered South Africa through various, often smaller, ports such as <a href="/wiki/Saldanha,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Saldanha, Western Cape">Saldanha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay">Mossel Bay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Knysna" title="Knysna">Knysna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cd2-547">[547]</a> It was distributed by the <a href="/wiki/Numbers_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers gang">28s gang</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats" title="Cape Flats">Cape Flats</a>, which up to 2019 had a handler with international connections.<a href="#cite_note-vin1-548">[548]</a> Since the 1990s operatives of international drug cartels have made South Africa their home, and have carried out a slew of internecine assassinations. They are believed to launder foreign drug money, run extortion rackets, trade in illicit goods, and have succeeded in corrupting senior policemen and government officials.<a href="#cite_note-cd1-549">[549]</a> Police and investigating agencies are often sidetracked by arresting smaller cogs in the underworld machine, while the kingpins manage to fly under the radar.<a href="#cite_note-tsa3-550">[550]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cigarette_smuggling">Cigarette smuggling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Cigarette smuggling">edit</a>]</div> South Africa, which allegedly has the biggest illegal tobacco trade in the world,<a href="#cite_note-nga2-551">[551]</a><a href="#cite_note-bou1-552">[552]</a> became a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Eliminate_Illicit_Trade_in_Tobacco_Products" title="Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products">WHO protocol against tobacco smuggling</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-all1-553">[553]</a> Some 30% to 60%<a href="#cite_note-van3-554">[554]</a> of cigarettes in South Africa are smuggled (compared to 10% internationally), which deprives the country of some R8<a href="#cite_note-tha1-555">[555]</a> to R12 billion in annual revenue.<a href="#cite_note-pv1-556">[556]</a><a href="#cite_note-fis1-557">[557]</a> Tobacco warehouses are exempted from surveillance,<a href="#cite_note-tha1-555">[555]</a> and in some provinces up to three quarters of stores offer cheap, illegal cigarettes for sale.<a href="#cite_note-fis4-558">[558]</a> The contraband originates in Zimbabwe, while Namibia, Mozambique and Eswatini serve as transit routes. Smugglers consider it a softer crime than drug trafficking, with less severe punishment for offenders. Legal consignments are regularly stolen by armed gangs,<a href="#cite_note-fis2-559">[559]</a> or diverted from their intended delivery destinations.<a href="#cite_note-mar6-560">[560]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_in_protected_species">Trade in protected species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Trade in protected species">edit</a>]</div> South Africa is a party to <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>, the aim of which is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.<a href="#cite_note-deff1-561">[561]</a> Vulnerable species in the South African context include the <a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">bush elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_rhinoceros" title="White rhinoceros">white</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_rhinoceros" title="Black rhinoceros">black rhinoceros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_pangolin" title="Ground pangolin">ground pangolin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-git1-562">[562]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a>, certain <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whale</a> species, <a href="/wiki/Encephalartos" title="Encephalartos">Encephalartos</a> cycads and valuable <a href="/wiki/Succulent" class="mw-redirect" title="Succulent">succulent</a> genera such as <a href="/wiki/Conophytum" title="Conophytum">Conophytum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ana3-563">[563]</a><a href="#cite_note-bhe1-564">[564]</a><a href="#cite_note-bol1-565">[565]</a> In reptile laundering, animals caught in the wild are presented as captive-bred.<a href="#cite_note-jm1-566">[566]</a> Trade in <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poached</a> reptiles affects <a href="/wiki/Bitis" title="Bitis">small adders</a>, tortoises, lizards (<a href="/wiki/Cordylus" title="Cordylus">Cordylus</a> and geckos) and <a href="/wiki/Bradypodion" title="Bradypodion">dwarf chameleons</a>, which all fetch very high prices internationally. Detection dogs have been useful in locating wildlife products in luggage, and DNA analysis is employed to determine where such products originated.<a href="#cite_note-cp1-567">[567]</a> The identification of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_marker" title="Genetic marker">DNA markers</a> that would distinguish between captive-bred and poached reptiles is in an early stage of development.<a href="#cite_note-jm1-566">[566]</a> The captive-bred lion industry continues to operate in a regulatory vacuum. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">USFWS</a> has however banned the import of captive lion trophies in 2016, while a 2019 ruling made the export of lion bones, traded as "<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">tiger bones</a>" in Asia, illegal on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wel1-568">[568]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_artifacts">Cultural artifacts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Cultural artifacts">edit</a>]</div> Trade in, or vandalism of certain <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural artifacts">cultural artifacts</a> are contraventions of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Heritage_Resources_Agency" title="South African Heritage Resources Agency">National Heritage Resources Act</a>, and only a fraction of conserved items are inventoried.<a href="#cite_note-sto2-569">[569]</a> In 2008 government expressed concern about a rising number of thefts of artifacts and heritage objects from museums, galleries, castles and churches,<a href="#cite_note-mem1-570">[570]</a> but relied on incomplete statistics, starting 1990. In the five-year period from 2012 to 2016, some 2,665 pieces from altogether 30 heritage institutions were reported lost or stolen.<a href="#cite_note-sto2-569">[569]</a><a href="#cite_note-hla1-571">[571]</a> Due to their age and rarity, heritage items may fetch high prices, but are completely non-renewable.<a href="#cite_note-kin1-572">[572]</a> Many military artifacts from the early 20th century have been stolen, including invaluable <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_weapon" title="Ceremonial weapon">ceremonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Daggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Daggers">daggers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a> and medals, which could be traded anywhere in the world.<a href="#cite_note-mem1-570">[570]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Groot_Constantia" title="Groot Constantia">Groot Constantia</a> <a href="/wiki/Iziko_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Iziko Museums">Manor House and Museum</a>, an estate dating from 1685, was burgled in 2012, and thieves made off with over 20 items worth some R50 million, though 10 pieces were soon recovered. Among the porcelain items were a 300 year old vase, mid 17th-century Japanese <a href="/wiki/Arita_ware" title="Arita ware">Arita porcelain</a> and a pair of 17th century Chinese vases.<a href="#cite_note-xol1-573">[573]</a> It was reportedly the third heist by a suspected international syndicate that targeted valuable Asian porcelain pieces in museums.<a href="#cite_note-sep1-574">[574]</a> In 2016 various pieces of gold jewelry from the <a href="/wiki/Thulamela" title="Thulamela">Thulamela</a> archeological site, on loan from <a href="/wiki/Ditsong_Museums_of_South_Africa" title="Ditsong Museums of South Africa">Ditsong Museums</a>, were stolen from the museum in <a href="/wiki/Skukuza" title="Skukuza">Skukuza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sah1-575">[575]</a><a href="#cite_note-dia1-576">[576]</a> Heritage experts were outraged, and expressed concerns about <a href="/wiki/Mapungubwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapungubwe">Mapungubwe</a> <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Mapungubwe_National_Park" title="Mapungubwe National Park">Mapungubwe Interpretation Centre</a>, which are on loan from <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretoria University">Pretoria University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sto1-577">[577]</a> Various institutions and museums have subsequently cut back on the simultaneous display of heritage items. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-border_crime_and_corruption">Cross-border crime and corruption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Cross-border crime and corruption">edit</a>]</div> Fifteen landward sub-units of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">SANDF</a> are deployed on the borders with <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> to safeguard these against transnational crime, international crime syndicates and cartels, the illegal flow of undocumented migrants and illicit economic activities.<a href="#cite_note-oli1-39">[39]</a> In July 2022 the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(South_Africa)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (South Africa)">Department of Home Affairs</a> (DHA) launched the Border Management Authority (BMA) which aims to place border security functions of four government departments and the SAPS under one central command.<a href="#cite_note-def1-578">[578]</a> Deportations of illegal immigrants at the <a href="/wiki/Beitbridge,_South_Africa" title="Beitbridge, South Africa">Beitbridge</a> border post were said to be a waste of money and a vicious circle due to the amount of bribery engaged in (R500 per <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Illegal immigration to South Africa">illegal immigrant</a>) by police guards and border officials.<a href="#cite_note-sad2-579">[579]</a> Additional roadblocks have been effective in stopping many who bribed their way through the first checkpoints. <a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">People smuggling</a> of illegal <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</a> immigrants is much more lucrative however, as airport officials and ground crews have conspired to form syndicates that net R60,000 per client.<a href="#cite_note-sho1-580">[580]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(South_Africa)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (South Africa)">Home Affairs</a> subsequently warned South Africans not to sell their identities to illegal immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-nai3-581">[581]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_A21_Campaign" title="The A21 Campaign">A21</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_in_Persons_Report" title="Trafficking in Persons Report">Trafficking in Persons Report</a>, South Africa has become an important source, transit as well as destination country for <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_South_Africa" title="Human trafficking in South Africa">human trafficking</a>, with large sections of its population being vulnerable to its depredations.<a href="#cite_note-ryk1-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-hos2-582">[582]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organised_crime">Organised crime</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Organised crime">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (December 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigerian_mafia">Nigerian mafia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Nigerian mafia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Organised_crime_in_Nigeria#South_Africa" title="Organised crime in Nigeria">Organised crime in Nigeria § South Africa</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Nigeria&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Nigerian organised crime groups established roots in South Africa in the mid-1990s following the end of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, and operate primarily in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>. Nigerians were initially involved in the crack cocaine trade, before moving into powder cocaine after establishing contacts in South America.<a href="#cite_note-583">[583]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillbrow" title="Hillbrow">Hillbrow</a> in Johannesburg was a stronghold for the Nigerian mafia for many years. After arriving in Cape Town, Nigerian syndicates operated drug and prostitution rackets in the affluent suburb of <a href="/wiki/Sea_Point" title="Sea Point">Sea Point</a> before they were forced out by the police and neighbourhood watch. They subsequently moved onto the city's northern suburbs and dominate the <a href="/wiki/Milnerton" title="Milnerton">Milnerton</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-Organised_crime_in_Nigeria_Migration_of_the_Nigerian_mafia-584">[584]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gated_communities">Gated communities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Gated communities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neighbourhood_Watch_Sign,_Combat_Force_(South_Africa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Neighbourhood_Watch_Sign%2C_Combat_Force_%28South_Africa%29.jpg/220px-Neighbourhood_Watch_Sign%2C_Combat_Force_%28South_Africa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Neighbourhood_Watch_Sign%2C_Combat_Force_%28South_Africa%29.jpg/330px-Neighbourhood_Watch_Sign%2C_Combat_Force_%28South_Africa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Neighbourhood_Watch_Sign%2C_Combat_Force_%28South_Africa%29.jpg/440px-Neighbourhood_Watch_Sign%2C_Combat_Force_%28South_Africa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3474" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighbourhood watch">neighbourhood watch</a> sign on the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape Peninsula</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Gated_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Gated communities">Gated communities</a> are popular with the South African <a href="/wiki/Middle-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-class">middle-class</a>; Black as well as White.<a href="#cite_note-econ-scp-155">[155]</a> Gated communities are usually protected by high perimeter walls topped with electric fencing, guard dogs, barred doors and windows and alarm systems linked to private security forces.<a href="#cite_note-econ-scp-155">[155]</a> The Gauteng Rationalisation of Local Government Affairs Act 10 of 1998, allows communities to "restrict" access to public roads in existing suburbs, under the supervision of the municipalities. The law requires that entry control measures within these communities should not deny anyone access. The Tshwane municipality failed to process many of the applications it has received, leaving many suburbs exposed to high levels of crime. Several communities successfully sued, won and are now legally restricting access.<a href="#cite_note-585">[585]</a><a href="#cite_note-586">[586]</a><a href="#cite_note-587">[587]</a> These measures are generally considered effective in reducing local crime.<a href="#cite_note-588">[588]</a> Consequently, the number of enclosed neighbourhoods (i.e. existing neighbourhoods with controlled access to existing roads)<a href="#cite_note-dfgatcom-589">[589]</a> in Gauteng has continued to grow.<a href="#cite_note-gat-com-590">[590]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_security_companies">Private security companies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Private security companies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Private_security_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Private security industry in South Africa">Private security industry in South Africa</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">SAPS</a> is responsible for managing 1,123 police stations across South Africa,<a href="#cite_note-591">[591]</a> and as of 2020 had 187,000 service members (down from 192,000 in 2019).<a href="#cite_note-592">[592]</a> By contrast South Africa had 450,000 private security guards in 2020 (and 470,000 in 2021),<a href="#cite_note-bat1-593">[593]</a> besides 1.5 million qualified "but inactive" private security personnel.<a href="#cite_note-mt2-43">[43]</a> The SAPS has a strained relationship with <a href="/wiki/Private_security_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Private security companies">private security companies</a>, and warned them in 2021 that they must adhere to the law.<a href="#cite_note-bat1-593">[593]</a> Vetting of security guards was highlighted in 2021 when 182 guards appointed in 2018 by the city of Johannesburg were found to have former convictions for murder, rape, assault or theft.<a href="#cite_note-sip1-594">[594]</a> To protect themselves and their assets, many businesses and middle-to-high-income households make use of privately owned <a href="/wiki/Category:Security_companies" title="Category:Security companies">security companies</a> with armed <a href="/wiki/Security_guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Security guards">security guards</a>. The SAPS employ private security companies to patrol and safeguard certain police stations, thereby freeing fully trained police officers to perform their core function of preventing and fighting crime.<a href="#cite_note-595">[595]</a> A December 2008 BBC documentary, <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Disorder_in_Johannesburg" title="Law and Disorder in Johannesburg">Law and Disorder in Johannesburg</a>, examined such firms in the Johannesburg area, including the Bad Boyz security company. It is argued that the police response is generally too slow and unreliable in South Africa, thus private security companies offer a more efficient form of protection. Private security firms promise response times of two to three minutes.<a href="#cite_note-596">[596]</a> Many levels of protection are offered, from suburban foot patrols to complete <a href="/wiki/Civilian_checkpoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian checkpoint">security checkpoints</a> at entry points to homes.<a href="#cite_note-597">[597]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</div> The government has been criticised for doing too little to stop crime. Provincial legislators have stated that a lack of sufficient equipment has resulted in an ineffective and demoralised <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">SAPS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-598">[598]</a> The Government was subject to particular criticism at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Police_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Police (South Africa)">Minister of Safety and Security</a> visit to <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, for the purpose of promoting peace and democracy, at a time of heightened crime in <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a>. This spate included the murder of a significant number of people, including members of the SAPS, killed while on duty.<a href="#cite_note-599">[599]</a> The criticism was followed by a ministerial announcement that the government would focus its efforts on mitigating the causes for the increase in crime by 30 December 2006. In one province alone, 19 police officers lost their lives in the first seven months of 2006.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2004, the government had a widely publicised gun amnesty program to reduce the number of weapons in private hands, resulting in 80,000 firearms being handed over.<a href="#cite_note-600">[600]</a> In 1996 or 1997, the government has tried and failed to adopt the National Crime Prevention Strategy, which aimed to prevent crime through reinforcing community structures and assisting individuals to get back into work.<a href="#cite_note-601">[601]</a> A former Minister of Safety and Security, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nqakula" title="Charles Nqakula">Charles Nqakula</a>, evoked public outcry in June 2006 when he responded to opposition MPs in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">parliament</a> who were not satisfied that enough was being done to counter crime, suggesting that MPs who complain about the country's <a href="/wiki/Crime_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime rate">crime rate</a> should stop complaining and <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">leave the country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-602">[602]</a> In November 2020, in response to the SAPS's poor logistic's management, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">parliament</a>'s chairwoman for the portfolio committee on police, <a href="/wiki/Tina_Joemat-Pettersson" title="Tina Joemat-Pettersson">Tina Joemat-Pettersson</a>, expressed the opinion that the country was only reacting to crime, without being proactive.<a href="#cite_note-lp1-38">[38]</a> Most emigrants from South Africa state that crime was a big factor in their decision to leave.<a href="#cite_note-603">[603]</a><a href="#cite_note-604">[604]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_Expo_South_Africa" title="Crime Expo South Africa">Crime Expo South Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bus1a-1"><a href="#cite_ref-bus1a_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/329027/over-500000-people-have-been-murdered-in-south-africa-since-1994/">"Over 500,000 people have 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Retrieved 22 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Talle+vas+vir+onwettige+mynboubedrywighede&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft.aulast=Cornelissen&rft.aufirst=Christel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaroelamedia.co.za%2Fnuus%2Fsa-nuus%2Ftalle-vas-vir-onwettige-mynboubedrywighede%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-afri2-467"><a href="#cite_ref-afri2_467-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127054626/https://afriforum.co.za/nasionale-kruger-wildtuin-mynaansoek-gestop/">"Nasionale Krugerwildtuin-Mynaansoek gestop"</a>. AfriForum. afriforum.co.za. 24 November 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afriforum.co.za/nasionale-kruger-wildtuin-mynaansoek-gestop/">the original</a> on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AfriForum&rft.atitle=Nasionale+Krugerwildtuin-Mynaansoek+gestop&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafriforum.co.za%2Fnasionale-kruger-wildtuin-mynaansoek-gestop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iol3-468"><a href="#cite_ref-iol3_468-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIOL_Reporter2020" class="citation news cs1">IOL Reporter (11 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/national/seven-suspects-appear-over-r8m-illicit-gold-refinery-on-west-rand/ar-BB1bQAGh?ocid=msedgntp">"Seven suspects appear over R8m illicit gold refinery on West Rand"</a>. MSN. IOL. Retrieved 11 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Seven+suspects+appear+over+R8m+illicit+gold+refinery+on+West+Rand&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft.au=IOL+Reporter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-za%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fseven-suspects-appear-over-r8m-illicit-gold-refinery-on-west-rand%2Far-BB1bQAGh%3Focid%3Dmsedgntp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vil1-469"><a href="#cite_ref-vil1_469-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViljoen2020" class="citation news cs1">Viljoen, Buks (23 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/hawks-nab-12-zama-zamas-at-illicit-gold-refinery-20201223">"Hawks nab 12 zama zamas at illicit gold refinery"</a>. news24.com. News24. Retrieved 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hawks+nab+12+zama+zamas+at+illicit+gold+refinery&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft.aulast=Viljoen&rft.aufirst=Buks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fnews24%2Fsouthafrica%2Fnews%2Fhawks-nab-12-zama-zamas-at-illicit-gold-refinery-20201223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mart-470"><a href="#cite_ref-mart_470-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2019" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Alan (19 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/national/solving-south-africas-violent-and-costly-zama-zama-problem/ar-AAD7pcx?ocid=spartanntp">"Solving South Africa's violent and costly Zama Zama problem"</a>. Daily Maverick, MSN. ISS Today. Retrieved 20 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Solving+South+Africa%27s+violent+and+costly+Zama+Zama+problem&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-za%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fsolving-south-africas-violent-and-costly-zama-zama-problem%2Far-AAD7pcx%3Focid%3Dspartanntp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988">, see also: Uncovered: The dark world of the Zama Zamas, ENACT project, EU policy brief </li> <li id="cite_note-bing1-471"><a href="#cite_ref-bing1_471-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingwaVan_WykMabuza2018" class="citation web cs1">Bingwa, Bongani; Van Wyk, David; Mabuza, Mosa (27 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lifepodcasts.fm/podcasts/176-the-best-of-breakfast-with-bongani-bingwa/episode/152866-illegal-mining-brings-johannesburg-to-the-brink-of-a-massive-disaster">"Illegal mining brings Johannesburg to the brink of a massive disaster (702)"</a>. lifepodcasts.fm. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lifepodcasts.fm&rft.atitle=Illegal+mining+brings+Johannesburg+to+the+brink+of+a+massive+disaster+%28702%29&rft.date=2018-11-27&rft.aulast=Bingwa&rft.aufirst=Bongani&rft.au=Van+Wyk%2C+David&rft.au=Mabuza%2C+Mosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flifepodcasts.fm%2Fpodcasts%2F176-the-best-of-breakfast-with-bongani-bingwa%2Fepisode%2F152866-illegal-mining-brings-johannesburg-to-the-brink-of-a-massive-disaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-def2-472"><a href="#cite_ref-def2_472-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="11_October_2023" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenceweb.co.za/security/border-security/bma-will-be-part-of-stopping-illegal-mining/">"BMA will be part of stopping illegal mining"</a>. defenceweb.co.za. defenceWeb. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=defenceweb.co.za&rft.atitle=BMA+will+be+part+of+stopping+illegal+mining&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenceweb.co.za%2Fsecurity%2Fborder-security%2Fbma-will-be-part-of-stopping-illegal-mining%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ste2-473"><a href="#cite_ref-ste2_473-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteyn2021" class="citation web cs1">Steyn, Annette (MP) (28 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.da.org.za/2021/02/millions-of-rands-and-thousands-of-animals-lost-to-stock-theft-in-sa">"Millions of Rands and thousands of animals lost to stock theft in SA"</a>. da.org.za. Democratic Alliance. Retrieved 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=da.org.za&rft.atitle=Millions+of+Rands+and+thousands+of+animals+lost+to+stock+theft+in+SA&rft.date=2021-02-28&rft.aulast=Steyn&rft.aufirst=Annette+%28MP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.da.org.za%2F2021%2F02%2Fmillions-of-rands-and-thousands-of-animals-lost-to-stock-theft-in-sa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dis1-474"><a href="#cite_ref-dis1_474-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/farmers-under-siege/">"Farmers Under Siege"</a>. A Dispatch Special Investigation. dispatchlive.co.za. DispatchLive. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Dispatch+Special+Investigation&rft.atitle=Farmers+Under+Siege&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dispatchlive.co.za%2Fnews%2Ffarmers-under-siege%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"> Also see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucB9nNFLgvQ&t=60s">Eastern Cape — Farmers Under Siege</a>, YouTube </li> <li id="cite_note-eck-475">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck_475-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck_475-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck_475-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckard2019" class="citation web cs1">Eckard, Lourensa (24 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2EAITV8-fAA">"KNverslag: Veediefstalsindikaat in Ermelo vasgetrek"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 June 2019 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KNverslag%3A+Veediefstalsindikaat+in+Ermelo+vasgetrek&rft.pub=KykNet&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft.aulast=Eckard&rft.aufirst=Lourensa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D2EAITV8-fAA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kg1-476"><a href="#cite_ref-kg1_476-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeldenhuys2020" class="citation web cs1">Geldenhuys, Kotie (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418150133/https://servamus.co.za/index.php/servamus/july-2016/493-stock-theft-a-costly-cruel-crime">"Stock theft: A costly, cruel crime"</a>. servamus.co.za. Sarvamus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://servamus.co.za/index.php/servamus/july-2016/493-stock-theft-a-costly-cruel-crime">the original</a> on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=servamus.co.za&rft.atitle=Stock+theft%3A+A+costly%2C+cruel+crime&rft.date=2020-03&rft.aulast=Geldenhuys&rft.aufirst=Kotie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fservamus.co.za%2Findex.php%2Fservamus%2Fjuly-2016%2F493-stock-theft-a-costly-cruel-crime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mas4-477"><a href="#cite_ref-mas4_477-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasiwa2021" class="citation web cs1">Masiwa, Duncan (23 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/stock-theft-ramadie/">"Stock theft: Education boss busted for stolen cattle"</a>. foodformzansi.co.za. VKB - Food for Mzansi. Retrieved 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=foodformzansi.co.za&rft.atitle=Stock+theft%3A+Education+boss+busted+for+stolen+cattle&rft.date=2021-02-23&rft.aulast=Masiwa&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodformzansi.co.za%2Fstock-theft-ramadie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hey2-478"><a href="#cite_ref-hey2_478-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyns2021" class="citation news cs1">Heyns, Tania (25 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maroelamedia.co.za/nuus/sa-nuus/polisieman-vas-vir-veediefstal-2/">"Polisieman vas vir veediefstal"</a>. maroelamedia.co.za. Maroela Media. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Polisieman+vas+vir+veediefstal&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft.aulast=Heyns&rft.aufirst=Tania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaroelamedia.co.za%2Fnuus%2Fsa-nuus%2Fpolisieman-vas-vir-veediefstal-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+South+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nn1-479"><a href="#cite_ref-nn1_479-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgcakani2020" class="citation news cs1">Ngcakani, Noluthando (4 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/government-kicks-80-year-old-limpopo-farmer-in-the-teeth/">"Government 'kicks 80 year old farmer in the teeth'"</a>. foodformzansi.co.za. Food for Mzansi. 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crime_in_South_Africa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crime in South Africa">Crime in South Africa</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427114614/http://www.iss.org.za/">Institute for Security Studies</a> – A regional research institute operating across sub-Saharan Africa.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050625020601/http://www.whitecollarcrime.co.za/">WhiteCollarCrime.co.za</a> – An initiative of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Against_Crime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Business Against Crime (page does not exist)">Business Against Crime</a> to help people understand and recognise white collar crime and to teach about its prevention.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100905205005/http://www.saps.gov.za/statistics/reports/crimestats/2010/crime_stats.htm">SAPS Crime Statistics 2010</a> – Crime statistics by year and category provided by the South African Police Service (SAPS).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526062842/http://196.15.148.231:8081/ka-map/">Interactive Crime Map</a> – Crime and Economic Statistics by year and category on a geographic, interactive map provided by the Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention (CJCP).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Africa_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Africa_topics" title="Template:South Africa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Africa_topics" title="Template talk:South Africa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Africa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Africa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Africa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Africa" title="Outline of South Africa">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_South_Africa" title="Timeline of South Africa">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_South_Africa" title="List of years in South Africa">Years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaditshwene" title="Kaditshwene">Kaditshwene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Republic">Transvaal Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Democratic South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Military history of South Africa">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Biodiversity of South Africa">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Africa" title="Climate of South Africa">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Africa" title="Climate change in South Africa">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_South_Africa" title="Districts of South Africa">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_South_Africa" title="List of earthquakes in South Africa">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estuaries_of_South_Africa" title="List of estuaries of South Africa">Estuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_of_South_Africa" title="List of forests of South Africa">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_Africa" title="List of islands of South Africa">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_South_Africa" title="List of lakes of South Africa">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_South_Africa" title="List of mountain ranges of South Africa">Mountain ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of South African municipalities">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of South Africa">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_South_Africa" title="List of populated places in South Africa">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_South_Africa" title="List of rivers of South Africa">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_South_Africa" title="Wildlife of South Africa">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_South_Africa" title="Courts of South Africa">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign relations of South Africa">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Human rights in South Africa">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_South_Africa" title="Law enforcement in South Africa">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifespan_timeline_of_presidents_of_South_Africa" title="Lifespan timeline of presidents of South Africa">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">State security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Africa" title="Agriculture in South Africa">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_South_Africa" title="Banking in South Africa">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_South_Africa" title="List of companies of South Africa">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Africa" title="Telecommunications in South Africa">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Africa" title="Energy in South Africa">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign trade of South Africa">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality in South Africa">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_South_Africa" title="Mining industry of South Africa">Mining industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">Rand (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_South_Africa" title="State-owned enterprises of South Africa">State-owned enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSE_Limited" title="JSE Limited">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_South_Africa" title="Taxation in South Africa">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Africa" title="Tourism in South Africa">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Africa" title="Transport in South Africa">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_South_Africa" title="Water supply and sanitation in South Africa">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_South_Africa" title="Wealth inequality in South Africa">Wealth inequality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Society of South Africa">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Africa" title="Cannabis in South Africa">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_South_Africa" title="Disability in South Africa">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_South_Africa" title="Health in South Africa">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_South_Africa" title="Healthcare in South Africa">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Immigration to South Africa">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Intersex rights in South Africa">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_invasion_in_South_Africa" title="Land invasion in South Africa">Land invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Africa" title="LGBT rights in South Africa">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South African provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in South Africa">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_South_Africa" title="Slum clearance in South Africa">Slum clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Africa" title="Smoking in South Africa">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in South Africa">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_movements_in_South_Africa" title="List of social movements in South Africa">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Africa" title="Women in South Africa">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Africa" title="Culture of South Africa">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of South Africa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_art" title="South African art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_South_Africa" title="Homelessness in South Africa">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in South Africa">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_South_Africa" title="National symbols of South Africa">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_South_Africa" title="Public holidays in South Africa">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Africa" title="Sport in South Africa">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Africa">World Heritage Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_South_Africa" title="List of heritage sites in South Africa">heritage sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa" title="Demographics of South Africa">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu peoples in South Africa">South African Bantu-speaking peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Ndebele_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ndebele people">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">Whites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese South African">Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Africa" title="Outline of South Africa">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Africa" title="Outline of South Africa">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Africa" title="Category:South Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_enforcement_in_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Law_enforcement_in_South_Africa" title="Template:Law enforcement in South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Law_enforcement_in_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Law enforcement in South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Law_enforcement_in_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Law enforcement in South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_enforcement_in_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_South_Africa" title="Law enforcement in South Africa">Law enforcement in South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Police_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Police (South Africa)">Department of Police</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">South African Police Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_Intelligence_Division_(SAPS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime Intelligence Division (SAPS)">Crime Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawks_(South_Africa)" title="Hawks (South Africa)">Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intervention_Unit" title="National Intervention Unit">National Intervention Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Forensic_DNA_Database_of_South_Africa" title="National Forensic DNA Database of South Africa">NFDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Task_Force_(SAPS)" title="Special Task Force (SAPS)">Special Task Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Police_(South_Africa)" title="Municipal Police (South Africa)">Municipal Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Police_Investigative_Directorate" title="Independent Police Investigative Directorate">Independent Police Investigative Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Africa"><img alt="Flag of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/75px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/100px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of South Africa</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Correctional_Services_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Correctional Services (South Africa)">Department of Correctional Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_South_Africa" title="Prisons in South Africa">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_South_Africa" title="Life imprisonment in South Africa">Life imprisonment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">Sexual violence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_farm_attacks" title="South African farm attacks">Farm attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi_wars_in_South_Africa" title="Taxi wars in South Africa">Taxi wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_South_Africa" title="Terrorism in South Africa">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_South_Africa" title="Human trafficking in South Africa">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_in_South_Africa" title="Kidnapping in South Africa">Kidnapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commissions of Inquiry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marikana_miners%27_strike#Official_inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikana miners' strike"> Farlam Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayelitsha_Commission" title="Khayelitsha Commission">Khayelitsha Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Judicial_Commission_of_Inquiry_into_Allegations_of_State_Capture" class="mw-redirect" title="The Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture"> Zondo Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_security_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Private security industry in South Africa">Private security industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun politics in South Africa">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biometrics_use_by_the_South_African_government" title="Biometrics use by the South African government">Biometrics use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(South_Africa)" title="Scorpions (South Africa)">Scorpions (The Directorate of Special Operations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Protector" title="Public Protector">Public Protector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crime_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crime_in_Africa" title="Template:Crime in Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crime_in_Africa" title="Template talk:Crime in Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crime_in_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crime in Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crime_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Crime in Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Algeria (page does not exist)">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Angola (page does not exist)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Benin" title="Crime in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Cape_Verde" title="Crime in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Chad (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Egypt" title="Crime in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ethiopia" title="Crime in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ghana" title="Crime in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Crime in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Kenya" title="Crime in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Lesotho" title="Crime in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Liberia" title="Crime in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Malawi" title="Crime in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mauritania" title="Crime in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Namibia" title="Crime in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Niger (page does not exist)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Nigeria" title="Crime in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Somalia (page does not exist)">Somalia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Sudan (page does not exist)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Uganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Uganda (page does not exist)">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Zambia" title="Crime in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Zimbabwe" title="Crime in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_South_Africa_navbox" title="Template:Politics of South Africa navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_South_Africa_navbox" title="Template talk:Politics of South Africa navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_South_Africa_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of South Africa navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Eastern_Cape" title="Politics of the Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)#Law_and_government" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauteng#Law_and_government" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal#Law_and_government" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Limpopo" title="Politics of Limpopo">Limpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mpumalanga" title="Politics of Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)#Law_and_government" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Northern_Cape" title="Politics of the Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Politics of the Western Cape">Western Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Africa"><img alt="Flag of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/75px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/100px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of South Africa</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_movements_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Political movements in South Africa">Political movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_resistance_to_war" title="South African resistance to war">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_South_Africa" title="Federalism in South Africa">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-racialism" title="Non-racialism">Non-racialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_South_Africa" title="Trotskyism in South Africa">Trotskyism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">see <a href="/wiki/Template:South_Africa_political_parties" title="Template:South Africa political parties">South Africa political parties</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">political organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AfriForum" title="AfriForum">AfriForum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikanerbond" title="Afrikanerbond">Afrikanerbond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a> (AWB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Traditional_Leaders_of_South_Africa" title="Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa">Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa</a> (CONTRALESA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Students" title="Congress of South African Students">Congress of South African Students</a> (COSAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthlife_Africa" title="Earthlife Africa">Earthlife Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Left_(South_Africa)" title="Keep Left (South Africa)">Keep Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanya_College" title="Khanya College">Khanya College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberg_Alert" title="Koeberg Alert">Koeberg Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_and_Gay_Equality_Project" title="Lesbian and Gay Equality Project">Lesbian and Gay Equality Project</a> (LGEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">People Against Gangsterism and Drugs</a> (PAGAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Liberal_Students%27_Association" title="South African Liberal Students' Association">South African Liberal Students' Association</a> (SALSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students_Congress" title="South African Students Congress">South African Students Congress</a> (SASCO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_South_African_Wine_Initiative" title="The South African Wine Initiative">South African Wine Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabalaza_Anarchist_Communist_Front" title="Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front">Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front</a> (ZACF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">Trade unions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_social_movements_in_South_Africa" title="List of social movements in South Africa">Social movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">see <a href="/wiki/Template:Trade_unions_in_South_Africa_navbox" title="Template:Trade unions in South Africa navbox">South Africa trade unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Education" title="Equal Education">Equal Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandela_Park_Backyarders" title="Mandela Park Backyarders">Mandela Park Backyarders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Suffering,_Oppression_and_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty">People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty</a> (PASSOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Alliance" title="Poor People's Alliance">Poor People's Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Abahlali baseMjondolo">Abahlali baseMjondolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landless_Peoples_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Landless Peoples Movement">Landless Peoples Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Anti-Eviction_Campaign" title="Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign">Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_The_City" title="Reclaim The City">Reclaim the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_Coalition_(South_Africa)" title="Social Justice Coalition (South Africa)">Social Justice Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Unemployed_Peoples%27_Movement" title="South African Unemployed Peoples' Movement">Unemployed Peoples' Movement</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">see <a href="/wiki/Template:SA_law" title="Template:SA law">South African law</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media_in_South_Africa" title="Alternative media in South Africa">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azania#South_Africa" title="Azania">Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(Don%27t)_touch_me_on_my_studio" title="(Don't) touch me on my studio">(Don't) touch me on my studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proudly_South_African" title="Proudly South African">Proudly South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_nation" title="Rainbow nation">Rainbow nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaming in South Africa">Renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenderpreneur" title="Tenderpreneur">Tenderpreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyi-toyi" title="Toyi-toyi">Toyi-toyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (philosophy)">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnFreedom_Day" title="UnFreedom Day">UnFreedom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_monopoly_capital" title="White monopoly capital">White monopoly capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungovernability" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungovernability">Ungovernability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in South Africa">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Indian sentiment in South Africa">Anti-Indian sentiment</a></li></ul></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Amandla_(power)" title="Amandla (power)">Amandla Ngawethu!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!" title="No Land! No House! No Vote!">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubul%27_ibhunu" title="Dubul' ibhunu">"Dubul' ibhunu" (Shoot the Boer)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Settler,_One_Bullet" title="One Settler, One Bullet">One Settler, One Bullet</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Each_one_teach_one" title="Each one teach one">"Each One, Teach One"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Communist" title="African Communist">African Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amandla_(magazine)" title="Amandla (magazine)">Amandla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANC_Today" title="ANC Today">ANC Today</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biko_(book)" title="Biko (book)">Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Write_What_I_Like" title="I Write What I Like">I Write What I Like</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Long Walk to Freedom">Long Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov_Cocktail_(magazine)" title="Molotov Cocktail (magazine)">Molotov Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!_(book)" title="No Land! No House! No Vote! (book)">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-toll_(South_Africa)" title="E-toll (South Africa)">e-tolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_farm_attacks" title="South African farm attacks">Farm attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_family" title="Gupta family">Gupta family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_brokering" title="Labour brokering">Labour brokering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_land_occupations_in_South_Africa" title="List of land occupations in South Africa">Land occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inequality_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Inequality in post-apartheid South Africa">Legacies of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindela_Repatriation_Centre" title="Lindela Repatriation Centre">Lindela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Phala_Phala_Robbery" title="2020 Phala Phala Robbery">Phala Phala robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_assassinations_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political assassinations in post-apartheid South Africa">Political assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest in South Africa">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shack_fires_in_South_Africa" title="Shack fires in South Africa">Shack fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_South_Africa" title="Terrorism in South Africa">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)#Post_1994_use" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Politics of South Africa">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political history of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1075–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1220)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> (1652–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1780–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1780–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> (1816–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a> (1839–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal Colony</a> (1843–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (1854–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (1856–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_East" title="Griqualand East">Griqualand East</a> (1861–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a> (1870–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Goshen" title="State of Goshen">Goshen</a> (1882–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellaland" title="Stellaland">Stellaland</a> (1882–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Republiek" title="Nieuwe Republiek">Nieuwe Republiek</a> (1884–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upingtonia" title="Upingtonia">Upingtonia</a> (1885–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Vrystaat" title="Klein Vrystaat">Klein Vrystaat</a> (1886–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> (1902–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a> (1902–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> (1910–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> (1976–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a> (1977–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a> (1979–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> (1981–1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Pre-colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salt_River" title="Battle of Salt River">Battle of Salt River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1652%E2%80%931815)" title="History of South Africa (1652–1815)">1652–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cape_Colony_before_1806#First_settlement" title="History of the Cape Colony before 1806">Dutch settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">French Huguenot settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muizenberg">Battle of Muizenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)" title="History of South Africa (1815–1910)">1815–1910</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Civil_War" title="Transvaal Civil War">Transvaal Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_Revolution" title="Mineral Revolution">Mineral Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879%E2%80%931915)" title="South African Wars (1879–1915)">South African Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Convention_(South_Africa)" title="National Convention (South Africa)">National Convention</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1910%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa (1910–48)">1910–1948</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Rebellion" title="Rand Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_African_Mine_Workers%27_Union_strike" title="1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike">1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">1948 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Apartheid legislation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloured-vote_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured-vote constitutional crisis">Coloured-vote constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_(South_Africa)" title="Women's March (South Africa)">Women's March 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Alexandra_bus_boycott" title="1957 Alexandra bus boycott">1957 Alexandra bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1960 republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheid" title="Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid">International isolation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1761" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761">UN Resolution 1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_591" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 591">UNSC Resolution 591</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_boycott_of_South_Africa" title="Academic boycott of South Africa">Academic boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_engagement" title="Constructive engagement">Constructive engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_boycott_of_South_Africa_during_the_apartheid_era" title="Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era">Sporting boycott</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid-era_South_Africa_and_the_Olympics" title="Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_and_apartheid" title="Rugby union and apartheid">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durban_Moment" title="Durban Moment">Durban Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations#Strategic_relations" title="Israel–South Africa relations">Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_Agreement" title="Israel–South Africa Agreement">Israel–South Africa Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafeje_affair" title="Mafeje affair">Mafeje affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street bombing">Church Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_South_African_constitutional_referendum" title="1983 South African constitutional referendum">1983 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langa_massacre" title="Langa massacre">Langa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_speech" title="Rubicon speech">Rubicon speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vula" title="Operation Vula">Operation Vula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakar_Conference" title="Dakar Conference">Dakar Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Transkei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Transkei coup d'état">Transkei coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Ciskei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Ciskei coup d'état">Ciskei coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Venda_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Venda coup d'état">Venda coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">CODESA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Kempton_Park_World_Trade_Centre" title="Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre">Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">1992 apartheid referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Church_massacre" title="Saint James Church massacre">Saint James Church massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Post- apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">Government of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">Reconstruction and Development Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">Arms Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_crossing_(South_Africa)" title="Floor crossing (South Africa)">Floor crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Soweto_bombings" title="2002 Soweto bombings">Soweto bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelgate_(South_Africa)" title="Travelgate (South Africa)">Travelgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Kennedy_Road" title="Attack on Kennedy Road">Attack on Kennedy Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blikkiesdorp" title="Blikkiesdorp">Blikkiesdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikana_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikana killings">Marikana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_2012_Farm_Workers%27_strike" title="Western Cape 2012 Farm Workers' strike">2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkandla_(homestead)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkandla (homestead)">Nkandlagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_South_African_platinum_strike" title="2014 South African platinum strike">2014 platinum strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Must_Fall" title="Rhodes Must Fall">#RhodesMustFall protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeesMustFall" title="FeesMustFall">#FeesMustFall student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshwane_riots,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane riots, 2016">Tshwane riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_service_delivery_protests" title="2019 service delivery protests">2019 service delivery protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Johannesburg_riots" title="2019 Johannesburg riots">2019 Johannesburg riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Phala_Phala_Robbery" title="2020 Phala Phala Robbery">2020 Phala Phala Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_unrest" title="2021 South African unrest">2021 unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident">Lady R incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaner Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baasskap" title="Baasskap">Baasskap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Vow" title="Day of the Vow">Day of the Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_South_Africa" title="Greater South Africa">Greater South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooi_gevaar" title="Rooi gevaar">Rooi gevaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swart_gevaar" title="Swart gevaar">Swart gevaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uitlander" title="Uitlander">Uitlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkstaat" title="Volkstaat">Volkstaat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic and political organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Bond" title="Afrikaner Bond">Afrikaner Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Broederbond" title="Afrikaner Broederbond">Afrikaner Broederbond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Party" title="Afrikaner Party">Afrikaner Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Income_Tax_and_Usury_Party" title="Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party">AITUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Political_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="African Political Organization">APO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Volksfront" title="Afrikaner Volksfront">AVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_People%27s_Convention" title="Black People's Convention">BPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerestaat_Party" title="Boerestaat Party">Boerestaat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">CDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciskei_National_Independence_Party" title="Ciskei National Independence Party">CNIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Ecology_Group" title="Cape Town Ecology Group">CTEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Democrats" title="South African Congress of Democrats">COD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Alliance" title="Congress Alliance">Congress Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_Objector_Support_Group" title="Conscientious Objector Support Group">COSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of South Africa">CP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Front" title="Democratic Left Front">DLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Dominion Party (South Africa)">Dominion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa,_1973)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa, 1973)">DP (1973–1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">DP (1989–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Transkei)" title="Democratic Progressive Party (Transkei)">DPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Movement_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Socialist Movement (South Africa)">DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">ECC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Federal Alliance (South Africa)">FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Democrats_(South_Africa)" title="Federation of Democrats (South Africa)">FD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genootskap_van_Regte_Afrikaners" title="Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners">Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">GNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Volk_(political_party)" title="Het Volk (political party)">Het Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party" title="Herenigde Nasionale Party">HNP (Herenigde)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">HNP (Herstigte)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Democratic_Alternatives_in_South_Africa" title="Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa">IDASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Independent Party (South Africa)">IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_League_(South_Africa)" title="International Socialist League (South Africa)">ISL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeugkrag" title="Jeugkrag">Jeugkrag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Reform_Committee" title="Johannesburg Reform Committee">Johannesburg Reform Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour Party (1910–1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa,_1969)" title="Labour Party (South Africa, 1969)">Labour Party (1969–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Liberal Party of South Africa">Liberal Party (1953–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(South_Africa)" title="National Action (South Africa)">NA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Conservative Party (South Africa)">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Labour Party (South Africa)">NLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">NNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">NP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(South_Africa,_1981)" title="National People's Party (South Africa, 1981)">NPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Republic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Republic Party (South Africa)">NRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_South_African_Students" title="National Union of South African Students">NUSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_South_Africa" title="Occupy South Africa">Occupy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangia_Unie" title="Orangia Unie">Orangia Unie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vereniging_van_Oranjewerkers" title="Vereniging van Oranjewerkers">Oranjewerkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orde_Boerevolk" title="Orde Boerevolk">Orde Boerevolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_ANC_Voters_Network" title="Progressive ANC Voters Network">PAVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="Progressive Party (Cape Colony)">Progressive Party (Cape Colony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)">PRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Business_Party" title="South African Business Party">SABP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Democratic_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Democratic Convention">SADECO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress" title="South African Indian Congress">SAIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students%27_Organisation" title="South African Students' Organisation">SASO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Congress" title="South African Youth Congress">SAYCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Revolutionary_Council" title="South African Youth Revolutionary Council">SAYRCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="South African Party (Cape Colony)">South African Party (Cape Colony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party (1911–1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Republic_of_South_Africa)" title="South African Party (Republic of South Africa)">South African Party (1977–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkei_National_Independence_Party" title="Transkei National Independence Party">TNIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_Commando" title="Torch Commando">Torch Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Federal_Party" title="Union Federal Party">UFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Unionist Party (South Africa)">Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Venda" title="National Party of Venda">National Party of Venda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksparty" title="Volksparty">Volksparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Workers Party of South Africa">Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Organisation_for_Socialist_Action" title="Workers Organisation for Socialist Action">WOSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade unions and social movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Privatisation_Forum" title="Anti-Privatisation Forum">APF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">BCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Trade_Union_of_Transnet_Workers" title="Black Trade Union of Transnet Workers">BLATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Council of Non-European Trade Unions">CNETU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Stevedoring_Workers_Union" title="Cape Town Stevedoring Workers Union">CTSWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Canning_Workers%27_Union" title="Food and Canning Workers' Union">FCWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of Non-European Trade Unions">FNETU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of South African Trade Unions">FOSATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Workers%27_Union" title="Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union">ICU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(South_Africa)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)">IWW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_Union_of_South_Africa" title="Musicians Union of South Africa">MUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-European_Unity_Movement" title="Non-European Unity Movement">NEUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Railway_and_Harbour_Servants" title="National Union of Railway and Harbour Servants">NURHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_Arts_Workers%27_Equity" title="Performing Arts Workers' Equity">PAWE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Agricultural_Plantation_and_Allied_Workers_Union" title="South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union">SAAPAWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="South African Congress of Trade Unions">SACTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Industrial_Federation" title="South African Industrial Federation">SAIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Union" title="South African Railways and Harbours Union">SARHU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Trades_Union_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Trades Union Council">SATUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Spoorbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Spoorbund">Die Spoorbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umkosi_Wezintaba" title="Umkosi Wezintaba">Umkosi Wezintaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paramilitary and terrorist organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">APLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Resistance_Movement" title="African Resistance Movement">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">AWB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanke_Bevrydingsbeweging" title="Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging">BBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeremag" title="Boeremag">Boeremag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">MK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orde_van_die_Dood" title="Orde van die Dood">Orde van die Dood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">PAGAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Front" title="South African National Front">SANF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories of political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">African National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_South_Africa" 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