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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the township in Northumberland County, see <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Township,_Ontario" title="Hamilton Township, Ontario">Hamilton Township, Ontario</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. Hamilton has a <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">population</a> of 569,353 (2021), and its <a href="/wiki/Census_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Census Metropolitan Area">census metropolitan area</a>, which encompasses <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Ontario" title="Burlington, Ontario">Burlington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grimsby,_Ontario" title="Grimsby, Ontario">Grimsby</a>, has a population of 785,184. The city is situated approximately 45 kilometres (28 mi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_and_Hamilton_Area" title="Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area">Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area</a> (GTHA). <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Hamilton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ontario" title="List of cities in Ontario">City</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">single-tier</a>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Hamilton</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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.thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:View_to_Hamilton_from_the_Mountain_(6577549603).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/View_to_Hamilton_from_the_Mountain_%286577549603%29.jpg/268px-View_to_Hamilton_from_the_Mountain_%286577549603%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/View_to_Hamilton_from_the_Mountain_%286577549603%29.jpg/402px-View_to_Hamilton_from_the_Mountain_%286577549603%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/View_to_Hamilton_from_the_Mountain_%286577549603%29.jpg/536px-View_to_Hamilton_from_the_Mountain_%286577549603%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="525"></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Skyline of Downtown Hamilton</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg/111px-Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg/167px-Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg/222px-Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_City_Hall" title="Hamilton City Hall">Hamilton City Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tim_Hortons_Field_in_Hamilton,_Ontario_2023_-_Quintin_Soloviev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tim_Hortons_Field_in_Hamilton%2C_Ontario_2023_-_Quintin_Soloviev.jpg/153px-Tim_Hortons_Field_in_Hamilton%2C_Ontario_2023_-_Quintin_Soloviev.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tim_Hortons_Field_in_Hamilton%2C_Ontario_2023_-_Quintin_Soloviev.jpg/230px-Tim_Hortons_Field_in_Hamilton%2C_Ontario_2023_-_Quintin_Soloviev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tim_Hortons_Field_in_Hamilton%2C_Ontario_2023_-_Quintin_Soloviev.jpg/306px-Tim_Hortons_Field_in_Hamilton%2C_Ontario_2023_-_Quintin_Soloviev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="5760"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Hortons_Field" title="Tim Hortons Field">Tim Hortons Field</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-09-06_Dundurn_Castle_011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2020-09-06_Dundurn_Castle_011.jpg/140px-2020-09-06_Dundurn_Castle_011.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2020-09-06_Dundurn_Castle_011.jpg/210px-2020-09-06_Dundurn_Castle_011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2020-09-06_Dundurn_Castle_011.jpg/280px-2020-09-06_Dundurn_Castle_011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Dundurn_Castle" title="Dundurn Castle">Dundurn Castle</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Warplane_Heritage_Museum_Exterior_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Canadian_Warplane_Heritage_Museum_Exterior_1.jpg/124px-Canadian_Warplane_Heritage_Museum_Exterior_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Canadian_Warplane_Heritage_Museum_Exterior_1.jpg/186px-Canadian_Warplane_Heritage_Museum_Exterior_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Canadian_Warplane_Heritage_Museum_Exterior_1.jpg/248px-Canadian_Warplane_Heritage_Museum_Exterior_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Warplane_Heritage_Museum" title="Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum">Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Fire_Station,_Hamilton,_Ontario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Central_Fire_Station%2C_Hamilton%2C_Ontario.jpg/142px-Central_Fire_Station%2C_Hamilton%2C_Ontario.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Central_Fire_Station%2C_Hamilton%2C_Ontario.jpg/213px-Central_Fire_Station%2C_Hamilton%2C_Ontario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Central_Fire_Station%2C_Hamilton%2C_Ontario.jpg/284px-Central_Fire_Station%2C_Hamilton%2C_Ontario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2304"></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Central Fire Station</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_paul_bica_-_websters_falls_revisited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flickr_-_paul_bica_-_websters_falls_revisited.jpg/122px-Flickr_-_paul_bica_-_websters_falls_revisited.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flickr_-_paul_bica_-_websters_falls_revisited.jpg/183px-Flickr_-_paul_bica_-_websters_falls_revisited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flickr_-_paul_bica_-_websters_falls_revisited.jpg/244px-Flickr_-_paul_bica_-_websters_falls_revisited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1522"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Falls" title="Webster's Falls">Webster's Falls</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamilton.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hamilton"><img alt="A vertical triband design (yellow, blue, yellow) with a Canadian pale in the centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Hamilton.svg/100px-Flag_of_Hamilton.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Hamilton.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hamilton.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Hamilton.svg/200px-Flag_of_Hamilton.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Flag of Hamilton, Ontario">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hamilton,_Canada.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Hamilton"><img alt="A coat of arms with a yellow and blue Canadian pale in the middle, a crown made from castle bricks with a red Canadian maple leaf on top, a deer to the left and a tiger to the right. Below is green grass with a banner that has the city's motto: Together Aspire – Together Achieve." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Coat_of_arms_of_Hamilton%2C_Canada.png/91px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hamilton%2C_Canada.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Coat_of_arms_of_Hamilton%2C_Canada.png/137px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hamilton%2C_Canada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Coat_of_arms_of_Hamilton%2C_Canada.png/183px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hamilton%2C_Canada.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="300"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamilton_City_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Hamilton"><img alt="Official logo of Hamilton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hamilton_City_logo.svg/100px-Hamilton_City_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hamilton_City_logo.svg/150px-Hamilton_City_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hamilton_City_logo.svg/200px-Hamilton_City_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="340"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/List_of_city_nicknames_in_Canada#Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="List of city nicknames in Canada">"The Ambitious City", "The Electric City", "The Hammer", "Steeltown"</a><a href="#cite_note-HAMBIO2-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">English: Together Aspire – Together Achieve</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamilton_locator_map_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamilton, Ontario is located in City of Hamilton"><img alt="Hamilton, Ontario is located in City of Hamilton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hamilton_locator_map_2021.svg/240px-Hamilton_locator_map_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hamilton_locator_map_2021.svg/360px-Hamilton_locator_map_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hamilton_locator_map_2021.svg/480px-Hamilton_locator_map_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="299"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.296%;left:59.926%;font-size:140%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><img alt="Hamilton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg/12px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg/18px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg/24px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:7px;left:-3em"><div>Hamilton</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.612%;left:82.732%;font-size:120%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Stoney Ck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg/10px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg/15px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg/20px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:6px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Stoney_Creek,_Ontario" title="Stoney Creek, Ontario">Stoney Ck</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.942%;left:40.161%;font-size:120%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Ancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg/10px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg/15px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg/20px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ancaster,_Ontario" title="Ancaster, Ontario">Ancaster</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.168%;left:47.279%;font-size:120%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Dundas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg/10px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg/15px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg/20px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div><a href="/wiki/Dundas,_Ontario" title="Dundas, Ontario">Dundas</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.363%;left:69.885%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Binbrook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg/8px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg/12px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg/16px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="11" data-file-height="11"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Binbrook,_Ontario" title="Binbrook, Ontario">Binbrook</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.627%;left:57.899%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Waterdown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg/8px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg/12px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg/16px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="11" data-file-height="11"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Waterdown,_Ontario" title="Waterdown, Ontario">Waterdown</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.944%;left:43.05%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Carlisle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg/8px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg/12px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg/16px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="11" data-file-height="11"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Carlisle, Hamilton, Ontario">Carlisle</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.626%;left:53.084%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Mt Hope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg/8px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg/12px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg/16px-Western_Canada_Map_Assets_Town.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="11" data-file-height="11"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope,_Hamilton,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Hope, Hamilton, Ontario">Mt Hope</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.74%;left:34.079%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Flamborough,_Ontario" title="Flamborough, Ontario">Flamborough</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.235%;left:68.288%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Glanbrook,_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Glanbrook, Hamilton, Ontario">Glanbrook</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Major communities</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamilton is located in Southern Ontario"><img alt="Hamilton is located in Southern Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png/250px-Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png/375px-Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png/500px-Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="717"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.867%;left:45.148%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Hamilton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Hamilton</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Southern Ontario</div>Show map of Southern Ontario</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamilton is located in Ontario"><img alt="Hamilton is located in Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg/250px-Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg/375px-Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg/500px-Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2314"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:87.616%;left:72.702%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Hamilton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Hamilton</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Ontario</div>Show map of Ontario</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_location_map_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamilton is located in Canada"><img alt="Hamilton is located in Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canada_location_map_2.svg/250px-Canada_location_map_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canada_location_map_2.svg/375px-Canada_location_map_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canada_location_map_2.svg/500px-Canada_location_map_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="942"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:93.553%;left:66.41%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Hamilton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Hamilton</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Canada</div>Show map of Canada</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamilton,_Ontario&params=43_15_24_N_79_52_09_W_region:CA-ON_type:city&title=Hamilton">43°15′24″N 79°52′09″W / 43.25667°N 79.86917°W / 43.25667; -79.86917 (Hamilton)</a><a href="#cite_note-cgndbham-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Incorporated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">June 9, 1846; 178 years ago (1846-06-09)<a href="#cite_note-1846est-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Merger_(politics)" title="Merger (politics)">Amalgamated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 2001; 23 years ago (2001-01-01)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_(city_founder)" title="George Hamilton (city founder)">George Hamilton</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">Single-tier municipality</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">mayor–council system</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_City_Council_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton City Council (Ontario)">Hamilton City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Hamilton,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Hamilton, Ontario">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Horwath" title="Andrea Horwath">Andrea Horwath</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-C2001CAHAM-6">[6]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ontario" title="List of cities in Ontario">City</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">single-tier</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,118.31 km2 (431.78 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">356.03 km2 (137.46 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,373.15 km2 (530.18 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2021)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ontario" title="List of cities in Ontario">City</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">single-tier</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">569,353 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">509.1/km2 (1,319/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-7">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">729,560</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">785,184 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">9th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hamiltonian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Hamilton <abbr title="Census metropolitan area">CMA</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data">CA$37.0 billion (2020)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Standard Time">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC−04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_905,_289,_365,_and_742" title="Area codes 905, 289, 365, and 742">905, 289, 365, and 742</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamilton.ca">www.hamilton.ca</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Conceived by <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_(city_founder)" title="George Hamilton (city founder)">George Hamilton</a> when he purchased the <a href="/wiki/James_Durand" title="James Durand">Durand</a> farm shortly after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the town of Hamilton became the centre of a densely populated and industrialized region at the west end of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">Golden Horseshoe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-9">[9]</a> On January 1, 2001, the current boundaries of Hamilton were created through the <a href="/wiki/Merger_(politics)" title="Merger (politics)">amalgamation</a> of the original city with other municipalities of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Hamilton%E2%80%93Wentworth" title="Regional Municipality of Hamilton–Wentworth">Regional Municipality of Hamilton–Wentworth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-amalgprovles-10">[10]</a> Residents of the city are known as Hamiltonians.<a href="#cite_note-HAM100-11">[11]</a> Traditionally, the local economy has been led by the steel and heavy manufacturing industries. During the 2010s, a shift toward the service sector occurred, such as health and sciences. Hamilton is home to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanical_Gardens_(Ontario)" title="Royal Botanical Gardens (Ontario)">Royal Botanical Gardens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Warplane_Heritage_Museum" title="Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum">Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Trail" title="Bruce Trail">Bruce Trail</a>, <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_College" title="Mohawk College">Mohawk College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Redeemer_University" title="Redeemer University">Redeemer University</a>. McMaster University is ranked 4th in Canada and 69th in the world by Times Higher Education Rankings 2021.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Climate">2.1 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Economy">3 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Demographics">4 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ethnicity">4.1 Ethnicity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Religion">4.2 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Government">5 Government</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Crime">5.1 Crime</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Culture">6 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sports">6.1 Sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Education">7 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Infrastructure">8 Infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Transportation">8.1 Transportation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Major_highways">8.1.1 Major highways</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Health">8.2 Health</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Sister_cities">9 Sister cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="History of Hamilton, Ontario">History of Hamilton, Ontario</a></div> In pre-<a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">colonial</a> times, the <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral Nation">Neutral First Nation</a> used much of the land. They were gradually driven out by the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Five (later Six) Nations</a> (Iroquois) who were allied with the <a href="/wiki/Canada_under_British_Imperial_control_(1764-1867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada under British Imperial control (1764-1867)">British</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a> and their French allies.<a href="#cite_note-canenc-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Westover,_Ontario" title="Westover, Ontario">Westover</a> was built in an area that was originally a Seneca Iroquois tribal village, <a href="/wiki/Tinawatawa" title="Tinawatawa">Tinawatawa</a>, which was first visited by the French in September 1699.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, about 10,000 <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">United Empire Loyalists</a> left the United States to settle in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>, now southern Ontario. In 1792, the Crown purchased the land on which Hamilton now stands from the <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississaugas</a> in Treaty 3, also known as the Between the Lakes Purchase.<a href="#cite_note-ontariotreaties-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The Crown granted the Loyalists lands from this purchase to encourage settlement in the region.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-9">[9]</a> These new settlers were soon followed by many more Americans, attracted by the availability of inexpensive, arable land. At the same time, large numbers of Iroquois who had allied with Britain arrived from the United States and were settled on reserves west of Lake Ontario as compensation for lands they lost in what was now the United States.<a href="#cite_note-LOYALISTS-19">[19]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, British regulars and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian militia">local militia</a> defeated invading American troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">Battle of Stoney Creek</a>, fought in what is now a park in <a href="/wiki/Stoney_Creek,_Ontario" title="Stoney Creek, Ontario">eastern Hamilton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The town of Hamilton was conceived by <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_(city_founder)" title="George Hamilton (city founder)">George Hamilton</a> (a son of a <a href="/wiki/Queenston" title="Queenston">Queenston</a> entrepreneur and founder, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hamilton_(judge)" title="Robert Hamilton (judge)">Robert Hamilton</a>), when he purchased farm holdings of <a href="/wiki/James_Durand" title="James Durand">James Durand</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WEAVER1985-21">[21]</a> the local member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Upper_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada">Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada</a>, shortly after the War of 1812.<a href="#cite_note-WEAVER1985-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hughson" title="Nathaniel Hughson">Nathaniel Hughson</a>, a property owner to the north, cooperated with George Hamilton to prepare a proposal for a courthouse and jail on Hamilton's property. Hamilton offered the land to the crown for the future site. Durand was empowered by Hughson and Hamilton to sell property holdings which later became the site of the town. As he had been instructed, Durand circulated the offers at <a href="/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada" title="York, Upper Canada">York</a> during a session of the Legislative Assembly, which established a new <a href="/wiki/Gore_District,_Upper_Canada" title="Gore District, Upper Canada">Gore District</a>, of which the Hamilton townsite was a member.<a href="#cite_note-WEAVER1985-21">[21]</a> Initially, this town was not the most important centre of the Gore District. An early indication of Hamilton's sudden prosperity occurred in 1816 when it was chosen over <a href="/wiki/Ancaster,_Ontario" title="Ancaster, Ontario">Ancaster, Ontario</a> to be the new Gore District's administrative centre. Another dramatic economic turnabout for Hamilton occurred in 1832 when a canal was finally cut through the outer sand bar that enabled Hamilton to become a major port.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> A permanent jail was not constructed until 1832, when a cut-stone design was completed on Prince's Square, one of the two squares created in 1816.<a href="#cite_note-WEAVER1985-21">[21]</a> Subsequently, the first police board and the town limits were defined by statute on February 13, 1833.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Official city status was achieved on June 9, 1846, by an act of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Parliament of the Province of Canada">Parliament of the Province of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1846est-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-HENLEY-24">[24]</a> By 1845, the population was 6,475. In 1846, there were useful roads to many communities as well as stagecoaches and steamboats to Toronto, Queenston, and Niagara. Eleven cargo schooners were owned in Hamilton. Eleven churches were in operation. A reading room provided access to newspapers from other cities and from England and the U.S. In addition to stores of all types, four banks, tradesmen of various types, and sixty-five taverns, industry in the community included three breweries, ten importers of dry goods and groceries, five importers of hardware, two tanneries, three coachmakers, and a marble and a stone works.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> As the city grew, several prominent buildings were constructed in the late 19th century, including the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Canada">Grand Lodge of Canada</a> in 1855,<a href="#cite_note-GRANDLODGE-26">[26]</a> West Flamboro Methodist Church in 1879 (later purchased by Dufferin Masonic Lodge in 1893),<a href="#cite_note-dufferin-27">[27]</a> a public library in 1890, and the Right House department store in 1893. The first commercial telephone service in Canada, the first telephone exchange in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and the second telephone exchange in all of North America were each established in the city between 1877 and 1878.<a href="#cite_note-headlake-28">[28]</a> The city had several interurban electric street railways and two inclines, all powered by the Cataract Power Co.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Though suffering through the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Street_Railway" title="Hamilton Street Railway">Hamilton Street Railway</a> strike of 1906, with industrial businesses expanding, Hamilton's population doubled between 1900 and 1914. Two steel manufacturing companies, <a href="/wiki/Stelco" title="Stelco">Stelco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dofasco" title="Dofasco">Dofasco</a>, were formed in 1910 and 1912, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beech-Nut" title="Beech-Nut">Beech-Nut Packing Company</a> opened manufacturing plants in 1914 and 1922, respectively, their first outside the US.<a href="#cite_note-HISINDI-30">[30]</a> In June and July 1916, the <a href="/wiki/1916_Hamilton_machinists%27_strike" title="1916 Hamilton machinists' strike">a strike of up to 2,000 machinists</a> was caused by a failure of employers to improve working conditions or pay during a booming World War I economy. The strike disrupted production at many of the largest manufacturers and was the largest dispute in the city's history.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Population and economic growth continued until the 1960s. In 1929 the city's first high-rise building, the Pigott Building, was constructed; in 1930 <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a> moved from Toronto to Hamilton, in 1934 the second <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Tire" title="Canadian Tire">Canadian Tire</a> store in Canada opened here; in 1940 the airport was completed; and in 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Studebaker_Canada_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Studebaker Canada Ltd.">Studebaker</a> assembly line was constructed.<a href="#cite_note-memproj45-32">[32]</a> Infrastructure and retail development continued, with the <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Bay_James_N._Allan_Skyway" title="Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway">Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway</a> opening in 1958,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hortons" title="Tim Hortons">Tim Hortons</a> store in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Since then, many of the large industries have moved or shut down operations in a restructuring that also affected the United States.<a href="#cite_note-HISINDI-30">[30]</a> In 1997, there was a devastating fire at the Plastimet plastics plant.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Approximately 300 firefighters battled the blaze, and many sustained severe chemical burns and inhaled <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> when at least 400 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a> plastic were consumed in the fire.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> On January 1, 2001, the new city of Hamilton was formed from the amalgamation of Hamilton and its five neighbouring municipalities: <a href="/wiki/Ancaster,_Ontario" title="Ancaster, Ontario">Ancaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dundas,_Ontario" title="Dundas, Ontario">Dundas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamborough,_Ontario" title="Flamborough, Ontario">Flamborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glanbrook,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Glanbrook, Ontario">Glanbrook</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stoney_Creek,_Ontario" title="Stoney Creek, Ontario">Stoney Creek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-amalgprovles-10">[10]</a> Before amalgamation, the "old" City of Hamilton had 331,121 residents and was divided into 100 neighbourhoods. The former region of Hamilton-Wentworth had a population of 490,268. The amalgamation created a single-tier municipal government ending subsidization of its suburbs. The new amalgamated city had 519,949 people in more than 100 neighbourhoods, and surrounding communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTSTEPS-37">[37]</a> The city was impacted by <a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Northeast blackout of 2003">a widespread blackout</a> in 2003<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and a tornado in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Hill_Valley_Parkway" title="Red Hill Valley Parkway">Red Hill Valley Parkway</a> opened after extensive delays.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stelco" title="Stelco">Stelco</a> mills were idled in 2010 and permanently closed in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> This closure capped a significant shift in the city's economy: the percentage of the population employed in manufacturing declined from 22 to 12 percent between 2003 and 2013.<a href="#cite_note-canenc-13">[13]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Geography of Hamilton, Ontario">Geography of Hamilton, Ontario</a></div> Hamilton is in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a> on the western end of the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara Peninsula</a> and wraps around the westernmost part of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>; most of the city, including the downtown section, is on the south shore. Hamilton is in the geographic centre of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">Golden Horseshoe</a>. Its major physical features are Hamilton Harbour, marking the northern limit of the city, and the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Escarpment" title="Niagara Escarpment">Niagara Escarpment</a> running through the middle of the city across its entire breadth, bisecting the city into "upper" and "lower" parts. The maximum high point is 250m (820') above the level of Lake Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-about-42">[42]</a> According to all records from local <a href="/wiki/Historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Historians">historians</a>, this district was called Attiwandaronia by the native <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral Nation">Neutral people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SAGA-43">[43]</a> Hamilton is one of 11 cities showcased in the book, Green City: People, Nature & Urban Places by Quebec author <a href="/wiki/Mary_Soderstrom" title="Mary Soderstrom">Mary Soderstrom</a>, which examines the city as an example of an industrial powerhouse co-existing with nature.<a href="#cite_note-GREENCITY-44">[44]</a> Soderstrom credits <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McQuesten" title="Thomas McQuesten">Thomas McQuesten</a> and family in the 1930s who "became champions of parks, greenspace and roads" in Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-GREENCITY2-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Harbour" title="Hamilton Harbour">Hamilton Harbour</a> is a natural harbour with a large <a href="/wiki/Sandbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandbar">sandbar</a> called the Beachstrip. This sandbar was deposited during a period of higher lake levels during the last <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">ice age</a> and extends southeast through the central lower city to the escarpment. Hamilton's deep sea port is accessed by ship canal through the beach strip into the harbour and is traversed by two bridges, the QEW's <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Bay_James_N._Allan_Skyway" title="Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway">Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway</a> and the lower Canal Lift Bridge.<a href="#cite_note-Bay-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterdawn_Webster_Falls5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Waterdawn_Webster_Falls5.jpg/220px-Waterdawn_Webster_Falls5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Waterdawn_Webster_Falls5.jpg/220px-Waterdawn_Webster_Falls5.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Waterdawn_Webster_Falls5.jpg/330px-Waterdawn_Webster_Falls5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Waterdawn_Webster_Falls5.jpg/440px-Waterdawn_Webster_Falls5.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Falls" title="Webster's Falls">Webster's Falls</a> at <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Gorge_Conservation_Area" title="Spencer Gorge Conservation Area">Spencer Gorge Conservation Area</a>. There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="List of waterfalls in Hamilton, Ontario">more than 100 waterfalls</a> in the city.</figcaption></figure> Between 1788 and 1793, the townships at the Head-of-the-Lake were surveyed and named. The area was first known as The Head-of-the-Lake for its location at the western end of Lake Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-headlake-28">[28]</a> John Ryckman, born in Barton township (where present day downtown Hamilton is), described the area in 1803 as he remembered it: "The city in 1803 was all forest. The shores of the bay were difficult to reach or see because they were hidden by a thick, almost impenetrable mass of trees and undergrowth".<a href="#cite_note-barton2-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_(city_founder)" title="George Hamilton (city founder)">George Hamilton</a>, a settler and local politician, established a town site in the northern portion of Barton Township in 1815. He kept several east–west roads which were originally Indian trails, but the north–south streets were on a regular grid pattern. Streets were designated "East" or "West" if they crossed <a href="/wiki/James_Street_(Hamilton,_Ontario)" title="James Street (Hamilton, Ontario)">James Street</a> or Highway 6. Streets were designated "North" or "South" if they crossed <a href="/wiki/King_Street_(Hamilton,_Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="King Street (Hamilton, Ontario)">King Street</a> or Highway 8.<a href="#cite_note-HAMBIO1-48">[48]</a> The townsite's design, likely conceived in 1816, was commonplace. George Hamilton employed a grid street pattern used in most towns in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> and throughout the American frontier. The eighty original lots had frontages of fifty feet; each lot faced a broad street and backed onto a twelve-foot lane. It took at least a decade to sell all the original lots, but the construction of the Burlington Canal in 1823, and a new court-house in 1827 encouraged Hamilton to add more blocks around 1828–9. At this time he included a market square in an effort to draw commercial activity onto his lands, but the town's natural growth occurred to the north of Hamilton's plot.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton2-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Conservation_Authority" title="Hamilton Conservation Authority">Hamilton Conservation Authority</a> owns, leases or manages about 4,500 hectares (11,100 acres) of land with the city operating 1,077 hectares (2,661 acres) of parkland at 310 locations.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Many of the parks are along the Niagara Escarpment, which runs from <a href="/wiki/Tobermory,_Ontario" title="Tobermory, Ontario">Tobermory</a> at the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peninsula" title="Bruce Peninsula">Bruce Peninsula</a> in the north, to <a href="/wiki/Queenston" title="Queenston">Queenston</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> in the south, and provides views of the cities and towns at Lake Ontario's western end. The hiking path <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Trail" title="Bruce Trail">Bruce Trail</a> runs the length of the escarpment.<a href="#cite_note-BRUCETRAIL-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="List of waterfalls in Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton is home to more than 100 waterfalls</a> and cascades, most of which are on or near the Bruce Trail as it winds through the Niagara Escarpment.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Visitors can often be seen swimming in the waterfalls during the summertime, although it is strongly recommended to stay away from the water: much of the watershed of the Chedoke and Red Hill creeks originates in storm sewers running beneath neighbourhoods atop the Niagara escarpment, and water quality in many of Hamilton's waterfalls is seriously degraded. High e. coli counts are regularly observed through testing by McMaster University near many of Hamilton's waterfalls, sometimes exceeding the provincial limits for recreational water use by as much as 400 times. The storm sewers in upstream neighbourhoods carry polluted runoff from streets and parking lots, as well as occasional raw sewage from sanitary lines that were improperly connected to the storm sewers instead of the separate sanitary sewer system. Notably, in March 2020, it was revealed that as much as 24 billion litres of untreated wastewater has been leaking into the Chedoke creek and Cootes' Paradise areas since at least 2014 due to insufficiencies in the city's sewerage and storm water management systems.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8Hamilton_Marina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/8Hamilton_Marina.JPG/220px-8Hamilton_Marina.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/8Hamilton_Marina.JPG/220px-8Hamilton_Marina.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/8Hamilton_Marina.JPG/330px-8Hamilton_Marina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/8Hamilton_Marina.JPG/440px-8Hamilton_Marina.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Harbour" title="Hamilton Harbour">Hamilton Harbour</a> during the winter.</figcaption></figure> Hamilton's climate is <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid-continental</a>, characterized by changeable weather patterns. In the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen classification</a>, Hamilton is on the Dfb/Dfa boundary, found in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">southern Ontario</a> because the average temperature in July is 22.0 °C (71.6 °F).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> However, its climate is moderate compared with most of Canada. The airport's open, rural location and higher altitude results in lower temperatures, generally windier conditions, and higher snowfall amounts than lower, built-up areas of the city. The highest temperature ever recorded in Hamilton was 41.1 °C (106 °F) on July 14, 1868.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_(July_1868)-56">[56]</a> The coldest temperature ever recorded was −30.6 °C (−23 °F) on January 25, 1884.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_(January_1884)-57">[57]</a> In 2023, it was found that the city has areas of poor air quality with a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene" title="Benzo(a)pyrene">benzo(a)pyrene</a>, particularly in neighbourhoods near industrial sites.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Hamilton, Ontario (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanical_Gardens_(Ontario)" title="Royal Botanical Gardens (Ontario)">Royal Botanical Gardens</a>) Climate ID: 6153300; coordinates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamilton,_Ontario&params=43_17_N_79_53_W_type:airport_region:CA-ON&title=Royal+Botanical+Gardens">43°17′N 79°53′W / 43.283°N 79.883°W / 43.283; -79.883 (Royal Botanical Gardens)</a>; elevation: 102.10 m (335.0 ft); 1981−2010 normals, extremes 1866−present<a href="#cite_note-59">[a]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 (81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1 (97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.1 (106.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8 (100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.1 (106.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.9 (30.4) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (32.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6 (65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7 (23.5) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9 (25.0) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4 (29.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.6 (47.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.5 (16.7) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.9 (17.8) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 (36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 (32.7) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7 (23.5) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.6 (−23.1) </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.4 (−20.9) </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.3 (−18.9) </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.4 (6.1) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2 (19.0) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1 (30.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9 (25.0) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.1 (12.0) </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.8 (−9.0) </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27.8 (−18.0) </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−30.6 (−23.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.8 (2.24) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.2 (2.25) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.7 (2.51) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.3 (2.89) </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.5 (3.37) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.7 (2.86) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.7 (3.26) </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.7 (3.53) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.9 (3.19) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.6 (2.82) </td> <td style="background: #72FF72; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.3 (3.59) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.9 (2.83) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">897.1 (35.32) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (1.08) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (1.04) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.3 (1.70) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.1 (2.76) </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.5 (3.37) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.7 (2.86) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.7 (3.26) </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.7 (3.53) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.9 (3.19) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.6 (2.82) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.2 (3.28) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.8 (1.84) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">780.0 (30.71) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">32.4 (12.8) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">31.1 (12.2) </td> <td style="background: #00ED00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (7.2) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (3.0) </td> <td style="background: #007A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">26.0 (10.2) </td> <td style="background: #69FF69; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">118.1 (46.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.3 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.8 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">149.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">120.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) </th> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #9F9F9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.2 </td> <td style="background: #B8B853; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.4 </td> <td style="background: #C5C507; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152.4 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.2 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.0 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.1 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">303.5 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">262.6 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.7 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">148.6 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7A7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.9 </td> <td style="background: #818181; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.0 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,110.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.3 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.3 </td> <td style="background: #F7F720; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF42; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.7 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA27; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.3 </td> <td style="background: #F3F318; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.4 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada" title="Environment and Climate Change Canada">Environment and Climate Change Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-RBGstats-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_1866-1958-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_RBG_CS-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-February_2017-63">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas <a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-64">[63]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Hamilton (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Munro_Hamilton_International_Airport" title="John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport">John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport</a>) <a href="/wiki/Location_identifier#WMO_station_identifiers" title="Location identifier">WMO ID</a>: 71263; coordinates: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamilton,_Ontario&params=43_10_18_N_79_56_03_W_type:airport_region:CA-ON&title=John+C.+Munro+Hamilton+International+Airport">43°10′18″N 79°56′03″W / 43.17167°N 79.93417°W / 43.17167; -79.93417 (John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport)</a>; elevation: 237.7 m (780 ft); 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1959–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high <a href="/wiki/Humidex" title="Humidex">humidex</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.5 </td> <td style="background: #D70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.4 </td> <td style="background: #960000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.1 </td> <td style="background: #AA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.6 </td> <td style="background: #F60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.1 </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7 </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 </td> <td style="background: #960000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 (80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7 (85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4 (99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4 (97.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.4 (99.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4 (29.5) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.9 (30.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 (53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.3 (22.5) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5 (23) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9 (28.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.1 (15.6) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.2 (15.4) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4 (24.1) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 (34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2 (31.6) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.4 (22.3) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.2 (37.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.0 (−22.0) </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.1 (−20.4) </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.6 (−12.3) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.8 (9.0) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9 (25.0) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.8 (18.0) </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.3 (−2.7) </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.8 (−16.2) </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−30.0 (−22.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a> </th> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−43.0 </td> <td style="background: #1F1FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−37.0 </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.7 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.5 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.9 </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.8 </td> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−43.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.9 (2.87) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.4 (2.10) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.7 (2.70) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.3 (3.20) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.0 (3.19) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.6 (3.06) </td> <td style="background: #6DFF6D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.5 (3.84) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.8 (2.63) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.5 (2.89) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.2 (3.31) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.1 (3.07) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.3 (2.65) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">902.3 (35.52) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4 (1.43) </td> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (0.96) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.9 (1.73) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.0 (2.87) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.0 (3.19) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.1 (3.07) </td> <td style="background: #6DFF6D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.5 (3.84) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.5 (2.58) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.6 (2.90) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.2 (3.28) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.7 (2.67) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.2 (1.58) </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">764.6 (30.10) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.8 (16.1) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">35.1 (13.8) </td> <td style="background: #007300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">26.5 (10.4) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (3.3) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (0.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 (0.3) </td> <td style="background: #55FF55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (4.3) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">33.5 (13.2) </td> <td style="background: #39FF39; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">156.5 (61.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.1 </td> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #4040FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.4 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">152.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">114.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) </th> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.10 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.43 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">54.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 15:00) </th> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.1 </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.7 </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.1 </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.6 </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.1 </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.7 </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.5 </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.5 </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.3 </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.3 </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.5 </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.6 </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">64.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada (snowfall 1981–2010)<a href="#cite_note-CCN-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCN1981-66">[65]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Economy of Hamilton, Ontario">Economy of Hamilton, Ontario</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Film_industry_in_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Film industry in Hamilton, Ontario">Film industry in Hamilton, Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_head_offices_in_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="List of head offices in Hamilton, Ontario">List of head offices in Hamilton, Ontario</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HamiltonOntarioSkylineC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/HamiltonOntarioSkylineC.JPG/220px-HamiltonOntarioSkylineC.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/HamiltonOntarioSkylineC.JPG/220px-HamiltonOntarioSkylineC.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/HamiltonOntarioSkylineC.JPG/330px-HamiltonOntarioSkylineC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/HamiltonOntarioSkylineC.JPG/440px-HamiltonOntarioSkylineC.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View of Downtown Hamilton from atop the Niagara Escarpment.</figcaption></figure> Manufacturing is important to Ontario's economy, and the Toronto–Hamilton region is Canada's most industrialized area. The area from <a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a>, Ontario around the west end of Lake Ontario to Niagara Falls, with Hamilton at its centre, is known as the Golden Horseshoe and had a population of approximately 8.1 million people in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-2006CensGGH-67">[66]</a> With sixty percent of Canada's steel produced in Hamilton by <a href="/wiki/Stelco" title="Stelco">Stelco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dofasco" title="Dofasco">Dofasco</a>, the city has become known as the Steel Capital of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-steelcap-68">[67]</a> After nearly declaring bankruptcy, Stelco returned to profitability in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-steelprofit-69">[68]</a> On August 26, 2007 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Steel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Steel Corporation">United States Steel Corporation</a> acquired Stelco for C$38.50 in cash per share, owning more than 76 percent of Stelco's outstanding shares.<a href="#cite_note-USSTEEL-70">[69]</a> On September 17, 2014, US Steel Canada announced it was applying for bankruptcy protection and it would close its Hamilton operations.<a href="#cite_note-Globe&Mail-71">[70]</a> A stand-alone subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/ArcelorMittal" title="ArcelorMittal">ArcelorMittal</a>, the world's largest steel producer, Dofasco produces products for the automotive, construction, energy, manufacturing, pipe and tube, appliance, packaging, and steel distribution industries.<a href="#cite_note-dofasco-72">[71]</a> It has approximately 7,300 employees at its Hamilton plant, and the four million tons of steel it produces each year is about 30% of Canada's flat-rolled sheet steel shipments. Dofasco was North America's most profitable steel producer in 1999, the most profitable in Canada in 2000, and a long-time member of the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Sustainability_World_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Dow Jones Sustainability World Index">Dow Jones Sustainability World Index</a>. Ordered by the U.S. Department of Justice to divest itself of the Canadian company, ArcelorMittal has been allowed to retain Dofasco provided it sells several of its American assets.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_Basilica_of_Christ_the_King_2018_-_Hamilton,_ON.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Christ_the_King_2018_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg/170px-Cathedral_Basilica_of_Christ_the_King_2018_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="4912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 303px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Christ_the_King_2018_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg/170px-Cathedral_Basilica_of_Christ_the_King_2018_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="303" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Christ_the_King_2018_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg/255px-Cathedral_Basilica_of_Christ_the_King_2018_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Christ_the_King_2018_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg/340px-Cathedral_Basilica_of_Christ_the_King_2018_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Christ_the_King_(Hamilton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral Basilica of Christ the King (Hamilton)">Cathedral Basilica of Christ the King</a> is the seat for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton, Ontario">Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> is the largest religious denomination in the city.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census of Population</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, Hamilton had a population of 569,353 living in 222,807 of its 233,564 total private dwellings, a change of 6% from its 2016 population of 536,917. With a land area of 1,118.31 km2 (431.78 sq mi), it had a population density of 509.1/km2 (1,318.6/sq mi) in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-2021census-7">[7]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Census_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Census metropolitan area">census metropolitan area</a> (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Hamilton CMA had a population of 785,184 living in 307,382 of its 320,081 total private dwellings, a change of 5% from its 2016 population of 747,545. With a land area of 1,373.15 km2 (530.18 sq mi), it had a population density of 571.8/km2 (1,481.0/sq mi) in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-2021censusCMA-74">[73]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian census">2016 Canadian census</a>, 24.69% of the city's population was <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">not born in Canada</a>. Hamilton is home to 26,330 immigrants who arrived in Canada between 2001 and 2010 and 13,150 immigrants who arrived between 2011 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-StatsCan2016-75">[74]</a> In February 2014, the city's council voted to declare Hamilton a <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_city" title="Sanctuary city">sanctuary city</a>, offering municipal services to <a href="/wiki/Undocumented_immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Undocumented immigrants">undocumented immigrants</a> at risk of <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Children aged 14 years and under accounted for 16.23% of the city's population, a decline of 1.57% from the 2011 census. Hamiltonians aged 65 years and older constituted 17.3% of the population, an increase of 2.4% since 2011.<a href="#cite_note-StatsCan2016-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-statscan-ham-78">[77]</a> The city's average age is 41.3 years. 54.9% of Hamiltonians are married or in a common-law relationship, while 6.4% of city residents are divorced.<a href="#cite_note-StatsCan2016-75">[74]</a> Same-sex couples (married or in common-law relationships) constitute 0.8% (2,710 individuals) of the partnered population in Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Environics Analytics, a geodemographic marketing firm that created 66 different "clusters" of people complete with profiles of how they live, what they think and what they consume, sees a future Hamilton with younger upscale Hamiltonians — who are tech-savvy and university-educated — choosing to live in the downtown and surrounding areas rather than just visiting intermittently. More two and three-storey townhouses and apartments will be built on downtown lots; small condos will be built on vacant spaces in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Dundas,_Ontario" title="Dundas, Ontario">Dundas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ainslie_Wood,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainslie Wood, Ontario">Ainslie Wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westdale,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Westdale, Ontario">Westdale</a> to accommodate newly retired seniors. Furthermore, additional retail and commercial zones will be created.<a href="#cite_note-FUTURE-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethnicity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hamilton maintains significant <a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Canadian">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Canadian">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Canadian">Scottish</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Canadian">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">Irish</a> ancestry. 130,705 Hamiltonians claim English heritage, while 98,765 indicate their ancestors arrived from Scotland, 87,825 from Ireland, 62,335 from Italy, and 50,400 from Germany.<a href="#cite_note-StatsCan2016-75">[74]</a> The top countries of birth for the newcomers living in Hamilton in the 1990s were: <a href="/wiki/SFRY" class="mw-redirect" title="SFRY">former Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Canadian">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Canadians">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Canadian">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino Canadian">Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Canadian">Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-StatsCan02-81">[80]</a> Hamilton also has a <a href="/wiki/Francophones_in_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophones in Ontario">notable French community</a> for which provincial services are offered in French. In Ontario, urban centres where there are at least 5,000 Francophones are designated areas where bilingual provincial services have to be offered.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> As per the 2016 census, the Francophone community maintains a population of 6,760, while 30,530 residents, or 5.8% of the city's population, have knowledge of both official languages. The Franco-Ontarian community of Hamilton boasts two school boards, the public <a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_Viamonde" title="Conseil scolaire Viamonde">Conseil scolaire Viamonde</a> and the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_catholique_MonAvenir" title="Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir">Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir</a>, which operate five schools (2 secondary and 3 elementary). Additionally, the city maintains a Francophone community health centre that is part of the LHIN (Centre de santé communautaire Hamilton/Niagara), a cultural centre (Centre français Hamilton), three daycare centres, a provincially funded employment centre (Options Emploi), a community college site (Collège Boréal) and a community organization that supports the development of the francophone community in Hamilton (ACFO Régionale Hamilton).<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnic</a> groups in the City of Hamilton (2001−2021) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnic</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-84">[83]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2016<a href="#cite_note-2016census-85">[84]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-2011census-86">[85]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2006<a href="#cite_note-2006census-87">[86]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<a href="#cite_note-2001census-88">[87]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">European</a><a href="#cite_note-euro-89">[b]</a> </td> <td>407,445 </td> <td>72.64% </td> <td>415,735 </td> <td>78.75% </td> <td>419,345 </td> <td>82.28% </td> <td>421,925 </td> <td>84.83% </td> <td>425,410 </td> <td>87.82% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asian</a> </td> <td>34,790 </td> <td>6.2% </td> <td>22,105 </td> <td>4.19% </td> <td>17,240 </td> <td>3.38% </td> <td>14,765 </td> <td>2.97% </td> <td>11,000 </td> <td>2.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Canadian">African</a> </td> <td>28,415 </td> <td>5.07% </td> <td>20,245 </td> <td>3.83% </td> <td>16,110 </td> <td>3.16% </td> <td>13,900 </td> <td>2.79% </td> <td>10,455 </td> <td>2.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Canadians" title="Middle Eastern Canadians">Middle Eastern</a><a href="#cite_note-MiddleEastern-90">[c]</a> </td> <td>22,855 </td> <td>4.07% </td> <td>15,130 </td> <td>2.87% </td> <td>11,335 </td> <td>2.22% </td> <td>8,840 </td> <td>1.78% </td> <td>5,765 </td> <td>1.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a><a href="#cite_note-SoutheastAsian-91">[d]</a> </td> <td>20,175 </td> <td>3.6% </td> <td>14,655 </td> <td>2.78% </td> <td>13,045 </td> <td>2.56% </td> <td>10,035 </td> <td>2.02% </td> <td>8,880 </td> <td>1.83% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asian</a><a href="#cite_note-EastAsian-92">[e]</a> </td> <td>14,470 </td> <td>2.58% </td> <td>13,220 </td> <td>2.5% </td> <td>11,335 </td> <td>2.22% </td> <td>11,825 </td> <td>2.38% </td> <td>9,715 </td> <td>2.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> </td> <td>12,520 </td> <td>2.23% </td> <td>12,135 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>10,320 </td> <td>2.02% </td> <td>7,625 </td> <td>1.53% </td> <td>6,270 </td> <td>1.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Canadians" title="Latin American Canadians">Latin American</a> </td> <td>11,145 </td> <td>1.99% </td> <td>8,425 </td> <td>1.6% </td> <td>7,335 </td> <td>1.44% </td> <td>5,585 </td> <td>1.12% </td> <td>4,250 </td> <td>0.88% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other/<a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a><a href="#cite_note-Other-93">[f]</a> </td> <td>9,095 </td> <td>1.62% </td> <td>6,275 </td> <td>1.19% </td> <td>3,570 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>2,890 </td> <td>0.58% </td> <td>2,625 </td> <td>0.54% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total responses </th> <th>560,915 </th> <th>98.52% </th> <th>527,930 </th> <th>98.33% </th> <th>509,635 </th> <th>98.02% </th> <th>497,395 </th> <th>98.58% </th> <th>484,385 </th> <th>98.8% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th>569,353 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>536,917 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>519,949 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>504,559 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>490,268 </th> <th>100% </th></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="15">Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a>, religious groups in Hamilton included:<a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-84">[83]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a> (309,780 persons or 55.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">Irreligion</a> (183,965 persons or 32.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> (37,980 persons or 6.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism</a> (10,200 persons or 1.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism</a> (7,270 persons or 1.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism</a> (4,765 persons or 0.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism</a> (3,045 persons or 0.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous Spirituality</a> (375 persons or 0.1%)</li> <li>Other (3,535 persons or 0.6%)</li></ul> The most described <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">religion</a> in Hamilton is Christianity although other religions brought by immigrants are also growing. The 2011 census indicates that 67.6% of the population adheres to a Christian denomination, with <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholics</a> being the largest at 34.3% of the city's population. The <a href="/wiki/Christ_the_King_Cathedral_(Hamilton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ the King Cathedral (Hamilton)">Christ the King Cathedral</a> is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton, Ontario">Diocese of Hamilton</a>. Other denominations include the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church</a> (6.5%), <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> (6.4%), <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> (3.1%), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Christian Orthodox</a> (2.9%), and other denominations (9.8%). Other religions with significant populations include <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> (3.7%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> (0.9%), <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> (0.8%), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> (0.8%), and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> (0.7%). Those with no religious affiliation accounted for 24.9% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Politics of Hamilton, Ontario">Politics of Hamilton, Ontario</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_City_Council_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton City Council (Ontario)">Hamilton City Council (Ontario)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Mayors_of_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Category:Mayors of Hamilton, Ontario">Category:Mayors of Hamilton, Ontario</a></div> Citizens of Hamilton are represented at all three levels of Canadian government: federal, provincial, and municipal. Hamilton is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> by five <a href="/wiki/Members_of_Parliament_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of Parliament (Canada)">members of Parliament</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislature of Ontario">Legislature of Ontario</a> by five <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Provincial_Parliament_(Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)">members of Provincial Parliament</a>. <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Federal MPs for Hamilton, Ontario </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Electoral District </th> <th>First elected </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#6495ED; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Muys" title="Dan Muys">Dan Muys</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Flamborough%E2%80%94Glanbrook_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Flamborough—Glanbrook (federal electoral district)">Flamborough—Glanbrook</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#F4A460; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Green_(Canadian_politician)" title="Matthew Green (Canadian politician)">Matthew Green</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Centre_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Hamilton Centre (federal electoral district)">Hamilton Centre</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EA6D6A; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chad_Collins_(politician)" title="Chad Collins (politician)">Chad Collins</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_East%E2%80%94Stoney_Creek_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Hamilton East—Stoney Creek (federal electoral district)">Hamilton East—Stoney Creek</a></td> <td>2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EA6D6A; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Hepfner" title="Lisa Hepfner">Lisa Hepfner</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Mountain_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Hamilton Mountain (federal electoral district)">Hamilton Mountain</a></td> <td>2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EA6D6A; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Filomena_Tassi" title="Filomena Tassi">Filomena Tassi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_West%E2%80%94Ancaster%E2%80%94Dundas_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas (federal electoral district)">Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:left;">Ref:<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Provincial MPPs for Hamilton, Ontario </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Electoral District </th> <th>First elected </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#9999FF; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Progressive Conservative</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Donna_Skelly" title="Donna Skelly">Donna Skelly</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Flamborough%E2%80%94Glanbrook_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Flamborough—Glanbrook (provincial electoral district)">Flamborough—Glanbrook</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Ontario_general_election" title="2018 Ontario general election">2018</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jama" title="Sarah Jama">Sarah Jama</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[a 1]</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Centre_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Hamilton Centre (federal electoral district)">Hamilton Centre</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamilton_Centre_provincial_by-election" title="2023 Hamilton Centre provincial by-election">2023</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#9999FF; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Progressive Conservative</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Lumsden" title="Neil Lumsden">Neil Lumsden</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_East%E2%80%94Stoney_Creek_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Hamilton East—Stoney Creek (federal electoral district)">Hamilton East—Stoney Creek</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Ontario_general_election" title="2022 Ontario general election">2022</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#F4A460; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Monique_Taylor" title="Monique Taylor">Monique Taylor</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Mountain_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Hamilton Mountain (federal electoral district)">Hamilton Mountain</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2011_Ontario_general_election" title="2011 Ontario general election">2011</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#F4A460; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Shaw_(politician)" title="Sandy Shaw (politician)">Sandy Shaw</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_West%E2%80%94Ancaster%E2%80%94Dundas_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas (federal electoral district)">Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas</a></td> <td>2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:left;">Ref:<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Elected as a New Democrat, but expelled from NDP Caucus over unsafe workplace allegations. </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg/220px-Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg/220px-Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg/330px-Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg/440px-Birds-Eye_View_of_Hamilton_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_City_Hall" title="Hamilton City Hall">Hamilton City Hall</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_City_Council_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton City Council (Ontario)">seat of municipal government</a>.</figcaption></figure> Hamilton's municipal government has a mayor, elected citywide, and 15 city councillors—one per city ward—to serve on the Hamilton City Council. The province grants the Hamilton City Council authority to govern through the Municipal Act of Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> Hamilton's current mayor is <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Horwath" title="Andrea Horwath">Andrea Horwath</a>, elected on <a href="/wiki/2022_Hamilton,_Ontario_municipal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election">October 24, 2022</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[92]</a> Hamilton's next municipal election will be held in 2026.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> Hamilton is served by four school boards: the English language <a href="/wiki/Hamilton-Wentworth_District_School_Board" title="Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board">Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamilton-Wentworth_Catholic_District_School_Board" title="Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board">Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board</a> and the French language <a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_Viamonde" title="Conseil scolaire Viamonde">Conseil scolaire Viamonde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_catholique_MonAvenir" title="Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir">Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir</a>. Each school board is governed by trustees. The English language school boards are represented by trustees elected from wards in Hamilton. The HWDSB has 11 trustees and the HWCDB has 9 trustees. The French language school boards are represented by one trustee each from Hamilton and the surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnWeirFooteVCArmouries.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JohnWeirFooteVCArmouries.JPG/220px-JohnWeirFooteVCArmouries.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JohnWeirFooteVCArmouries.JPG/220px-JohnWeirFooteVCArmouries.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JohnWeirFooteVCArmouries.JPG/330px-JohnWeirFooteVCArmouries.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JohnWeirFooteVCArmouries.JPG/440px-JohnWeirFooteVCArmouries.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>John Weir Foote V.C. Armoury is a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a> facility that houses several regiments based in Hamilton.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Military</a> maintains a presence in Hamilton, with the <a href="/wiki/John_Weir_Foote" title="John Weir Foote">John Weir Foote Armoury</a> in the downtown core on James Street North, housing the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hamilton_Light_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hamilton Light Infantry">Royal Hamilton Light Infantry</a> as well as the 11th Field Hamilton-Wentworth Battery and the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada. The Hamilton Reserve Barracks on Pier Nine houses the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Primary_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces Primary Reserve">naval reserve</a> division <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Star" title="HMCS Star">HMCS Star</a>, 23 Service Battalion and the 23 Field Ambulance.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crime" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Code of Canada">Criminal Code of Canada</a> is the chief piece of legislation defining criminal conduct and penalty. The <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Police_Service" title="Hamilton Police Service">Hamilton Police Service</a> is chiefly responsible for the enforcement of federal and provincial law. Although the Hamilton Police Service has authority to enforce, bylaws passed by the Hamilton City Council are mainly enforced by Provincial Offences Officers employed by the City of Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> In 2020, the city saw 18 murders and 51 shootings (up from 47 in 2019), the most shootings the city seen in at least a decade.<a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-105">[98]</a> 2021 saw the homicides in the city increase to 20, giving the city a rate of around 3.5 per 100,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-105">[98]</a> Hamilton ranked first in Canada for police-reported hate crimes in 2016, with 12.5 hate crimes per 100,000 population.<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized crime</a> also has a notable presence in Hamilton<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> with three centralized Mafia organizations: the <a href="/wiki/Luppino_crime_family" title="Luppino crime family">Luppino crime family</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Papalia_crime_family" title="Papalia crime family">Papalia crime family</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Musitano_crime_family" title="Musitano crime family">Musitano crime family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mobsters_free-109">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> Street gangs such as the Original/Oriental Blood Brothers & the Oriole Crescent Crips,<a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> and biker crews such as <a href="/wiki/Satan%27s_Choice_MC" class="mw-redirect" title="Satan's Choice MC">Satan's Choice MC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hells_Angels" title="Hells Angels">Hells Angels</a> also have presence in Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dundurn_Castle_in_the_Summer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dundurn_Castle_in_the_Summer.jpg/220px-Dundurn_Castle_in_the_Summer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2325"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dundurn_Castle_in_the_Summer.jpg/220px-Dundurn_Castle_in_the_Summer.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dundurn_Castle_in_the_Summer.jpg/330px-Dundurn_Castle_in_the_Summer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dundurn_Castle_in_the_Summer.jpg/440px-Dundurn_Castle_in_the_Summer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dundurn Castle is a <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> mansion. It is presently a major attraction and landmark for the city.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Culture of Hamilton, Ontario">Culture of Hamilton, Ontario</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Media in Hamilton, Ontario">Media in Hamilton, Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_attractions_in_Hamilton,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="List of attractions in Hamilton, Ontario">List of attractions in Hamilton, Ontario</a></div> Hamilton's local attractions include the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Warplane_Heritage_Museum" title="Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum">Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Haida" title="HMCS Haida">HMCS Haida</a> National Historic Site,<a href="#cite_note-HMCS-115">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dundurn_Castle" title="Dundurn Castle">Dundurn Castle</a> (the residence of an <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacNab" title="Allan MacNab">Allan MacNab</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Joint_Premiers_of_the_Province_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada">8th Premier</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canada_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada West">Canada West</a>),<a href="#cite_note-dundurn-116">[109]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanical_Gardens,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Botanical Gardens, Ontario">Royal Botanical Gardens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canadian Football Hall of Fame">Canadian Football Hall of Fame</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Lion_Safari" title="African Lion Safari">African Lion Safari</a> Park, the <a href="/wiki/Christ_the_King_Cathedral_(Hamilton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ the King Cathedral (Hamilton)">Cathedral of Christ the King</a>, the Workers' Arts and Heritage Centre, and the Hamilton Museum of Steam & Technology.<a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a> As of September 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 40 pieces in the city's Public Art Collection. The works are owned and maintained by the city.<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> Founded in 1914, the <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Hamilton" title="Art Gallery of Hamilton">Art Gallery of Hamilton</a> is Ontario's third largest public art gallery. The gallery has over 9,000 works in its permanent collection that focus on three areas: 19th-century European, Historical Canadian and Contemporary Canadian.<a href="#cite_note-ARTGALLERY-121">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/McMaster_Museum_of_Art" title="McMaster Museum of Art">McMaster Museum of Art</a> (MMA), founded at McMaster University in 1967, houses and exhibits the university's art collection of more than 7,000 objects.<a href="#cite_note-fbook-122">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercrawl" title="Supercrawl">Supercrawl</a> is a large community arts and music festival that takes place in September in the James Street North area of the city.<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> In 2018, Supercrawl celebrated its 10th anniversary with over 220,000 visitors.<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> In March 2015, Hamilton was host to the <a href="/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2015" title="Juno Awards of 2015">JUNO Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Film_Festival" title="Hamilton Film Festival">Hamilton Film Festival</a> stages an annual program of over 100 independent feature and short films annually, many but not all with direct production connections to the city.<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> Growth in the arts and culture sector has garnered media attention for Hamilton. A 2006 article in <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>, entitled "Go West, Young Artist", focused on Hamilton's growing art scene.<a href="#cite_note-GOWEST-127">[120]</a> The Factory: Hamilton Media Arts Centre,<a href="#cite_note-FACTORY-128">[121]</a> opened a new home on James Street North in 2006. Art galleries have sprung up on streets across the city: <a href="/wiki/James_Street_(Hamilton,_Ontario)" title="James Street (Hamilton, Ontario)">James Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_William_Street_(Hamilton,_Ontario)" title="King William Street (Hamilton, Ontario)">King William Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locke_Street_(Hamilton,_Ontario)" title="Locke Street (Hamilton, Ontario)">Locke Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Street_(Hamilton,_Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="King Street (Hamilton, Ontario)">King Street</a>. The opening of the Downtown Arts Centre<a href="#cite_note-DAC-129">[122]</a> on Rebecca Street has spurred creative activities in the core. The Community Centre for Media Arts<a href="#cite_note-CCMA-130">[123]</a> (CCMA) continues to operate in downtown Hamilton. The CCMA works with marginalized populations and combines new media services with arts education and skills development programming.<a href="#cite_note-INVESTH20-131">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Sports in Hamilton, Ontario">Sports in Hamilton, Ontario</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_venues_in_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="List of sports venues in Hamilton, Ontario">List of sports venues in Hamilton, Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Category:Sport in Hamilton, Ontario">Category:Sport in Hamilton, Ontario</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tim_Hortons_Field_Exterior.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tim_Hortons_Field_Exterior.JPG/220px-Tim_Hortons_Field_Exterior.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tim_Hortons_Field_Exterior.JPG/220px-Tim_Hortons_Field_Exterior.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tim_Hortons_Field_Exterior.JPG/330px-Tim_Hortons_Field_Exterior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tim_Hortons_Field_Exterior.JPG/440px-Tim_Hortons_Field_Exterior.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tim_Hortons_Field" title="Tim Hortons Field">Tim Hortons Field</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium" title="Multi-purpose stadium">multi-purpose stadium</a> in Hamilton. It is presently used as the home stadium for the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">CFL</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats" title="Hamilton Tiger-Cats">Hamilton Tiger-Cats</a>.</figcaption></figure> Hamilton hosted Canada's first major international athletic event, the first <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> (then called the British Empire Games) in <a href="/wiki/1930_British_Empire_Games" title="1930 British Empire Games">1930</a>. Hamilton bid for the Commonwealth Games in <a href="/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games" title="2010 Commonwealth Games">2010</a> but lost to <a href="/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games" title="2010 Commonwealth Games">New Delhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-memproj56-132">[125]</a> On November 7, 2009, in <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara, Mexico">Guadalajara, Mexico</a>, it was announced Toronto would host the <a href="/wiki/2015_Pan_Am_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Pan Am Games">2015 Pan Am Games</a> after beating out two rival <a href="/wiki/South_American" class="mw-redirect" title="South American">South American</a> cities, <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. The city of Hamilton co-hosted the Games with Toronto. Hamilton Mayor <a href="/wiki/Fred_Eisenberger" title="Fred Eisenberger">Fred Eisenberger</a> said "the Pan Am Games will provide a 'unique opportunity for Hamilton to renew major sport facilities giving Hamiltonians a multi-purpose stadium, a 50-metre swimming pool, and an international-calibre <a href="/wiki/Velodrome" title="Velodrome">velodrome</a> to enjoy for generations to come'."<a href="#cite_note-PANAM-133">[126]</a> Hamilton's major sports complexes include <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hortons_Field" title="Tim Hortons Field">Tim Hortons Field</a> and <a href="/wiki/FirstOntario_Centre" title="FirstOntario Centre">FirstOntario Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a> Hamilton is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats" title="Hamilton Tiger-Cats">Tiger-Cats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a>. The team traces its origins to the 1869 "Hamilton Foot Ball Club". Hamilton is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canadian Football Hall of Fame">Canadian Football Hall of Fame</a> museum.<a href="#cite_note-foothof-135">[128]</a> The museum hosts an annual induction event in a week-long celebration that includes school visits, a golf tournament, a formal induction dinner and concludes with the Hall of Fame game involving the local <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">CFL</a> Hamilton Tiger-Cats at Tim Hortons Field.<a href="#cite_note-hallfame-136">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-IVORW-137">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/108th_Grey_Cup" title="108th Grey Cup">108th championship game</a> of the Canadian Football League, the <a href="/wiki/Grey_Cup" title="Grey Cup">Grey Cup</a>, was played in Hamilton in 2021 and won by the <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers" title="Winnipeg Blue Bombers">Winnipeg Blue Bombers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FirstOntario_Centre_-_Hamilton,_ON.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FirstOntario_Centre_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg/220px-FirstOntario_Centre_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="2760"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FirstOntario_Centre_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg/220px-FirstOntario_Centre_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FirstOntario_Centre_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg/330px-FirstOntario_Centre_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FirstOntario_Centre_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg/440px-FirstOntario_Centre_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/FirstOntario_Centre" title="FirstOntario Centre">FirstOntario Centre</a> is an indoor arena and home arena for the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_League" title="Ontario Hockey League">OHL</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Bulldogs" title="Hamilton Bulldogs">Hamilton Bulldogs</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Forge_FC" title="Forge FC">Forge FC</a> debuted as Hamilton's <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">soccer</a> team in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Premier_League" title="Canadian Premier League">Canadian Premier League</a>. The team plays at Tim Hortons Field and shares the venue with the Tiger-Cats. They finished their inaugural season as champions of the league.<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Honey_Badgers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Honey Badgers">Hamilton Honey Badgers</a> debuted as Hamilton's <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> team in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Elite_Basketball_League" title="Canadian Elite Basketball League">Canadian Elite Basketball League</a>. The team played its home games at the <a href="/wiki/FirstOntario_Centre" title="FirstOntario Centre">FirstOntario Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a> In 2022, the Honey Badgers relocated to Brampton, Ontario due to the renovations occurring at FirstOntarioCentre.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a> Since 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Cardinals" title="Hamilton Cardinals">Hamilton Cardinals</a> have been Hamilton's <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> team in the <a href="/wiki/Intercounty_Baseball_League" title="Intercounty Baseball League">Intercounty Baseball League</a>. The team has played its home games at <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Arbour_Memorial_Stadium" title="Bernie Arbour Memorial Stadium">Bernie Arbour Memorial Stadium</a> since 1971.<a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Around_the_Bay_Road_Race" title="Around the Bay Road Race">Around the Bay Road Race</a> circumnavigates <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Harbour" title="Hamilton Harbour">Hamilton Harbour</a>. Although it is not a marathon distance, it is the longest continuously held long-distance foot race in North America.<a href="#cite_note-memproj56-68-143">[136]</a> The local newspaper also hosts the amateur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectator_Indoor_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spectator Indoor Games (page does not exist)">Spectator Indoor Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-memproj56-68-143">[136]</a> In addition to team sports, Hamilton is home to an auto race track, <a href="/wiki/Flamboro_Speedway" title="Flamboro Speedway">Flamboro Speedway</a> and Canada's fastest half-mile harness horse racing track, <a href="/wiki/Flamboro_Downs" title="Flamboro Downs">Flamboro Downs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-flamboro-144">[137]</a> Another auto race track, <a href="/wiki/Cayuga_International_Speedway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayuga International Speedway">Cayuga International Speedway</a>, is near Hamilton in the <a href="/wiki/Haldimand_County" title="Haldimand County">Haldimand County</a> community of Nelles Corners, between <a href="/wiki/Hagersville,_Ontario" title="Hagersville, Ontario">Hagersville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cayuga,_Ontario" title="Cayuga, Ontario">Cayuga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cayuga-145">[138]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Professional teams </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>League </th> <th>Venue </th> <th>Established </th> <th>Championships </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Forge_FC" title="Forge FC">Forge FC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Premier_League" title="Canadian Premier League">Canadian Premier League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tim_Hortons_Field" title="Tim Hortons Field">Tim Hortons Field</a> </td> <td align="center">2017 </td> <td align="center">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Cardinals" title="Hamilton Cardinals">Hamilton Cardinals</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Intercounty_Baseball_League" title="Intercounty Baseball League">Intercounty Baseball League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Arbour_Memorial_Stadium" title="Bernie Arbour Memorial Stadium">Bernie Arbour Memorial Stadium</a> </td> <td align="center">1958 </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats" title="Hamilton Tiger-Cats">Hamilton Tiger-Cats</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tim_Hortons_Field" title="Tim Hortons Field">Tim Hortons Field</a> </td> <td align="center">1950 </td> <td align="center">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Rock" title="Toronto Rock">Toronto Rock</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">National Lacrosse League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FirstOntario_Centre" title="FirstOntario Centre">FirstOntario Centre</a> </td> <td align="center">1998 </td> <td align="center">6 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_secondary_schools_in_Ontario#Hamilton" title="List of secondary schools in Ontario">List of secondary schools in Ontario § Hamilton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alma_mater_-_recent_grad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alma_mater_-_recent_grad.jpg/220px-Alma_mater_-_recent_grad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alma_mater_-_recent_grad.jpg/220px-Alma_mater_-_recent_grad.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alma_mater_-_recent_grad.jpg/330px-Alma_mater_-_recent_grad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alma_mater_-_recent_grad.jpg/440px-Alma_mater_-_recent_grad.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a> is the only university whose main campus is in the city.</figcaption></figure> Hamilton is home to several post-secondary institutions. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a> moved to the city in 1930 and now has some 30,000 students, of which almost two-thirds come from outside the Hamilton region.<a href="#cite_note-Mac-146">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-MACU-147">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock University</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Catharines, Ontario">St. Catharines, Ontario</a> has a satellite campus used primarily for teacher education in Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-BROCK-148">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMaster_Divinity_College" title="McMaster Divinity College">McMaster Divinity College</a>, a Christian <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Convention_of_Ontario_and_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec">Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec</a> since 1957. It is located on the <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a> campus and it is affiliated with the university.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_College" title="Mohawk College">Mohawk College</a> of Applied Arts and Technology since 1967 with 10,000 full-time, 40,000 part-time, and 3,000 apprentice students.<a href="#cite_note-MOHAWK-149">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemer_University_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Redeemer University College">Redeemer University</a>, a private Christian liberal arts and science university opened in 1982.</li></ul> Four school boards administer public education for students from kindergarten through high school. The <a href="/wiki/Hamilton-Wentworth_District_School_Board" title="Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board">Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board</a> manages 93 public schools,<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton-Wentworth_Catholic_District_School_Board" title="Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board">Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board</a> operates 57 schools in the greater Hamilton area.<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_Viamonde" title="Conseil scolaire Viamonde">Conseil scolaire Viamonde</a> operates one elementary and one secondary school (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_secondaire_Georges-P.-Vanier" title="École secondaire Georges-P.-Vanier">École secondaire Georges-P.-Vanier</a>) in the area, and the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_catholique_MonAvenir" title="Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir">Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir</a> operates two elementary schools and one secondary school.<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> Calvin Christian School, Providence Christian School and Timothy Christian School are independent Christian elementary schools. <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_District_Christian_High_School" title="Hamilton District Christian High School">Hamilton District Christian High School</a>, Rehoboth Christian High School and <a href="/wiki/Guido_de_Bres_Christian_High_School" title="Guido de Bres Christian High School">Guido de Bres Christian High School</a> are independent Christian high schools in the area. Both HDCH and Guido de Brès participate in the city's interscholastic athletics. <a href="/wiki/Hillfield_Strathallan_College" title="Hillfield Strathallan College">Hillfield Strathallan College</a> is on the West Hamilton mountain and is a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Accredited_Independent_Schools" title="Canadian Accredited Independent Schools">CAIS</a> member, non-profit school for children from early Montessori ages through grade twelve and has around 1,300 students. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_International_College" title="Columbia International College">Columbia International College</a> is Canada's largest private boarding high school, with 1,700 students from 73 countries.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-153">[146]</a> The Dundas Valley School of Art is an independent art school founded in the city in 1964. In 1998, as a joint venture with McMaster University, a full-time diploma program was launched for students.<a href="#cite_note-dvalley-154">[147]</a> The Hamilton Conservatory for the Arts is home to many of the area's young actors, dancers, musicians, singers and visual artists. The school is known for having a keyboard studio, dance studios, art and sculpting studios, gallery space and a 300-seat recital hall.<a href="#cite_note-hamcon-155">[148]</a> Hamilton is home to two <a href="/wiki/Think_tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Think tanks">think tanks</a>, the Centre for Cultural Renewal and Cardus, which deals with social architecture, culture, urbanology, economics and education and also publishes the LexView Policy Journal and Comment Magazine.<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Infrastructure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Transportation in Hamilton, Ontario">Transportation in Hamilton, Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_in_Hamilton,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="List of streets in Hamilton, Ontario">List of streets in Hamilton, Ontario</a></div> The primary highways serving Hamilton are <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_403" title="Ontario Highway 403">Highway 403</a>, the <a href="/wiki/QEW" class="mw-redirect" title="QEW">QEW</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_M._Alexander_Parkway" title="Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway">Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Hill_Valley_Parkway" title="Red Hill Valley Parkway">Red Hill Valley Parkway</a>. Other highways connecting Hamilton include <a href="/wiki/Highway_5_(Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway 5 (Ontario)">Highway 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highway_6_(Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway 6 (Ontario)">Highway 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highway_8_(Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway 8 (Ontario)">Highway 8</a>. Public transportation is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Street_Railway" title="Hamilton Street Railway">Hamilton Street Railway</a>, which operates an extensive local bus system. Hamilton and <a href="/wiki/Metrolinx" title="Metrolinx">Metrolinx</a> will build a provincially-funded <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">LRT</a> line (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_LRT" title="Hamilton LRT">Hamilton LRT</a>) in the early 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> Intercity public transportation, including frequent service to Toronto, is provided by <a href="/wiki/GO_Transit" title="GO Transit">GO Transit</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_GO_Centre" title="Hamilton GO Centre">Hamilton GO Centre</a>, formerly the <a href="/wiki/Toronto,_Hamilton_and_Buffalo_Railway" title="Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway">Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway</a> station, is a <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> station on the <a href="/wiki/Lakeshore_West_line" title="Lakeshore West line">Lakeshore West line</a> of GO Transit. While Hamilton is not directly served by intercity rail, the Lakeshore West line does offer an off-peak bus connection and a peak-hours rail connection to <a href="/wiki/Aldershot_GO_Station" title="Aldershot GO Station">Aldershot station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Ontario" title="Burlington, Ontario">Burlington</a>, which doubles as the <a href="/wiki/VIA_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="VIA Rail">VIA Rail</a> station for both Burlington and Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a> In the 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/John_C._Munro_Hamilton_International_Airport" title="John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport">John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport</a> was a wartime air force training station. Today, managed by TradePort International Corporation, passenger traffic at the Hamilton terminal has grown from 90,000 in 1996 to approximately 900,000 in 2002 with mostly domestic and vacation destinations in the United States, Mexico and Central America. The airport's mid-term growth target for its passenger service is five million air travellers annually. The airport's air cargo sector has 24–7 operational capability and strategic geographic location, allowing its capacity to increase by 50% since 1996; 91,000 <a href="/wiki/Metric_tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tonnes">metric tonnes</a> (100,000 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">tons</a>) of cargo passed through the airport in 2002. Courier companies with operations at the airport include <a href="/wiki/United_Parcel_Service" title="United Parcel Service">United Parcel Service</a> and Cargojet Canada.<a href="#cite_note-airport2-159">[152]</a> In 2003, the city began developing a 30-year growth management strategy which called, in part, for a massive <a href="/wiki/Aerotropolis" title="Aerotropolis">aerotropolis</a> industrial park centred on Hamilton Airport. Advocates of the aerotropolis proposal, now known as the Airport Employment Growth District, tout it as a solution to the city's shortage of employment lands.<a href="#cite_note-AirportB-160">[153]</a> The closest other international airport to Hamilton is <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto Pearson International Airport</a>, located northeast of the city in <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a> A report by Hemson Consulting identified an opportunity to develop 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) of greenfields (the size of the Royal Botanical Gardens) that could create an estimated 90,000 jobs by 2031. A proposed <a href="/wiki/Aerotropolis" title="Aerotropolis">aerotropolis</a> industrial park at Highway 6 and 403, has been debated at City Hall for years. Opponents feel the city needs to do more investigation about the cost to taxpayers.<a href="#cite_note-Airport2-162">[155]</a> Hamilton also plays a major role in Ontario's marine shipping industry as the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton-Oshawa_Port_Authority" title="Hamilton-Oshawa Port Authority">Port of Hamilton</a> is Ontario's busiest port handling between 9 and 12 million tonnes of cargo annually.<a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_highways">Major highways</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Major highways" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ontario_403_crown.svg/20px-Ontario_403_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ontario_403_crown.svg/20px-Ontario_403_crown.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ontario_403_crown.svg/30px-Ontario_403_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ontario_403_crown.svg/40px-Ontario_403_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_403" title="Ontario Highway 403">Highway 403</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ontario_QEW_crown.svg/20px-Ontario_QEW_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ontario_QEW_crown.svg/20px-Ontario_QEW_crown.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ontario_QEW_crown.svg/30px-Ontario_QEW_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ontario_QEW_crown.svg/40px-Ontario_QEW_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Way" title="Queen Elizabeth Way">Queen Elizabeth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:RHVP_Shield.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RHVP_Shield.png/25px-RHVP_Shield.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="982"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 32px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RHVP_Shield.png/25px-RHVP_Shield.png" data-width="25" data-height="32" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RHVP_Shield.png/38px-RHVP_Shield.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RHVP_Shield.png/50px-RHVP_Shield.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Hill_Valley_Parkway" title="Red Hill Valley Parkway">Red Hill Valley Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:LINC_Shield.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/LINC_Shield.png/25px-LINC_Shield.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="982"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 32px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/LINC_Shield.png/25px-LINC_Shield.png" data-width="25" data-height="32" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/LINC_Shield.png/38px-LINC_Shield.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/LINC_Shield.png/50px-LINC_Shield.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_M._Alexander_Parkway" title="Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway">Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ontario_5_crown.svg/20px-Ontario_5_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ontario_5_crown.svg/20px-Ontario_5_crown.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ontario_5_crown.svg/30px-Ontario_5_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ontario_5_crown.svg/40px-Ontario_5_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_5" title="Ontario Highway 5">Highway 5</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ontario_6_crown.svg/20px-Ontario_6_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ontario_6_crown.svg/20px-Ontario_6_crown.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ontario_6_crown.svg/30px-Ontario_6_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ontario_6_crown.svg/40px-Ontario_6_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_6" title="Ontario Highway 6">Highway 6</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ontario_8_crown.svg/20px-Ontario_8_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ontario_8_crown.svg/20px-Ontario_8_crown.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ontario_8_crown.svg/30px-Ontario_8_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ontario_8_crown.svg/40px-Ontario_8_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_8" title="Ontario Highway 8">Highway 8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Health" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juravinski_mainentrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Juravinski_mainentrance.jpg/220px-Juravinski_mainentrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Juravinski_mainentrance.jpg/220px-Juravinski_mainentrance.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Juravinski_mainentrance.jpg/330px-Juravinski_mainentrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Juravinski_mainentrance.jpg/440px-Juravinski_mainentrance.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Margaret & Charles Juravinski Centre for Integrated Healthcare at the West 5th Campus; 2016.</figcaption></figure> The city is served by the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Health_Sciences" title="Hamilton Health Sciences">Hamilton Health Sciences</a> hospital network of five hospitals with more than 1,100 beds: <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_General_Hospital" title="Hamilton General Hospital">Hamilton General Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juravinski_Hospital" title="Juravinski Hospital">Juravinski Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University_Medical_Centre" title="McMaster University Medical Centre">McMaster University Medical Centre</a> (which includes <a href="/wiki/McMaster_Children%27s_Hospital" title="McMaster Children's Hospital">McMaster Children's Hospital</a>), <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Hospital,_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter's Hospital, Hamilton">St. Peter's Hospital</a> and West Lincoln Memorial Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> Other buildings under Hamilton Health Sciences include <a href="/wiki/Juravinski_Cancer_Centre" title="Juravinski Cancer Centre">Juravinski Cancer Centre</a>, Regional Rehabilitation Centre, Ron Joyce Children's Health Centre, and the West End Clinic and Urgent Care Centre. Hamilton Health Sciences is the largest employer in the Hamilton area and serves as academic teaching hospital affiliated with <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_College" title="Mohawk College">Mohawk College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> The only hospital in Hamilton not under Hamilton Health Sciences is <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Healthcare_Hamilton" title="St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton">St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton</a>, which has 777 beds and three campuses. This healthcare group provides inpatient and outpatient services, and mental illness or addiction help.<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> The City of Hamilton is twinned with ten <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister cities</a>:<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> <ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Shawinigan" title="Shawinigan">Shawinigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec">Quebec</a>, Canada (1958)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kaga,_Ishikawa" title="Kaga, Ishikawa">Kaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture" title="Ishikawa Prefecture">Ishikawa</a>, Japan (1968) <ul><li>Sister City agreement originally with <a href="/wiki/Dundas,_Ontario" title="Dundas, Ontario">Dundas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>.</li> <li>Converted to sister city agreement with the City of Hamilton following Dundas's amalgamation into Hamilton.</li></ul></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, India (1968)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Fukuyama,_Hiroshima" title="Fukuyama, Hiroshima">Fukuyama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture">Hiroshima</a>, Japan (1975)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Racalmuto" title="Racalmuto">Racalmuto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, Italy (1987)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ma%27anshan" title="Ma'anshan">Ma'Anshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, China (1987)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, United States (1987)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida" title="Sarasota, Florida">Sarasota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, United States (1991)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Valle_Peligna" title="Valle Peligna">Valle Peligna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>, Italy (1991)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, Mexico (1993)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_City_Council_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton City Council (Ontario)">Hamilton City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auchmar_(Hamilton,_Ontario)" title="Auchmar (Hamilton, Ontario)">Auchmar House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="List of people from Hamilton, Ontario">List of people from Hamilton</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Based on station coordinates provided by Environment and Climate Change Canada, climate data for was recorded near downtown Hamilton from January 1866 to August 1958, and April 1950 to present at the Royal Botanical Gardens. </li> <li id="cite_note-euro-89"><a href="#cite_ref-euro_89-0">^</a> Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity. </li> <li id="cite_note-MiddleEastern-90"><a href="#cite_ref-MiddleEastern_90-0">^</a> Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census. </li> <li id="cite_note-SoutheastAsian-91"><a href="#cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_91-0">^</a> Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census. </li> <li id="cite_note-EastAsian-92"><a href="#cite_ref-EastAsian_92-0">^</a> Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Other-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Other_93-0">^</a> Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, <abbr title="not included elsewhere">n.i.e.</abbr>" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HAMBIO2-1"><a href="#cite_ref-HAMBIO2_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBailey1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bailey, Thomas Melville (1991). Dictionary of Hamilton Biography. Vol. II, 1876–1924. W.L. Griffin Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Hamilton+Biography&rft.pub=W.L.+Griffin+Ltd&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Melville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Nolan2011" class="citation news cs1">Daniel Nolan (December 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2226428-bieber-fever-hits-the-hammer/">"Bieber Fever hits the Hammer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hamilton_Spectator" title="The Hamilton Spectator">The Hamilton Spectator</a>. 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Retrieved January 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hamilton+Spectator&rft.atitle=Bieber+Fever+hits+the+Hammer&rft.date=2011-12-22&rft.au=Daniel+Nolan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespec.com%2Fnews-story%2F2226428-bieber-fever-hits-the-hammer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Nolan2011" class="citation news cs1">Daniel Nolan (April 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2179772-showdown-in-steeltown/">"Showdown in Steeltown"</a>. The Hamilton Spectator. Metroland Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104190752/http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2179772-showdown-in-steeltown/">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hamilton+Spectator&rft.atitle=Showdown+in+Steeltown&rft.date=2011-04-06&rft.au=Daniel+Nolan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespec.com%2Fnews-story%2F2179772-showdown-in-steeltown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cgndbham-4"><a href="#cite_ref-cgndbham_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=FEVNS">"Hamilton"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base" title="GeoBase (geospatial data)">Geographical Names Data Base</a>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hamilton&rft.btitle=Geographical+Names+Data+Base&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fsearch-place-names%2Funique%3Fid%3DFEVNS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1846est-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1846est_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1846est_5-1">b</a> An Act to amend the Act incorporating the Town of Hamilton, and to erect the same into a City, Statutes of the Province of Canada 1846 (9 Vict.), c. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-C2001CAHAM-6"><a href="#cite_ref-C2001CAHAM_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All">"Hamilton, Ontario (Code 3525005) Census Profile"</a>. <a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_census" title="2016 Canadian census">2016 census</a>. 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February 9, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512141434/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000235">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%3A+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+census+divisions+and+census+subdivisions+%28municipalities%29%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810000203%26geocode%3DA000235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=2019&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2020&referencePeriods=20190101%2C20200101">"Statistics Canada. Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000)"</a>. Statistics Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208063742/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=2019&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2020&referencePeriods=20190101,20200101">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2023. 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Retrieved January 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Grand+Lodge+of+Canada+in+the+Province+of+Ontario%3A1855+~+2005+Then+and+Now&rft.pub=Grand+Lodge+of+Canada+in+the+Province+of+Ontario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandlodge.on.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988">(Requires navigation to article). </li> <li id="cite_note-dufferin-27"><a href="#cite_ref-dufferin_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dufferinlodge.com/lodge.php">"Dufferin Masonic Lodge No. 291 A.F. & A.M."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083030/http://www.dufferinlodge.com/lodge.php">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2008. 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Retrieved January 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+Regional+Municipality+of+Hamilton-Wentworth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepe.lac-bac.gc.ca%2F100%2F200%2F301%2Fic%2Fcan_digital_collections%2Fcultural_landmarks%2Ftwps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Cataract Traction, by John M. Mills (Canadian Traction Series, Volume 2)(1971). </li> <li id="cite_note-HISINDI-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HISINDI_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HISINDI_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/industrial/default.htm">"Industrial Hamilton – A Trail to the Future"</a>. 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Labour / Le Travail. 3: 134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25139910">10.2307/25139910</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25139910">25139910</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404174922/https://www.lltjournal.ca/index.php/llt/article/view/2384">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2023. 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March 1, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516162033/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2016/09/23/may-17-1964-tim-hortons-store-no-1-opens-on-hamilton-s-ottawa-street.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hamilton+Spectator&rft.atitle=May+17%2C+1964%3A+Tim+Hortons+store+No.+1+opens+on+Hamilton%27s+Ottawa+Street&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespec.com%2Fnews%2Fhamilton-region%2F2016%2F09%2F23%2Fmay-17-1964-tim-hortons-store-no-1-opens-on-hamilton-s-ottawa-street.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160547/http://www.archive.org/stream/plastimetincfire00sochuoft/plastimetincfire00sochuoft_djvu.txt">"Plastimet Inc. fire Hamilton, Ontario: July 9-12, 1997"</a>. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 1997. 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The Hamilton Spectator.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hamilton+Spectator&rft.atitle=Saga+of+a+City&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GREENCITY-44"><a href="#cite_ref-GREENCITY_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoderstrom2006" class="citation book cs1">Soderstrom, Mary (2006). Green City: People, Nature & Urban Places. Independent Pub Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55065-207-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55065-207-9"><bdi>1-55065-207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+City%3A+People%2C+Nature+%26+Urban+Places&rft.pub=Independent+Pub+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-55065-207-9&rft.aulast=Soderstrom&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GREENCITY2-45"><a href="#cite_ref-GREENCITY2_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2007" class="citation news cs1">Lawson, B. (January 26, 2007). "Green City". The Hamilton Spectator. p. Go-7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hamilton+Spectator&rft.atitle=Green+City&rft.pages=Go-7&rft.date=2007-01-26&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bay-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Bay_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beachvideo.info/">"Burlington Bay/ Beach strip, Hamilton Harbour, Skyway Bridge"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215084635/http://beachvideo.info/">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burlington+Bay%2F+Beach+strip%2C+Hamilton+Harbour%2C+Skyway+Bridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeachvideo.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> (Requires navigation to relevant articles.) </li> <li id="cite_note-barton2-47"><a href="#cite_ref-barton2_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/cultural_landmarks/hamhist.htm">"A History of the city of Hamilton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015225925/http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/cultural_landmarks/hamhist.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+city+of+Hamilton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepe.lac-bac.gc.ca%2F100%2F200%2F301%2Fic%2Fcan_digital_collections%2Fcultural_landmarks%2Fhamhist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAMBIO1-48"><a href="#cite_ref-HAMBIO1_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1981" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Thomas Melville (1981). Dictionary of Hamilton Biography (Vol I, 1791–1875). W.L. Griffin Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Hamilton+Biography+%28Vol+I%2C+1791%E2%80%931875%29&rft.pub=W.L.+Griffin+Ltd&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Melville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton2-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton2_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Weaver, John C. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hamilton_george_1788_1836_7E.html">"Hamilton, George"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. VII (1836–1850) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hamilton%2C+George&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fhamilton_george_1788_1836_7E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton_Conservation_Authority" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Conservation_Authority" title="Hamilton Conservation Authority">Hamilton Conservation Authority</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607221331/http://www.conservationhamilton.ca/corporate/aboutus/history.asp">"HCH History: A Long History ..."</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservationhamilton.ca/corporate/aboutus/history.asp">the original</a> on June 7, 2007. Retrieved June 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HCH+History%3A+A+Long+History+...&rft.au=Hamilton+Conservation+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationhamilton.ca%2Fcorporate%2Faboutus%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Hamilton" class="citation web cs1">City of Hamilton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234254/http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/ArtsSportsAndRecreation/outdoor/city_parks.htm">"Hamilton Conservation Authority: City Parks"</a>. myhamilton.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/ArtsSportsAndRecreation/outdoor/city_parks.htm">the original</a> on September 26, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamilton+Conservation+Authority%3A+City+Parks&rft.pub=myhamilton.ca&rft.au=City+of+Hamilton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myhamilton.ca%2Fmyhamilton%2FArtsSportsAndRecreation%2Foutdoor%2Fcity_parks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRUCETRAIL-52"><a href="#cite_ref-BRUCETRAIL_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brucetrail.org/">"Bruce Trail Association"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711004543/http://www.brucetrail.org/">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruce+Trail+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brucetrail.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319015739/http://www.conservationhamilton.ca/waterfalls">"Waterfalls - Hamilton Conservation Authority"</a>. conservationhamilton.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservationhamilton.ca/waterfalls">the original</a> on March 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=conservationhamilton.ca&rft.atitle=Waterfalls+-+Hamilton+Conservation+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationhamilton.ca%2Fwaterfalls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626002908/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2020/03/09/chedoke-creek-s-sad-legacy-of-abuse.html">"Chedoke Creek's sad legacy of abuse: 10 things you didn't know"</a>. The Hamilton Spectator. March 9, 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1189-9417">1189-9417</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2020/03/09/chedoke-creek-s-sad-legacy-of-abuse.html">the original</a> on June 26, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hamilton+Spectator&rft.atitle=Chedoke+Creek%27s+sad+legacy+of+abuse%3A+10+things+you+didn%27t+know&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft.issn=1189-9417&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespec.com%2Fnews%2Fhamilton-region%2F2020%2F03%2F09%2Fchedoke-creek-s-sad-legacy-of-abuse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-canada.php">"Interactive Canada Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map"</a>. www.plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014555/https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-canada.php">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Interactive+Canada+Koppen-Geiger+Climate+Classification+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Fkoppen-climate-classification-map-canada.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton_(July_1868)-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_(July_1868)_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=7&Day=12&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1868">"Hamilton (July 1868)"</a>. Canadian Climate Data. <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a>. October 31, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609182902/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=7&Day=12&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1868">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Climate+Data&rft.atitle=Hamilton+%28July+1868%29&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_data%2Fdaily_data_e.html%3FhlyRange%3D%257C%26dlyRange%3D1866-01-01%257C1958-08-31%26mlyRange%3D1866-01-01%257C1958-12-01%26StationID%3D4931%26Prov%3DON%26urlExtension%3D_e.html%26searchType%3DstnName%26optLimit%3DyearRange%26StartYear%3D1840%26EndYear%3D2016%26selRowPerPage%3D25%26Line%3D1%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26Month%3D7%26Day%3D12%26txtStationName%3Dhamilton%26timeframe%3D2%26Year%3D1868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton_(January_1884)-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_(January_1884)_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1884&Month=1#">"Hamilton (January 1884)"</a>. Canadian Climate Data. <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a>. October 31, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609191008/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1884&Month=1">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Climate+Data&rft.atitle=Hamilton+%28January+1884%29&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_data%2Fdaily_data_e.html%3FhlyRange%3D%257C%26dlyRange%3D1866-01-01%257C1958-08-31%26mlyRange%3D1866-01-01%257C1958-12-01%26StationID%3D4931%26Prov%3DON%26urlExtension%3D_e.html%26searchType%3DstnName%26optLimit%3DyearRange%26StartYear%3D1840%26EndYear%3D2016%26selRowPerPage%3D25%26Line%3D1%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26txtStationName%3Dhamilton%26timeframe%3D2%26Year%3D1884%26Month%3D1%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeesker" class="citation web cs1">Peesker, Saira. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/air-quality-hamilton-1.6904964">"Breathing the air in parts of Hamilton is like smoking a cigarette a day, researcher says"</a>. CBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713214901/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/air-quality-hamilton-1.6904964">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2023. 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Environment and Climate Change Canada. 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Retrieved August 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Hamilton+declares+itself+%27sanctuary+city%27+for+undocumented+immigrants&rft.date=2014-02-12&rft.aulast=Nursall&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2014%2F02%2F12%2Fhamilton_declares_itself_sanctuary_city_for_undocumented_immigrants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statscan-ham-78"><a href="#cite_ref-statscan-ham_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220042700/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=&GeoCode=3525005">"2006 Community Profiles - Hamilton"</a>. 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Retrieved August 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Criminal+enterprise&rft.date=2007-10-17&rft.aulast=Spectator&rft.aufirst=Paul+Morse+The+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fontario%2Fcriminal-enterprise%2Farticle_0801cf50-3196-5807-808f-74b6edd216e2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/hail-hail-the-gangs-all-here/article_f08a41d9-24b0-5c07-8e19-99cdf26c6e8a.html?">"Hail, hail, the gang's all here"</a>. The Hamilton Spectator. thespec.com. June 7, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230804160910/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/hail-hail-the-gangs-all-here/article_f08a41d9-24b0-5c07-8e19-99cdf26c6e8a.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hamilton+Spectator&rft.atitle=Hail%2C+hail%2C+the+gang%27s+all+here&rft.date=2011-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespec.com%2Fnews%2Fhamilton-region%2Fhail-hail-the-gangs-all-here%2Farticle_f08a41d9-24b0-5c07-8e19-99cdf26c6e8a.html%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230804160910/https://www.kitchenerpost.ca/news-story/2216330-hamilton-biker-johnny-k-9-embroiled-in-b-c-gang-murder-plot/?li_source=li&li_medium=mobile_ymbii&li_pl=9be55fbe-23d9-4632-a50c-9b60fb3783f7&li_tr=mobile_ymbii">"Hamilton biker 'Johnny K-9' embroiled in B.C. gang murder plot"</a>. kitchenerpost.ca. August 30, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kitchenerpost.ca/news-story/2216330-hamilton-biker-johnny-k-9-embroiled-in-b-c-gang-murder-plot/?li_source=li&li_medium=mobile_ymbii&li_pl=9be55fbe-23d9-4632-a50c-9b60fb3783f7&li_tr=mobile_ymbii">the original</a> on August 4, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamilton+biker+%27Johnny+K-9%27+embroiled+in+B.C.+gang+murder+plot&rft.pub=kitchenerpost.ca&rft.date=2011-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitchenerpost.ca%2Fnews-story%2F2216330-hamilton-biker-johnny-k-9-embroiled-in-b-c-gang-murder-plot%2F%3Fli_source%3Dli%26li_medium%3Dmobile_ymbii%26li_pl%3D9be55fbe-23d9-4632-a50c-9b60fb3783f7%26li_tr%3Dmobile_ymbii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMCS-115"><a href="#cite_ref-HMCS_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070401165534/http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/on/haida/index_e.asp">"Parks Canada HMCS Haida website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/on/haida/index_e.asp">the original</a> on April 1, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parks+Canada+HMCS+Haida+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Flhn-nhs%2Fon%2Fhaida%2Findex_e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dundurn-116"><a href="#cite_ref-dundurn_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234133/http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/CityandGovernment/CultureandRecreation/Arts_Culture_And_Museums/HamiltonCivicMuseums/Dundurn/">"Dundurn Castle"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/CityandGovernment/CultureandRecreation/Arts_Culture_And_Museums/HamiltonCivicMuseums/Dundurn/">the original</a> on September 26, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dundurn+Castle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myhamilton.ca%2Fmyhamilton%2FCityandGovernment%2FCultureandRecreation%2FArts_Culture_And_Museums%2FHamiltonCivicMuseums%2FDundurn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wahc-museum.ca/">"Workers Arts and Heritage Centre"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110409014226/http://www.wahc-museum.ca/">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Workers+Arts+and+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wahc-museum.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110234940/https://www.hamilton.ca/attractions/hamilton-civic-museums/hamilton-museum-steam-technology-national-historic-site">"Hamilton Museum of Steam & Technology"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamilton.ca/attractions/hamilton-civic-museums/hamilton-museum-steam-technology-national-historic-site">the original</a> on January 10, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamilton+Museum+of+Steam+%26+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamilton.ca%2Fattractions%2Fhamilton-civic-museums%2Fhamilton-museum-steam-technology-national-historic-site&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamilton.ca/attractions/culture/public-art">"Public Art"</a>. City of Hamilton. October 1, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002103920/https://www.hamilton.ca/attractions/culture/public-art">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Hamilton&rft.atitle=Public+Art&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamilton.ca%2Fattractions%2Fculture%2Fpublic-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Information and the locations of each piece in Public Art Collection can be viewed on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spatialsolutions.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapTour/index.html?appid=1fb631efadbc44f78db08c202ec27256">this interactive map</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002102533/http://spatialsolutions.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapTour/index.html?appid=1fb631efadbc44f78db08c202ec27256">Archived</a> October 2, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ARTGALLERY-121"><a href="#cite_ref-ARTGALLERY_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artgalleryofhamilton.com">"Art Gallery of Hamilton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807120951/http://artgalleryofhamilton.com/">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+Gallery+of+Hamilton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artgalleryofhamilton.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fbook-122"><a href="#cite_ref-fbook_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401030829/http://www.mcmaster.ca/avpira/documents/factbook/FactBook20092010.pdf">"McMaster University Fact Book 2009–2010"</a> (PDF). International Research & Analysis, McMaster University. November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcmaster.ca/avpira/documents/factbook/FactBook20092010.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 1, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McMaster+University+Fact+Book+2009%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=International+Research+%26+Analysis%2C+McMaster+University&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcmaster.ca%2Favpira%2Fdocuments%2Ffactbook%2FFactBook20092010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supercrawl.ca/about">"Supercrawl - About"</a>. Supercrawl. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141627/http://supercrawl.ca/about">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supercrawl&rft.atitle=Supercrawl+-+About&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupercrawl.ca%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockingham2018" class="citation news cs1">Rockingham, Graham (September 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespec.com/opinion-story/8904632-happy-10th-anniversary-supercrawl-and-thanks-for-the-party/">"Happy 10th anniversary, Supercrawl ... and thanks for the party"</a>. The Hamilton Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181230113146/https://www.thespec.com/opinion-story/8904632-happy-10th-anniversary-supercrawl-and-thanks-for-the-party/">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hamilton+Spectator&rft.atitle=Happy+10th+anniversary%2C+Supercrawl+...+and+thanks+for+the+party&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft.aulast=Rockingham&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespec.com%2Fopinion-story%2F8904632-happy-10th-anniversary-supercrawl-and-thanks-for-the-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakoullis2014" class="citation news cs1">Kakoullis, Adrienne (January 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://junoawards.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2015-JUNO-Awards-Host-City.pdf">"Hamilton to Host the 2015 JUNO Awards"</a> (PDF). CTV. CARAS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060112/http://junoawards.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2015-JUNO-Awards-Host-City.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hamilton+to+Host+the+2015+JUNO+Awards&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.aulast=Kakoullis&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjunoawards.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F01%2F2015-JUNO-Awards-Host-City.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Daniel Nolan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespec.com/entertainment/movies/the-19th-annual-hamilton-film-festival-has-130-movies-for-film-fans-this-year/article_a8396e83-9b69-5dc0-875b-aeb3e1578dae.html">"The 19th annual Hamilton Film Festival has 130 movies for film fans this year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Spectator" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Spectator">Hamilton Spectator</a>, October 18, 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-GOWEST-127"><a href="#cite_ref-GOWEST_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowat2006" class="citation news cs1">Mowat, Bruce (January 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/go-west-young-artist/article700964/">"Go west, young artist"</a>. Globe and Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425122104/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/go-west-young-artist/article700964/">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Go+west%2C+young+artist&rft.date=2006-01-07&rft.aulast=Mowat&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fgo-west-young-artist%2Farticle700964%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FACTORY-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FACTORY_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamiltonmediaarts.org/">"The Factory: Hamilton Media Arts Centre"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222074730/http://www.hamiltonmediaarts.org/">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Factory%3A+Hamilton+Media+Arts+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamiltonmediaarts.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAC-129"><a href="#cite_ref-DAC_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813190815/http://www.dachamilton.com/index.html">"Downtown Arts Centre, Hamilton, Ontario"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dachamilton.com/index.html">the original</a> on August 13, 2006. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Downtown+Arts+Centre%2C+Hamilton%2C+Ontario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dachamilton.com%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCMA-130"><a href="#cite_ref-CCMA_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212233519/http://www.ccma.ws/site/">"Community Centre for Media Arts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccma.ws/site/">the original</a> on December 12, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+Centre+for+Media+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccma.ws%2Fsite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-INVESTH20-131"><a href="#cite_ref-INVESTH20_131-0">^</a> Invest in Hamilton, Economic Development Review 2005, Wednesday, June 28, 2006, "City Remains Committed To Growing Arts & Culture" Page H20 </li> <li id="cite_note-memproj56-132"><a href="#cite_ref-memproj56_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1">"Tigertown Triumphs" (Press release). The Hamilton Spectator-Memory Project (Souvenir Edition). June 10, 2006. p. MP56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tigertown+Triumphs&rft.pages=MP56&rft.pub=The+Hamilton+Spectator-Memory+Project+%28Souvenir+Edition%29&rft.date=2006-06-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PANAM-133"><a href="#cite_ref-PANAM_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thespec.com/article/667961">"Toronto, Hamilton win Pan Am Games bid"</a>. Retrieved November 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toronto%2C+Hamilton+win+Pan+Am+Games+bid.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthespec.com%2Farticle%2F667961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infrastructureontario.ca/Document-dinformation-Stades-et-v%C3%A9lodrome-des-Jeux-panam%C3%A9ricains-fr/">"Infrastructure Ontario"</a>. www.infrastructureontario.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505140708/https://www.infrastructureontario.ca/Document-dinformation-Stades-et-v%C3%A9lodrome-des-Jeux-panam%C3%A9ricains-fr/">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2021. 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Retrieved January 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ivor+Wynne+Stadium+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffootball.ballparks.com%2FCFL%2FHamilton%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph2021" class="citation news cs1">Ralph, Dan (December 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/cfl-grey-cup-recap-blue-bombers-tiger-cats-2021-1.6283215">"Blue Bombers defeat Tiger-Cats 33-25 in OT to repeat as Grey Cup champions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_Sports" title="CBC Sports">CBC Sports</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211228160730/https://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/cfl-grey-cup-recap-blue-bombers-tiger-cats-2021-1.6283215">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+Sports&rft.atitle=Blue+Bombers+defeat+Tiger-Cats+33-25+in+OT+to+repeat+as+Grey+Cup+champions&rft.date=2021-12-12&rft.aulast=Ralph&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fcfl%2Fcfl-grey-cup-recap-blue-bombers-tiger-cats-2021-1.6283215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-david-edgar-1.6009009">"Former Hamilton Forge FC defender David Edgar joins CPL champion's coaching staff"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. April 30, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430200757/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-david-edgar-1.6009009">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2021. 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Retrieved May 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=900+CHML&rft.atitle=Honey+Badgers+select+Atlantic+MVP+in+CEBL+U+Sports+Draft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F7758123%2Fhoney-badgers-atlantic-mvp-cebl-u-sports-draft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.honeybadgers.ca/arena-closure-in-hamilton-forces-cebl-to-relocate-honey-badgers-to-brampton">"Arena Closure in Hamilton Forces CEBL To Relocate Honey Badgers to Brampton"</a>. Honey Badgers. November 28, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128174627/https://www.honeybadgers.ca/arena-closure-in-hamilton-forces-cebl-to-relocate-honey-badgers-to-brampton">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honey+Badgers&rft.atitle=Arena+Closure+in+Hamilton+Forces+CEBL+To+Relocate+Honey+Badgers+to+Brampton&rft.date=2022-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.honeybadgers.ca%2Farena-closure-in-hamilton-forces-cebl-to-relocate-honey-badgers-to-brampton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iblcardinals.ca/bernie-arbour-stadium">"Bernie Arbour Stadium"</a>. IBL Cardinals. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921183044/https://www.iblcardinals.ca/bernie-arbour-stadium">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2023. 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CBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190625020957/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-budget-1.5094808">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Provincial+budget+confirms+-+again+-+that+Hamilton+will+get+LRT&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft.aulast=Craggs&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fhamilton%2Fhamilton-budget-1.5094808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/6682567/coronavirus-go-transit-hamilton-toronto/">"Coronavirus: Hamilton-Toronto GO Transit service impacted amid anticipated ridership drop"</a>. 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The Hamilton Spectator.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hamilton+Spectator&rft.atitle=Airport+land+%27key+to+future%27&rft.date=2007-04-16&rft.aulast=McacIntyre&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132840/http://hamiltonharbour.ca/resources/documents/2018_HPA_SustainabilityRept_web.pdf">"Summary Report of Sustainability Actions in 2018"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Hamilton-Oshawa_Port_Authority" title="Hamilton-Oshawa Port Authority">Hamilton Port Authority</a>. 2018. 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St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516102032/http://www.stjoes.ca/about/get-to-know-st.-joe-s/our-vital-statistics?resourceID=3192">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2018. 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Retrieved June 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+Twinning+%28City+Wide%29+%28FCS06049%29+Referred+from+Corporate+Administration+Committee+on+March+23%2C+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hamilton.ca%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F56D8FE88-414D-452E-9C18-AB66450CC434%2F0%2FMay17FCS06049CityTwinning.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portales.sre.gob.mx/coordinacionpolitica/index.php/entidades/159-nuevo-leon">"NUEVO LEÓN"</a>. portales.sre.gob.mx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010611/https://portales.sre.gob.mx/coordinacionpolitica/index.php/entidades/159-nuevo-leon">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved June 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portales.sre.gob.mx&rft.atitle=NUEVO+LE%C3%93N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportales.sre.gob.mx%2Fcoordinacionpolitica%2Findex.php%2Fentidades%2F159-nuevo-leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city.kaga.ishikawa.jp/soshiki/sangyoshinkou/kankokouryu/2/kokusai/1308.html">"カナダハミルトン市(ダンダス)中高生派遣交流事業|加賀市"</a>. www.city.kaga.ishikawa.jp (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628030234/https://www.city.kaga.ishikawa.jp/soshiki/sangyoshinkou/kankokouryu/2/kokusai/1308.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2023. Retrieved June 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.city.kaga.ishikawa.jp&rft.atitle=%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E5%B8%82%28%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%82%B9%29%E4%B8%AD%E9%AB%98%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BE%E9%81%A3%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%8B%E6%A5%AD%7C%E5%8A%A0%E8%B3%80%E5%B8%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.kaga.ishikawa.jp%2Fsoshiki%2Fsangyoshinkou%2Fkankokouryu%2F2%2Fkokusai%2F1308.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamilton%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only 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class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hamilton,_Ontario" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, Ontario</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&oldid=1255421200">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&oldid=1255421200</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton,_Ontario&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 4 November 2024, at 21:40 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hamilton, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="هاميلتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاميلتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton" title="Hamilton – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Kanada)" title="Hamilton (Kanada) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hamilton (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8,_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93" title="হ্যামিল্টন, অন্টারিও – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হ্যামিল্টন, অন্টারিও" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B0)" title="Гамільтан (Антарыа) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гамільтан (Антарыа)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91)" title="Гамільтан (Антарыё) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гамільтан (Антарыё)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Хамилтън (Онтарио) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хамилтън (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(lungsod_sa_Kanada,_Ontario,_lat_43,25,_long_-79,85)" title="Hamilton (lungsod sa Kanada, Ontario, lat 43,25, long -79,85) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hamilton (lungsod sa Kanada, Ontario, lat 43,25, long -79,85)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_(%CE%9F%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF)" title="Χάμιλτον (Οντάριο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάμιλτον (Οντάριο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltono_(Ontario)" title="Hamiltono (Ontario) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hamiltono (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Kanada)" title="Hamilton (Kanada) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hamilton (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="همیلتون، انتاریو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همیلتون، انتاریو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hamilton, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Canad%C3%A1" title="Hamilton, Canadá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hamilton, Canadá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%B0%80%ED%84%B4_(%EC%98%A8%ED%83%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%EC%A3%BC)" title="해밀턴 (온타리오주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해밀턴 (온타리오주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6_(%D5%95%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8)" title="Համիլտոն (Օնտարիո) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համիլտոն (Օնտարիո)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="हैमिल्टन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हैमिल्टन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hamilton, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Гамильтон (Онтарио) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гамильтон (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontar%C3%AD%C3%B3)" title="Hamilton (Ontaríó) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hamilton (Ontaríó)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Canada)" title="Hamilton (Canada) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hamilton (Canada)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94)" title="המילטון (קנדה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המילטון (קנדה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D)" title="ჰამილტონი (ონტარიო) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰამილტონი (ონტარიო)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hamilton, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton" title="Hamilton – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hamilton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltona_(Kan%C4%81da)" title="Hamiltona (Kanāda) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hamiltona (Kanāda)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonas_(Kanada)" title="Hamiltonas (Kanada) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hamiltonas (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Kanada)" title="Hamilton (Kanada) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hamilton (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B)" title="हॅमिल्टन (ऑन्टारियो) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हॅमिल्टन (ऑन्टारियो)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88)" title="هاميلتون (اونتاريو) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هاميلتون (اونتاريو)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hamilton, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3_(%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E5%B7%9E)" title="ハミルトン (オンタリオ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハミルトン (オンタリオ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_i_Ontario" title="Hamilton i Ontario – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hamilton i Ontario" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ont%C3%A0rio)" title="Hamilton (Ontàrio) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hamilton (Ontàrio)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamilton" title="Gamilton – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gamilton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84%D9%B9%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="ہیملٹن، انٹاریو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیملٹن، انٹاریو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Kanada)" title="Hamilton (Kanada) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hamilton (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ont%C3%A1rio)" title="Hamilton (Ontário) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hamilton (Ontário)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hamilton, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Гамилтон (Онтарио) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гамилтон (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Гамильтон (Онтарио) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гамильтон (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hamilton, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A,_%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D" title="හැමිල්ටන්, ඔන්ටාරියෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හැමිල්ටන්, ඔන්ටාරියෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hamilton, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ont%C3%A1rio)" title="Hamilton (Ontário) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hamilton (Ontário)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Kanada)" title="Hamilton (Kanada) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hamilton (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%B5%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ھامڵتن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھامڵتن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Хамилтон (Онтарио) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хамилтон (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Kanada)" title="Hamilton (Kanada) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hamilton (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hamilton, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hamilton, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B" title="ஆமில்டன், ஒண்டாரியோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆமில்டன், ஒண்டாரியோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Һәмилтон (Онтарио) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һәмилтон (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8E)" title="Ҳомилтун (Онторию) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳомилтун (Онторию)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hamilton, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton (Ontario) – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Hamilton (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE)" title="Гамільтон (Онтаріо) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гамільтон (Онтаріо)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84%D9%B9%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="ہیملٹن، انٹاریو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیملٹن، انٹاریو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(Kanad%C3%A4n)" title="Hamilton (Kanadän) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hamilton (Kanadän)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hamilton, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%95%A5%EF%BC%89" title="哈密尔顿（安大略） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈密尔顿（安大略）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E7%BE%8E%E9%A0%93_(%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%95%A5)" title="咸美頓 (安大略) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="咸美頓 (安大略)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hamilton, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF_(%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%95%A5)" title="哈密尔顿 (安大略) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈密尔顿 (安大略)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2024, at 21:40 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise 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