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href="#Early_political_career_(1945–1965)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early political career (1945–1965)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career_(1945–1965)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_Secretary_(1965–1967)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_Secretary_(1965–1967)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Home Secretary (1965–1967)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_Secretary_(1965–1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1967–1970)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1967–1970)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chancellor of the Exchequer (1967–1970)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1967–1970)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shadow_Cabinet_(1970–1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shadow_Cabinet_(1970–1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Shadow Cabinet (1970–1974)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shadow_Cabinet_(1970–1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_Secretary_(1974–1976)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_Secretary_(1974–1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Home Secretary (1974–1976)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_Secretary_(1974–1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_the_European_Commission_(1977–1981)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_the_European_Commission_(1977–1981)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>President of the European Commission (1977–1981)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_of_the_European_Commission_(1977–1981)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_Democratic_Party_(1981–1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_Democratic_Party_(1981–1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Social Democratic Party (1981–1987)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_Democratic_Party_(1981–1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peerage,_achievements,_books_and_death_(1987–2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peerage,_achievements,_books_and_death_(1987–2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Peerage, achievements, books and death (1987–2003)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peerage,_achievements,_books_and_death_(1987–2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Marriage and personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="روي جنكينز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روي جنكينز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="روی جنکینز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روی جنکینز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4_%EC%A0%B1%ED%82%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="로이 젱킨스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로이 젱킨스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="روى جنكينز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روى جنكينز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="ロイ・ジェンキンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロイ・ジェンキンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%90%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B2" title="روی جېنکېنز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روی جېنکېنز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Harris_Jenkins" title="Roy Harris Jenkins – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roy Harris Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Дженкинс, Рой – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дженкинс, Рой" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Рой Дженкінс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рой Дженкінс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Roy Jenkins" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="羅伊·詹金斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅伊·詹金斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British politician (1920–2003)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Lord Jenkins of Hillhead</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Roy_Jenkins_1977_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jenkins, 56, in a monochrome portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Roy_Jenkins_1977_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Roy_Jenkins_1977_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Roy_Jenkins_1977_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Roy_Jenkins_1977_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Roy_Jenkins_1977_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Roy_Jenkins_1977_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="1769" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Jenkins in 1977</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the University of Oxford">Chancellor of the University of Oxford</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 March 1987 – 5 January 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford">Vice‑Chancellor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Neill,_Baron_Neill_of_Bladen" title="Patrick Neill, Baron Neill of Bladen">The Lord Neill of Bladen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Southwood" title="Richard Southwood">Sir Richard Southwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_North_(legal_scholar)" title="Peter North (legal scholar)">Sir Peter North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Lucas" title="Colin Lucas">Sir Colin Lucas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">The Earl of Stockton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">The Lord Patten of Barnes</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 January 1977 – 19 January 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Ortoli" title="François-Xavier Ortoli">François-Xavier Ortoli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Thorn" title="Gaston Thorn">Gaston Thorn</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 March 1974 – 10 September 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Robert Carr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Merlyn_Rees" title="Merlyn Rees">Merlyn Rees</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 December 1965 – 30 November 1967</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Soskice" title="Frank Soskice">Frank Soskice</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">James Callaghan</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 November 1967 – 19 June 1970</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Chief Secretary to the Treasury">Chief Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Diamond,_Baron_Diamond" title="Jack Diamond, Baron Diamond">Jack Diamond</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">James Callaghan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Junior ministerial offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Aviation">Minister of Aviation</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 October 1964 – 23 December 1965</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Amery" title="Julian Amery">Julian Amery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Mulley" title="Fred Mulley">Fred Mulley</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Party political offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Democrats_in_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords">Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 July 1988 – 19 December 1997</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Ashdown" title="Paddy Ashdown">Paddy Ashdown</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Seear,_Baroness_Seear" title="Nancy Seear, Baroness Seear">The Baroness Seear</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank" title="Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank">The Lord Rodgers of Quarry Bank</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Social Democratic Party (UK)">Leader of the Social Democratic Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 July 1982 – 13 June 1983</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Shirley Williams</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">David Owen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)#Creation_of_the_SDP" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Party established</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">David Owen</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Deputy Leader of the Labour Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 July 1970 – 10 April 1972</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Edward Short</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Shadow_Cabinet_of_Harold_Wilson" title="Second Shadow Cabinet of Harold Wilson">Shadow Cabinet</a> offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Home_Secretary" title="Shadow Home Secretary">Shadow Home Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 November 1973 – 4 March 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Shirley Williams</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Jim Prior</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer">Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 June 1970 – 19 April 1972</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Iain Macleod</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the House of Lords">Member of the House of Lords</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: #eee"><b><a href="/wiki/Lord_Temporal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Temporal">Lord Temporal</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">Life peerage</a></b></span><br />1 December 1987 – 5 January 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Hillhead_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Glasgow Hillhead (UK Parliament constituency)">Glasgow Hillhead</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 March 1982 – 18 May 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tam_Galbraith" title="Tam Galbraith">Tam Galbraith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Stechford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Stechford (UK Parliament constituency)">Birmingham Stechford</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 February 1950 – 5 January 1977<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Boundary_commissions_(United_Kingdom)" title="Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)">Constituency established</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_MacKay" title="Andrew MacKay">Andrew MacKay</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Southwark_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Southwark Central (UK Parliament constituency)">Southwark Central</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 April 1948 – 3 February 1950</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Hanbury_Martin" title="John Hanbury Martin">John Martin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Constituency abolished</i></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Roy Harris Jenkins</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1920-11-11</span>)</span>11 November 1920<br /><a href="/wiki/Abersychan" title="Abersychan">Abersychan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a>, Wales</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 January 2003<span style="display:none">(2003-01-05)</span> (aged 82)<br /><a href="/wiki/East_Hendred" title="East Hendred">East Hendred</a>, Oxfordshire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> (until 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">SDP</a> (1981–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> (from 1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Mary Jennifer Morris</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1945)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jenkins_(British_politician)" title="Arthur Jenkins (British politician)">Arthur Jenkins</a> (father)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">Captain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data">World War II</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Roy Harris Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span> (11 November 1920 – 5 January 2003) was a British politician and writer who served as the sixth <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> from 1977 to 1981. At various times a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) for the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Social Democratic Party</a> (SDP), and a <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">peer</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, he was <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> under the <a href="/wiki/First_Wilson_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Wilson ministry">Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callaghan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Callaghan government">Callaghan Governments</a>. </p><p>The son of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jenkins_(British_politician)" title="Arthur Jenkins (British politician)">Arthur Jenkins</a>, a coal-miner and Labour MP, Jenkins was educated at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and served as an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_officer" title="Intelligence officer">intelligence officer</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Initially elected as MP for <a href="/wiki/Southwark_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwark Central">Southwark Central</a> in 1948, he moved to become MP for <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Stechford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Stechford (UK Parliament constituency)">Birmingham Stechford</a> in 1950. On the election of <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964 election</a>, Jenkins was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Aviation">Minister of Aviation</a>. A year later, he was promoted to the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> to become <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>. In this role, Jenkins embarked on a major reform programme; he sought to build what he described as "a civilised society", overseeing measures such as the effective abolition in Britain of both <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Capital punishment in the United Kingdom">capital punishment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_censorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre censorship">theatre censorship</a>, the partial <a href="/wiki/Decriminalisation_of_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Decriminalisation of homosexuality">decriminalisation of homosexuality</a>, relaxing of <a href="/wiki/Divorce_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce law">divorce law</a>, suspension of <a href="/wiki/Birching" title="Birching">birching</a> and the liberalisation of <a href="/wiki/Abortion_Act_1967" title="Abortion Act 1967">abortion law</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation crisis</a> in November 1967, Jenkins replaced <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>. Throughout his time at the Treasury, Jenkins oversaw a tight fiscal policy in an attempt to control inflation, and oversaw a particularly tough <a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a> in 1968 which saw major tax rises. As a result of this, the Government's current account entered a <a href="/wiki/Budget_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget surplus">surplus</a> in 1969. After Labour unexpectedly lost the <a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970 election</a>, Jenkins was elected as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Deputy Leader of the Labour Party</a> in 1970. He resigned from the position in 1972 after the Labour Party decided to oppose <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities">Britain's entry to the European Communities</a>, which he strongly supported.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Labour returned to power following the <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">1974 election</a>, Wilson appointed Jenkins as Home Secretary for the second time. Two years later, when Wilson resigned as prime minister, Jenkins stood in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1976 Labour Party leadership election">leadership election</a> to succeed him, finishing third behind <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a> and the winner <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>. He subsequently chose to resign from Parliament and leave British politics, to accept appointment as the first-ever British <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a>, a role he took up in January 1977. </p><p>After completing his term at the Commission in 1981, Jenkins announced a surprise return to British politics; dismayed with the Labour Party's move further left under the leadership of Michael Foot, he became one of the "<a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(SDP)" title="Gang of Four (SDP)">Gang of Four</a>", senior Labour figures who broke away from the party and founded the SDP.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawood2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawood2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, Jenkins won <a href="/wiki/1982_Glasgow_Hillhead_by-election" title="1982 Glasgow Hillhead by-election">a by-election</a> to return to Parliament as MP for Glasgow Hillhead, taking the seat from the Conservatives in a famous result. He became leader of the SDP ahead of the <a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983 election</a>, during which he formed <a href="/wiki/SDP%E2%80%93Liberal_Alliance" title="SDP–Liberal Alliance">an electoral alliance</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>. After his disappointment with the performance of the SDP in the election, he resigned as leader. He subsequently lost his seat in Parliament at the <a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987 election</a> to Labour's <a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a>, and accepted a <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peerage</a> shortly afterwards; he sat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a>. </p><p>Jenkins was later elected to succeed former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the University of Oxford">Chancellor of the University of Oxford</a> following the latter's death; he would hold this position until his own death sixteen years later. In the late 1990s, he served as a close adviser to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> and chaired a <a href="/wiki/Jenkins_Commission_(UK)" title="Jenkins Commission (UK)">major commission on electoral reform</a>. In addition to his political career, he was also a noted historian, biographer, and writer. <a href="/wiki/David_Marquand" title="David Marquand">David Marquand</a> described Jenkins's autobiography, <a href="#CITEREFJenkins1991"><i>A Life at the Centre</i></a> (1991), as one which "will be read with pleasure long after most examples of the genre have been forgotten".<sup id="cite_ref-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_(1920–1945)"><span id="Early_life_.281920.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Early life (1920–1945)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life (1920–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Abersychan" title="Abersychan">Abersychan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a>, in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, as an only child, Roy Jenkins was the son of a <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(Great_Britain)" title="National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)">National Union of Mineworkers</a> official, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jenkins_(British_politician)" title="Arthur Jenkins (British politician)">Arthur Jenkins</a>. His father was imprisoned during the <a href="/wiki/1926_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1926 General Strike">1926 General Strike</a> for his alleged involvement in disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur Jenkins later became President of the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Miners%27_Federation" title="South Wales Miners' Federation">South Wales Miners' Federation</a> and Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Pontypool_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Pontypool (UK Parliament constituency)">Pontypool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Private_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Private Secretary">Parliamentary Private Secretary</a> to <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>, and briefly a minister in the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Government_1945-1951" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Government 1945-1951">1945 Labour government</a>. Roy Jenkins' mother, Hattie Harris, was the daughter of a steelworks foreman.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins was educated at Pentwyn Primary School, <a href="/wiki/Abersychan_Comprehensive_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Abersychan Comprehensive School">Abersychan County Grammar School</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Cardiff" class="mw-redirect" title="University College, Cardiff">University College, Cardiff</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>, where he was twice defeated for the Presidency of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a> but took a <a href="/wiki/First-Class_Honours" class="mw-redirect" title="First-Class Honours">first-class</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Politics,_Philosophy_and_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics, Philosophy and Economics">Politics, Philosophy and Economics</a> (PPE).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His university colleagues included <a href="/wiki/Tony_Crosland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Crosland">Tony Crosland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>, and he became friends with all three, although he was never particularly close to Healey.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(biographer)" title="John Campbell (biographer)">John Campbell</a>'s biography <i>A Well-Rounded Life</i> a romantic relationship between Jenkins and Crosland was detailed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other figures whom he met at Oxford who would become notable in public life included <a href="/wiki/Madron_Seligman" title="Madron Seligman">Madron Seligman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Henderson" title="Nicholas Henderson">Nicholas Henderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Bonham_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Bonham Carter">Mark Bonham Carter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-saunders_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saunders-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Jenkins received his officer training at <a href="/wiki/History_of_Alton_Towers" title="History of Alton Towers">Alton Towers</a> and was posted to the 55th West Somerset Yeomanry at <a href="/wiki/West_Lavington,_Wiltshire" title="West Lavington, Wiltshire">West Lavington, Wiltshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the influence of his father, in April 1944, Jenkins was sent to <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> to work as a <a href="/wiki/Codebreaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Codebreaker">codebreaker</a>; while there he befriended the historian <a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Asa Briggs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-saunders_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saunders-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career_(1945–1965)"><span id="Early_political_career_.281945.E2.80.931965.29"></span>Early political career (1945–1965)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career (1945–1965)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having failed to win <a href="/wiki/Solihull_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Solihull (UK Parliament constituency)">Solihull</a> in <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a>, after which he spent a brief period working for the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Finance_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial and Commercial Finance Corporation">Industrial and Commercial Finance Corporation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-saunders_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saunders-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> in <a href="/wiki/1948_Southwark_Central_by-election" title="1948 Southwark Central by-election">a 1948 by-election</a> as the Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Southwark_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwark Central">Southwark Central</a>, becoming the "<a href="/wiki/Baby_of_the_House" title="Baby of the House">Baby of the House</a>". His constituency was abolished in <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Commissions_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary Commissions (United Kingdom)">boundary changes</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950 general election</a>, when he stood instead in the new <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Stechford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Stechford (UK Parliament constituency)">Birmingham Stechford</a> constituency. He won the seat, and represented the constituency until 1977. </p><p>In 1947, he edited a collection of <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>'s speeches, published under the title <i>Purpose and Policy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attlee then granted Jenkins access to his private papers so that he could write his biography, which appeared in 1948 (<i>Mr Attlee: An Interim Biography</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reviews were generally favourable, including <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s in <i><a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)">Tribune</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, he advocated a large <a href="/wiki/Capital_levy" title="Capital levy">capital levy</a>, abolition of <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a> and introduction of a measure of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">industrial democracy</a> to nationalised industries as key policy objectives for the Labour government.<sup id="cite_ref-saunders_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saunders-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951 <i>Tribune</i> published his pamphlet <i>Fair Shares for the Rich</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell126_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell126-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins85_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins85-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, Jenkins advocated the abolition of large private incomes by taxing them, graduating from 50 per cent for incomes between £20,000 and £30,000 to 95 per cent for incomes over £100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell126_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell126-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also proposed further nationalisations and said: "Future nationalisations will be more concerned with equality than with planning, and this means that we can leave the monolithic public corporation behind us and look for more intimate forms of ownership and control".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later described this "almost <a href="/wiki/Robespierrean" class="mw-redirect" title="Robespierrean">Robespierrean</a>" pamphlet as "the apogee of my excursion to the left".<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins85_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins85-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins contributed an essay on 'Equality' to the 1952 collection <i>New Fabian Essays</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1953 appeared <i>Pursuit of Progress</i>, a work intended to counter <a href="/wiki/Bevanism" title="Bevanism">Bevanism</a>. Retreating from what he had demanded in <i>Fair Shares for the Rich</i>, Jenkins now argued that the redistribution of wealth would occur over a generation<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and abandoned the goal of public school abolition.<sup id="cite_ref-saunders_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saunders-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he still proposed further nationalisations: "It is quite impossible to advocate both the abolition of great inequalities of wealth and the acceptance of a one-quarter public sector and three-quarters private sector arrangement. A <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> there will undoubtedly be, certainly for many decades and perhaps permanently, but it will need to be mixed in very different proportions from this".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also opposed the Bevanites' neutralist foreign policy platform: "Neutrality is essentially a conservative policy, a policy of defeat, of announcing to the world that we have nothing to say to which the world will listen. ... Neutrality could never be acceptable to anyone who believes that he has a universal faith to preach".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins argued that the Labour leadership needed to take on and defeat the neutralists and pacifists in the party; it would be better to risk a split in the party than face "the destruction, by schism, perhaps for a generation, of the whole progressive movement in the country".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1951 and 1956, he wrote a weekly column for the Indian newspaper <i>The Current</i>. Here he advocated progressive reforms such as equal pay, the decriminalisation of homosexuality, the liberalisation of the obscenity laws and the abolition of capital punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mr Balfour's Poodle</i>, a short account of the House of Lords crisis of 1911 that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a>, was published in 1954. Favourable reviewers included <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Harold Nicolson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolf" title="Leonard Woolf">Leonard Woolf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violet_Bonham_Carter" title="Violet Bonham Carter">Violet Bonham Carter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a suggestion by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Bonham_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Bonham Carter">Mark Bonham Carter</a>, Jenkins then wrote a biography of the Victorian radical, Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dilke" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Dilke">Charles Dilke</a>, which was published in October 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1955 and 1958 Jenkins served on the Board of Governors of the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, Jenkins denounced <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>'s "squalid imperialist adventure" at a Labour rally in Birmingham Town Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later he claimed that "Suez was a totally unsuccessful attempt to achieve unreasonable and undesirable objectives by methods which were at once reckless and immoral; and the consequences, as was well deserved, were humiliating and disastrous".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins praised <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a>'s 1956 work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Socialism" title="The Future of Socialism">The Future of Socialism</a></i> as "the most important book on socialist theory" since <a href="/wiki/Evan_Durbin" title="Evan Durbin">Evan Durbin</a>'s <i>The Politics of Democratic Socialism</i> (1940).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With much of the economy now nationalised, Jenkins argued, socialists should concentrate on eliminating the remaining pockets of poverty and on the removal of class barriers, as well as promoting libertarian social reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins was principal sponsor, in 1959, of the bill which became the liberalising <a href="/wiki/Obscene_Publications_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Obscene Publications Act">Obscene Publications Act</a>, responsible for establishing the "liable to deprave and corrupt" criterion as a basis for a prosecution of suspect material and for specifying literary merit as a possible defence.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1959, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a> published Jenkins' <i>The Labour Case</i>, timed to anticipate the <a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">upcoming election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins argued that Britain's chief danger was that of "living sullenly in the past, of believing that the world has a duty to keep us in the station to which we are accustomed, and showing bitter resentment if it does not do so". He added: "Our neighbours in Europe are roughly our economic and military equals. We would do better to live gracefully with them than to waste our substance by trying unsuccessfully to keep up with the power giants of the modern world".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins claimed that the Attlee government concentrated "too much towards the austerity of fair shares, and too little towards the incentives of free consumers' choice".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he still believed in the elimination of poverty and more equality, Jenkins now argued that these aims could be achieved by economic growth. In the final chapter ('Is Britain Civilised?') Jenkins set out a list of necessary progressive social reforms: the abolition of the death penalty, decriminalisation of homosexuality, abolition of the Lord Chamberlain's powers of theatre censorship, liberalisation of the licensing and betting laws, liberalisation of the divorce laws, legalisation of abortion, decriminalisation of suicide and more liberal immigration laws. Jenkins concluded: </p> <blockquote><p>Let us be on the side of those who want people to be free to live their own lives, to make their own mistakes, and to decide, in an adult way and provided they do not infringe the rights of others, the code by which they wish to live; and on the side of experiment and brightness, of better buildings and better food, of better music (<a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach">Bach</a>) and better books, of fuller lives and greater freedom. In the long run these things will be more important than the most perfect of economic policies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the aftermath of Labour's 1959 defeat, Jenkins appeared on <i>Panorama</i> and argued that Labour should abandon further nationalisation, question its connection with the trade unions and not dismiss a closer association with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins130_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins130-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November he delivered a <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> lecture in which he blamed Labour's defeat on the unpopularity of nationalisation and he repeated this in an article for <i>The Spectator</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins130_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins130-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>Spectator</i> article also called for Britain to accept its diminished place in the world, to grant <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">colonial freedom</a>, to spend more on public services and to promote the right of individuals to live their own lives free from the constraints of popular prejudices and state interference.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins130_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins130-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins later called it a "good radical programme, although...not a socialist one".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1960, Jenkins joined the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Democratic_Socialism" title="Campaign for Democratic Socialism">Campaign for Democratic Socialism</a>, a Gaitskellite pressure group designed to fight against left-wing domination of the Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1960 Jenkins resigned from his frontbench role in order to be able to campaign freely for British membership of the Common Market.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 1960 Labour Party conference in <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a>, Jenkins advocated rewriting <a href="/wiki/Clause_IV" title="Clause IV">Clause IV</a> of the party's constitution but he was booed.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November he wrote in <i>The Spectator</i> that "unless the Labour Party is determined to abdicate its role as a mass party and become nothing more than a narrow sectarian society, its paramount task is to represent the whole of the Leftward-thinking half of the country—and to offer the prospect of attracting enough marginal support to give that half some share of power".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1960–62, his main campaign was British membership of the Common Market, where he became Labour's leading advocate of entry. When <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> initiated the first British application to join the Common Market in 1961, Jenkins became deputy chairman of the all-party Common Market Campaign and then chairman of the Labour Common Market Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 1961 Labour Party conference Jenkins spoke in favour of Britain's entry.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1959, Jenkins had been working on a biography of the Liberal Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>. For Jenkins, Asquith ranked with Attlee as the embodiment of the moderate, liberal intelligence in politics that he most admired. Through Asquith's grandson, Mark Bonham Carter, Jenkins had access to Asquith's letters to his mistress, <a href="/wiki/Venetia_Stanley_(1887%E2%80%931948)" title="Venetia Stanley (1887–1948)">Venetia Stanley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rose" title="Kenneth Rose">Kenneth Rose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Asa Briggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Grigg" title="John Grigg">John Grigg</a> all favourably reviewed the book when it was published in October 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_p._239_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_p._239-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Violet Bonham Carter wrote a defence of her father in <i>The Times</i> against the few criticisms of Asquith in the book,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rhodes_James" title="Robert Rhodes James">Robert Rhodes James</a> wrote in <i>The Spectator</i> that "Asquith was surely a tougher, stronger, more acute man...than Mr. Jenkins would have us believe. The fascinating enigma of his complete decline is never really analysed, nor even understood. ... We required a <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sutherland" title="Graham Sutherland">Sutherland</a>: but we have got an <a href="/wiki/Annigoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Annigoni">Annigoni</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Campbell claims that "for half a century it has remained unchallenged as the best biography and is rightly regarded as a classic".<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_p._239_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_p._239-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Healey and Crosland, he had been a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a> and for them Gaitskell's death and the elevation of <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> as Labour Party leader was a setback. For Jenkins, Gaitskell would remain his political hero.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964 general election</a> Jenkins was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Aviation">Minister of Aviation</a> and was sworn of the Privy Council. While at Aviation he oversaw the high-profile cancellations of the <a href="/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2">BAC TSR-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> projects (although the latter was later reversed after strong opposition from the French Government). In January 1965 <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Patrick Gordon Walker</a> resigned as Foreign Secretary and in the ensuing reshuffle Wilson offered Jenkins the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education_and_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Department for Education and Science">Department for Education and Science</a>; however, he declined it, preferring to stay at Aviation.<sup id="cite_ref-autobiography_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autobiography-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home_Secretary_(1965–1967)"><span id="Home_Secretary_.281965.E2.80.931967.29"></span>Home Secretary (1965–1967)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Home Secretary (1965–1967)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the summer of 1965, Jenkins eagerly accepted an offer to replace <a href="/wiki/Frank_Soskice" title="Frank Soskice">Frank Soskice</a> as Home Secretary. However Wilson, dismayed by a sudden bout of press speculation about the potential move, delayed Jenkins' appointment until December. Once Jenkins took office – the youngest Home Secretary since <a href="/wiki/Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill">Churchill</a> – he immediately set about reforming the operation and organisation of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>. The Principal Private Secretary, Head of the Press and Publicity Department and Permanent Under-Secretary were all replaced. He also redesigned his office, famously replacing the board on which condemned prisoners were listed with a fridge.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">1966 general election</a>, in which Labour won a comfortable majority, Jenkins pushed through a series of police reforms which reduced the number of separate forces from 117 to 49.<sup id="cite_ref-autobiography_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autobiography-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Times</i> called it "the greatest upheaval in policing since the time of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His visit to Chicago in September (to study their policing methods) convinced him of the need to introduce two-way radios to the police; whereas the Metropolitan Police possessed 25 radios in 1965, Jenkins increased this to 2,500, and provided similar numbers of radios to the rest of the country's police forces. Jenkins also provided the police with more car radios, which made the police more mobile but reduced the amount of time they spent patrolling the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell269_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell269-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_Act_1967" title="Criminal Justice Act 1967">Criminal Justice Act 1967</a> introduced more stringent controls on the purchase of shotguns, outlawed last-minute alibis and introduced majority verdicts in <a href="/wiki/Juries_in_England_and_Wales" title="Juries in England and Wales">juries in England and Wales</a>. The Act was also designed to lower the prison population by the introduction of release under licence, easier bail, suspended sentences and earlier parole.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell269_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell269-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immigration was a divisive and provocative issue during the late 1960s and on 23 May 1966 Jenkins delivered a speech on race relations, which is widely considered to be one of his best.<sup id="cite_ref-20th_Cen'_Speeches_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20th_Cen'_Speeches-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addressing a London meeting of the National Committee for Commonwealth Immigrants he notably defined Integration: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... not as a flattening process of assimilation but as equal opportunity, accompanied by cultural diversity, in an atmosphere of mutual tolerance.</p></blockquote> <p>Before going on to ask: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Where in the world is there a university which could preserve its fame, or a cultural centre which could keep its eminence, or a metropolis which could hold its drawing power, if it were to turn inwards and serve only its own hinterland and its own racial group?</p></blockquote> <p>And concluding that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To live apart, for a person, a city, a country, is to lead a life of declining intellectual stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-20th_Cen'_Speeches_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20th_Cen'_Speeches-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By the end of 1966, Jenkins was the Cabinet's rising star; the <i>Guardian</i> called him the best Home Secretary of the century "and quite possibly the best since Peel", the <i>Sunday Times</i> called him Wilson's most likeliest successor and the <i>New Statesman</i> labelled him "Labour's Crown Prince".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a speech to the London Labour Conference in May 1967, Jenkins said his vision was of "a more civilised, more free and less hidebound society" and he further claimed that "to enlarge the area of individual choice, socially, politically and economically, not just for a few but for the whole community, is very much what democratic socialism is about".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave strong personal support to <a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">David Steel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Private_Member%27s_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Member's Bill">Private Member's Bill</a> for the legalisation of abortion, which became the <a href="/wiki/Abortion_Act_1967" title="Abortion Act 1967">Abortion Act 1967</a>, telling the Commons that "the existing law on abortion is uncertain and...harsh and archaic", adding that "the law is consistently flouted by those who have the means to do so. It is, therefore, very much a question of one law for the rich and one law for the poor".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Bill looked likely to be dropped due to insufficient time, Jenkins helped ensure that it received enough parliamentary time to pass and he voted for it in every division.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins also supported <a href="/wiki/Leo_Abse" title="Leo Abse">Leo Abse</a>'s bill for the decriminalisation of homosexuality, which became the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Offences_Act_1967" title="Sexual Offences Act 1967">Sexual Offences Act 1967</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins told the Commons: "It would be a mistake to think...that by what we are doing tonight we are giving a vote of confidence or congratulation to homosexuality. Those who suffer from this disability carry a great weight of loneliness, guilt and shame. The crucial question...is, should we add to those disadvantages the full rigour of the criminal law? By its overwhelming decisions, the House has given a fairly clear answer, and I hope that the Bill will now make rapid progress towards the Statute Book. It will be an important and civilising Measure".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins also abolished the use of flogging in prisons.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1967 Jenkins recommended to the Home Affairs Select Committee a bill to end the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</a>'s power to censor the theatre. This was passed as the <a href="/wiki/Theatres_Act_1968" title="Theatres Act 1968">Theatres Act 1968</a> under Jenkins' successor as Home Secretary, James Callaghan.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins also announced that he would introduce legislation banning racial discrimination in employment, which was embodied in the <a href="/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1968" title="Race Relations Act 1968">Race Relations Act 1968</a> passed under Callaghan.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell273_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell273-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1967 Jenkins planned to introduce legislation that would enable him to keep out the 20,000 Kenyan Asians who held British passports (this was passed four months later under Callaghan as the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Immigrants_Act_1968" title="Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968">Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968</a>, which was based on Jenkins' draft).<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell273_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell273-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins is often seen as responsible for the most wide-ranging social reforms of the late 1960s, with popular historian <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marr" title="Andrew Marr">Andrew Marr</a> claiming "the greatest changes of the Labour years" were thanks to Jenkins.<sup id="cite_ref-Marr_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marr-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These reforms would not have happened when they did, earlier than in most other European countries, if Jenkins had not supported them.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a speech in Abingdon in July 1969, Jenkins said that the "<a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">permissive society</a>" had been allowed to become a dirty phrase: "A better phrase is the 'civilized society', based on the belief that different individuals will wish to make different decisions about their patterns of behaviour and that, provided these do not restrict the freedom of others, they should be allowed to do so within a framework of understanding and tolerance".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins' words were immediately reported in the press as "The permissive society is the civilised society", which he later wrote "was not all that far from my meaning".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For some conservatives, such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Peter Hitchens</a>, Jenkins' reforms remain objectionable. In his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Britain" title="The Abolition of Britain">The Abolition of Britain</a></i>, Hitchens accuses him of being a "cultural revolutionary" who takes a large part of the responsibility for the decline of "traditional values" in Britain. During the 1980s <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Norman Tebbit</a> would blame Jenkins for family breakdowns, the decline of respect for authority and the decline of social responsibility. Jenkins replied by pointing out that Thatcher, with her large parliamentary majorities, never attempted to reverse his reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1967–1970)"><span id="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_.281967.E2.80.931970.29"></span>Chancellor of the Exchequer (1967–1970)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chancellor of the Exchequer (1967–1970)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1967 to 1970 Jenkins served as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, replacing <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a> crisis of November 1967. Jenkins' ultimate goal as Chancellor was economic growth, which depended on restoring stability to sterling at its new value after devaluation. This could only be achieved by ensuring a surplus in the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a>, which had been in a deficit for the previous five years. Therefore, Jenkins pursued <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a>, including cuts in public expenditure and increases in taxation, in order to ensure that resources went into exports rather than domestic consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins warned the House of Commons in January 1968 that there was "two years of hard slog ahead".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He quickly gained a reputation as a particularly tough Chancellor with his 1968 budget increasing taxes by £923 million, more than twice the increase of any previous budget to date.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins had warned the Cabinet that a second devaluation would occur in three months if his budget did not restore confidence in sterling.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He restored prescription charges (which had been abolished when Labour returned to office in 1964) and postponed the raising of the school leaving age to 16 to 1973 instead of 1971. Housing and road building plans were also heavily cut, and he also accelerated Britain's withdrawal <a href="/wiki/East_of_Suez" title="East of Suez">East of Suez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins ruled out increasing the income tax and so raised the taxes on: drinks and cigarettes (except on beer), purchase tax, petrol duty, road tax, a 50 per cent rise in <a href="/wiki/Selective_Employment_Tax" title="Selective Employment Tax">Selective Employment Tax</a> and a one-off Special Charge on personal incomes. He also paid for an increase in family allowances by cutting child tax allowances.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> claiming it was a "hard, cold budget, without any glimmer of warmth" Jenkins' first budget broadly received a warm reception, with <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> remarking that "it was widely acclaimed as a speech of surpassing quality and elegance" and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Barbara Castle</a> that it "took everyone's breath away".<sup id="cite_ref-autobiography_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autobiography-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Richard Crossman</a> said it was "genuinely based on socialist principles, fair in the fullest sense by really helping people at the bottom of the scale and by really taxing the wealthy".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his budget broadcast on 19 March, Jenkins said that Britain had been living in a "fool's paradise" for years and that it was "importing too much, exporting too little and paying ourselves too much", with a lower standard of living than France or West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins' supporters in the Parliamentary Labour Party became known as the "Jenkinsites". These were usually younger, middle-class and university-educated ex-Gaitskellites such as <a href="/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank" title="Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank">Bill Rodgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">David Owen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Roy Hattersley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Dick Taverne</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Mackintosh_(Scottish_politician)" title="John Mackintosh (Scottish politician)">John Mackintosh</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Marquand" title="David Marquand">David Marquand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May–July 1968 some of his supporters, led by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Patrick Gordon Walker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Mayhew" title="Christopher Mayhew">Christopher Mayhew</a>, plotted to replace Wilson with Jenkins as Labour leader but he declined to challenge Wilson.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later his supporters again attempted to persuade Jenkins to challenge Wilson for the party leadership but he again declined.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later wrote in his memoirs that the 1968 plot was "for me...the equivalent of the same season of 1953 for <a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a>. Having faltered for want of single-minded ruthlessness when there was no alternative to himself, he then settled down to a career punctuated by increasingly wide misses of the premiership. People who effectively seize the prime ministership – Lloyd George, Macmillan, Mrs Thatcher – do not let such moments slip".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1968, with Britain's reserves declining by approximately £500 million every quarter, Jenkins went to Washington to obtain a $1,400 million loan from the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a further sterling crisis in November 1968 Jenkins was forced to raise taxes by a further £250 million.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this the currency markets slowly began to settle and his 1969 budget represented more of the same with a £340 million increase in taxation to further limit consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By May 1969, Britain's current account position was in surplus, thanks to a growth in exports, a drop in overall consumption and, in part, the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Revenue" title="Inland Revenue">Inland Revenue</a> correcting a previous underestimation in export figures. In July Jenkins was also able to announce that the size of Britain's foreign currency reserves had been increased by almost $1 billion since the beginning of the year. It was at this time that he presided over Britain's only excess of government revenue over expenditure in the period 1936–7 to 1987–8.<sup id="cite_ref-autobiography_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autobiography-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks in part to these successes there was a high expectation that the 1970 budget would be a more generous one. Jenkins, however, was cautious about the stability of Britain's recovery and decided to present a more muted and fiscally neutral budget. It is often argued that this, combined with a series of bad trade figures, contributed to the Conservative victory at the <a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970 general election</a>. Historians and economists have often praised Jenkins for presiding over the transformation in Britain's fiscal and current account positions towards the end of the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marr" title="Andrew Marr">Andrew Marr</a>, for example, described him as one of the 20th century's "most successful chancellors".<sup id="cite_ref-Marr_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marr-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alec_Cairncross" class="mw-redirect" title="Alec Cairncross">Alec Cairncross</a> considered Jenkins "the ablest of the four Chancellors I served".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public expenditure as a proportion of GDP rose from 44 per cent in 1964 to around 50 per cent in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Jenkins' warnings about inflation, wage settlements in 1969–70 increased on average by 13 per cent and contributed to the high inflation of the early 1970s and consequently negated most of Jenkins' efforts to obtain a balance of payments surplus.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shadow_Cabinet_(1970–1974)"><span id="Shadow_Cabinet_.281970.E2.80.931974.29"></span>Shadow Cabinet (1970–1974)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shadow Cabinet (1970–1974)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Labour unexpectedly lost power in 1970 Jenkins was appointed <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer">Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>. Jenkins was also subsequently <a href="/wiki/1970_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1970 Labour Party deputy leadership election">elected to the deputy leadership</a> of the Labour Party in July 1970, defeating future Labour Leader <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a> and former Leader of the Commons <a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Peart">Fred Peart</a> at the first ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time he appeared the natural successor to <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>, and it appeared to many only a matter of time before he inherited the leadership of the party, and the opportunity to become prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This changed completely, however, as Jenkins refused to accept the tide of anti-European feeling that became prevalent in the Labour Party in the early 1970s. After a special conference on the EEC was held by the Labour Party on 17 July 1971, which Jenkins was forbidden to address, he delivered one of the most powerful speeches of his career.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins told a meeting of the Parliamentary Labour Party on 19 July: "At conference the only alternative [to the EEC] we heard was 'socialism in one country'. That is always good for a cheer. Pull up the drawbridge and revolutionize the fortress. That's not a policy either: it's just a slogan, and it is one which becomes not merely unconvincing but hypocritical as well when it is dressed up as our best contribution to international socialism".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reopened the old Bevanite–Gaitskellite divide in the Party; Wilson told Tony Benn the day after Jenkins' speech that he was determined to smash the Campaign for Democratic Socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the 1971 Labour Party conference in Brighton, the NEC's motion to reject the "Tory terms" of entry into the EEC was carried by a large majority. Jenkins told a fringe meeting that this would have no effect on his continued support for Britain's entry.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benn said Jenkins was "the figure dominating this Conference; there is no question about it".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 October 1971, he led 69 Labour MPs through the <a href="/wiki/Division_lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Division lobby">division lobby</a> in support of the Heath government's motion to take Britain into the EEC. In so doing, they were defying a three-line whip and a five-to-one vote at the Labour Party annual conference.<sup id="cite_ref-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins later wrote: "I was convinced that it was one of the decisive votes of the century, and had no intention of spending the rest of my life answering the question of what did I do in the great division by saying 'I abstained'. I saw it in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">first Reform Bill</a>, the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a>, Gladstone's <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Home Rule</a> Bills, the Lloyd George <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">Budget</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Bill</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norway_Debate" title="Norway Debate">May 1940 votes</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins' action gave the European cause a legitimacy that would have otherwise been absent had the issue been considered solely as a party political matter. However, he was now regarded by the left as a "traitor". <a href="/wiki/James_Margach" title="James Margach">James Margach</a> wrote in the <i>Sunday Times</i>: "The unconcealed objective of the Left now is either to humiliate Roy Jenkins and his allies into submission – or drive them from the party".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this stage, however, Jenkins would not fully abandon his position as a political insider, and chose to <a href="/wiki/1971_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1971 Labour Party deputy leadership election">stand again for deputy leader</a>, an act his colleague <a href="/wiki/David_Marquand" title="David Marquand">David Marquand</a> claimed he later came to regret.<sup id="cite_ref-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins promised not to vote with the government again and he narrowly defeated Michael Foot on a second ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with the party whip, Jenkins voted against <a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="European Communities Bill">European Communities Bill</a> 55 times.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he resigned both the deputy leadership and his shadow cabinet position in April 1972, after the party committed itself to holding a referendum on Britain's membership of the EEC. This led to some former admirers, including <a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Roy Hattersley</a>, choosing to distance themselves from Jenkins. Hattersley later claimed that Jenkins' resignation was "the moment when the old Labour coalition began to collapse and the eventual formation of a new centre party became inevitable".<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his resignation letter to Wilson, Jenkins said that if there were a referendum "the Opposition would form a temporary coalition of those who, whatever their political views, were against the proposed action. By this means we would have forged a more powerful continuing weapon against progressive legislation than anything we have known in this country since the curbing of the absolute powers of the old House of Lords".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins' lavish lifestyle — Wilson once described him as "more a socialite than a socialist" — had already alienated much of the Labour Party from him. </p><p>In May 1972, he collected the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a>, which he had been awarded for promoting European unity.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September an ORC opinion poll found that there was considerable public support for an alliance between the 'moderate' wing of the Labour Party and the Liberals; 35 per cent said they would vote for a Labour–Liberal alliance, 27 per cent for the Conservatives and 23.5 per cent for 'Socialist Labour'. <i>The Times</i> claimed that there were "twelve million Jenkinsites".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the spring and summer of 1972, Jenkins delivered a series of speeches designed to set out his leadership credentials. These were published in September under the title <i>What Matters Now</i>, which sold well.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book's postscript, Jenkins said that Labour should not be a narrow socialist party advocating unpopular left-wing policies but must aim to "represent the hopes and aspirations of the whole leftward thinking half of the country", adding that a "broad-based, international, radical, generous-minded party could quickly seize the imagination of a disillusioned and uninspired British public".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Dick Taverne</a>'s victory in the <a href="/wiki/1973_Lincoln_by-election" title="1973 Lincoln by-election">1973 Lincoln by-election</a>, where he stood as "<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(UK,_1972)" title="Democratic Labour Party (UK, 1972)">Democratic Labour</a>" in opposition to the official Labour candidate, Jenkins gave a speech to the Oxford University Labour Club denouncing the idea of a new centre party.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins was elected to the shadow cabinet in November 1973 as <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Home_Secretary" title="Shadow Home Secretary">Shadow Home Secretary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">February 1974 election</a>, Jenkins rallied to Labour and his campaign was described by <a href="/wiki/David_Butler_(psephologist)" title="David Butler (psephologist)">David Butler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kavanagh" title="Dennis Kavanagh">Dennis Kavanagh</a> as sounding "a note of civilised idealism".<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins was disappointed that the Liberal candidate in his constituency won 6000 votes; he wrote in his memoirs that "I already regarded myself as such a closet Liberal that I naïvely thought they ought nearly all to have come to me".<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins wrote a series of biographical essays that appeared in <i>The Times</i> during 1971–74 and which were published as <i>Nine Men of Power</i> in 1974. Jenkins chose Gaitskell, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Ernest Bevin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Halifax">Lord Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971 Jenkins delivered three lectures on foreign policy at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, published a year later as <i>Afternoon on the Potomac?</i><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home_Secretary_(1974–1976)"><span id="Home_Secretary_.281974.E2.80.931976.29"></span>Home Secretary (1974–1976)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Home Secretary (1974–1976)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Labour returned to power in early 1974, Jenkins was appointed Home Secretary for the second time. Earlier, he had been promised the treasury; however, Wilson later decided to appoint <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a> as Chancellor instead. Upon hearing from <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Donoughue" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Donoughue">Bernard Donoughue</a> that Wilson had reneged on his promise, Jenkins reacted angrily. Despite being on a public staircase, he is reported to have shouted "You tell <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> he must bloody well come to see me ...and if he doesn't watch out, I won't join his bloody government ... This is typical of the bloody awful way Harold Wilson does things!"<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sandbrook_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandbrook-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jenkinsites were dismayed by Jenkins' refusal to insist upon the Chancellorship and began to look elsewhere for leadership, thus ending the Jenkinsites as a united group.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins served from 1974 to 1976. Whereas during his first period as Home Secretary in the 1960s the atmosphere had been optimistic and confident, the climate of the 1970s was much more fractious and disillusioned.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two Northern Irish sisters, <a href="/wiki/Marian_Price" title="Marian Price">Marian Price</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolours_Price" title="Dolours Price">Dolours Price</a>, were imprisoned for 20 years for the <a href="/wiki/1973_Old_Bailey_bombing" title="1973 Old Bailey bombing">1973 Old Bailey bombing</a>, they went on hunger strike in order to be transferred to a prison in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_p._423_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_p._423-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a television broadcast in June 1974, Jenkins announced that he would refuse to give in to their demands, although in March 1975 he discreetly transferred them to a Northern Irish prison.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_p._423_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_p._423-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He undermined his previous liberal credentials to some extent by pushing through the controversial <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act_(Northern_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act (Northern Ireland)">Prevention of Terrorism Act</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">Birmingham pub bombings</a> of November 1974, which, among other things, extended the length of time suspects could be held in custody and instituted exclusion orders.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins also resisted calls for the death penalty to be restored for terrorist murderers.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 December he told the Cabinet committee on Northern Ireland that "everything he heard made him more convinced that Northern Ireland had nothing to do with the rest of the UK".<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When reviewing <a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">Garret FitzGerald</a>'s memoirs in 1991, Jenkins proclaimed: "My natural prejudices, such as they are, are much more green than orange. I am a poor unionist, believing intuitively that even <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Paisley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Haughey" title="Charles Haughey">Haughey</a> are better at dealing with each other than the English are with either".<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sex_Discrimination_Act_1975" title="Sex Discrimination Act 1975">Sex Discrimination Act 1975</a> (which legislated for gender equality and set up the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Opportunities_Commission_(United_Kingdom)" title="Equal Opportunities Commission (United Kingdom)">Equal Opportunities Commission</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1976" title="Race Relations Act 1976">Race Relations Act 1976</a> (which extended to private clubs the outlawing of racial discrimination and founded the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Racial_Equality" title="Commission for Racial Equality">Commission for Racial Equality</a>) were two notable achievements during his second time as Home Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins opposed Michael Foot's attempts to grant pickets the right to stop lorries during strikes and he was dismayed by Anthony Crosland's decision to grant an amnesty to the 11 Labour councillors at <a href="/wiki/Clay_Cross#Housing_Finance_Act_dispute" title="Clay Cross">Clay Cross</a> who had been surcharged for refusing to increase council rents in accordance with the Conservatives' Housing Finance Act 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two trade unionists, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Tomlinson" title="Ricky Tomlinson">Ricky Tomlinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Des_Warren" title="Des Warren">Des Warren</a> (known as the "<a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrewsbury Two">Shrewsbury Two</a>"), were imprisoned for intimidation and affray for their part in a strike, Jenkins refused to accede to demands from the labour movement that they should be released. This demonstrated Jenkins' increasing estrangement from much of the labour movement and for a time he was heckled in public by people chanting "Free the Two".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins also unsuccessfully tried to persuade the Cabinet to adopt electoral reform in the form of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> and to have the <a href="/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act_1911" title="Official Secrets Act 1911">Official Secrets Act 1911</a> liberalised to facilitate more <a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">open government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although becoming increasingly disillusioned during this time by what he considered the party's drift to the left, he was the leading Labour figure in the <a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">EEC referendum</a> of June 1975 (and was also president of the 'Yes' campaign). In September 1974 he had followed <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Shirley Williams</a> in stating that he "could not stay in a Cabinet which had to carry out withdrawal" from the EEC.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the referendum campaign, Tony Benn claimed that 500,000 jobs had been lost due to Britain's membership; Jenkins replied on 27 May that "I find it increasingly difficult to take Mr Benn seriously as an economics minister".<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He added that Britain outside the EEC would enter "an old people's home for fading nations. ... I do not even think it would be a comfortable or agreeable old people's home. I do not much like the look of some of the prospective wardens".<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men debated Britain's membership together on <i>Panorama</i>, which was chaired by <a href="/wiki/David_Dimbleby" title="David Dimbleby">David Dimbleby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to David Butler and <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Kitzinger" title="Uwe Kitzinger">Uwe Kitzinger</a>, "they achieved a decidedly more lucid and intricate level of discussion than is commonly seen on political television".<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins found it congenial to work with the centrists of all parties in the campaign and the 'Yes' campaign won by two to one.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the referendum, Wilson demoted Benn to Energy Secretary and attempted to balance the downgrading of Benn with the dismissal of the right-wing minister <a href="/wiki/Reg_Prentice" title="Reg Prentice">Reg Prentice</a> from the Department of Education, despite already promising Jenkins that he had no intention of sacking Prentice. Jenkins threatened to resign if Prentice was sacked, telling Wilson that he was "a squalid little man who was using squalid little arguments in order to explain why he was performing so much below the level of events".<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson quickly backed down.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September Jenkins delivered a speech in Prentice's constituency of <a href="/wiki/Newham" class="mw-redirect" title="Newham">Newham</a> to demonstrate solidarity with him after he was threatened with deselection by left-wingers in the constituency party. Jenkins was heckled by both far-left and far-right demonstrators and he was hit in the chest by a flour bomb thrown by a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins warned that if Prentice was deselected "it is not just the local party that is undermining its own foundations by ignoring the beliefs and feelings of ordinary people, the whole legitimate Labour Party, left as well as right, is crippled if extremists have their way". He added that if "tolerance is shattered formidable consequences will follow. Labour MPs will either have to become creatures of cowardice, concealing their views, trimming their sails, accepting orders, stilling their consciences, or they will all have to be men far far to the left of those whose votes they seek. Either would make a mockery of parliamentary democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1976, he further distanced himself from the left with a speech in <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>, where he repudiated ever-higher public spending: "I do not think you can push public expenditure significantly above 60 per cent [of GNP] and maintain the values of a plural society with adequate freedom of choice. We are here close to one of the frontiers of social democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A former supporter, Roy Hattersley, distanced himself from Jenkins after this speech.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1976, he told the <a href="/wiki/Police_Federation_of_England_and_Wales" title="Police Federation of England and Wales">Police Federation</a> conference to "be prepared first to look at the evidence and to recognize how little the widespread use of prison reduces our crime or deals effectively with many of the individuals concerned".<sup id="cite_ref-Times1976_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times1976-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also responded to the Federation's proposals on law and order: "I respect your right to put them to me. You will no doubt respect my right to tell you that I do not think all the points in sum amount to a basis for a rational penal policy".<sup id="cite_ref-Times1976_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times1976-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Wilson suddenly resigned as prime minister in March 1976, Jenkins was one of six candidates for the <a href="/wiki/1976_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1976 Labour Party leadership election">leadership of the Labour Party</a> but came third in the first ballot, behind Callaghan and Michael Foot. Realising that his vote was lower than expected, and sensing that the parliamentary party was in no mood to overlook his actions five years before, he immediately withdrew from the contest.<sup id="cite_ref-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On issues such as the EEC, trade union reform and economic policy he had proclaimed views opposite to those held by the majority of Labour Party activists, and his libertarian social views were at variance with the majority of Labour voters.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A famous story alleged that when one of Jenkins' supporters canvassed a group of miners' MPs in the Commons' tea-room, he was told: "Nay, lad, we're all Labour here".<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins had wanted to become Foreign Secretary,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Foot warned Callaghan that the party would not accept the pro-European Jenkins as Foreign Secretary. Callaghan instead offered Jenkins the Treasury in six months' time (when it would be possible to move <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a> to the Foreign Office). Jenkins turned the offer down.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins then accepted an appointment as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> (succeeding <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Ortoli" title="François-Xavier Ortoli">François-Xavier Ortoli</a>) after Callaghan appointed <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a> to the Foreign Office.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_the_European_Commission_(1977–1981)"><span id="President_of_the_European_Commission_.281977.E2.80.931981.29"></span>President of the European Commission (1977–1981)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: President of the European Commission (1977–1981)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koningin_Juliana_en_Roy_Jenkins,_Bestanddeelnr_929-0833.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Koningin_Juliana_en_Roy_Jenkins%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0833.jpg/220px-Koningin_Juliana_en_Roy_Jenkins%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0833.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Koningin_Juliana_en_Roy_Jenkins%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0833.jpg/330px-Koningin_Juliana_en_Roy_Jenkins%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0833.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Koningin_Juliana_en_Roy_Jenkins%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0833.jpg/440px-Koningin_Juliana_en_Roy_Jenkins%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0833.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption>Jenkins (left) as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> with Queen <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana of the Netherlands</a> in 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>In an interview with <i>The Times</i> in January 1977, Jenkins said that: "My wish is to build an effective united Europe. ... I want to move towards a more effectively organized Europe politically and economically and as far as I am concerned I want to go faster, not slower".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main development overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Jenkins_European_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenkins European Commission">Jenkins Commission</a> was the development of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a> from 1977, which began in 1979 as the <a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_System" title="European Monetary System">European Monetary System</a>, a forerunner of the Single Currency or <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His biographer calls Jenkins "the godfather of the euro" and claims that among his successors only <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> has made more impact.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In speech in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in October 1977, Jenkins argued that monetary union would facilitate "a more efficient and developed rationalisation of industry and commerce than is possible under a Customs Union alone". He added that "a major new international currency" would form "a joint and alternative pillar of the world monetary system" which would lead to greater international stability. Monetary union would also combat inflation by controlling the money supply. Jenkins conceded that this would involve the diminution of national sovereignty but he pointed out that "governments which do not discipline themselves already find themselves accepting very sharp surveillance" from the IMF. Monetary union would also promote employment and diminish regional differences. Jenkins ended the speech by quoting <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a>'s statement that politics was "not only the art of the possible, but...the art of making possible tomorrow what may seem impossible today".<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Jenkins was the first president to attend a <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> summit on behalf of the Community.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Laws) from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">University of Bath</a> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1978, <i>Tribune</i> reported (falsely) that Jenkins and his wife had not paid their Labour Party subscription for several years. After this was repeated in the national press, Jenkins' drafted his wife's letter to <i>The Times</i> that refuted the allegation.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell505_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell505-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins blamed the story on a "malicious <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trot</a> in the North Kensington Labour Party".<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell505_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell505-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins was disillusioned with the Labour Party and he was almost certain that he could not stand again as a Labour candidate; in January 1979 he told <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Shirley Williams</a> that the "big mistake we had made was not to go and support Dick Taverne in 1973; everything had got worse since then".<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He did not vote in the <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Conservatives won the election <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> contemplated appointing Jenkins Chancellor of the Exchequer on the strength of his success at cutting public expenditure when he was Chancellor. However, his friend <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wyatt" title="Woodrow Wyatt">Woodrow Wyatt</a> claimed that Jenkins "had other and fresh fish to fry".<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Director-General of the BBC, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Trethowan" title="Ian Trethowan">Ian Trethowan</a>, invited Jenkins to deliver the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dimbleby_Lecture" title="Richard Dimbleby Lecture">Richard Dimbleby Lecture</a> for 1979, which he did on 22 November.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title Jenkins gave to his lecture, "Home Thoughts from Abroad", derived from a <a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a> poem. He delivered it in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">Royal Society of Arts</a> and it was broadcast live on television.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins analysed the decline of the two-party system since 1951 and criticised the excessive partisanship of British politics, which he claimed alienated the bulk of voters, who were more centrist.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advocated proportional representation and the acceptance of "the broad line of division between the public and private sectors", a middle way between <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bennism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bennism">Bennism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins said that the private sector should be encouraged without too much interference to create as much wealth as possible "but use the wealth so created both to give a return for enterprise and to spread the benefits throughout society in a way that avoids the disfigurements of poverty, gives a full priority to public education and health services, and encourages co-operation and not conflict in industry and throughout society".<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then reiterated his long-standing commitment to libertarianism: </p> <blockquote><p>You also make sure that the state knows its place...in relation to the citizen. You are in favour of the right of dissent and the liberty of private conduct. You are against unnecessary centralization and bureaucracy. You want to devolve decision-making wherever you sensibly can. ... You want the nation to be self-confident and outward-looking, rather than insular, xenophobic and suspicious. You want the class system to fade without being replaced either by an aggressive and intolerant proletarianism or by the dominance of the brash and selfish values of a 'get rich quick' society. ... These are some of the objectives which I believe could be assisted by a strengthening of the radical centre.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Listener_(magazine)" title="The Listener (magazine)">The Listener</a></i> reprinted the text along with assessments by <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Jones_(trade_unionist)" title="Jack Jones (trade unionist)">Jack Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._A._G._Griffith" title="J. A. G. Griffith">J. A. G. Griffith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Bernard Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jo_Grimond" title="Jo Grimond">Jo Grimond</a>. They were all critical; Kinnock thought him misguided as Britain had already suffered from centrist rule for thirty years and Grimond complained that Jenkins' clarion call had come 20 years too late.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins' last year as President of the European Commission was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s fight for a <a href="/wiki/UK_rebate" title="UK rebate">rebate</a> on Britain's contribution to the EEC budget.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that the quarrel was unnecessary and regretted that it soured Britain's relationship with the Community for years.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1980 Jenkins delivered the Winston Churchill memorial lecture in Luxembourg, where he proposed a solution to the British budgetary question. The proportion of the Community's budget spent on agriculture should be reduced by extending Community spending into new areas where Britain would receive more benefit, such as regional spending. The size of the Community's budget would, in his scheme, be tripled by transferring from the nation states to the Community competence over social and industrial policy.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_Democratic_Party_(1981–1987)"><span id="Social_Democratic_Party_.281981.E2.80.931987.29"></span>Social Democratic Party (1981–1987)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social Democratic Party (1981–1987)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his Dimbleby Lecture, Jenkins increasingly favoured the formation of a new social democratic party.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He publicly aired these views in a speech to the Parliamentary Press Gallery in June 1980, where he repeated his criticisms of the two-party system and attacked Labour's move to the left. At the previous month's Wembley conference, Labour had adopted a programme which included non-cooperation with the EEC and "a near neutralist and unilateralist" defence policy that would, Jenkins argued, render meaningless Britain's NATO membership.<sup id="cite_ref-Times1980_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times1980-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labour's proposals for further nationalisation and anti-private enterprise policies, Jenkins claimed, were more extreme than in any other democratic country and it was not "by any stretch of the imagination a social democratic programme". He added that a new party could reshape politics and lead to the "rapid revival of liberal social democratic Britain".<sup id="cite_ref-Times1980_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times1980-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Labour Party conference at Blackpool in September 1980 adopted a unilateralist defence policy, withdrawal from the EEC and further nationalisation, along with Tony Benn's demands for the mandatory reselection of MPs and an electoral college to elect the party leader.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November Labour MPs <a href="/wiki/1980_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1980 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">elected</a> the left-winger Michael Foot over the right-wing Denis Healey<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in January 1981 Labour's Wembley conference decided that the electoral college that would elect the leader would give the trade unions 40 per cent of the vote, with MPs and constituency parties 30 per cent each.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_p._557_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_p._557-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins then joined <a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">David Owen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank" title="Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank">Bill Rodgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Shirley Williams</a> (known as the "<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)#Creation_of_the_SDP" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Gang of Four</a>") in issuing the <a href="/wiki/Limehouse_Declaration" title="Limehouse Declaration">Limehouse Declaration</a>. This called for the "realignment of British politics".<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_p._557_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_p._557-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They then formed the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Social Democratic Party</a> (SDP) on 26 March.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins delivered a series of speeches setting out the SDP's alternative to Thatcherism and Bennism and argued that the solution to Britain's economic troubles lay in the revenue from <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a>, which should be invested in public services.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attempted to re-enter Parliament at the <a href="/wiki/1981_Warrington_by-election" title="1981 Warrington by-election">Warrington by-election</a> in July 1981 and campaigned on a six-point programme which he put forward as a Keynesian alternative to Thatcherism and Labour's "siege economy", but Labour retained the seat with a small majority.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite it being a defeat, the by-election demonstrated that the SDP was a serious force. Jenkins said after the count that it was the first parliamentary election that he had lost in many years, but was "by far the greatest victory in which I have ever participated".<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the SDP's first annual conference in October 1981, Jenkins called for "an end to the futile frontier war between public and private sectors" and proposed an "inflation tax" on excessive pay rises that would restrain spiralling wages and prices. After achieving this, an SDP government would be able to embark on economic expansion to reduce unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1982, he fought the <a href="/wiki/1982_Glasgow_Hillhead_by-election" title="1982 Glasgow Hillhead by-election">Glasgow Hillhead by-election</a>, in what had previously been a Conservative-held seat. Polls at the beginning of the campaign put Jenkins in third place but after a series of ten well-attended public meetings which Jenkins addressed, the tide began to turn in Jenkins' favour and he was elected with a majority of just over 2000 on a swing of 19 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evening after his victory in Hillhead Jenkins told a celebration dinner of 200 party members held at the <a href="/wiki/North_British_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="North British Hotel">North British Hotel</a> in Edinburgh "that the SDP had a great opportunity to become the majority party".<sup id="cite_ref-GH27March1982_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH27March1982-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins' first intervention in the House of Commons following his election, on 31 March, was seen as a disappointment.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell598_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell598-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Alan_Clark" title="Alan Clark">Alan Clark</a> wrote in his diary: </p> <blockquote><p>Jenkins, with excessive and almost unbearable gravitas, asked three very heavy statesman-like non-party-political questions of the PM. I suppose he is very formidable, but he was so portentous and long-winded that he started to lose the sympathy of the House about half way through and the barracking resumed. The Lady replied quite brightly and freshly, as if she did not particularly know who he was, or care.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Whereas earlier in his career, Jenkins had excelled in the traditional set-piece debates in which he spoke from the dispatch box, the focus of parliamentary reporting had now moved to the point-scoring of Prime Minister's Questions, which he struggled with. Seated in the traditional place for third parties in the Commons (the second or third row below the gangway), and without a dispatch box and the gravitas it could have conferred, Jenkins was situated near (and shared the same microphone with) Labour's "awkward squad" that included <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Dennis Skinner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Cryer" title="Bob Cryer">Bob Cryer</a>, who regularly heckled abuse ("Roy, your flies are undone").<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell598_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell598-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seven days after Jenkins' by-election victory Argentina invaded the Falklands and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> transformed British politics, increased substantially the public's support for the Conservatives and ended any chance that Jenkins' election would reinvigorate the SDP's support.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the SDP leadership election, Jenkins was elected with 56.44 of the vote, with David Owen coming second.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SDP's momentum was also seen to have stalled as a result of its poor performance in the <a href="/wiki/1983_Darlington_by-election" title="1983 Darlington by-election">1983 Darlington by-election</a>, shortly before that year's general election, a contest which was seen as one where the party could do well. Despite heavily campaigning in the Labour-held seat, the SDP candidate finished a poor third.<sup id="cite_ref-SRichardspp70-71_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRichardspp70-71-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983 election</a> campaign, his position as the prime minister-designate for the SDP-Liberal Alliance was questioned by his close colleagues, as his campaign style was now regarded as ineffective; the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> leader <a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">David Steel</a> was considered to have a greater rapport with the electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the campaign Steel called to Jenkins to a meeting at his home in <a href="/wiki/Ettrickbridge" title="Ettrickbridge">Ettrickbridge</a> and proposed that Jenkins take a lower profile and that Steel take over as leader of the campaign. According to <a href="/wiki/Steve_Richards" title="Steve Richards">Steve Richards</a> while Jenkins rejected Steel's view, the meeting meant Jenkins' "confidence was undermined and he staggered to the finishing line with less verve than he had displayed in the early days of the SDP" and showed little sign of his earlier "exuberance".<sup id="cite_ref-SRichardsp71_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRichardsp71-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins held on to his seat in Hillhead, which was the subject of boundary changes. While on the old boundaries the Conservatives had held the seat prior to Jenkins' victory, it was estimated by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITN" title="ITN">ITN</a> that on the new boundaries Labour would have captured the seat with a majority of just over 2,000 votes in <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TimesGuide1983p279_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesGuide1983p279-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins was challenged by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Carmichael,_Baron_Carmichael_of_Kelvingrove" title="Neil Carmichael, Baron Carmichael of Kelvingrove">Neil Carmichael</a>, the sitting Labour MP for the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Kelvingrove_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Glasgow Kelvingrove (UK Parliament constituency)">Glasgow Kelvingrove constituency</a> which had been abolished and a ministerial colleague of Jenkins in the Wilson governments. Jenkins defeated Carmichael by 1,164 votes to retain his seat in the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-TimesGuide1983p119_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesGuide1983p119-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>The <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow Herald">Glasgow Herald</a></i> Labour supporters at the election count in the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hall" title="Kelvin Hall">Kelvin Hall</a> booed and jeered when Jenkins' victory was announced, and he and his wife were "dismayed as police pushed back jostling crowds."<sup id="cite_ref-GH10June1983_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH10June1983-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the general election, Owen succeeded him unopposed.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins was disappointed with Owen's move to the right, and his acceptance and backing of some of Thatcher's policies. At heart, Jenkins remained an unrepentant <a href="/wiki/Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesian">Keynesian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his July 1984 <a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">Tawney Lecture</a>, Jenkins said that the "whole spirit and outlook" of the SDP "must be profoundly opposed to Thatcherism. It could not go along with the fatalism of the Government's acceptance of massive unemployment".<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also delivered a series of speeches in the Commons attacking the Thatcherite policies of the Chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Nigel Lawson</a>. Jenkins called for more government intervention to support industry and for North Sea oil revenues to be channelled into a major programme of rebuilding Britain's infrastructure and into educating a skilled workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also attacked the Thatcher government for failing to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">European Exchange Rate Mechanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, he wrote to <i>The Times</i> to advocate the closing down of the political surveillance role of <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the controversy surrounding <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wright_(MI5_officer)" title="Peter Wright (MI5 officer)">Peter Wright</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Spycatcher" title="Spycatcher">Spycatcher</a></i>, in which he alleged that Harold Wilson had been a Soviet spy, Jenkins rubbished the allegation and reiterated his call for the end of MI5's powers of political survelliance.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, he won <i>The Spectator'</i>s Parliamentarian of the Year award.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to serve as SDP Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Hillhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow Hillhead">Glasgow Hillhead</a> until his defeat at the <a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987 general election</a> by the Labour candidate <a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a>, after boundary changes in 1983 had changed the character of the constituency.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his defeat was announced, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glasgow_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Glasgow Herald">The Glasgow Herald</a></i> reported that he indicated he would not stand for parliament again in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-GHheadline16June1987_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHheadline16June1987-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, appeared his biography of <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> and the following year his biography of <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> was published.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peerage,_achievements,_books_and_death_(1987–2003)"><span id="Peerage.2C_achievements.2C_books_and_death_.281987.E2.80.932003.29"></span>Peerage, achievements, books and death (1987–2003)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Peerage, achievements, books and death (1987–2003)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roy_Jenkins,_Chancellor_of_Oxford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roy_Jenkins%2C_Chancellor_of_Oxford.jpg/170px-Roy_Jenkins%2C_Chancellor_of_Oxford.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roy_Jenkins%2C_Chancellor_of_Oxford.jpg/255px-Roy_Jenkins%2C_Chancellor_of_Oxford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roy_Jenkins%2C_Chancellor_of_Oxford.jpg/340px-Roy_Jenkins%2C_Chancellor_of_Oxford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Jenkins robed as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Oxford University">Chancellor of Oxford University</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From 1987, Jenkins remained in politics as a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peer</a> with the title <b>Baron Jenkins of Hillhead</b>, of <a href="/wiki/Pontypool" title="Pontypool">Pontypool</a> in the County of <a href="/wiki/Gwent_(county)" title="Gwent (county)">Gwent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1987, Jenkins <a href="/wiki/1987_University_of_Oxford_Chancellor_election" title="1987 University of Oxford Chancellor election">was elected Chancellor of the University of Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> in the Lords from 1988 until 1997. </p><p>In 1988, he fought and won an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Education_Reform_Act_1988" title="Education Reform Act 1988">Education Reform Act 1988</a>, guaranteeing academic freedom of speech in further and higher education establishments. This affords and protects the right of students and academics to "question and test received wisdom" and has been incorporated into the statutes or articles and instruments of governance of all universities and colleges in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, his memoirs, <i>A Life at the Centre</i>, was published by <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>, who paid Jenkins a £130,000 advance.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was magnanimous to most of those colleagues with whom he had clashed in the past, except for David Owen, whom he blamed for destroying the idealism and cohesion of the SDP.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last chapter ('Establishment Whig or Persistent Radical?') he reaffirmed his radicalism, placing himself "somewhat to the left of James Callaghan, maybe Denis Healey and certainly of David Owen".<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins617_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins617-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also proclaimed his political credo: </p> <blockquote><p>My broad position remains firmly libertarian, sceptical of official cover-ups and uncompromisingly internationalist, believing sovereignty to be an almost total illusion in the modern world, although both expecting and welcoming the continuance of strong differences in national traditions and behaviour. I distrust the deification of the enterprise culture. I think there are more limitations to the wisdom of the market than were dreamt of in Mrs Thatcher's philosophy. I believe that levels of taxation on the prosperous, having been too high for many years (including my own period at the Treasury), are now too low for the provision of decent public services. And I think the privatisation of near monopolies is about as irrelevant as (and sometimes worse than) were the Labour Party's proposals for further nationalisation in the 1970s and early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins617_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins617-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i>A Life at the Centre</i> was generally favourably reviewed: in the <i>Times Literary Supplement</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Grigg" title="John Grigg">John Grigg</a> said it was a "marvellous account of high politics by a participant writing with honesty, irony and sustained narrative verve". In <i>The Spectator</i> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinton" title="Anthony Quinton">Anthony Quinton</a> remarked that Jenkins was "not afraid to praise himself and earns the right to do so by unfudged self-criticism".<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell680_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell680-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there were critical voices: <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">John Smith</a> in <i>The Scotsman</i> charged that Jenkins never had any loyalty to the Labour Party and was an ambitious careerist intent only on furthering his career.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell680_216-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell680-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Campbell claims that <i>A Life at the Centre</i> is now generally recognised as one of the best political memoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell680_216-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell680-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Cannadine" title="David Cannadine">David Cannadine</a> ranked it alongside <a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Men_Forget" title="Old Men Forget">Old Men Forget</a></i>, R. A. Butler's <i>The Art of the Possible</i> and Denis Healey's <i>The Time of My Life</i> as one of the four best political memoirs of the post-war period.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, he was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also that year, his <i>Portraits and Miniatures</i> was published. The main body of the book is a set of 6 biographical essays (<a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>), along with lectures, articles and book reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roy_Jenkins_Grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Roy_Jenkins_Grave.jpg/220px-Roy_Jenkins_Grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Roy_Jenkins_Grave.jpg/330px-Roy_Jenkins_Grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Roy_Jenkins_Grave.jpg/440px-Roy_Jenkins_Grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Jenkins' grave in Cat Street cemetery, <a href="/wiki/East_Hendred" title="East Hendred">East Hendred</a>, Oxfordshire</figcaption></figure> <p>A television documentary about Jenkins was made by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cockerell" title="Michael Cockerell">Michael Cockerell</a>, titled <i>Roy Jenkins: A Very Social Democrat</i>, and broadcast on 26 May 1996. Although an admiring portrait overall, Cockerell was frank about Jenkins' affairs and both Jenkins and his wife believed that Cockerell had betrayed their hospitality.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins hailed <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1994_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1994 Labour Party leadership election">election</a> as Labour Party leader in July 1994 as "the most exciting Labour choice since the election of Hugh Gaitskell". He argued that Blair should stick "to a constructive line on Europe, in favour of sensible constitutional innovation...and in favour of friendly relations with the Liberal Democrats". He added that he hoped Blair would not move Labour further to the right: "Good work has been done in freeing it from nationalisation and other policies. But the market cannot solve everything and it would be a pity to embrace the stale dogmas of Thatcherism just when their limitations are becoming obvious".<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins and Blair had been in touch since the latter's time as Shadow Home Secretary, when he admired Jenkins' reforming tenure at the Home Office.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins told <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Ashdown" title="Paddy Ashdown">Paddy Ashdown</a> in October 1995: "I think Tony treats me as a sort of father figure in politics. He comes to me a lot for advice, particularly about how to construct a Government".<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins tried to persuade Blair that the division in the centre-left vote between the Labour and Liberal parties had enabled the Conservatives to dominate the 20th century, whereas if the two left-wing parties entered into an electoral pact and adopted proportional representation, they could dominate the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins was an influence on the thinking of <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a> and both <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Peter Mandelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Liddle" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Liddle">Roger Liddle</a> in their 1996 work <i>The Blair Revolution</i> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gould" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Gould">Philip Gould</a> in his <i>Unfinished Revolution</i> recognised Jenkins' influence.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997 election</a>, Blair had promised an enquiry into electoral reform. In December 1997, Jenkins was appointed chair of a Government-appointed Independent Commission on the Voting System, which became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Jenkins_Commission_(UK)" title="Jenkins Commission (UK)">Jenkins Commission</a>", to consider alternative <a href="/wiki/Voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting system">voting systems</a> for the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jenkins Commission reported in favour of a new uniquely British mixed-member proportional system called "<a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_top-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative vote top-up">Alternative vote top-up</a>" or "limited AMS" in October 1998, although no action was taken on this recommendation. Blair told Ashdown that Jenkins' recommendations would not pass the Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_single_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="European single currency">European single currency</a>, Jenkins believed, was the supreme test of Blair's statesmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was disappointed with Blair's timidity in taking on the Eurosceptic tabloid press. He told Blair in October 1997: "You have to choose between leading Europe or having <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a> on your side. You can have one but not both".<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins was also critical of New Labour's authoritarianism, such as the watering down of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_2000" title="Freedom of Information Act 2000">Freedom of Information Act 2000</a> and their intention to <a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">ban fox hunting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell719_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell719-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of his life Jenkins believed that Blair had wasted his enormous parliamentary majority and would not be recorded in history as a great prime minister; he ranked him between Harold Wilson and Stanley Baldwin.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> attacked Oxford University for indulging in "old school tie" prejudices because it rejected a state-educated pupil, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Spence" class="mw-redirect" title="Laura Spence">Laura Spence</a>, Jenkins told the House of Lords in June 2000 that "Brown's diatribe was born of prejudice out of ignorance. Nearly every fact he adduced was false".<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins voted for the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Offences_(Amendment)_Act_2000" title="Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000">equalisation of the homosexual age of consent</a> and for repealing <a href="/wiki/Section_28" title="Section 28">Section 28</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell719_230-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell719-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins wrote 19 books, including a biography of <a href="/wiki/Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladstone">Gladstone</a> (1995), which won the <a href="/wiki/1995_Whitbread_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Whitbread Awards">1995 Whitbread Award</a> for Biography, and a much-acclaimed biography of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (2001). His then-designated official biographer, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Adonis" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Adonis">Andrew Adonis</a>, was to have finished the Churchill biography had Jenkins not survived the heart surgery he underwent towards the end of its writing. Historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a> called it the best one-volume biography on its subject.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenkins underwent <a href="/wiki/Heart_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart surgery">heart surgery</a> in the form of a heart valve replacement on 12 October 2000<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and postponed his 80th birthday celebrations whilst recovering, by having a celebratory party on 7 March 2001. He died on 5 January 2003, after suffering a heart attack at his home at <a href="/wiki/East_Hendred" title="East Hendred">East Hendred</a>, in Oxfordshire.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last words, to his wife, were, "Two eggs, please, lightly poached".<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of his death, Jenkins was working on a biography of US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his death, Blair paid tribute to "one of the most remarkable people ever to grace British politics", who had "intellect, vision and an integrity that saw him hold firm to his beliefs of moderate social democracy, liberal reform and the cause of Europe throughout his life. He was a friend and support to me".<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Callaghan and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> also paid tribute and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a> said that as "a founder of the SDP he was probably the grandfather of New Labour".<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was strongly criticised by others including <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a>, who condemned the SDP split as a "disaster" for the Labour Party which prolonged their time in opposition and allowed the Tories to have an unbroken run of 18 years in government.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in <i>The Guardian</i>, Professor of Government at Oxford University <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Vernon Bogdanor</a> provided this assessment of Jenkins: </p> <blockquote><p>Roy Jenkins was both radical and contemporary; and this made him the most influential exponent of the progressive creed in politics in postwar Britain. Moreover, the political creed for which he stood belongs as much to the future as to the past. For Jenkins was the prime mover in the creation of a form of social democracy which, being internationalist, is peculiarly suited to the age of globalisation and, being liberal, will prove to have more staying power than the statism of <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> or the corporatist socialism of <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a>. ... Roy Jenkins was the first leading politician to appreciate that a liberalised social democracy must be based on two tenets: what <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Peter Mandelson</a> called an aspirational society (individuals must be allowed to regulate their personal lives without interference from the state); and that a post-imperial country like Britain could only be influential in the world as part of a wider grouping (the EU).<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>His alma mater, Cardiff University, honoured the memory of Roy Jenkins by naming one of its halls of residence Roy Jenkins Hall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_personal_life">Marriage and personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Marriage and personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roy_Jenkins,_President_of_the_European_Commission,_at_the_Catshuis_in_The_Hague.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Roy_Jenkins%2C_President_of_the_European_Commission%2C_at_the_Catshuis_in_The_Hague.jpeg/220px-Roy_Jenkins%2C_President_of_the_European_Commission%2C_at_the_Catshuis_in_The_Hague.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Roy_Jenkins%2C_President_of_the_European_Commission%2C_at_the_Catshuis_in_The_Hague.jpeg/330px-Roy_Jenkins%2C_President_of_the_European_Commission%2C_at_the_Catshuis_in_The_Hague.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Roy_Jenkins%2C_President_of_the_European_Commission%2C_at_the_Catshuis_in_The_Hague.jpeg/440px-Roy_Jenkins%2C_President_of_the_European_Commission%2C_at_the_Catshuis_in_The_Hague.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Jenkins in 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>On 20 January 1945, Jenkins married Mary Jennifer (Jennifer) Morris (18 January 1921 – 2 February 2017).<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were married for almost 58 years until his death, although he had "several affairs",<sup id="cite_ref-bbcdocumentary_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcdocumentary-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including one with Jackie Kennedy's sister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Radziwill" title="Lee Radziwill">Lee Radziwill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his long-term mistresses were Leslie Bonham Carter and Caroline Gilmour, wives of fellow MPs and close friends <a href="/wiki/Mark_Bonham_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Bonham Carter">Mark Bonham Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Gilmour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Gilmour">Ian Gilmour</a>. However, these extra-marital relationships were conditional on his lovers having a good relationship with his wife: he later stated that he "could not imagine loving anyone who was not very fond of Jennifer".<sup id="cite_ref-saunders_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saunders-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was made a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">DBE</a> for services to ancient and historical buildings. They had two sons, Charles and Edward, and a daughter, Cynthia. </p><p>Early in his life, Jenkins had a relationship with <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the former Liberal Democrat Leader <a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Vince Cable</a>, Jenkins was bisexual.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jenkins was a main character in <a href="/wiki/Steve_Waters" title="Steve Waters">Steve Waters</a>' 2017 play <i><a href="/wiki/Limehouse_(play)" title="Limehouse (play)">Limehouse</a></i>, which premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Donmar_Warehouse" title="Donmar Warehouse">Donmar Warehouse</a>; Jenkins was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Allam" title="Roger Allam">Roger Allam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Roosevelt</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pan_Macmillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Macmillan">Pan Macmillan</a>. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-43206-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-43206-0"><bdi>0-330-43206-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roosevelt&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-330-43206-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Churchill: A Biography</i>. Macmillan. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-78290-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-78290-9"><bdi>0-333-78290-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-333-78290-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Chancellors</i>. Macmillan. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73057-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73057-7"><bdi>0-333-73057-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chancellors&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-333-73057-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Gladstone</i>. Macmillan. 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-6641-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-6641-4"><bdi>0-8129-6641-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8129-6641-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Portraits and Miniatures</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4482-0321-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4482-0321-5"><bdi>978-1-4482-0321-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraits+and+Miniatures&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-4482-0321-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1991" class="citation book cs1"><i>A Life at the Centre</i>. Macmillan. 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-55164-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-55164-8"><bdi>0-333-55164-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+at+the+Centre&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-333-55164-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>European Diary 1977–81</i>. Collins. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Diary+1977%E2%80%9381&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Gallery of Twentieth Century Portraits and Oxford Papers</i>. <a href="/wiki/David_%26_Charles" title="David & Charles">David & Charles</a>. 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-9299-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-9299-9"><bdi>0-7153-9299-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallery+of+Twentieth+Century+Portraits+and+Oxford+Papers&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7153-9299-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truman00jenk"><i>Truman</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. 1986. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015580-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-015580-9"><bdi>0-06-015580-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-06-015580-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftruman00jenk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Baldwin</i>. Collins. 1984. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-217586-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-217586-X"><bdi>0-00-217586-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baldwin&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-00-217586-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Nine Men of Power</i>. Hamish Hamilton. 1974. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241891384" title="Special:BookSources/978-0241891384"><bdi>978-0241891384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nine+Men+of+Power&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0241891384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysspeeches0000jenk"><i>Essays and Speeches</i></a></span>. Collins. 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+and+Speeches&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessaysspeeches0000jenk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asquith0000jenk"><i>Asquith</i></a></span>. Collins. 1964. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-211021-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-211021-0"><bdi>0-00-211021-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asquith&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-00-211021-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasquith0000jenk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span> (revised edition 1978)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thelabourcase1959"><i>The Labour Case</i></a>. Penguin. 1959.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Labour+Case&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthelabourcase1959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Sir Charles Dilke: A Victorian Tragedy</i>. Collins. 1958. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-62020-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-62020-8"><bdi>0-333-62020-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Charles+Dilke%3A+A+Victorian+Tragedy&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0-333-62020-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span> (revised edition 1965)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Mr. Balfour's Poodle: Peers v. People</i>. Collins. 1954. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/436484">436484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Balfour%27s+Poodle%3A+Peers+v.+People&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F436484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Pursuit of Progress: a Critical Analysis of the Achievement and Prospect of the Labour Party</i>. Heinemann. 1953.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pursuit+of+Progress%3A+a+Critical+Analysis+of+the+Achievement+and+Prospect+of+the+Labour+Party&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Mr. Attlee: an Interim Biography</i>. Heinemann. 1948.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Attlee%3A+an+Interim+Biography&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-roy-jenkins/index.html">"Mr Roy Jenkins (Hansard)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mr+Roy+Jenkins+%28Hansard%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fpeople%2Fmr-roy-jenkins%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19700709&id=1JFAAAAAIBAJ&pg=2956,1521602">"Jenkins Labour deputy leader"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glasgow_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Glasgow Herald">The Glasgow Herald</a></i>. 9 July 1970<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Glasgow+Herald&rft.atitle=Jenkins+Labour+deputy+leader&rft.date=1970-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2507%26dat%3D19700709%26id%3D1JFAAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2956%2C1521602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawood2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawood2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawood2013" class="citation book cs1">Cawood, Ian J. (21 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NdeAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA437"><i>Britain in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Routledge. p. 437. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-40681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-40681-2"><bdi>978-1-136-40681-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=437&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-08-21&rft.isbn=978-1-136-40681-2&rft.aulast=Cawood&rft.aufirst=Ian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNdeAAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G_8-1-03_RJ_obit_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquand2003" class="citation news cs1">Marquand, David (8 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jan/06/guardianobituaries.obituaries">"Lord Jenkins of Hillhead"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lord+Jenkins+of+Hillhead&rft.date=2003-01-08&rft.aulast=Marquand&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2Fjan%2F06%2Fguardianobituaries.obituaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i> (London: Jonathan Cape, 2014), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 9-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 17, 25, 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2014" class="citation news cs1">Perry, Keith (10 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/10687788/Roy-Jenkins-male-lover-Tony-Crosland-tried-to-halt-his-marriage.html">"Roy Jenkins' male lover Tony Crosland tried to halt his marriage"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Roy+Jenkins%27+male+lover+Tony+Crosland+tried+to+halt+his+marriage&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2F10687788%2FRoy-Jenkins-male-lover-Tony-Crosland-tried-to-halt-his-marriage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saunders-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saunders_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saunders_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saunders_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saunders_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saunders_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saunders_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2015" class="citation journal cs1">Saunders, Robert (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1741">"Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reviews_in_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Reviews in History">Reviews in History</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14296%2FRiH%2F2014%2F1741">10.14296/RiH/2014/1741</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+History&rft.atitle=Roy+Jenkins%3A+A+Well-Rounded+Life&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14296%2FRiH%2F2014%2F1741&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freviews.history.ac.uk%2Freview%2F1741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 67, 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 78, 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PBS Nova, "Decoding Nazi Secrets", 27 November 2015 (interview of Jenkins); BBC Obituary: Roy Jenkins, Sunday, 5 January 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell126-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell126_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell126_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins85-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins85_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins85_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, <i>A Life at the Centre</i>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Jenkins, <i>Fair Shares for the Rich</i> (Tribune, 1951), p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Jenkins, <i>Pursuit of Progress</i> (London: Heinemann, 1953), p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, <i>Pursuit of Progress</i>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, <i>Pursuit of Progress</i>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 153, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 149, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation book cs1">Campbell. <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roy+Jenkins%3A+A+Well-Rounded+Life&rft.pages=75&rft.au=Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Jenkins, <i>The Labour Case</i> (London: Penguin, 1959), p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 181–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 182–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, <i>The Labour Case</i>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, <i>The Labour Case</i>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, <i>The Labour Case</i>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins130-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins130_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins130_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins130_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, <i>A Life at the Centre</i>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, <i>A Life at the Centre</i>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 210–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Jenkins, 'And Fight Again', <i>The Spectator</i> (11 November 1960), p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell,_p._239-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_p._239_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_p._239_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Violet Bonham Carter, 'Asquith Revealed By Events', <i>The Times</i> (2 November 1964), p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Rhodes James, 'Last of the Romans?', <i>The Spectator</i> (6 November 1964), p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autobiography-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autobiography_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autobiography_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autobiography_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autobiography_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2006" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Roy (2006). <i>A Life at the Centre</i>. Politico's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84275-177-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84275-177-0"><bdi>978-1-84275-177-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+at+the+Centre&rft.pub=Politico%27s&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84275-177-0&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Overhaul For The Police', <i>The Times</i> (19 May 1966), p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell269-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell269_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell269_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20th_Cen'_Speeches-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-20th_Cen'_Speeches_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-20th_Cen'_Speeches_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacArthur1999" class="citation book cs1">MacArthur, Brian, ed. (25 November 1999). <i>The Penguin Book of Twentieth-Century Speeches</i>. Penguin Adult. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028500-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028500-0"><bdi>978-0-14-028500-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Book+of+Twentieth-Century+Speeches&rft.pub=Penguin+Adult&rft.date=1999-11-25&rft.isbn=978-0-14-028500-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1966/jul/22/medical-termination-of-pregnancy-bill#S5CV0732P0_19660722_HOC_92">"MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY BILL (Hansard, 22 July 1966)"</a>. <i>api.parliament.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=api.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=MEDICAL+TERMINATION+OF+PREGNANCY+BILL+%28Hansard%2C+22+July+1966%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1966%2Fjul%2F22%2Fmedical-termination-of-pregnancy-bill%23S5CV0732P0_19660722_HOC_92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 295–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1967/jul/03/clause-8-restrictions-on-prosecution#S5CV0749P0_19670703_HOC_822">"Clause 8.—(RESTRICTIONS ON PROSECUTION.) (Hansard, 3 July 1967)"</a>. <i>api.parliament.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=api.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=Clause+8.%E2%80%94%28RESTRICTIONS+ON+PROSECUTION.%29+%28Hansard%2C+3+July+1967%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1967%2Fjul%2F03%2Fclause-8-restrictions-on-prosecution%23S5CV0749P0_19670703_HOC_822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 260–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 300–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell273-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell273_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell273_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marr-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marr_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marr_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarr2007" class="citation book cs1">Marr, Andrew (2007). <i>A History of Modern Britain</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-0538-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-0538-8"><bdi>978-1-4050-0538-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Britain&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4050-0538-8&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Chancellor sees no cause for gloom', <i>The Times</i> (21 July 1969), p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 299–300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1968/jan/17/public-expenditure#column_1804">"PUBLIC EXPENDITURE (Hansard, 17 January 1968)"</a>. 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id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 330–331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 332–335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, <i>A Life at the Centre</i>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dell, <i>The Chancellors</i>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 341–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alec Cairncross, <i>Living with the Century</i> (Lynx, 2008), p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dell, <i>The Chancellors</i>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dell, <i>The Chancellors</i>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 361–362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Jenkins attack on Australia staggers party meeting', <i>The Times</i> (20 July 1971), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Benn, <i>Office Without Power: Diaries, 1968–1972</i> (London: Hutchinson, 1988), p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, <i>Office Without Power</i>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, <i>A Life at the Centre</i>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 382–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Hattersley, <i>Who Goes Home? Scenes From A Political Life</i> (London: Little, Brown, 1995), p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Jenkins letter warns Mr Wilson of danger of referendum principle as weapon against progressive legislation', <i>The Times</i> (11 April 1972), p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Twelve Million Jenkinsites', <i>The Times</i> (30 September 1972), p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Jenkins, <i>What Matters Now</i> (London: Fontana, 1972), p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Mr Jenkins and Mr Taverne reject centre party proposal', <i>The Times</i> (10 March 1973), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, <i>The British General Election of February, 1974</i> (London: Macmillan, 1974), p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, <i>A Life at the Centre</i>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 364–365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Donoughue, <i>Downing Street Diary: With Harold Wilson in No 10</i> (London: Jonathan Cape, 2005), p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandbrook-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sandbrook_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandbrook2010" class="citation book cs1">Sandbrook, Dominic (2010). <i>State of Emergency – The Way We Were: Britain 1970–1974</i>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane" title="Allen Lane">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-031-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-031-0"><bdi>978-1-84614-031-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+Emergency+%E2%80%93+The+Way+We+Were%3A+Britain+1970%E2%80%931974&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-031-0&rft.aulast=Sandbrook&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 415–418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell,_p._423-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_p._423_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_p._423_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 426–427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donoughue, <i>Downing Street Diary</i>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Jenkins, <i>Portraits and Miniatures: Selected Writings</i> (London: Macmillan, 1993), pp. 310–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 422, pp. 428–429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 434–435, p. 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Wood, 'Mr Jenkins says he too would resign if Britain decided to leave EEC', <i>The Times</i> (27 September 1974), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Clark, 'Mr Wilson joins in criticism of Mr Benn's figures', <i>The Times</i> (28 May 1975), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Berthoud, 'Mr Jenkins sees cold world outside Nine', <i>The Times</i> (28 May 1975), p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Butler and Uwe Kitzinger, <i>The 1975 Referendum</i> (London: Macmillan, 1976), p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Hatfield and David Leigh, 'Mr Jenkins attacked from right and left at Prentice rally', <i>The Times</i> (12 September 1975), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Hatfield, 'Inflation fight goes on, Mr Jenkins tells left', <i>The Times</i> (24 January 1976), p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Crosland, <i>Tony Crosland</i> (London: Coronet, 1983), p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times1976-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Times1976_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Times1976_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Evans, 'Plain speaking from Mr Jenkins and the police on measures to reduce worsening crime', <i>The Times</i> (19 May 1976), p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Haseler, <i>The Tragedy of Labour</i> (Wiley-Blackwell, 1980), p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Leonard, Dick (2001). "Roy Jenkins (Lord Jenkins of Hillhead)". In Rosen, Greg (ed.). <i>Dictionary of Labour Biography</i>. London: Politicos. pp. 314–8, 318.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roy+Jenkins+%28Lord+Jenkins+of+Hillhead%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Labour+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=314-8%2C+318&rft.pub=Politicos&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 462–463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 462–466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Roy Jenkins: Scaling the peaks', <i>The Times</i> (5 January 1977), p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130902172241/http://www.euro-know.org/europages/dictionary/j.html">"A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union -J"</a>. Euro-know.org. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+the+European+Union+-J&rft.pub=Euro-know.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro-know.org%2Feuropages%2Fdictionary%2Fj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 502, p. 538.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 493–494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070226165606/http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/union/showpage_en_union.external.g8.php">"EU and the G8"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/union/showpage_en_union.external.g8.php">the original</a> on 26 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+and+the+G8&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deljpn.ec.europa.eu%2Funion%2Fshowpage_en_union.external.g8.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717061336/http://www.bath.ac.uk/ceremonies/hongrads/">"Honorary Graduates 1989 to present"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">University of Bath</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bath.ac.uk/ceremonies/hongrads/">the original</a> on 17 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Honorary+Graduates+1989+to+present&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bath.ac.uk%2Fceremonies%2Fhongrads%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell505-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell505_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell505_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer Jenkins, 'A Labour Party subscription', <i>The Times</i> (20 October 1978), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Jenkins, <i>European Diary, 1977–1981</i> (London: Collins, 1989), p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodrow Wyatt, <i>Confessions of an Optimist</i> (London: Collins, 1987), p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Curtis (ed.), <i>The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt: Volume Two</i> (London: Pan, 2000), p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Campbell, <i>Margaret Thatcher, Volume Two: The Iron Lady</i> (London: Jonathan Cape, 2003), p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 510–511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 511–512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 512–513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 513–514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mr Roy Jenkins sees a British political system 'stranded by the receding tide'", <i>The Times</i> (23 November 1979), p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 534.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 541–546.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times1980-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Times1980_177-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Times1980_177-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">'Mr Jenkins will complete his term in Europe', <i>The Times</i> (10 June 1980), p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 551.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell,_p._557-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_p._557_180-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_p._557_180-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 564–565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 578–580.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Haviland and Philip Webster, 'Roy Jenkins slashes Labour majority: Tory loses his deposit', <i>The Times</i> (17 July 1981), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Wood, Bernard Withers, Geoffrey Browning and Richard Evans, 'Jenkins demands inflation tax to break wage-price spiral', <i>The Times</i> (10 October 1981), p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 594.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GH27March1982-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GH27March1982_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1982" class="citation news cs1">Clark, William (27 March 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&dat=19820327&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">"Roy Jenkins gets a hero's welcome"</a>. <i>The Glasgow Herald</i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Glasgow+Herald&rft.atitle=Roy+Jenkins+gets+a+hero%27s+welcome&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1982-03-27&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3DGGgVawPscysC%26dat%3D19820327%26printsec%3Dfrontpage%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell598-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell598_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell598_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Clark, <i>Diaries: Into Politics, 1972–1982</i> (London: Phoenix, 2001), p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 599, p. 609.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 608.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SRichardspp70-71-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SRichardspp70-71_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2021" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Steve (2021). <i>The Prime Ministers We Never Had; Success and Failure from Butler to Corbyn</i>. London: Atlantic Books. pp. 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83895-241-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83895-241-9"><bdi>978-1-83895-241-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prime+Ministers+We+Never+Had%3B+Success+and+Failure+from+Butler+to+Corbyn&rft.place=London&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-83895-241-9&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SRichardsp71-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SRichardsp71_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2021" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Steve (2021). <i>The Prime Ministers We Never Had; Success and Failure from Butler to Corbyn</i>. London: Atlantic Books. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83895-241-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83895-241-9"><bdi>978-1-83895-241-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prime+Ministers+We+Never+Had%3B+Success+and+Failure+from+Butler+to+Corbyn&rft.place=London&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-83895-241-9&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimesGuide1983p279-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TimesGuide1983p279_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Times Guide to the House of Commons June 1983</i>. London: Times Books. 1983. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7230-0255-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7230-0255-X"><bdi>0-7230-0255-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Times+Guide+to+the+House+of+Commons+June+1983&rft.place=London&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-7230-0255-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimesGuide1983p119-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TimesGuide1983p119_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Times Guide to the House of Commons June 1983</i>. London: Times Books Ltd. 1983. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7230-0255-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7230-0255-X"><bdi>0-7230-0255-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Times+Guide+to+the+House+of+Commons+June+1983&rft.place=London&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Times+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-7230-0255-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GH10June1983-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GH10June1983_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1983" class="citation news cs1">Clark, William (10 June 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&dat=19830610&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">"Scotland produces a little for everyone"</a>. <i>The Glasgow Herald</i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Glasgow+Herald&rft.atitle=Scotland+produces+a+little+for+everyone&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1983-06-10&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3DGGgVawPscysC%26dat%3D19830610%26printsec%3Dfrontpage%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 626.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 638, n.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Webster, "Jenkins and Owen 'role reversal'", <i>The Times</i> (13 July 1984), p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 638–640.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 640.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Jenkins, 'Stemming tide of State surveillance', <i>The Times</i> (12 March 1985), p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1986/dec/03/security-services-commission#column_964">"Security Services (Commission) (Hansard, 3 December 1986)"</a>. <i>api.parliament.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=api.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=Security+Services+%28Commission%29+%28Hansard%2C+3+December+1986%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1986%2Fdec%2F03%2Fsecurity-services-commission%23column_964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 638.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 660–661.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GHheadline16June1987-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GHheadline16June1987_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkhouse1987" class="citation news cs1">Parkhouse, Geoffrey (12 June 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&dat=19870612&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">"Scotland swims against the Tory tide"</a>. <i>The Glasgow Herald</i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Glasgow+Herald&rft.atitle=Scotland+swims+against+the+Tory+tide&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1987-06-12&rft.aulast=Parkhouse&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3DGGgVawPscysC%26dat%3D19870612%26printsec%3Dfrontpage%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 630.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette51132" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/51132/page/14513">"No. 51132"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 25 November 1987. p. 14513.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+51132&rft.pages=14513&rft.date=1987-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F51132%2Fpage%2F14513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 652.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes" class="citation web cs1">Hayes, Dennis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234801/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/165532.article">"Tongues truly tied"</a>. <i>Times Higher Education</i>. The Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/165532.article">the original</a> on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Tongues+truly+tied&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2F165532.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 657.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 676.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 676–677.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins617-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins617_215-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins617_215-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, <i>A Life at the Centre</i>, p. 617.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell680-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell680_216-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell680_216-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell680_216-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 680.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Cannadine, 'Writer and Biographer', in Andrew Adonis and Keith Thomas (eds.), <i>Roy Jenkins: A Retrospective</i> (Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette53510" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53510/page/19644">"No. 53510"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 10 December 1993. p. 19644.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+53510&rft.pages=19644&rft.date=1993-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F53510%2Fpage%2F19644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 690.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 684–685.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Jenkins, 'Labour's most exciting leader since Gaitskell', <i>The Times</i> (23 July 1994), p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 700.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paddy Ashdown, <i>The Ashdown Diaries: Volume One, 1988–1997</i> (London: Allen Lane, 2000), p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 700–701.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 703.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 710.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, pp. 712-714.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 720, p. 725.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paddy Ashdown, <i>The Ashdown Diaries: Volume Two, 1997–1999</i> (London: Allen Lane, 2001), p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell719-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell719_230-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell719_230-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 719.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 726.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/2000/jun/14/higher-education#S5LV0613P0_20000614_HOL_83">"Higher Education (Hansard, 14 June 2000)"</a>. <i>api.parliament.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=api.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=Higher+Education+%28Hansard%2C+14+June+2000%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F2000%2Fjun%2F14%2Fhigher-education%23S5LV0613P0_20000614_HOL_83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Paul (2003). <i>Churchill</i>, Simon & Schuster, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelliker2000" class="citation web cs1">Helliker, Adam (14 October 2000). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1370415/Lord-Jenkins-has-heart-surgery.html">"Lord Jenkins has heart surgery"</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1370415/Lord-Jenkins-has-heart-surgery.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lord+Jenkins+has+heart+surgery&rft.date=2000-10-14&rft.aulast=Helliker&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1370415%2FLord-Jenkins-has-heart-surgery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928094102/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/2629269.stm">"Roy Jenkins dies"</a>. <i>BBC News Online</i>. BBC. 5 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/2629269.stm">the original</a> on 28 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Roy+Jenkins+dies&rft.date=2003-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fpolitics%2F2629269.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 745.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life</i>, p. 740.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael White and Lucy Ward, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/jan/06/uk.liberaldemocrats">Statesman Jenkins dies at 82</a>', <i>The Guardian</i> (6 January 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'What they said', <i>The Times</i> (6 January 2003), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2003" class="citation news cs1">White, Michael (6 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100423043238/http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2003/jan/06/uk.labour">"Roy Jenkins: Gang leader who paved way for Blair"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 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London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dame+Jennifer+Jenkins+obituary&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2017%2Ffeb%2F08%2Fdame-jennifer-jenkins-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcdocumentary-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcdocumentary_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockerell1996" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Cockerell, Michael (1996). Cahn, Alison; Tyerman, Anne (eds.). <i>A Very Social Democrat: A Portrait of Roy Jenkins</i>. <i>BBC Two</i> (Documentary). London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Very+Social+Democrat%3A+A+Portrait+of+Roy+Jenkins&rft.place=London&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Cockerell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/980382.stm">"Obituary: Roy Jenkins"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Roy+Jenkins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F980382.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2014" class="citation news cs1">Perry, Keith (10 March 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/10687788/Roy-Jenkins-male-lover-Tony-Crosland-tried-to-halt-his-marriage.html">"Roy Jenkins' male lover Tony Crosland tried to halt his marriage"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Roy+Jenkins%27+male+lover+Tony+Crosland+tried+to+halt+his+marriage&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2F10687788%2FRoy-Jenkins-male-lover-Tony-Crosland-tried-to-halt-his-marriage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/16/double-lives-a-history-of-sex-and-secrecy-at-westminster">"Double lives – a history of sex and secrecy at Westminster"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. 16 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Double+lives+%E2%80%93+a+history+of+sex+and+secrecy+at+Westminster&rft.date=2015-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2015%2Fmay%2F16%2Fdouble-lives-a-history-of-sex-and-secrecy-at-westminster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2014" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy, James (6 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/string-affairs-gay-relationship-secret-6921941">"A string of affairs and a 'gay relationship': the secret life of Roy Jenkins, the best PM Britain never had"</a>. <i>walesonline</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=walesonline&rft.atitle=A+string+of+affairs+and+a+%27gay+relationship%27%3A+the+secret+life+of+Roy+Jenkins%2C+the+best+PM+Britain+never+had&rft.date=2014-04-06&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fstring-affairs-gay-relationship-secret-6921941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2017" class="citation news cs1">Duffy, Nick (19 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2017/10/19/sir-vince-cable-my-liberal-hero-roy-jenkins-was-a-bisexual-man/">"Sir Vince Cable: My Liberal hero Roy Jenkins was a bisexual man"</a>. <i>Pink News</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pink+News&rft.atitle=Sir+Vince+Cable%3A+My+Liberal+hero+Roy+Jenkins+was+a+bisexual+man&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinknews.co.uk%2F2017%2F10%2F19%2Fsir-vince-cable-my-liberal-hero-roy-jenkins-was-a-bisexual-man%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/photos-limehouse-opening-david-tennant-roger-allam_43079.html">"David Tennant, Roger Allam and more at Limehouse opening night"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WhatsOnStage.com" title="WhatsOnStage.com">WhatsOnStage.com</a></i>. 9 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WhatsOnStage.com&rft.atitle=David+Tennant%2C+Roger+Allam+and+more+at+Limehouse+opening+night&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatsonstage.com%2Flondon-theatre%2Fnews%2Fphotos-limehouse-opening-david-tennant-roger-allam_43079.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdonisThomas2004" class="citation book cs1">Adonis, Andrew; Thomas, Keith, eds. (2004). <i>Roy Jenkins: A Retrospective</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-927487-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-927487-8"><bdi>0-19-927487-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roy+Jenkins%3A+A+Retrospective&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-927487-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadice2002" class="citation book cs1">Radice, Giles (2002). <i>Friends and Rivals: Crosland, Jenkins and Healey</i>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-85547-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-85547-2"><bdi>0-316-85547-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friends+and+Rivals%3A+Crosland%2C+Jenkins+and+Healey&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-316-85547-2&rft.aulast=Radice&rft.aufirst=Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1983" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, John (1983). <i>Roy Jenkins, a biography</i>. <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-78271-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-78271-1"><bdi>0-297-78271-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roy+Jenkins%2C+a+biography&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-297-78271-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2014" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, John (2014). <i>Roy Jenkins, a Well-Rounded Life</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-08750-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-08750-6"><bdi>978-0-224-08750-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roy+Jenkins%2C+a+Well-Rounded+Life&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-224-08750-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDell1997" class="citation book cs1">Dell, Edmund (1997). <i>The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90</i>. HarperCollins. pp. 347–72. <q>covers his term as Chancellor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chancellors%3A+A+History+of+the+Chancellors+of+the+Exchequer%2C+1945%E2%80%9390&rft.pages=347-72&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Dell&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jenkins, Roy. <i>European Diary, 1977-1981</i> (A&C Black, 2011).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipseyJenkins2002" class="citation book cs1">Lipsey, David; Jenkins, Roy (2002). Jefferys, Kevin (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/labourforcesfrom00jeff"><i>Labour Forces: From Ernie Bevin to Gordon Brown</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/labourforcesfrom00jeff/page/n117">103</a>–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860647437" title="Special:BookSources/9781860647437"><bdi>9781860647437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labour+Forces%3A+From+Ernie+Bevin+to+Gordon+Brown&rft.pages=103-18&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781860647437&rft.aulast=Lipsey&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flabourforcesfrom00jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoy+Jenkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ludlow, N. Piers, ed. <i>Roy Jenkins and the European commission presidency, 1976–1980: at the heart of Europe</i> (Springer, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/66183/1/Ludlow_Introduction%20copy.pdf">excerpt</a>.</li> <li>Nuttall, Jeremy. "Roy Jenkins and the politics of radical moderation." <i>History</i> 104.362 (2019): 677–709.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roy_Jenkins" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roy Jenkins"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Roy Jenkins</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Roy_Jenkins" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsliterature.org/fellow/roy-jenkins-the-rt-hon-lord-jenkins-of-hillhead-om/">"Roy Jenkins (The Rt Hon Lord Jenkins of Hillhead)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428210156/https://rsliterature.org/fellow/roy-jenkins-the-rt-hon-lord-jenkins-of-hillhead-om/">Archived</a> 28 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Fellows Remembered, <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Society of Literature">The Royal Society of Literature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-roy-jenkins">contributions in Parliament by Roy Jenkins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/houseoflords/house-of-lords-reform/from-the-collections/from-the-parliamentary-collections-lords-reform/the-work-of-the-life-peers/royjenkins1920-2003/">Roy Jenkins: Life Peer – UK Parliament Living Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp05450">Portraits of Roy Jenkins</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323488#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson_(Conservative_politician)" title="Edward Carson (Conservative politician)">Edward Carson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baby_of_the_House" title="Baby of the House">Baby of the House</a> </b><br />1948–1950 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Baker_(British_politician)" title="Peter Baker (British politician)">Peter Baker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Hanbury_Martin" title="John Hanbury Martin">John Martin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Southwark_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwark Central">Southwark Central</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1948_Southwark_Central_by-election" title="1948 Southwark Central by-election">1948</a>–<a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Boundary_commissions_(United_Kingdom)" title="Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)">Constituency abolished</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Stechford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Stechford (UK Parliament constituency)">Birmingham Stechford</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a>–<a href="/wiki/1977_Birmingham_Stechford_by-election" title="1977 Birmingham Stechford by-election">1977</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_MacKay" title="Andrew MacKay">Andrew MacKay</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tam_Galbraith" title="Tam Galbraith">Tam Galbraith</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Hillhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow Hillhead">Glasgow Hillhead</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1982_Glasgow_Hillhead_by-election" title="1982 Glasgow Hillhead by-election">1982</a>–<a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Soskice" title="Frank Soskice">Frank Soskice</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> </b><br />1965–1967 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> </b><br />1967–1970 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Robert Carr</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> </b><br />1974–1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Merlyn_Rees" title="Merlyn Rees">Merlyn Rees</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Ortoli" title="François-Xavier Ortoli">François-Xavier Ortoli</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> </b><br />1977–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Thorn" title="Gaston Thorn">Gaston Thorn</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Skeffington" title="Arthur Skeffington">Arthur Skeffington</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Chair of the Fabian Society</a> </b><br />1957–1958 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eirene_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Eirene White">Eirene White</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Deputy Leader of the Labour Party</a> </b><br />1970–1972 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Edward Short</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New post</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Leader of the Social Democratic Party</a> </b><br />1982–1983 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">David Owen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Seear,_Baroness_Seear" title="Nancy Seear, Baroness Seear">The Baroness Seear</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Democrats_in_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords">Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords</a> </b><br />1988–1997 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank" title="Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank">The Lord Rodgers of Quarry Bank</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">The Earl of Stockton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the University of Oxford">Chancellor of the University of Oxford</a> </b><br />1987–2003 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_Patten_of_Barnes" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord Patten of Barnes">The Lord Patten of Barnes</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Template:Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Template talk:Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/w/index.php?title=Ralf_de_Leicester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralf de Leicester (page does not exist)">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_of_Westminster_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward of Westminster (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">W. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Giffard" title="Godfrey Giffard">G. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_de_la_Leye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger de la Leye (page does not exist)">de la Leye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Willoughby" title="Philip de Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Benstede" title="John de Benstede">Benstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sandale" title="John Sandale">Sandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hotham_(bishop)" title="John Hotham (bishop)">Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_de_Stanton" title="Hervey de Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Harvington" title="Adam de Harvington">Harvington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wodehouse" title="Robert Wodehouse">Wodehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Stratford" title="Robert de Stratford">Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ashby_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Ashby (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ashton" title="Robert de Ashton">Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Barnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Barnham (page does not exist)">Barnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somer" title="Henry Somer">Somer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Somerset" title="John Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Browne (died 1460)">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thwaites_(civil_servant)" title="Thomas Thwaites (civil servant)">Thwaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fowler_(chancellor)" title="Richard Fowler (chancellor)">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Catesby" title="William Catesby">Catesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lovell" title="Thomas Lovell">Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bourchier,_2nd_Baron_Berners" title="John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners">Berners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(died_1558)" title="John Baker (died 1558)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sackville_(escheator)" title="Richard Sackville (escheator)">Sackville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mildmay" title="Walter Mildmay">Mildmay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_of_Salden" title="John Fortescue of Salden">Fortescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Home,_1st_Earl_of_Dunbar" title="George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar">Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(judge)" title="Julius Caesar (judge)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulke_Greville,_1st_Baron_Brooke" title="Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke">Greville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Weston,_1st_Earl_of_Portland" title="Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Barrett,_1st_Lord_Barrett_of_Newburgh" title="Edward Barrett, 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cottington,_1st_Baron_Cottington" title="Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington">Cottington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colepeper,_1st_Baron_Colepeper" title="John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper">Colepeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duncombe_(Bury_St_Edmunds_MP)" title="John Duncombe (Bury St Edmunds MP)">Duncombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernle" title="John Ernle">Ernle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Booth,_1st_Earl_of_Warrington" title="Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington">Delamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hampden" title="Richard Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_Great_Britain" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Harley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Benson,_1st_Baron_Bingley" title="Robert Benson, 1st Baron Bingley">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Wyndham,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet">Wyndham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Onslow,_1st_Baron_Onslow" title="Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aislabie" title="John Aislabie">Aislabie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt_(judge)" title="John Pratt (judge)">Pratt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(English_judge)" title="William Lee (English judge)">Lee</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lyttelton,_1st_Baron_Lyttelton" title="George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton">Lyttelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield">Mansfield</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dashwood,_11th_Baron_le_Despencer" title="Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer">Dashwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dowdeswell_(politician,_born_1721)" title="William Dowdeswell (politician, born 1721)">Dowdeswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Baron_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough">Ellenborough</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Petty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Abbott,_1st_Baron_Tenterden" title="Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden">Tenterden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Denman,_1st_Baron_Denman" title="Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman">Denman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spring_Rice,_1st_Baron_Monteagle_of_Brandon" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon">Spring Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baring,_1st_Baron_Northbrook" title="Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derick_Heathcoat-Amory,_1st_Viscount_Amory" title="Derick Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Viscount Amory">Heathcoat-Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lamont" title="Norman Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasi_Kwarteng" title="Kwasi Kwarteng">Kwarteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves">Reeves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italic:</i> Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer, as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Home_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_Secretaries" title="Template:Home Secretaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_Secretaries" title="Template talk:Home Secretaries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_Secretaries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home Secretaries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Home_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville">Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_2nd_Earl_of_Chichester" title="Thomas Pelham, 2nd Earl of Chichester">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip_Yorke" title="Charles Philip Yorke">Yorke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Hawkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_Spencer" title="George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ryder_(politician,_born_1766)" title="Richard Ryder (politician, born 1766)">Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Sidmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sturges_Bourne" title="William Sturges Bourne">Sturges Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ponsonby,_4th_Earl_of_Bessborough" title="John Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough">Duncannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_1st_Marquess_of_Normanby" title="Constantine Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby">Normanby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Graham,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._S._Sotheron-Estcourt" title="T. H. S. Sotheron-Estcourt">Sotheron-Estcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathorne_Gathorne-Hardy,_1st_Earl_of_Cranbrook" title="Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bruce,_1st_Baron_Aberdare" title="Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._A._Cross,_1st_Viscount_Cross" title="R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._A._Cross,_1st_Viscount_Cross" title="R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Matthews,_1st_Viscount_Llandaff" title="Henry Matthews, 1st Viscount Llandaff">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_White_Ridley,_1st_Viscount_Ridley" title="Matthew White Ridley, 1st Viscount Ridley">Ridley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_Akers-Douglas,_1st_Viscount_Chilston" title="Aretas Akers-Douglas, 1st Viscount Chilston">Akers-Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone,_1st_Viscount_Gladstone" title="Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shortt" title="Edward Shortt">Shortt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bridgeman,_1st_Viscount_Bridgeman" title="William Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman">Bridgeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks,_1st_Viscount_Brentford" title="William Joynson-Hicks, 1st Viscount Brentford">Joynson-Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Gilmour,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet">Gilmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Somervell,_Baron_Somervell_of_Harrow" title="Donald Somervell, Baron Somervell of Harrow">Somervell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">Maxwell-Fyfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwilym_Lloyd_George" title="Gwilym Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Cumnor" title="Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Soskice" title="Frank Soskice">Soskice</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlyn_Rees" title="Merlyn Rees">Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Brittan" title="Leon Brittan">Brittan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Waddington" title="David Waddington">Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">K. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Blunkett" title="David Blunkett">Blunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clarke" title="Charles Clarke">C. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Smith" title="Jacqui Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Rudd" title="Amber Rudd">Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Shapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Cooper</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_Crown_%26_Garter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/100px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/150px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/200px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="1147" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roy Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Lever,_Baron_Lever_of_Manchester" title="Harold Lever, Baron Lever of Manchester">Harold Lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Mason" title="Roy Mason">Roy Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mellish,_Baron_Mellish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Mellish, Baron Mellish">Bob Mellish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morris,_Baron_Morris_of_Aberavon" title="John Morris, Baron Morris of Aberavon">John Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Mulley" title="Fred Mulley">Fred Mulley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Orme,_Baron_Orme" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Orme, Baron Orme">Stanley Orme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Fred Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Prentice" title="Reg Prentice">Reg Prentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlyn_Rees,_Baron_Merlyn-Rees" class="mw-redirect" title="Merlyn Rees, Baron Merlyn-Rees">Merlyn Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank" title="Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank">Bill Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Ross,_Baron_Ross_of_Marnock" title="Willie Ross, Baron Ross of Marnock">Willie Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Shepherd,_2nd_Baron_Shepherd" title="Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd">Lord Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shore" title="Peter Shore">Peter Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Edward Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Silkin" title="John Silkin">John Silkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Varley,_Baron_Varley" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Varley, Baron Varley">Eric Varley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Shirley Williams</a></li> 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Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Booth" title="Albert Booth">Albert Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dell" title="Edmund Dell">Edmund Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elwyn_Jones,_Baron_Elwyn-Jones" title="Elwyn Jones, Baron Elwyn-Jones">Lord Elwyn-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ennals,_Baron_Ennals" title="David Ennals, Baron Ennals">David Ennals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Roy Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roy Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Lever,_Baron_Lever_of_Manchester" title="Harold Lever, Baron Lever of Manchester">Harold Lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Mason" title="Roy Mason">Roy Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Millan" title="Bruce Millan">Bruce Millan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morris,_Baron_Morris_of_Aberavon" title="John Morris, Baron Morris of Aberavon">John Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Mulley" title="Fred Mulley">Fred Mulley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Orme,_Baron_Orme" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Orme, Baron Orme">Stanley Orme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">David Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Lord Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Prentice" title="Reg Prentice">Reg Prentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlyn_Rees" title="Merlyn Rees">Merlyn Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank" title="Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank">Bill Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Shepherd,_2nd_Baron_Shepherd" title="Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd">Lord Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shore" title="Peter Shore">Peter Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Silkin" title="John Silkin">John Silkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">John Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Varley" title="Eric Varley">Eric Varley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Shirley Williams</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government)_(St_Edwards_Crown).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Government Coat of Arms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/200px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Presidents_of_the_European_Commission" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_European_Commissions" title="Template:Presidents of European Commissions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_European_Commissions" title="Template talk:Presidents of European Commissions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/High_Authority_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community">High Authority of the Coal and Steel Community</a><br />(1952–1967)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Monnet_Authority" title="Monnet Authority">Monnet Authority, 1952–55</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">René Mayer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mayer_Authority" title="Mayer Authority">Mayer Authority, 1955–58</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Finet" title="Paul Finet">Paul Finet</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Finet_Authority" title="Finet Authority">Finet Authority, 1958–59</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Malvestiti" title="Piero Malvestiti">Piero Malvestiti</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Malvestiti_Authority" title="Malvestiti Authority">Malvestiti Authority, 1959–63</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldo_Del_Bo" title="Rinaldo Del Bo">Rinaldo Del Bo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Del_Bo_Authority" title="Del Bo Authority">Del Bo Authority, 1963–67</a>)</span></li> <li>Acting: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Copp%C3%A9" title="Albert Coppé">Albert Coppé</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Copp%C3%A9_Authority" title="Coppé Authority">Coppé Authority, 1967</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">Commission of the Atomic Energy Community</a><br />(1958–1967)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armand" title="Louis Armand">Louis Armand</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Armand_Commission" title="Armand Commission">Armand Commission, 1958–59</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Hirsch" title="Étienne Hirsch">Étienne Hirsch</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hirsch_Commission" title="Hirsch Commission">Hirsch Commission, 1959–62</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chatenet" title="Pierre Chatenet">Pierre Chatenet</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chatenet_Commission" title="Chatenet Commission">Chatenet Commission, 1962–67</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">Commission of the Economic Community</a><br />(1958–1967)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Commission" title="Hallstein Commission">Hallstein Commission, 1958–67</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">Commission of the Communities</a><br />(1967–2009)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rey_(politician)" title="Jean Rey (politician)">Jean Rey</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Rey_Commission" title="Rey Commission">Rey Commission, 1967–70</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Maria_Malfatti" title="Franco Maria Malfatti">Franco Maria Malfatti</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Malfatti_Commission" title="Malfatti Commission">Malfatti Commission, 1970–72</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicco_Mansholt" title="Sicco Mansholt">Sicco Mansholt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mansholt_Commission" title="Mansholt Commission">Mansholt Commission, 1972–73</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Ortoli" title="François-Xavier Ortoli">François-Xavier Ortoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Ortoli_Commission" title="Ortoli Commission">Ortoli Commission, 1973–77</a>)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roy Jenkins</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jenkins_Commission_(EU)" title="Jenkins Commission (EU)">Jenkins Commission, 1977–81</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Thorn" title="Gaston Thorn">Gaston Thorn</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Thorn_Commission" title="Thorn Commission">Thorn Commission, 1981–85</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Delors_Commission" title="Delors Commission">Delors Commission, 1985–95</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Jacques Santer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Santer_Commission" title="Santer Commission">Santer Commission, 1995–99</a>)</span></li> <li>Acting: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Manuel Marín">Manuel Marín</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Santer_Commission" title="Santer Commission">Santer Commission, 1999</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Prodi_Commission" title="Prodi Commission">Prodi Commission, 1999–2004</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Dur%C3%A3o_Barroso" class="mw-redirect" title="José Durão Barroso">José Durão Barroso</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Barroso_Commission" title="Barroso Commission">Barroso Commission, 2004–09</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">Commission</a> (2009–present)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Dur%C3%A3o_Barroso" class="mw-redirect" title="José Durão Barroso">José Durão Barroso</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Barroso_Commission" title="Barroso Commission">Barroso Commission, 2009–14</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Juncker_Commission" title="Juncker Commission">Juncker Commission 2014–19</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Von_der_Leyen_Commission" title="Von der Leyen Commission">Von der Leyen Commission, 2019–2024</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Von_der_Leyen_Commission_II" title="Von der Leyen Commission II">Von der Leyen Commission II, since 2024</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">Commission President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Council Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President of the European Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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title="Christopher Tugendhat, Baron Tugendhat">Tugendhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Clinton-Davis,_Baron_Clinton-Davis" title="Stanley Clinton-Davis, Baron Clinton-Davis">Clinton-Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cockfield,_Baron_Cockfield" title="Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield">Cockfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Brittan" title="Leon Brittan">Brittan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Millan" title="Bruce Millan">Millan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Mandelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ashton" title="Catherine Ashton">Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hill,_Baron_Hill_of_Oareford" title="Jonathan Hill, Baron Hill of Oareford">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_King_(diplomat)" title="Julian King (diplomat)">King</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/75px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/113px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/150px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Labour_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Template:Labour Party (UK)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Template talk:Labour Party (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Labour Party (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Labour_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Labour Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Labour Party (UK)">History of the Labour Party</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Electoral history of the Labour Party (UK)">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Labour_Party_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Labour Party (UK) general election manifestos">General election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="European Parliamentary Labour Party">European Parliamentary Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour_Party_(1888)" title="Scottish Labour Party (1888)">Scottish Labour Party (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_(1900)" title="Labour Representation Committee (1900)">Labour Representation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone%E2%80%93MacDonald_pact" title="Gladstone–MacDonald pact">Gladstone–MacDonald pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Organisation" title="National Labour Organisation">National Labour Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Independent_Group" title="Labour Independent Group">Labour Independent Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Democratic_Socialism" title="Campaign for Democratic Socialism">Campaign for Democratic Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%E2%80%93Lab_pact" title="Lib–Lab pact">Lib–Lab pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)#Creation_of_the_SDP" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Formation of SDP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(SDP)" title="Gang of Four (SDP)">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limehouse_Declaration" title="Limehouse Declaration">Limehouse Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_tendency" title="Militant tendency">Militant tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_longest_suicide_note_in_history" title="The longest suicide note in history">The longest suicide note in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_more_heave" title="One more heave">One more heave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony%27s_Cronies" title="Tony's Cronies">Tony's Cronies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Labour" title="One Nation Labour">One Nation Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakrabarti_Inquiry" title="Chakrabarti Inquiry">Chakrabarti Inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Barnes_(British_politician)" title="George Barnes (British politician)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adamson" title="William Adamson">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Deputy Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_(Edinburgh_MP)" title="William Graham (Edinburgh MP)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Griffiths" title="Jim Griffiths">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Watson,_Baron_Watson_of_Wyre_Forest" title="Tom Watson, Baron Watson of Wyre Forest">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Rayner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Labour_Party" title="General Secretary of the Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">General Secretaries</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Middleton_(political_organiser)" title="James Middleton (political organiser)">Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Phillips" title="Morgan Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Williams_(politician)" title="Leonard Williams (politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Barker" title="Sara Barker">Barker</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Nicholas" title="Harry Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Hayward" title="Ron Hayward">Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mortimer" title="Jim Mortimer">Mortimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Whitty,_Baron_Whitty" title="Larry Whitty, Baron Whitty">Whitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sawyer,_Baron_Sawyer" title="Tom Sawyer, Baron Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_McDonagh,_Baroness_McDonagh" title="Margaret McDonagh, Baroness McDonagh">McDonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Triesman,_Baron_Triesman" title="David Triesman, Baron Triesman">Triesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Carter_(politician)" title="Matt Carter (politician)">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Watt" title="Peter Watt">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Collins,_Baron_Collins_of_Highbury" title="Ray Collins, Baron Collins of Highbury">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_McNicol" title="Iain McNicol">McNicol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Formby" title="Jennie Formby">Formby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Evans_(political_official)" title="David Evans (political official)">Evans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Labour_Party" title="Treasurer of the Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Treasurers</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lathan" title="George Lathan">Lathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Nicholas" title="Harry Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Davies_(trade_unionist)" title="Dai Davies (trade unionist)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Atkinson" title="Norman Atkinson">Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Varley" title="Eric Varley">Varley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Booth" title="Albert Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_McCluskie" title="Sam McCluskie">McCluskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Burlison" title="Tom Burlison">Burlison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Prosser,_Baroness_Prosser" title="Margaret Prosser, Baroness Prosser">Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Elsby" title="Jimmy Elsby">Elsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dromey" title="Jack Dromey">Dromey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Holland" title="Diana Holland">Holland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_in_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the Labour Party in the House of Lords"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leaders in the Lords</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pakenham,_7th_Earl_of_Longford" title="Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford">Pakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Shepherd,_2nd_Baron_Shepherd" title="Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd">Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Jay,_Baroness_Jay_of_Paddington" title="Margaret Jay, Baroness Jay of Paddington">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Williams,_Baron_Williams_of_Mostyn" title="Gareth Williams, Baron Williams of Mostyn">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Amos,_Baroness_Amos" title="Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ashton" title="Catherine Ashton">Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">Smith of Basildon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Scottish Labour Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Dewar" title="Donald Dewar">Dewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McLeish" title="Henry McLeish">McLeish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Jamieson" title="Cathy Jamieson">Jamieson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_McConnell" title="Jack McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Jamieson" title="Cathy Jamieson">Jamieson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Alexander" title="Wendy Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Jamieson" title="Cathy Jamieson">Jamieson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Gray" title="Iain Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Lamont" title="Johann Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Sarwar" title="Anas Sarwar">Sarwar</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Murphy" title="Jim Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Gray" title="Iain Gray">Gray</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kezia_Dugdale" title="Kezia Dugdale">Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Rowley" title="Alex Rowley">Rowley</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Baillie" title="Jackie Baillie">Baillie</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Leonard" title="Richard Leonard">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Baillie" title="Jackie Baillie">Baillie</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Sarwar" title="Anas Sarwar">Sarwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="Parliamentary Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">PLP Chairs</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Barnes_(British_politician)" title="George Barnes (British politician)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hodge_(politician)" title="John Hodge (politician)">Hodge</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wardle" title="George Wardle">Wardle</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adamson" title="William Adamson">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Houghton,_Baron_Houghton_of_Sowerby" title="Douglas Houghton, Baron Houghton of Sowerby">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Mikardo" title="Ian Mikardo">Mikardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Willey" title="Fred Willey">Willey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dormand" title="Jack Dormand">Dormand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Orme" title="Stan Orme">Orme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Hoyle" title="Doug Hoyle">Hoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Soley" title="Clive Soley">Soley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Corston,_Baroness_Corston" title="Jean Corston, Baroness Corston">Corston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Clwyd" title="Ann Clwyd">Clwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Lloyd" title="Tony Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Watts,_Baron_Watts" title="David Watts, Baron Watts">Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cryer" title="John Cryer">Cryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Morden" title="Jessica Morden">Morden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="European Parliamentary Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">EPLP Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Lomas" title="Alf Lomas">Lomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Martin_(Scottish_politician)" title="David Martin (Scottish politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Seal_(politician)" title="Barry Seal (politician)">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyn_Ford" title="Glyn Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Green" title="Pauline Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_David" title="Wayne David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Donnelly" title="Alan Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Murphy_(British_politician)" title="Simon Murphy (British politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Titley" title="Gary Titley">Titley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenis_Willmott" title="Glenis Willmott">Willmott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Corbett" title="Richard Corbett">Corbett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div>* = wartime, in opposition <br /> ^ Interim/Acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="Internal_elections_and_selections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Internal elections and selections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1922 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1922</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1931 Labour Party leadership election">1931</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1932 Labour Party leadership election">1932</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">George Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1935 Labour Party leadership election">1935</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1955 Labour Party leadership election">1955</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1960 Labour Party leadership election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1961 Labour Party leadership election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1963 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1963</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1976 Labour Party leadership election">1976</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1980 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1980</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1983 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1983</a> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1992 Labour Party leadership election">1992</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">John Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1994 Labour Party leadership election">1994</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2007 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2007</a> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2010 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2010</a> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2015</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2020 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2020</a> <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a></li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Deputy Leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1952 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1952</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1953 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1956 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1956</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Griffiths" title="Jim Griffiths">Jim Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1959 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1959</a> <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1960 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1960</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1961 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1962 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1970 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1970</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roy Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1971 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1972 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1972</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Edward Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1976 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1976</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1980 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1980</a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1981 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1983 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1983</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Roy Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1988 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1992 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1992</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Margaret Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1994 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1994</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">John Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="2007 Labour Party deputy leadership election">2007</a> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harriet Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="2015 Labour Party deputy leadership election">2015</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Watson,_Baron_Watson_of_Wyre_Forest" title="Tom Watson, Baron Watson of Wyre Forest">Tom Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="2020 Labour Party deputy leadership election">2020</a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Angela Rayner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Shadow Cabinet elections and reshuffles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=September_1931_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="September 1931 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">Sep 1931 (Henderson)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=November_1931_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 1931 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">Nov 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1932_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1932 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1932 (Lansbury)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1933_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1933 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1935 (Attlee)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1936_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1936 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1939_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1939 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1951 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1952 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1953 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1954 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1955 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1956 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1956 (Gaitskell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1957 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1958 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1959 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1960 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1961 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1962 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1963 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1963 (Wilson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1970 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1971 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1972 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1973 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1979 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1979 (Callaghan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1980 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1980 (Foot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1981 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1982 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1983 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1983 (Kinnock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1984 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1985 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1986 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1987 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1988 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1989 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1990 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1991 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1992 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1992 (Smith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1993 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1994 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1994 (Blair)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1995 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1996 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="2010 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">2010 (Miliband)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_shadow_cabinet_resignations" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 United Kingdom shadow cabinet resignations">June 2016 (Corbyn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2021_British_shadow_cabinet_reshuffle" title="May 2021 British shadow cabinet reshuffle">May 2021 (Starmer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2021_British_shadow_cabinet_reshuffle" title="November 2021 British shadow cabinet reshuffle">November 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_British_shadow_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2023 British shadow cabinet reshuffle">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="Party_structure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party structure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Constitution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clause_IV" title="Clause IV">Clause IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">National Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Labour_Party" title="General Secretary of the Labour Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Labour_Party" title="Treasurer of the Labour Party">Treasurer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Parliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="Parliamentary Labour Party">Parliamentary Labour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Labour_Party" title="Chief Whip of the Labour Party">Chief Whip of the Labour Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Conference" title="Labour Party Conference">Labour Party Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Scottish Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Welsh Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Labour Party in Northern Ireland">Labour Party in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Directly elected city mayoral authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Labour" title="London Labour">London Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">CLPs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituency_Labour_Party" title="Constituency Labour Party">Constituency Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_International" title="Labour International">Labour International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Forum" title="National Policy Forum">National Policy Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)_affiliated_trade_union" title="Labour Party (UK) affiliated trade union">Affiliated trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Party_Liaison_Organisation" title="Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation">Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour and Co-operative">Labour Co-operative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_%E2%80%93_Federation_of_Labour_Groups" title="Labour – Federation of Labour Groups">Labour – Federation of Labour Groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_associated_with_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="List of organisations associated with the Labour Party (UK)">Organisations associated with the Labour Party</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Labour_(UK)" title="Young Labour (UK)">Young Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_International" title="Labour International">Labour International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Labour" title="LGBT+ Labour">LGBT+ Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Campaign_for_Trans_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Campaign for Trans Rights">Labour Campaign for Trans Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Students" title="Labour Students">Labour Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAME_Labour" title="BAME Labour">BAME Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Labour" title="Disability Labour">Disability Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Labour_Party_Democracy" title="Campaign for Labour Party Democracy">Campaign for Labour Party Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians_on_the_Left" title="Christians on the Left">Christians on the Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_(think_tank)" title="Compass (think tank)">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Fabians" title="Young Fabians">Young Fabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Britain_Group" title="Future Britain Group">Future Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-Left_Grassroots_Alliance" title="Centre-Left Grassroots Alliance">Centre-Left Grassroots Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labour_Movement" title="Jewish Labour Movement">Jewish Labour Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Campaign_for_Electoral_Reform" title="Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform">Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_CND" title="Labour CND">Labour CND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Friends_of_Israel" title="Labour Friends of Israel">Labour Friends of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Friends_of_Palestine_and_the_Middle_East" title="Labour Friends of Palestine and the Middle East">Labour Friends of Palestine & the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Growth_Group" title="Labour Growth Group">Labour Growth Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Irish_Society" title="Labour Party Irish Society">Labour Party Irish Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_(2004)" title="Labour Representation Committee (2004)">Labour Representation Committee (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Women%27s_Network" title="Labour Women's Network">Labour Women's Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentum_(organisation)" title="Momentum (organisation)">Momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Labour" title="Open Labour">Open Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Labour_and_Socialist_Clubs" title="National Union of Labour and Socialist Clubs">National Union of Labour and Socialist Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Britain" title="Progressive Britain">Progressive Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Appeal_(UK,_1992)" title="Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)">Revolutionary Communist Party</a> <small>Formerly Socialist Appeal</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Health_Association" title="Socialist Health Association">Socialist Health Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Educational_Association" title="Socialist Educational Association">Socialist Educational Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Environment_and_Resources_Association" title="Socialist Environment and Resources Association">Socialist Environment and Resources Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Campaign_Group" title="Socialist Campaign Group">Socialist Campaign Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">Socialist Youth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_society_(Labour_Party)" title="Socialist society (Labour Party)">Socialist societies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Media publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LabourList" title="LabourList">LabourList</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)">Tribune</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="Party_alliances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party alliances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1970_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1970_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="Template:1970 Labour Party deputy leadership election"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1970_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="Template talk:1970 Labour Party deputy leadership election"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1970_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1970 Labour Party deputy leadership election"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1970_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1970_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1970 Labour Party deputy leadership election"><span style="color:white">1970 Labour Party deputy leadership election</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;"><div>Outgoing Deputy Leader: <a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown"><span style="color:white;">George Brown</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">Elected</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roy Jenkins</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">Defeated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Fred Peart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1976_Labour_Party_leadership_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1976_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="Template:1976 Labour Party leadership election"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1976_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="Template talk:1976 Labour Party leadership election"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1976_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1976 Labour Party leadership election"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1976_Labour_Party_leadership_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1976_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1976 Labour Party leadership election"><span style="color:white;">1976 Labour Party leadership election</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;"><div>Outgoing Leader: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson"><span style="color:white;">Harold Wilson</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>*</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Tony Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roy Jenkins</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;"><div>* <i>Withdrew after first ballot</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberal_Democrats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FAA61A"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Template:Liberal Democrats (UK)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Template talk:Liberal Democrats (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal Democrats (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberal_Democrats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)"><span style="color:#000000">Liberal Democrats</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FAA61A"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FAA61A;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Democrats" title="Leader of the Liberal Democrats">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">Steel</a> <i>(Liberal)</i> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maclennan,_Baron_Maclennan_of_Rogart" title="Robert Maclennan, Baron Maclennan of Rogart">Maclennan</a> <i>(SDP)</i> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Ashdown" title="Paddy Ashdown">Ashdown</a> (1988–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kennedy" title="Charles Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1999–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_Campbell" title="Menzies Campbell">Campbell</a> (2006–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Clegg</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Farron" title="Tim Farron">Farron</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Cable</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Swinson" title="Jo Swinson">Swinson</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Davey" title="Ed Davey">Davey</a> (from 2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FAA61A;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_leader_of_the_Liberal_Democrats" title="Deputy leader of the Liberal Democrats">Deputy leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Johnston" title="Russell Johnston">Johnston</a> (1988–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Beith" title="Alan Beith">Beith</a> (1992–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_Campbell" title="Menzies Campbell">Campbell</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Cable</a> (2006–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Hughes" title="Simon Hughes">Hughes</a> (2010–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Bruce" title="Malcolm Bruce">Bruce</a> (2014–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Swinson" title="Jo Swinson">Swinson</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Davey" title="Ed Davey">Davey</a> (2019–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Cooper" title="Daisy Cooper">Cooper</a> (from 2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FAA61A;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Democrats_in_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords">Leaders in the Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Seear,_Baroness_Seear" title="Nancy Seear, Baroness Seear">Seear</a> <i>(Liberal)</i> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Diamond,_Baron_Diamond" title="Jack Diamond, Baron Diamond">Diamond</a> <i>(SDP)</i> (1988)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jenkins</a> (1988–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank" title="Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank">Rodgers</a> (1997–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Williams</a> (2001–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McNally,_Baron_McNally" title="Tom McNally, Baron McNally">McNally</a> (2004–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wallace,_Baron_Wallace_of_Tankerness" title="Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness">Wallace</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Newby,_Baron_Newby" title="Richard Newby, Baron Newby">Newby</a> (from 2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FAA61A;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Liberal_Democrats" title="President of the Liberal Democrats">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Wrigglesworth" title="Ian Wrigglesworth">Wrigglesworth</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kennedy" title="Charles Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maclennan,_Baron_Maclennan_of_Rogart" title="Robert Maclennan, Baron Maclennan of Rogart">Maclennan</a> (1995–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Maddock,_Baroness_Maddock" title="Diana Maddock, Baroness Maddock">Maddock</a> (1999–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navnit_Dholakia,_Baron_Dholakia" title="Navnit Dholakia, Baron Dholakia">Dholakia</a> (2001–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Hughes" title="Simon Hughes">Hughes</a> (2005–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Scott,_Baroness_Scott_of_Needham_Market" title="Rosalind Scott, Baroness Scott of Needham Market">Scott</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Farron" title="Tim Farron">Farron</a> (2011–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal_Brinton" title="Sal Brinton">Brinton</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pack" title="Mark Pack">Pack</a> (from 2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FAA61A"><div id="Leadership_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership elections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FAA61A;width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Social_and_Liberal_Democrats_leadership_election" title="1988 Social and Liberal Democrats leadership election">1988 (Ashdown)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Liberal_Democrats_leadership_election" title="1999 Liberal Democrats leadership election">1999 (Kennedy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Liberal_Democrats_leadership_election" title="2006 Liberal Democrats leadership election">2006 (Campbell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Liberal_Democrats_leadership_election" title="2007 Liberal Democrats leadership election">2007 (Clegg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Liberal_Democrats_leadership_election" title="2015 Liberal Democrats leadership election">2015 (Farron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Liberal_Democrats_leadership_election" title="2017 Liberal Democrats leadership election">2017 (Cable)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Liberal_Democrats_leadership_election" title="2019 Liberal Democrats leadership election">2019 (Swinson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Liberal_Democrats_leadership_election" title="2020 Liberal Democrats leadership election">2020 (Davey)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FAA61A;width:1%">Deputy leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Liberal_Democrats_deputy_leadership_election" title="2003 Liberal Democrats deputy leadership election">2003 (Campbell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Liberal_Democrats_deputy_leadership_election" title="2006 Liberal Democrats deputy leadership election">2006 (Cable)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Liberal_Democrats_deputy_leadership_election" title="2010 Liberal Democrats deputy leadership election">2010 (Hughes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Liberal_Democrats_deputy_leadership_election" title="2014 Liberal Democrats deputy leadership election">2014 (Bruce)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Liberal_Democrats_deputy_leadership_election" title="2017 Liberal Democrats deputy leadership election">2017 (Swinson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Liberal_Democrats_deputy_leadership_election" title="2019 Liberal Democrats deputy leadership election">2019 (Davey)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FAA61A"><div id="Frontbench_team" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_frontbench_team" title="Liberal Democrat frontbench team">Frontbench team</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Democrats" title="Leader of the Liberal Democrats">Leader of the Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_leader_of_the_Liberal_Democrats" title="Deputy leader of the Liberal Democrats">Deputy leader of the Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_Treasury_spokesperson" title="Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesperson">Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_Home_Affairs_spokesperson" title="Liberal Democrat Home Affairs spokesperson">Liberal Democrat Home Affairs spokesperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FAA61A"><div id="Structure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Structure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FAA61A;width:1%">MPs and Frontbench</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Liberal_Democrat_MPs_(2024%E2%80%93present)" title="List of United Kingdom Liberal Democrat MPs (2024–present)">Current members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_frontbench_team" title="Liberal Democrat frontbench team">Frontbench team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Liberal_Democrats" title="Chief Whip of the Liberal Democrats">Chief whip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FAA61A;width:1%">Frontbench in opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontbench_Team_of_Paddy_Ashdown" title="Frontbench Team of Paddy Ashdown">Frontbench Team of Paddy Ashdown</a> (1997–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbench_Team_of_Charles_Kennedy" title="Frontbench Team of Charles Kennedy">Frontbench Team of Charles Kennedy</a> (1999–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbench_Team_of_Menzies_Campbell" title="Frontbench Team of Menzies Campbell">Frontbench Team of Menzies Campbell</a> (2006–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Frontbench_Team_of_Vince_Cable" title="First Frontbench Team of Vince Cable">First Frontbench Team of Vince Cable</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbench_Team_of_Nick_Clegg" title="Frontbench Team of Nick Clegg">Frontbench Team of Nick Clegg</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbench_Team_of_Tim_Farron" title="Frontbench Team of Tim Farron">Frontbench Team of Tim Farron</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Frontbench_Team_of_Vince_Cable" title="Second Frontbench Team of Vince Cable">Second Frontbench Team of Vince Cable</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbench_Team_of_Jo_Swinson" title="Frontbench Team of Jo Swinson">Frontbench Team of Jo Swinson</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbench_Team_of_Ed_Davey" title="Frontbench Team of Ed Davey">Frontbench Team of Ed Davey</a> (2020-present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FAA61A;width:1%">State parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Liberal_Democrats" title="English Liberal Democrats">English Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Scottish Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Liberal_Democrats" title="Welsh Liberal Democrats">Welsh Liberal Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FAA61A;width:1%">Regional parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Liberal_Democrats" title="London Liberal Democrats">London Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Liberal_Democrats" title="Northern Ireland Liberal Democrats">Northern Ireland Liberal Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FAA61A;width:1%">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_Conference" title="Liberal Democrat Conference">Liberal Democrat Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FAA61A;width:1%">Committees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Board_(Liberal_Democrats)" title="Federal Board (Liberal Democrats)">Federal Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FAA61A;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specified_Associated_Organisation" title="Specified Associated Organisation">SAOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Liberal_Democrats" title="LGBT+ Liberal Democrats">LGBT+ Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Liberals_(UK)" title="Young Liberals (UK)">Young Liberals</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_Young_Liberals" title="English Young Liberals">English Young Liberals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Young_Liberals" title="Scottish Young Liberals">Scottish Young Liberals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Young_Liberals" title="Welsh Young Liberals">Welsh Young Liberals/Rhyddfrydwr Ifanc Cymru</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FAA61A"><div id="Related_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Group" title="Beveridge Group">Beveridge Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_Christian_Forum" title="Liberal Democrat Christian Forum">Christian Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_Friends_of_Israel" title="Liberal Democrat Friends of Israel">Friends of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_Friends_of_Turkey" title="Liberal Democrat Friends of Turkey">Friends of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_History_Group" title="Liberal Democrat History Group">History Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Reform" title="Liberal Reform">Liberal Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Liberal_Forum" title="Social Liberal Forum">Social Liberal Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FAA61A"><div id="History_and_related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_Headquarters_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrat Headquarters (UK)">Liberal Democrat Headquarters (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Liberal_Democrat_MPs" title="List of Liberal Democrat MPs">List of MPs (past and present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Liberal_Party_and_Liberal_Democrats_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Liberal Party and Liberal Democrats (UK) general election manifestos">General election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(SDP)" title="Gang of Four (SDP)">Gang of Four</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limehouse_Declaration" title="Limehouse Declaration">Limehouse Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glee_Club_(UK_politics)" title="Glee Club (UK politics)">Glee Club (UK politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Land_(song)" title="The Land (song)">The Land (song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberator_(magazine)" title="Liberator (magazine)">Liberator (magazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Club" title="National Liberal Club">National Liberal Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Party" title="Scottish Liberal Party">Scottish Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Coupon" title="Coalition Coupon">Coalition Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1918)" title="Independent Liberal Party (UK, 1918)">Independent Liberal Party (Asquith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1922)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)">National Liberal Party (Lloyd George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Liberals_(UK,_1931)" title="Independent Liberals (UK, 1931)">Independent Liberals (Lloyd George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal Party ("Simonites")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%E2%80%93Lab_pact" title="Lib–Lab pact">Lib–Lab pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Liberal_Leave" title="Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Liberal Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_more_heave" title="One more heave">One more heave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDP%E2%80%93Liberal_Alliance" title="SDP–Liberal Alliance">SDP–Liberal Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southport_Resolution" title="Southport Resolution">Southport Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orange_Book" title="The Orange Book">The Orange Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93Liberal_Democrat_coalition_agreement" title="Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement">Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_Fair_Deal" title="For a Fair Deal">For a Fair Deal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FAA61A"><div id="Breakaway_parties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Breakaway parties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK,_1989)" title="Liberal Party (UK, 1989)">Liberal Party (UK, 1989)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template talk:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1950 <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951 <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952 <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953 <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954 <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1955</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956 <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957 <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959 <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bech" title="Joseph Bech">Joseph Bech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1962</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964 <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1965</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966 <a href="/wiki/Jens_Otto_Krag" title="Jens Otto Krag">Jens Otto Krag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Luns" title="Joseph Luns">Joseph Luns</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1968</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969 <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Seydoux_de_Clausonne" title="François Seydoux de Clausonne">François Seydoux de Clausonne</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1971</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roy Jenkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973 <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1974</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1975</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976 <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Leo Tindemans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978 <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979 <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Colombo" title="Emilio Colombo">Emilio Colombo</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1980</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981 <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982 <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">King Juan Carlos I</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1983</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1984</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1985</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986 <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">People of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989 <a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990 <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Gyula Horn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991 <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992 <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993 <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994 <a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Vranitzky" title="Franz Vranitzky">Franz Vranitzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996 <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Queen Beatrix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998 <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek" title="Bronisław Geremek">Bronisław Geremek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000 <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001 <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Konr%C3%A1d" title="György Konrád">György Konrád</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003 <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004 <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cox" title="Pat Cox">Pat Cox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005 <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007 <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008 <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009 <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Riccardi" title="Andrea Riccardi">Andrea Riccardi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010 <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet">Jean-Claude Trichet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012 <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013 <a href="/wiki/Dalia_Grybauskait%C4%97" title="Dalia Grybauskaitė">Dalia Grybauskaitė</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014 <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018 <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019 <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020 <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022 <a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Kalesnikava" title="Maria Kalesnikava">Maria Kalesnikava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veronika_Tsepkalo" title="Veronika Tsepkalo">Veronika Tsepkalo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023 <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">the Ukrainian people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024 <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Goldschmidt" title="Pinchas Goldschmidt">Pinchas Goldschmidt</a> and the Jewish communities in Europe</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Received extraordinary prize.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shadow_chancellors_of_the_exchequer_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shadow_Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Template:Shadow Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shadow_Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Template talk:Shadow Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shadow_Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shadow Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shadow_chancellors_of_the_exchequer_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer">Shadow chancellors of the exchequer of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shore" title="Peter Shore">Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilley" title="Peter Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Maude" title="Francis Maude">Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Portillo" title="Michael Portillo">Portillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Letwin" title="Oliver Letwin">Letwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Balls" title="Ed Balls">Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Leslie" title="Chris Leslie">Leslie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneliese_Dodds" title="Anneliese Dodds">Dodds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves">Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Stride" title="Mel Stride">Stride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shadow_home_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shadow_Home_Secretaries" title="Template:Shadow Home Secretaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shadow_Home_Secretaries" title="Template talk:Shadow Home Secretaries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shadow_Home_Secretaries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shadow Home Secretaries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shadow_home_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Home_Secretary" title="Shadow Home Secretary">Shadow home secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Younger" title="Kenneth Younger">Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Soskice" title="Frank Soskice">Soskice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Boyle,_Baron_Boyle_of_Handsworth" title="Edward Boyle, Baron Boyle of Handsworth">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gilmour,_Baron_Gilmour_of_Craigmillar" title="Ian Gilmour, Baron Gilmour of Craigmillar">Gilmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlyn_Rees" title="Merlyn Rees">Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Kaufman" title="Gerald Kaufman">Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mawhinney" title="Brian Mawhinney">Mawhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler,_Baron_Fowler" title="Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Widdecombe" title="Ann Widdecombe">Widdecombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Letwin" title="Oliver Letwin">Letwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Grieve" title="Dominic Grieve">Grieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Balls" title="Ed Balls">Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Burnham" title="Andy Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Abbott" title="Diane Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyn_Brown" title="Lyn Brown">Brown</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Abbott" title="Diane Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Thomas-Symonds" title="Nick Thomas-Symonds">Thomas-Symonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Philp" title="Chris Philp">Philp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Babies_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Babies_of_the_House" title="Template:Babies of the House"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Babies_of_the_House" title="Template talk:Babies of the House"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Babies_of_the_House" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Babies of the House"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Babies_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baby_of_the_House#United_Kingdom" title="Baby of the House">Babies of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Dickson_(Irish_politician)" title="James Dickson (Irish politician)">Dickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Levy-Lawson,_1st_Viscount_Burnham" title="Harry Levy-Lawson, 1st Viscount Burnham">Levy-Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Walter_Gordon-Lennox" title="Lord Walter Gordon-Lennox">Gordon-Lennox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Harrison_(Irish_politician)" title="Henry Harrison (Irish politician)">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Smith,_2nd_Viscount_Hambleden" title="Frederick Smith, 2nd Viscount Hambleden">F. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bartholomew_Curran" title="Thomas Bartholomew Curran">Curran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wentworth-Fitzwilliam,_7th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 7th Earl Fitzwilliam">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Scott,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir Samuel Scott, 6th Baronet">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hill_(politician)" title="Arthur Hill (politician)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rigg_(British_politician)" title="Richard Rigg (British politician)">Rigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Turnour,_6th_Earl_Winterton" title="Edward Turnour, 6th Earl Winterton">Turnour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_3rd_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 3rd Earl of Kimberley">Wodehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mills_(Uxbridge_MP)" title="Charles Mills (Uxbridge MP)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundell_Palmer,_3rd_Earl_of_Selborne" title="Roundell Palmer, 3rd Earl of Selborne">Wolmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sassoon" title="Philip Sassoon">Sassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Esmonde,_14th_Baronet" title="Sir John Esmonde, 14th Baronet">Esmonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Whitty" title="Patrick Whitty">Whitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_Lord_Stanley_(died_1938)" title="Edward Stanley, Lord Stanley (died 1938)">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sweeney_(Irish_politician)" title="Joseph Sweeney (Irish politician)">Sweeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmond_Harmsworth,_2nd_Viscount_Rothermere" title="Esmond Harmsworth, 2nd Viscount Rothermere">Harmsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans_(politician)" title="Arthur Evans (politician)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rhys,_8th_Baron_Dynevor" title="Charles Rhys, 8th Baron Dynevor">Rhys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lucas-Tooth" title="Hugh Lucas-Tooth">Lucas-Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Lee,_Baroness_Lee_of_Asheridge" title="Jennie Lee, Baroness Lee of Asheridge">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Owen_(politician)" title="Frank Owen (politician)">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Martonmere" title="Roland Robinson, 1st Baron Martonmere">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby,_3rd_Earl_of_Ancaster" title="James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster">Willoughby de Eresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Conservative_politician)" title="Charles Taylor (Conservative politician)">C. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Macmillan" title="Malcolm Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Profumo" title="John Profumo">Profumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Millington" title="Ernest Millington">Millington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson_(Conservative_politician)" title="Edward Carson (Conservative politician)">Carson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Baker_(British_politician)" title="Peter Baker (British politician)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Teevan_(Unionist_politician)" title="Thomas Teevan (Unionist politician)">Teevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eden,_Baron_Eden_of_Winton" title="John Eden, Baron Eden of Winton">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woollam_(politician)" title="John Woollam (politician)">Woollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Clarke_(politician)" title="Philip Clarke (politician)">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kirk_(English_politician)" title="Peter Kirk (English politician)">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Kimball" title="Marcus Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooke_(Conservative_politician)" title="Robert Cooke (Conservative politician)">Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_de_Ferranti" title="Basil de Ferranti">Ferranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolrige-Gordon" title="Patrick Wolrige-Gordon">Wolrige-Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Channon" title="Paul Channon">Channon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Taylor" title="Teddy Taylor">E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ryan_(British_politician)" title="John Ryan (British politician)">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Huckfield" title="Les Huckfield">Huckfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Devlin_McAliskey" title="Bernadette Devlin McAliskey">Devlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Elis-Thomas" title="Dafydd Elis-Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_Hayman,_Baroness_Hayman" title="Helene Hayman, Baroness Hayman">Hayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_MacKay" title="Andrew MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Alton" title="David Alton">Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dorrell" title="Stephen Dorrell">Dorrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dorrell" title="Stephen Dorrell">Dorrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Carron" title="Owen Carron">Carron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kennedy" title="Charles Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Taylor,_Baron_Taylor_of_Goss_Moor" title="Matthew Taylor, Baron Taylor of Goss Moor">M. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Leslie" title="Chris Leslie">Leslie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Teather" title="Sarah Teather">Teather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Swinson" title="Jo Swinson">Swinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloe_Smith" title="Chloe Smith">C. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Nash" title="Pamela Nash">Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhairi_Black" title="Mhairi Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Whittome" title="Nadia Whittome">Whittome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Mather" title="Keir Mather">Mather</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sam_Carling" title="Sam Carling">Carling</a></b></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crowned_Portcullis.svg/100px-Crowned_Portcullis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crowned_Portcullis.svg/150px-Crowned_Portcullis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crowned_Portcullis.svg/200px-Crowned_Portcullis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#002147; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Template:Chancellors of the University of Oxford"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Template talk:Chancellors of the University of Oxford"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of the University of Oxford"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chancellors of the University of Oxford"><span style="color: #ffffff;">Chancellors of the University of Oxford</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#002147; color:white;;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; white-space:normal; text-align:center;"><div id="1224–1400" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1224–1400</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cole_(chancellor)" title="Ralph Cole (chancellor)">Ralph Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Maidstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph de Maidstone">Ralph de Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Batchden" title="Richard Batchden">Richard Batchden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cole_(chancellor)" title="Ralph Cole (chancellor)">Ralph Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Bovill" title="Simon de Bovill">Simon de Bovill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Rygater" title="John de Rygater">John de Rygater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Chichester" title="Richard of Chichester">Richard of Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Heyham" title="Ralph de Heyham">Ralph de Heyham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Bovill" title="Simon de Bovill">Simon de Bovill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Biham" title="Gilbert de Biham">Gilbert de Biham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Sempringham" title="Ralph de Sempringham">Ralph de Sempringham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Lodelawe" title="William de Lodelawe">William de Lodelawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_S._Agatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard de S. Agatha">Richard de S. Agatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Cantilupe" title="Thomas de Cantilupe">Thomas de Cantilupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Cicestre" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry de Cicestre">Henry de Cicestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_de_Ewelme" title="Nicholas de Ewelme">Nicholas de Ewelme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bek_(Bishop_of_St_David%27s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bek (Bishop of St David's)">Thomas Bek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Bosco" title="William de Bosco">William de Bosco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_de_Normanville" title="Eustace de Normanville">Eustace de Normanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Pontissara" class="mw-redirect" title="John de Pontissara">John de Pontissara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Stanton" title="Henry de Stanton">Henry de Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Montfort" title="William de Montfort">William de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Rowell" title="Roger de Rowell">Roger de Rowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pikerell" title="William Pikerell">William Pikerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_de_Saham" title="Hervey de Saham">Hervey de Saham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Winchelsey" title="Robert Winchelsey">Robert Winchelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Kingescote" title="William de Kingescote">William de Kingescote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Ludlow" title="John de Ludlow">John de Ludlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Monmouth_(bishop)" title="John of Monmouth (bishop)">John of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Ghent" title="Simon of Ghent">Simon of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Swayne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Swayne">Henry Swayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Martival" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger de Martival">Roger de Martival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_de_Medburn" title="Peter de Medburn">Peter de Medburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Weseham" title="Roger Weseham">Roger Weseham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Clyve" title="Richard de Clyve">Richard de Clyve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_de_Cobeham" title="James de Cobeham">James de Cobeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Wetheringsete" title="Walter de Wetheringsete">Walter de Wetheringsete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Faversham" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon de Faversham">Simon de Faversham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burdun" title="Walter Burdun">Walter Burdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Bosco" title="William de Bosco">William de Bosco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Maunsfeld" title="Henry de Maunsfeld">Henry de Maunsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">Walter Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Maunsfeld" title="Henry de Maunsfeld">Henry de Maunsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Harclay" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Harclay">Henry Harclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Nottingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard de Nottingham">Richard de Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lutterell" title="John Lutterell">John Lutterell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gower" title="Henry Gower">Henry Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Alburwyke" title="William de Alburwyke">William de Alburwyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hotham" title="Thomas Hotham">Thomas Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_of_Shrewsbury" title="Ralph of Shrewsbury">Ralph of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Streton" title="Roger de Streton">Roger de Streton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_de_Wavere" title="Nigel de Wavere">Nigel de Wavere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Radyn" title="Ralph Radyn">Ralph Radyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Willoughby" title="Hugh de Willoughby">Hugh de Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Stratford" title="Robert de Stratford">Robert de Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paynink" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Paynink">Robert Paynink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(Oxford)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Leech (Oxford)">John Leech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Skelton" title="William de Skelton">William de Skelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Scauren" title="Walter de Scauren">Walter de Scauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Bergeveney" title="William de Bergeveney">William de Bergeveney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Northwode" title="John de Northwode">John de Northwode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Hawkesworth" title="William de Hawkesworth">William de Hawkesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Palmorna" title="William de Palmorna">William de Palmorna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_de_Cherlton" title="Humphrey de Cherlton">Humphrey de Cherlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Charlton_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Charlton (chancellor)">Lewis Charlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Hotham" title="John de Hotham">John de Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Renham" title="John Renham">John Renham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Hotham" title="John de Hotham">John de Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzRalph" title="Richard FitzRalph">Richard FitzRalph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_de_Aston" title="Nicholas de Aston">Nicholas de Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Renham" class="mw-redirect" title="John de Renham">John de Renham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Echingham" title="John de Echingham">John de Echingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Toneworth" title="Adam de Toneworth">Adam de Toneworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay" title="William Courtenay">William Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Toneworth" title="Adam de Toneworth">Adam de Toneworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Heytisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="William de Heytisbury">William de Heytisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Remmyngton" title="William de Remmyngton">William de Remmyngton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turke" title="John Turke">John Turke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Toneworth" title="Adam de Toneworth">Adam de Toneworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aylesham" title="Robert Aylesham">Robert Aylesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rygge" title="Robert Rygge">Robert Rygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Berton" title="William Berton">William Berton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rygge" title="Robert Rygge">Robert Rygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hereford" title="Nicholas Hereford">Nicholas Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rugg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rugg">William Rugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rygge" title="Robert Rygge">Robert Rygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brightwell" title="Thomas Brightwell">Thomas Brightwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranley" title="Thomas Cranley">Thomas Cranley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rygge" title="Robert Rygge">Robert Rygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Redruth" title="Ralph Redruth">Ralph Redruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prestbury" title="Thomas Prestbury">Thomas Prestbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Arlyngton" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Arlyngton">Robert Arlyngton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hyndeman" title="Thomas Hyndeman">Thomas Hyndeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Repyngdon" title="Philip Repyngdon">Philip Repyngdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort" title="Henry Beaufort">Henry Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hyndeman" title="Thomas Hyndeman">Thomas Hyndeman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#002147; color:white;;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; white-space:normal; text-align:center;"><div id="1400–1500" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1400–1500</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Repyngdon" title="Philip Repyngdon">Philip Repyngdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hallam" title="Robert Hallam">Robert Hallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Courtenay" title="Richard Courtenay">Richard Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ullerston" title="Richard Ullerston">Richard Ullerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clynt" title="William Clynt">William Clynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prestbury" title="Thomas Prestbury">Thomas Prestbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulburge" title="William Sulburge">William Sulburge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Courtenay" title="Richard Courtenay">Richard Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulburge" title="William Sulburge">William Sulburge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Courtenay" title="Richard Courtenay">Richard Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulburge" title="William Sulburge">William Sulburge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrow_(bishop)" title="William Barrow (bishop)">William Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Snetisham" title="Richard Snetisham">Richard Snetisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrow_(bishop)" title="William Barrow (bishop)">William Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clare_(monk)" title="Thomas Clare (monk)">Thomas Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrow_(bishop)" title="William Barrow (bishop)">William Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clare_(monk)" title="Thomas Clare (monk)">Thomas Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Trengof" title="Walter Trengof">Walter Trengof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Colman" title="Robert Colman">Robert Colman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Trengof" title="Walter Trengof">Walter Trengof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rodborne" title="Thomas Rodborne">Thomas Rodborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Trengof" title="Walter Trengof">Walter Trengof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Castell" title="John Castell">John Castell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chase" title="Thomas Chase">Thomas Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Kymer" title="Gilbert Kymer">Gilbert Kymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Bourchier (cardinal)">Thomas Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carpenter_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="John Carpenter (bishop of Worcester)">John Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Praty" title="Richard Praty">Richard Praty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Norton_(academic)" title="John Norton (academic)">John Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Roderham" title="Richard Roderham">Richard Roderham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_(bishop_of_Ely)" title="William Grey (bishop of Ely)">William Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gascoigne_(academic)" title="Thomas Gascoigne (academic)">Thomas Gascoigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sever" title="Henry Sever">Henry Sever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gascoigne_(academic)" title="Thomas Gascoigne (academic)">Thomas Gascoigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thwaits" title="Robert Thwaits">Robert Thwaits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Kymer" title="Gilbert Kymer">Gilbert Kymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Neville_(bishop)" title="George Neville (bishop)">George Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chaundler" title="Thomas Chaundler">Thomas Chaundler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Neville_(bishop)" title="George Neville (bishop)">George Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Woodville" title="Lionel Woodville">Lionel Woodville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_(bishop)" title="William Dudley (bishop)">William Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell_(bishop)" title="John Russell (bishop)">John Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(cardinal)" title="John Morton (cardinal)">John Morton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#002147; color:white;;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; white-space:normal; text-align:center;"><div id="1500_onwards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1500 onwards</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Smyth" title="William Smyth">William Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mayew" title="Richard Mayew">Richard Mayew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Longland" title="John Longland">John Longland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cox_(bishop)" title="Richard Cox (bishop)">Richard Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mason_(diplomat)" title="John Mason (diplomat)">John Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fitzalan,_12th_Earl_of_Arundel" title="Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel">Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mason_(diplomat)" title="John Mason (diplomat)">John Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bromley" title="Thomas Bromley">Thomas Bromley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hatton" title="Christopher Hatton">Christopher Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sackville,_1st_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset">Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bancroft" title="Richard Bancroft">Richard Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Egerton,_1st_Viscount_Brackley" title="Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley">Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke">William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke">Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Seymour,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset">William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke">Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><i>Vacant</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Seymour,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset">William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Sheldon" title="Gilbert Sheldon">Gilbert Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_1st_Duke_of_Ormond" title="James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond">James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_2nd_Duke_of_Ormonde" title="James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde">James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Butler,_1st_Earl_of_Arran" title="Charles Butler, 1st Earl of Arran">Charles Butler, 1st Earl of Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fane,_7th_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="John Fane, 7th Earl of Westmorland">John Fane, 7th Earl of Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lee,_3rd_Earl_of_Lichfield" title="George Lee, 3rd Earl of Lichfield">George Lee, 3rd Earl of Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">Frederick North, Lord North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roy Jenkins, Lord Jenkins of Hillhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten, Lord Patten of Barnes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#002147; color:white;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:University_of_Oxford" title="Portal:University of Oxford"><span style="color: #ffffff;">University of Oxford portal</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fabian_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fabian_Society" title="Template:Fabian Society"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Fabian_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Fabian Society (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fabian_Society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fabian Society"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fabian_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Fabian Society</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Laski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(Labour_politician)" title="John Parker (Labour politician)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Albu" title="Austen Albu">Albu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cole" title="Margaret Cole">M. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Skeffington" title="Arthur Skeffington">Skeffington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_White,_Baroness_White" title="Eirene White, Baroness White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes_(educationist)" title="Billy Hughes (educationist)">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Henderson,_2nd_Baron_Faringdon" title="Gavin Henderson, 2nd Baron Faringdon">Faringdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Baroness_Stewart_of_Alvechurch" title="Mary Stewart, Baroness Stewart of Alvechurch">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Abel-Smith" title="Brian Abel-Smith">Abel-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Townsend_(sociologist)" title="Peter Townsend (sociologist)">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank" title="Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank">Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Blenkinsop" title="Arthur Blenkinsop">Blenkinsop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shore" title="Peter Shore">Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Balogh,_Baron_Balogh" title="Thomas Balogh, Baron Balogh">Balogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bray" title="Jeremy Bray">Bray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hall_(urbanist)" title="Peter Hall (urbanist)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lester,_Baron_Lester_of_Herne_Hill" title="Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill">Lester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Judd,_Baron_Judd" title="Frank Judd, Baron Judd">Judd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bosanquet" title="Nicholas Bosanquet">Bosanquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Crouch" title="Colin Crouch">Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Radice,_Baron_Radice" class="mw-redirect" title="Giles Radice, Baron Radice">Radice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Leonard" title="Dick Leonard">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Whitehead" title="Phillip Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Archer,_Baron_Archer_of_Sandwell" title="Peter Archer, Baron Archer of Sandwell">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lipsey,_Baron_Lipsey" title="David Lipsey, Baron Lipsey">Lipsey</a></li> <li>Meldram</li> <li>Jeger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessa_Blackstone,_Baroness_Blackstone" title="Tessa Blackstone, Baroness Blackstone">Blackstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McIntosh,_Baron_McIntosh_of_Haringey" title="Andrew McIntosh, Baron McIntosh of Haringey">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Mitchell" title="Austin Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Butler" title="Nick Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Gould" title="Bryan Gould">Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bean_(judge)" title="David Bean (judge)">Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oonagh_McDonald" title="Oonagh McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Hayter" title="Dianne Hayter">Hayter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Pimlott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Dubs,_Baron_Dubs" title="Alf Dubs, Baron Dubs">Dubs</a></li> <li>Rice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Smith,_Baron_Smith_of_Finsbury" title="Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hodge" title="Margaret Hodge">Hodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Wright_(Cannock_Chase_MP)" title="Tony Wright (Cannock Chase MP)">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calum_MacDonald_(politician)" title="Calum MacDonald (politician)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Marsden" title="Gordon Marsden">Marsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_MacShane" title="Denis MacShane">MacShane</a></li> <li>Richards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Twigg" title="Stephen Twigg">Twigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Joyce" title="Eric Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seema_Malhotra" title="Seema Malhotra">Malhotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Balls" title="Ed Balls">Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Campbell_(politician)" title="Anne Campbell (politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Khan</a></li> <li>Pushpananthan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jess_Asato" title="Jess Asato">Asato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seema_Malhotra" title="Seema Malhotra">Malhotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Green" title="Kate Green">Green</a></li> <li>Bartoletti</li> <li>Edobor</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">General Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Pease" title="Edward R. Pease">Pease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sanders_(politician)" title="William Sanders (politician)">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wallace_Galton" title="Frank Wallace Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(Labour_politician)" title="John Parker (Labour politician)">Parker</a></li> <li>Monck</li> <li>Filson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Chapman,_Baron_Northfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Chapman, Baron Northfield">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank" title="Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank">Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ponsonby,_3rd_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Thomas Ponsonby, 3rd Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Hayter" title="Dianne Hayter">Hayter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Martin_(UN_official)" title="Ian Martin (UN official)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Willman" title="John Willman">Willman</a></li> <li>Crine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Twigg" title="Stephen Twigg">Twigg</a></li> <li>Jacobs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunder_Katwala" title="Sunder Katwala">Katwala</a></li> <li>Harrop</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cole" title="Margaret Cole">M. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(Labour_politician)" title="John Parker (Labour politician)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes_(educationist)" title="Billy Hughes (educationist)">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Archer,_Baron_Archer_of_Sandwell" title="Peter Archer, Baron Archer of Sandwell">Archer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Abortion in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Abortion in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abortion in the United Kingdom">Abortion in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malicious_Shooting_or_Stabbing_Act_1803" title="Malicious Shooting or Stabbing Act 1803">Malicious Shooting or Stabbing Act 1803</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1828" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1828">Offences Against the Person Act 1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1837" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1837">Offences Against the Person Act 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1861" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1861">Offences Against the Person Act 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_Life_(Preservation)_Act_1929" title="Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929">Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1945" title="Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1945">Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_Act_1967" title="Abortion Act 1967">Abortion Act 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Fertilisation_and_Embryology_Act_1990" title="Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990">Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_(Executive_Formation_etc)_Act_2019" title="Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019">Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_Rights_(organisation)" title="Abortion Rights (organisation)">Abortion Law Reform Association (ALRA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Pregnancy_Advisory_Service" title="British Pregnancy Advisory Service">British Pregnancy Advisory Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSI_Reproductive_Choices" title="MSI Reproductive Choices">Marie Stopes International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(advocacy_group)" title="Liberty (advocacy group)">National Council for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Planning_Association" title="Family Planning Association">Family Planning Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Supporter" title="Sister Supporter">Sister Supporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_Off_Scotland" title="Back Off Scotland">Back Off Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_Support_Network" title="Abortion Support Network">Abortion Support Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Chance" title="Janet Chance">Janet Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_Browne" title="Stella Browne">Stella Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Russell" title="Dora Russell">Dora Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Jenkins" title="Alice Jenkins">Alice Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Malleson" title="Joan Malleson">Joan Malleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Laski" title="Frida Laski">Frida Laski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_MacGillivray" title="Ian MacGillivray">Ian MacGillivray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Baird" title="Dugald Baird">Dugald Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Vernon_Hubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Vernon Hubble">Douglas Vernon Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cole_(sexologist)" title="Martin Cole (sexologist)">Martin Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Houghton" title="Vera Houghton">Vera Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Houghton" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Houghton">Douglas Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Munday" title="Diane Munday">Diane Munday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Simms" title="Madeleine Simms">Madeleine Simms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lafitte" title="François Lafitte">François Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paintin" title="David Paintin">David Paintin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Neustatter" title="Walter L. Neustatter">Walter L. Neustatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Slater" title="Eliot Slater">Eliot Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Silkin,_1st_Baron_Silkin" title="Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin">Lewis Silkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Silkin" title="John Silkin">John Silkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Silkin" title="Samuel Silkin">Samuel Silkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Potts" title="Malcolm Potts">Malcolm Potts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Deys" title="Caroline Deys">Caroline Deys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glanville_Williams" title="Glanville Williams">Glanville Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diggory" title="Peter Diggory">Peter Diggory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">David Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Winstanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Winstanley">Michael Winstanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunwoody" title="John Dunwoody">John Dunwoody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Dunwoody" title="Gwyneth Dunwoody">Gwyneth Dunwoody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(politician)" title="Peter Jackson (politician)">Peter Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Short" title="Renée Short">Renée Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sinclair_(politician)" title="George Sinclair (politician)">George Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">David Owen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roy Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Robinson_(British_politician)" title="Kenneth Robinson (British politician)">Kenneth Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Richard Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Mikardo" title="Ian Mikardo">Ian Mikardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marks_(doctor)" title="John Marks (doctor)">John Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Richardson" title="Jo Richardson">Jo Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Furedi" title="Ann Furedi">Ann Furedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hewson" title="Barbara Hewson">Barbara Hewson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Lo" title="Anna Lo">Anna Lo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Protection_of_Unborn_Children" title="Society for the Protection of Unborn Children">Society for the Protection of Unborn Children (SPUC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Action,_Research_and_Education" title="Christian Action, Research and Education">Christian Action, Research and Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_(UK_organisation)" title="Life (UK organisation)">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Both_Lives_Matter" title="Both Lives Matter">Both Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic Church in England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Catholic Church in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProLife_Alliance" title="ProLife Alliance">ProLife Alliance</a> <small>(defunct)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleck_Bourne" title="Aleck Bourne">Aleck Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Bowman" title="Phyllis Bowman">Phyllis Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Braine" title="Bernard Braine">Bernard Braine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(British_politician)" title="James Dunn (British politician)">James Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Knight" title="Jill Knight">Jill Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mahon" title="Simon Mahon">Simon Mahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_St_John-Stevas" title="Norman St John-Stevas">Norman St John-Stevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dempsey_(Scottish_politician)" title="James Dempsey (Scottish politician)">James Dempsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_White_(Scottish_politician)" title="James White (Scottish politician)">James White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Campbell_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Campbell (Scottish politician)">Ian Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Corrie" title="John Corrie">John Corrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Benyon" title="Bill Benyon">Bill Benyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Michael Ancram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Alton" title="David Alton">David Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gillick" title="Victoria Gillick">Victoria Gillick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Scarisbrick" title="Jack Scarisbrick">Jack Scarisbrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuala_Scarisbrick" title="Nuala Scarisbrick">Nuala Scarisbrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Benton" title="Joe Benton">Joe Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Dobbin" title="Jim Dobbin">Jim Dobbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_Dorries" title="Nadine Dorries">Nadine Dorries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Flello" title="Rob Flello">Rob Flello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Jacob Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Coffey" title="Thérèse Coffey">Thérèse Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Jepson" title="Joanna Jepson">Joanna Jepson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidi_Crowter" title="Heidi Crowter">Heidi Crowter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Society_for_the_Study_of_Sex_Psychology" title="British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology">British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_League_for_Sexual_Reform" title="World League for Sexual Reform">World League for Sexual Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="International Planned Parenthood Federation">International Planned Parenthood Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Population_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Population Fund">UN Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Stopes" title="Marie Stopes">Marie Stopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Abortion in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323488#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323488#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323488#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121380688">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68965748">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1434022/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg4jQK4Pk933mQYQPT4MP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119202328">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50028076">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121441805">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121441805">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jenkins, Roy <1920-2003>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV040181">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35245363">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010602443&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1635566">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/41566">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072263369">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90227747">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000038594&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000428444&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq467d6b0vkql6v">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810562754305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007574552005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509650206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14780557">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00801713?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/185692">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/wFlnG6y9">UK Parliament</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/k6GCchmd">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119202328.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119202328">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031940323">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bz92nb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&oldid=1251255421">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy_Jenkins&oldid=1251255421</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920_births" title="Category:1920 births">1920 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_deaths" 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