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data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="feedback-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="feedback-dialog-title" aria-describedby="feedback-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 class="Overlay-title " id="feedback-dialog-title"> Provide feedback </h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 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<label for="include_email" style="font-weight: normal">Include my email address so I can be contacted</label> </form></div> </scrollable-region> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel </button> <button form="code-search-feedback-form" data-action="click:qbsearch-input#submitFeedback" type="submit" data-view-component="true" class="btn-primary btn"> Submit feedback </button> </div> </dialog></dialog-helper> <custom-scopes data-target="qbsearch-input.customScopesManager"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="custom-scopes-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="custom-scopes-dialog-title" aria-describedby="custom-scopes-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow 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class=\"markdown-body entry-content container-lg\" itemprop=\"text\"\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePEP: 368\nTitle: Standard image protocol and class\nAuthor: Lino Mastrodomenico \u0026lt;\u003ca href=\"mailto:l.mastrodomenico@gmail.com\"\u003el.mastrodomenico@gmail.com\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;\nStatus: Deferred\nType: Standards Track\nCreated: 28-Jun-2007\nPython-Version: 2.6, 3.0\nPost-History:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-abstract\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAbstract\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-abstract\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Abstract\" href=\"#abstract\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe current situation of image storage and manipulation in the Python\nworld is extremely fragmented: almost every library that uses image\nobjects has implemented its own image class, incompatible with\neveryone else's and often not very pythonic. A basic RGB image class\nexists in the standard library (\u003ccode\u003eTkinter.PhotoImage\u003c/code\u003e), but is pretty\nmuch unusable, and unused, for anything except Tkinter programming.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis fragmentation not only takes up valuable space in the developers\nminds, but also makes the exchange of images between different\nlibraries (needed in relatively common use cases) slower and more\ncomplex than it needs to be.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PEP proposes to improve the situation by defining a simple and\npythonic image protocol/interface that can be hopefully accepted and\nimplemented by existing image classes inside and outside the standard\nlibrary \u003cem\u003ewithout breaking backward compatibility\u003c/em\u003e with their existing\nuser bases. In practice this is a definition of how a minimal\n\u003cem\u003eimage-like\u003c/em\u003e object should look and act (in a similar way to the\n\u003ccode\u003eread()\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003ewrite()\u003c/code\u003e methods in \u003cem\u003efile-like\u003c/em\u003e objects).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe inclusion in the standard library of a class that provides basic\nimage manipulation functionality and implements the new protocol is\nalso proposed, together with a mixin class that helps adding support\nfor the protocol to existing image classes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-pep-deferral\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePEP Deferral\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-pep-deferral\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: PEP Deferral\" href=\"#pep-deferral\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFurther exploration of the concepts covered in this PEP has been deferred\nfor lack of a current champion interested in promoting the goals of the PEP\nand collecting and incorporating feedback, and with sufficient available\ntime to do so effectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-rationale\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRationale\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-rationale\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Rationale\" href=\"#rationale\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA good way to have high quality modules ready for inclusion in the\nPython standard library is to simply wait for natural selection among\ncompeting external libraries to provide a clear winner with useful\nfunctionality and a big user base. Then the de facto standard can be\nofficially sanctioned by including it in the standard library.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUnfortunately this approach hasn't worked well for the creation of a\ndominant image class in the Python world: almost every third-party\nlibrary that requires an image object creates its own class\nincompatible with the ones from other libraries. This is a real\nproblem because it's entirely reasonable for a program to create and\nmanipulate an image using, e.g., PIL (the Python Imaging Library) and\nthen display it using wxPython or pygame. But these libraries have\ndifferent and incompatible image classes, and the usual solution is to\nmanually \"export\" an image from the source to a (width, height,\nbytes_string) tuple and \"import\" it creating a new instance in the\ntarget format. This approach \u003cem\u003eworks\u003c/em\u003e, but is both uglier and slower\nthan it needs to be.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnother \"solution\" that has been sometimes used is the creation of\nspecific adapters and/or converters from a class to another (e.g. PIL\noffers the \u003ccode\u003eImageTk\u003c/code\u003e module for converting PIL images to a class\ncompatible with the Tkinter one). But this approach doesn't scale\nwell with the number of libraries involved and it's still annoying for\nthe user: if I have a perfectly good image object why should I convert\nbefore passing it to the next method, why can't it simply accept my\nimage as-is?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe problem isn't by any stretch limited to the three mentioned\nlibraries and has probably multiple causes, including two that IMO are\nvery important to understand before solving it:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ein today's computing world an image is a basic type not strictly\ntied to a specific domain. This is why there will never be a clear\nwinner between the image classes from the three libraries mentioned\nabove (PIL, wxPython and pygame): they cover different domains and\ndon't really compete with each other;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ethe Python standard library has never provided a good image class\nthat can be adopted or imitated by third part modules.\n\u003ccode\u003eTkinter.PhotoImage\u003c/code\u003e provides basic RGB functionality, but it's by\nfar the slowest and ugliest of the bunch and it can be instantiated\nonly after the Tkinter root window has been created.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PEP tries to improve this situation in four ways:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIt defines a simple and pythonic image protocol/interface (both on\nthe Python and the C side) that can be hopefully accepted and\nimplemented by existing image classes inside and outside the\nstandard library \u003cem\u003ewithout breaking backward compatibility\u003c/em\u003e with\ntheir existing user bases.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIt proposes the inclusion in the standard library of three new\nclasses:\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eImageMixin\u003c/code\u003e provides almost everything necessary to implement\nthe new protocol; its main purpose is to make as simple as\npossible to support this interface for existing libraries, in\nsome cases as simple as adding it to the list of base classes and\ndoing minor additions to the constructor.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e is a subclass of \u003ccode\u003eImageMixin\u003c/code\u003e and will add a\nconstructor that can resize and/or convert an image between\ndifferent pixel formats. This is intended to provide a fast and\nefficient default implementation of the new protocol.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eImageSize\u003c/code\u003e is a minor helper class. See below for details.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eTkinter.PhotoImage\u003c/code\u003e will implement the new protocol (mostly\nthrough the \u003ccode\u003eImageMixin\u003c/code\u003e class) and all the Tkinter methods that\ncan receive an image will be modified the accept any object that\nimplements the interface. As an aside the author of this PEP will\ncollaborate with the developers of the most common external\nlibraries to achieve the same goal (supporting the protocol in\ntheir classes and accepting any class that implements it).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNew \u003ccode\u003ePyImage_*\u003c/code\u003e functions will be added to the CPython C API:\nthey implement the C side of the protocol and accept as first\nparameter \u003cstrong\u003eany\u003c/strong\u003e object that supports it, even if it isn't an\ninstance of the \u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003eImageMixin\u003c/code\u003e classes.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe main effects for the end user will be a simplification of the\ninterchange of images between different libraries (if everything goes\nwell, any Python library will accept images from any other library)\nand the out-of-the-box availability of the new \u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e class. The\nnew class is intended to cover simple but common use cases like\ncropping and/or resizing a photograph to the desired size and passing\nit an appropriate widget for displaying it on a window, or darkening a\ntexture and passing it to a 3D library.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e class is not intended to replace or compete with PIL,\nPythonmagick or NumPy, even if it provides a (very small) subset of\nthe functionality of these three libraries. In particular PIL offers\nvery rich image manipulation features with \u003cem\u003edozens\u003c/em\u003e of classes,\nfilters, transformations and file formats. The inclusion of PIL (or\nsomething similar) in the standard library may, or may not, be a\nworthy goal but it's completely outside the scope of this PEP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-specification\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSpecification\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-specification\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Specification\" href=\"#specification\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eimageop\u003c/code\u003e module is used as the \u003cem\u003edefault\u003c/em\u003e location for the new\nclasses and objects because it has for a long time hosted functions\nthat provided a somewhat similar functionality, but a new module may\nbe created if preferred (e.g. a new \"\u003ccode\u003eimage\u003c/code\u003e\" or \"\u003ccode\u003emedia\u003c/code\u003e\" module;\nthe latter may eventually include other multimedia classes).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eMODES\u003c/code\u003e is a new module level constant: it is a set of the pixel\nformats supported by the \u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e class. Any image object that\nimplements the new protocol is guaranteed to be formatted in one of\nthese modes, but libraries that accept images are allowed to support\nonly a subset of them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThese modes are in turn also available as module level constants (e.g.\n\u003ccode\u003eimageop.RGB\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe following table is a summary of the modes currently supported and\ntheir properties:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u003cthead valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth\u003eName\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eComponent\nnames\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eBits per\ncomponent\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSubsampling\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValid\nintervals\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eL\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003el (lowercase L)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e8\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eno\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003efull range\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eL16\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003el\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e16\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eno\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003efull range\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eL32\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003el\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e32\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eno\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003efull range\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eLA\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003el, a\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e8\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eno\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003efull range\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eLA32\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003el, a\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e16\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eno\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003efull range\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eRGB\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003er, g, b\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e8\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eno\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003efull range\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eRGB48\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003er, g, b\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e16\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eno\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003efull range\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eRGBA\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003er, g, b, a\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e8\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eno\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003efull range\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eRGBA64\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003er, g, b, a\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e16\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eno\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003efull range\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eYV12\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ey, cr, cb\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e8\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1, 2, 2\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e16-235, 16-240, 16-240\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eJPEG_YV12\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ey, cr, cb\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e8\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1, 2, 2\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003efull range\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eCMYK\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ec, m, y, k\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e8\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eno\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003efull range\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eCMYK64\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ec, m, y, k\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e16\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eno\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003efull range\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen the name of a mode ends with a number, it represents the average\nnumber of bits per pixel. All the other modes simply use a byte per\ncomponent per pixel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNo palette modes or modes with less than 8 bits per component are\nsupported. Welcome to the 21st century.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHere's a quick description of the modes and the rationale for their\ninclusion; there are four groups of modes:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003egrayscale\u003c/strong\u003e (\u003ccode\u003eL*\u003c/code\u003e modes): they are heavily used in scientific\ncomputing (those people may also need a very high dynamic range and\nprecision, hence \u003ccode\u003eL32\u003c/code\u003e, the only mode with 32 bits per component)\nand sometimes it can be useful to consider a single component of a\ncolor image as a grayscale image (this is used by the individual\nplanes of the planar images, see \u003ccode\u003eYV12\u003c/code\u003e below); the name of the\ncomponent (\u003ccode\u003e'l'\u003c/code\u003e, lowercase letter L) stands for luminance, the\nsecond optional component (\u003ccode\u003e'a'\u003c/code\u003e) is the alpha value and\nrepresents the opacity of the pixels: alpha = 0 means full\ntransparency, alpha = 255/65535 represents a fully opaque pixel;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRGB* modes\u003c/strong\u003e: the garden variety color images. The optional\nalpha component has the same meaning as in grayscale modes;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYCbCr\u003c/strong\u003e, a.k.a. YUV (\u003ccode\u003e*YV12\u003c/code\u003e modes). These modes are planar\n(i.e. the values of all the pixel for each component are stored in\na consecutive memory area, instead of the usual arrangement where\nall the components of a pixel reside in consecutive bytes) and use\na 1, 2, 2 (a.k.a. 4:2:0) subsampling (i.e. each pixel has its own Y\nvalue, but the Cb and Cr components are shared between groups of\n2x2 adjacent pixels) because this is the format that's by far the\nmost common for YCbCr images. Please note that the V (Cr) plane is\nstored before the U (Cb) plane.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eYV12\u003c/code\u003e is commonly used for MPEG2 (including DVDs), MPEG4 (both\nASP/DivX and AVC/H.264) and Theora video frames. Valid values for\nY are in range(16, 236) (excluding 236), and valid values for Cb\nand Cr are in range(16, 241). \u003ccode\u003eJPEG_YV12\u003c/code\u003e is similar to\n\u003ccode\u003eYV12\u003c/code\u003e, but the three components can have the full range of 256\nvalues. It's the native format used by almost all JPEG/JFIF files\nand by MJPEG video frames. The \"strangeness\" of these two wrt all\nthe other supported modes derives from the fact that they are\nwidely used that way by a lot of existing libraries and\napplications; this is also the reason why they are included (and\nthe fact that they can't losslessly converted to RGB because YCbCr\nis a bigger color space); the funny 4:2:0 planar arrangement of the\npixel values is relatively easy to support because in most cases\nthe three planes can be considered three separate grayscale images;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCMYK* modes\u003c/strong\u003e (cyan, magenta, yellow and black) are subtractive\ncolor modes, used for printing color images on dead trees.\nProfessional designers love to pretend that they can't live without\nthem, so here they are.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-python-api\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePython API\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-python-api\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Python API\" href=\"#python-api\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee the \u003ca href=\"#examples\"\u003eexamples\u003c/a\u003e below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn Python 2.x, all the new classes defined here are new-style classes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-mode-objects\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eMode Objects\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-mode-objects\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Mode Objects\" href=\"#mode-objects\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe mode objects offer a number of attributes and methods that can be\nused for implementing generic algorithms that work on different types\nof images:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ecomponents\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nThe number of components per pixel (e.g. 4 for an RGBA image).\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ecomponent_names\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nA tuple of strings; see the column \"Component names\" in the above\ntable.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ebits_per_component\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n8, 16 or 32; see \"Bits per component\" in the above table.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ebytes_per_pixel\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003ccode\u003ecomponents * bits_per_component // 8\u003c/code\u003e, only available for non\nplanar modes (see below).\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eplanar\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nBoolean; \u003ccode\u003eTrue\u003c/code\u003e if the image components reside each in a\nseparate plane. Currently this happens if and only if the mode\nuses subsampling.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esubsampling\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nA tuple that for each component in the mode contains a tuple of\ntwo integers that represent the amount of downsampling in the\nhorizontal and vertical direction, respectively. In practice it's\n\u003ccode\u003e((1, 1), (2, 2), (2, 2))\u003c/code\u003e for \u003ccode\u003eYV12\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eJPEG_YV12\u003c/code\u003e and\n\u003ccode\u003e((1, 1),) * components\u003c/code\u003e for everything else.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ex_divisor\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003ccode\u003emax(x for x, y in subsampling)\u003c/code\u003e; the width of an image that\nuses this mode must be divisible for this value.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ey_divisor\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003ccode\u003emax(y for x, y in subsampling)\u003c/code\u003e; the height of an image that\nuses this mode must be divisible for this value.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eintervals\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nA tuple that for each component in the mode contains a tuple of\ntwo integers: the minimum and maximum valid value for the\ncomponent. Its value is \u003ccode\u003e((16, 235), (16, 240), (16, 240))\u003c/code\u003e for\n\u003ccode\u003eYV12\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e((0, 2 ** bits_per_component - 1),) * components\u003c/code\u003e\nfor everything else.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eget_length(iterable[integer]) -\u0026gt; int\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nThe parameter must be an iterable that contains two integers: the\nwidth and height of an image; it returns the number of bytes\nneeded to store an image of these dimensions with this mode.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eImplementation detail: the modes are instances of a subclass of\n\u003ccode\u003estr\u003c/code\u003e and have a value equal to their name (e.g. \u003ccode\u003eimageop.RGB ==\n'RGB'\u003c/code\u003e) except for \u003ccode\u003eL32\u003c/code\u003e that has value \u003ccode\u003e'I'\u003c/code\u003e. This is only\nintended for backward compatibility with existing PIL users; new code\nthat uses the image protocol proposed here should not rely on this\ndetail.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-image-protocol\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eImage Protocol\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-image-protocol\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Image Protocol\" href=\"#image-protocol\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAny object that supports the image protocol must provide the following\nmethods and attributes:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003emode\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nThe format and the arrangement of the pixels in this image; it's\none of the constants in the \u003ccode\u003eMODES\u003c/code\u003e set.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esize\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nAn instance of the \u003ca href=\"#imagesize-class\"\u003eImageSize class\u003c/a\u003e; it's a named tuple of two\nintegers: the width and the height of the image in pixels; both of\nthem must be \u0026gt;= 1 and can also be accessed as the \u003ccode\u003ewidth\u003c/code\u003e and\n\u003ccode\u003eheight\u003c/code\u003e attributes of \u003ccode\u003esize\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ebuffer\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA sequence of integers between 0 and 255; they are the actual\nbytes used for storing the image data (i.e. modifying their values\naffects the image pixels and vice versa); the data has a\nrow-major/C-contiguous order without padding and without any\nspecial memory alignment, even when there are more than 8 bits per\ncomponent. The only supported methods are \u003ccode\u003e__len__\u003c/code\u003e,\n\u003ccode\u003e__getitem__\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003e__setitem__\u003c/code\u003e (with both integers and slice\nindexes) and \u003ccode\u003e__iter__\u003c/code\u003e; on the C side it implements the buffer\nprotocol.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis is a pretty low level interface to the image and the user is\nresponsible for using the correct (native) byte order for modes\nwith more than 8 bit per component and the correct value ranges\nfor \u003ccode\u003eYV12\u003c/code\u003e images. A buffer may or may not keep a reference to\nits image, but it's still safe (if useless) to use the buffer even\nafter the corresponding image has been destroyed by the garbage\ncollector (this will require changes to the image class of\nwxPython and possibly other libraries). Implementation detail:\nthis can be an \u003ccode\u003earray('B')\u003c/code\u003e, a \u003ccode\u003ebytes()\u003c/code\u003e object or a\nspecialized fixed-length type.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003einfo\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nA \u003ccode\u003edict\u003c/code\u003e object that can contain arbitrary metadata associated\nwith the image (e.g. DPI, gamma, ICC profile, exposure time...);\nthe interpretation of this data is beyond the scope of this PEP\nand probably depends on the library used to create and/or to save\nthe image; if a method of the image returns a new image, it can\ncopy or adapt metadata from its own \u003ccode\u003einfo\u003c/code\u003e attribute (the\n\u003ccode\u003eImageMixin\u003c/code\u003e implementation always creates a new image with an\nempty \u003ccode\u003einfo\u003c/code\u003e dictionary).\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ebits_per_component\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ebytes_per_pixel\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ecomponent_names\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ecomponents\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eintervals\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eplanar\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esubsampling\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nShortcuts for the corresponding \u003ccode\u003emode.*\u003c/code\u003e attributes.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003emap(function[, function...]) -\u0026gt; None\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor every pixel in the image, maps each component through the\ncorresponding function. If only one function is passed, it is\nused repeatedly for each component. This method modifies the\nimage \u003cstrong\u003ein place\u003c/strong\u003e and is usually very fast (most of the time the\nfunctions are called only a small number of times, possibly only\nonce for simple functions without branches), but it imposes a\nnumber of restrictions on the function(s) passed:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eit must accept a single integer argument and return a number\n(\u003ccode\u003emap\u003c/code\u003e will round the result to the nearest integer and clip\nit to \u003ccode\u003erange(0, 2 ** bits_per_component)\u003c/code\u003e, if necessary);\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eit must \u003cem\u003enot\u003c/em\u003e try to intercept any \u003ccode\u003eBaseException\u003c/code\u003e,\n\u003ccode\u003eException\u003c/code\u003e or any unknown subclass of \u003ccode\u003eException\u003c/code\u003e raised by\nany operation on the argument (implementations may try to\noptimize the speed by passing funny objects, so even a simple\n\u003ccode\u003e\"if n == 10:\"\u003c/code\u003e may raise an exception: simply ignore it,\n\u003ccode\u003emap\u003c/code\u003e will take care of it); catching any other exception is\nfine;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eit should be side-effect free and its result should not depend\non values (other than the argument) that may change during a\nsingle invocation of \u003ccode\u003emap\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003erotate90() -\u0026gt; image\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003erotate180() -\u0026gt; image\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003erotate270() -\u0026gt; image\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturn a copy of the image rotated 90, 180 or 270 degrees\ncounterclockwise around its center.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eclip() -\u0026gt; None\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nSaturates invalid component values in \u003ccode\u003eYV12\u003c/code\u003e images to the\nminimum or the maximum allowed (see \u003ccode\u003emode.intervals\u003c/code\u003e), for other\nimage modes this method does nothing, very fast; libraries that\nsave/export \u003ccode\u003eYV12\u003c/code\u003e images are encouraged to always call this\nmethod, since intermediate operations (e.g. the \u003ccode\u003emap\u003c/code\u003e method)\nmay assign to pixels values outside the valid intervals.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esplit() -\u0026gt; tuple[image]\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturns a tuple of \u003ccode\u003eL\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eL16\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eL32\u003c/code\u003e images corresponding\nto the individual components in the image.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePlanar images also supports attributes with the same names defined in\n\u003ccode\u003ecomponent_names\u003c/code\u003e: they contain grayscale (mode \u003ccode\u003eL\u003c/code\u003e) images that\noffer a view on the pixel values for the corresponding component; any\nchange to the subimages is immediately reflected on the parent image\nand vice versa (their buffers refer to the same memory location).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNon-planar images offer the following additional methods:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003epixels() -\u0026gt; iterator[pixel]\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturns an iterator that iterates over all the pixels in the\nimage, starting from the top line and scanning each line from left\nto right. See below for a description of the \u003ca href=\"#pixel-objects\"\u003epixel objects\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__iter__() -\u0026gt; iterator[line]\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturns an iterator that iterates over all the lines in the image,\nfrom top to bottom. See below for a description of the \u003ca href=\"#line-objects\"\u003eline\nobjects\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__len__() -\u0026gt; int\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturns the number of lines in the image (\u003ccode\u003esize.height\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__getitem__(integer) -\u0026gt; line\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturns the line at the specified (y) position.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__getitem__(tuple[integer]) -\u0026gt; pixel\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nThe parameter must be a tuple of two integers; they are\ninterpreted respectively as x and y coordinates in the image (0, 0\nis the top left corner) and a pixel object is returned.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__getitem__(slice | tuple[integer | slice]) -\u0026gt; image\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nThe parameter must be a slice or a tuple that contains two slices\nor an integer and a slice; the selected area of the image is\ncopied and a new image is returned; \u003ccode\u003eimage[x:y:z]\u003c/code\u003e is equivalent\nto \u003ccode\u003eimage[:, x:y:z]\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__setitem__(tuple[integer], integer | iterable[integer]) -\u0026gt; None\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nModifies the pixel at specified position; \u003ccode\u003eimage[x, y] =\ninteger\u003c/code\u003e is a shortcut for \u003ccode\u003eimage[x, y] = (integer,)\u003c/code\u003e for\nimages with a single component.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__setitem__(slice | tuple[integer | slice], image) -\u0026gt; None\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nSelects an area in the same way as the corresponding form of the\n\u003ccode\u003e__getitem__\u003c/code\u003e method and assigns to it a copy of the pixels from\nthe image in the second argument, that must have exactly the same\nmode as this image and the same size as the specified area; the\nalpha component, if present, is simply copied and doesn't affect\nthe other components of the image (i.e. no alpha compositing is\nperformed).\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003emode\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003esize\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003ebuffer\u003c/code\u003e (including the address in memory\nof the \u003ccode\u003ebuffer\u003c/code\u003e) never change after an image is created.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt is expected that, if \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3118\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 3118\u003c/a\u003e is accepted, all the image objects\nwill support the new buffer protocol, however this is beyond the scope\nof this PEP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-image-and-imagemixin-classes\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eImageMixin\u003c/code\u003e Classes\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-image-and-imagemixin-classes\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Image and ImageMixin Classes\" href=\"#image-and-imagemixin-classes\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eImageMixin\u003c/code\u003e class implements all the methods and attributes\ndescribed above except \u003ccode\u003emode\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003esize\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ebuffer\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003einfo\u003c/code\u003e.\n\u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e is a subclass of \u003ccode\u003eImageMixin\u003c/code\u003e that adds support for these\nfour attributes and offers the following constructor (please note that\nthe constructor is not part of the image protocol):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__init__(mode, size, color, source)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003emode\u003c/code\u003e must be one of the constants in the \u003ccode\u003eMODES\u003c/code\u003e set,\n\u003ccode\u003esize\u003c/code\u003e is a sequence of two integers (width and height of the\nnew image); \u003ccode\u003ecolor\u003c/code\u003e is a sequence of integers, one for each\ncomponent of the image, used to initialize all the pixels to the\nsame value; \u003ccode\u003esource\u003c/code\u003e can be a sequence of integers of the\nappropriate size and format that is copied as-is in the buffer of\nthe new image or an existing image; in Python 2.x \u003ccode\u003esource\u003c/code\u003e can\nalso be an instance of \u003ccode\u003estr\u003c/code\u003e and is interpreted as a sequence of\nbytes. \u003ccode\u003ecolor\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003esource\u003c/code\u003e are mutually exclusive and if\nthey are both omitted the image is initialized to transparent\nblack (all the bytes in the buffer have value 16 in the \u003ccode\u003eYV12\u003c/code\u003e\nmode, 255 in the \u003ccode\u003eCMYK*\u003c/code\u003e modes and 0 for everything else). If\n\u003ccode\u003esource\u003c/code\u003e is present and is an image, \u003ccode\u003emode\u003c/code\u003e and/or \u003ccode\u003esize\u003c/code\u003e\ncan be omitted; if they are specified and are different from the\nsource mode and/or size, the source image is converted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe exact algorithms used for resizing and doing color space\nconversions may differ between Python versions and\nimplementations, but they always give high quality results (e.g.:\na cubic spline interpolation can be used for upsampling and an\nantialias filter can be used for downsampling images); any\ncombination of mode conversion is supported, but the algorithm\nused for conversions to and from the \u003ccode\u003eCMYK*\u003c/code\u003e modes is pretty\nnaïve: if you have the exact color profiles of your devices you\nmay want to use a good color management tool such as LittleCMS.\nThe new image has an empty \u003ccode\u003einfo\u003c/code\u003e \u003ccode\u003edict\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-line-objects\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLine Objects\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-line-objects\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Line Objects\" href=\"#line-objects\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe line objects (returned, e.g., when iterating over an image)\nsupport the following attributes and methods:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003emode\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nThe mode of the image from where this line comes.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__iter__() -\u0026gt; iterator[pixel]\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturns an iterator that iterates over all the pixels in the line,\nfrom left to right. See below for a description of the \u003ca href=\"#pixel-objects\"\u003epixel\nobjects\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__len__() -\u0026gt; int\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturns the number of pixels in the line (the image width).\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__getitem__(integer) -\u0026gt; pixel\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturns the pixel at the specified (x) position.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__getitem__(slice) -\u0026gt; image\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nThe selected part of the line is copied and a new image is\nreturned; the new image will always have height 1.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__setitem__(integer, integer | iterable[integer]) -\u0026gt; None\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nModifies the pixel at the specified position; \u003ccode\u003eline[x] =\ninteger\u003c/code\u003e is a shortcut for \u003ccode\u003eline[x] = (integer,)\u003c/code\u003e for images\nwith a single component.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__setitem__(slice, image) -\u0026gt; None\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nSelects a part of the line and assigns to it a copy of the pixels\nfrom the image in the second argument, that must have height 1, a\nwidth equal to the specified slice and the same mode as this line;\nthe alpha component, if present, is simply copied and doesn't\naffect the other components of the image (i.e. no alpha\ncompositing is performed).\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-pixel-objects\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePixel Objects\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-pixel-objects\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Pixel Objects\" href=\"#pixel-objects\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe pixel objects (returned, e.g., when iterating over a line) support\nthe following attributes and methods:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003emode\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nThe mode of the image from where this pixel comes.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003evalue\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nA tuple of integers, one for each component. Any iterable of the\ncorrect length can be assigned to \u003ccode\u003evalue\u003c/code\u003e (it will be\nautomagically converted to a tuple), but you can't assign to it an\ninteger, even if the mode has only a single component: use, e.g.,\n\u003ccode\u003epixel.l = 123\u003c/code\u003e instead.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003er, g, b, a, l, c, m, y, k\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nThe integer values of each component; only those applicable for\nthe current mode (in \u003ccode\u003emode.component_names\u003c/code\u003e) will be available.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__iter__() -\u0026gt; iterator[int]\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__len__() -\u0026gt; int\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__getitem__(integer | slice) -\u0026gt; int | tuple[int]\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e__setitem__(integer | slice, integer | iterable[integer]) -\u0026gt;\nNone\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nThese four methods emulate a fixed length list of integers, one\nfor each pixel component.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-imagesize-class\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eImageSize\u003c/code\u003e Class\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-imagesize-class\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: ImageSize Class\" href=\"#imagesize-class\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eImageSize\u003c/code\u003e is a named tuple, a class identical to \u003ccode\u003etuple\u003c/code\u003e except\nthat:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eits constructor only accepts two integers, width and height; they\nare converted in the constructor using their \u003ccode\u003e__index__()\u003c/code\u003e\nmethods, so all the \u003ccode\u003eImageSize\u003c/code\u003e objects are guaranteed to contain\nonly \u003ccode\u003eint\u003c/code\u003e (or possibly \u003ccode\u003elong\u003c/code\u003e, in Python 2.x) instances;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eit has a \u003ccode\u003ewidth\u003c/code\u003e and a \u003ccode\u003eheight\u003c/code\u003e property that are equivalent to\nthe first and the second number in the tuple, respectively;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ethe string returned by its \u003ccode\u003e__repr__\u003c/code\u003e method is\n\u003ccode\u003e'imageop.ImageSize(width=%d, height=%d)' % (width, height)\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eImageSize\u003c/code\u003e is not usually instantiated by end-users, but can be\nused when creating a new class that implements the image protocol,\nsince the \u003ccode\u003esize\u003c/code\u003e attribute must be an \u003ccode\u003eImageSize\u003c/code\u003e instance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-c-api\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eC API\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-c-api\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: C API\" href=\"#c-api\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe available image modes are visible at the C level as \u003ccode\u003ePyImage_*\u003c/code\u003e\nconstants of type \u003ccode\u003ePyObject *\u003c/code\u003e (e.g.: \u003ccode\u003ePyImage_RGB\u003c/code\u003e is\n\u003ccode\u003eimageop.RGB\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe following functions offer a C-friendly interface to mode and image\nobjects (all the functions return \u003ccode\u003eNULL\u003c/code\u003e or -1 on failure):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eint PyImageMode_Check(PyObject *obj)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturns true if the object \u003ccode\u003eobj\u003c/code\u003e is a valid image mode.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eint PyImageMode_GetComponents(PyObject *mode)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePyObject* PyImageMode_GetComponentNames(PyObject *mode)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eint PyImageMode_GetBitsPerComponent(PyObject *mode)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eint PyImageMode_GetBytesPerPixel(PyObject *mode)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eint PyImageMode_GetPlanar(PyObject *mode)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePyObject* PyImageMode_GetSubsampling(PyObject *mode)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eint PyImageMode_GetXDivisor(PyObject *mode)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eint PyImageMode_GetYDivisor(PyObject *mode)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePy_ssize_t PyImageMode_GetLength(PyObject *mode, Py_ssize_t width,\nPy_ssize_t height)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nThese functions are equivalent to their corresponding Python\nattributes or methods.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eint PyImage_Check(PyObject *obj)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturns true if the object \u003ccode\u003eobj\u003c/code\u003e is an \u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e object or an\ninstance of a subtype of the \u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e type; see also\n\u003ccode\u003ePyObject_CheckImage\u003c/code\u003e below.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eint PyImage_CheckExact(PyObject *obj)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturns true if the object \u003ccode\u003eobj\u003c/code\u003e is an \u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e object, but not\nan instance of a subtype of the \u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e type.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePyObject* PyImage_New(PyObject *mode, Py_ssize_t width,\nPy_ssize_t height)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturns a new \u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e instance, initialized to transparent black\n(see \u003ccode\u003eImage.__init__\u003c/code\u003e above for the details).\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePyObject* PyImage_FromImage(PyObject *image, PyObject *mode,\nPy_ssize_t width, Py_ssize_t height)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturns a new \u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e instance, initialized with the contents of\nthe \u003ccode\u003eimage\u003c/code\u003e object rescaled and converted to the specified\n\u003ccode\u003emode\u003c/code\u003e, if necessary.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePyObject* PyImage_FromBuffer(PyObject *buffer, PyObject *mode,\nPy_ssize_t width,\nPy_ssize_t height)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturns a new \u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e instance, initialized with the contents of\nthe \u003ccode\u003ebuffer\u003c/code\u003e object.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eint PyObject_CheckImage(PyObject *obj)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nReturns true if the object \u003ccode\u003eobj\u003c/code\u003e implements a sufficient subset\nof the image protocol to be accepted by the functions defined\nbelow, even if its class is not a subclass of \u003ccode\u003eImageMixin\u003c/code\u003e\nand/or \u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e. Currently it simply checks for the existence\nand correctness of the attributes \u003ccode\u003emode\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003esize\u003c/code\u003e and\n\u003ccode\u003ebuffer\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePyObject* PyImage_GetMode(PyObject *image)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePy_ssize_t PyImage_GetWidth(PyObject *image)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePy_ssize_t PyImage_GetHeight(PyObject *image)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eint PyImage_Clip(PyObject *image)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePyObject* PyImage_Split(PyObject *image)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePyObject* PyImage_GetBuffer(PyObject *image)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eint PyImage_AsBuffer(PyObject *image, const void **buffer,\nPy_ssize_t *buffer_len)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nThese functions are equivalent to their corresponding Python\nattributes or methods; the image memory can be accessed only with\nthe GIL and a reference to the image or its buffer held, and extra\ncare should be taken for modes with more than 8 bits per\ncomponent: the data is stored in native byte order and it can be\n\u003cstrong\u003enot\u003c/strong\u003e aligned on 2 or 4 byte boundaries.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-examples\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eExamples\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-examples\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Examples\" href=\"#examples\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA few examples of common operations with the new \u003ccode\u003eImage\u003c/code\u003e class and\nprotocol:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e# create a new black RGB image of 6x9 pixels\nrgb_image = imageop.Image(imageop.RGB, (6, 9))\n\n# same as above, but initialize the image to bright red\nrgb_image = imageop.Image(imageop.RGB, (6, 9), color=(255, 0, 0))\n\n# convert the image to YCbCr\nyuv_image = imageop.Image(imageop.JPEG_YV12, source=rgb_image)\n\n# read the value of a pixel and split it into three ints\nr, g, b = rgb_image[x, y]\n\n# modify the magenta component of a pixel in a CMYK image\ncmyk_image[x, y].m = 13\n\n# modify the Y (luma) component of a pixel in a *YV12 image and\n# its corresponding subsampled Cr (red chroma)\nyuv_image.y[x, y] = 42\nyuv_image.cr[x // 2, y // 2] = 54\n\n# iterate over an image\nfor line in rgb_image:\n for pixel in line:\n # swap red and blue, and set green to 0\n pixel.value = pixel.b, 0, pixel.r\n\n# find the maximum value of the red component in the image\nmax_red = max(pixel.r for pixel in rgb_image.pixels())\n\n# count the number of colors in the image\nnum_of_colors = len(set(tuple(pixel) for pixel in image.pixels()))\n\n# copy a block of 4x2 pixels near the upper right corner of an\n# image and paste it into the lower left corner of the same image\nimage[:4, -2:] = image[-6:-2, 1:3]\n\n# create a copy of the image, except that the new image can have a\n# different (usually empty) info dict\nnew_image = image[:]\n\n# create a mirrored copy of the image, with the left and right\n# sides flipped\nflipped_image = image[::-1, :]\n\n# downsample an image to half its original size using a fast, low\n# quality operation and a slower, high quality one:\nlow_quality_image = image[::2, ::2]\nnew_size = image.size.width // 2, image.size.height // 2\nhigh_quality_image = imageop.Image(size=new_size, source=image)\n\n# direct buffer access\nrgb_image[0, 0] = r, g, b\nassert tuple(rgb_image.buffer[:3]) == (r, g, b)\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-backwards-compatibility\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eBackwards Compatibility\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-backwards-compatibility\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Backwards Compatibility\" href=\"#backwards-compatibility\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere are three areas touched by this PEP where backwards\ncompatibility should be considered:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePython 2.6\u003c/strong\u003e: new classes and objects are added to the \u003ccode\u003eimageop\u003c/code\u003e\nmodule without touching the existing module contents; new methods\nand attributes will be added to \u003ccode\u003eTkinter.PhotoImage\u003c/code\u003e and its\n\u003ccode\u003e__getitem__\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e__setitem__\u003c/code\u003e methods will be modified to\naccept integers, tuples and slices (currently they only accept\nstrings). All the changes provide a superset of the existing\nfunctionality, so no major compatibility issues are expected.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePython 3.0\u003c/strong\u003e: the legacy contents of the \u003ccode\u003eimageop\u003c/code\u003e module will\nbe deleted, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3108\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 3108\u003c/a\u003e; everything defined in this\nproposal will work like in Python 2.x with the exception of the\nusual 2.x/3.0 differences (e.g. support for \u003ccode\u003elong\u003c/code\u003e integers and\nfor interpreting \u003ccode\u003estr\u003c/code\u003e instances as sequences of bytes will be\ndropped).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eexternal libraries\u003c/strong\u003e: the names and the semantics of the standard\nimage methods and attributes are carefully chosen to allow some\nexternal libraries that manipulate images (including at least PIL,\nwxPython and pygame) to implement the new protocol in their image\nclasses without breaking compatibility with existing code. The only\nblatant conflicts between the image protocol and NumPy arrays are\nthe value of the \u003ccode\u003esize\u003c/code\u003e attribute and the coordinates order in the\n\u003ccode\u003eimage[x, y]\u003c/code\u003e expression.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-reference-implementation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReference Implementation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-reference-implementation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Reference Implementation\" href=\"#reference-implementation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf this PEP is accepted, the author will provide a reference\nimplementation of the new classes in pure Python (that can run in\nCPython, PyPy, Jython and IronPython) and a second one optimized for\nspeed in Python and C, suitable for inclusion in the CPython standard\nlibrary. The author will also submit the required Tkinter patches.\nFor all the code will be available a version for Python 2.x and a\nversion for Python 3.0 (it is expected that the two version will be\nvery similar and the Python 3.0 one will probably be generated almost\ncompletely automatically).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-acknowledgments\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-acknowledgments\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Acknowledgments\" href=\"#acknowledgments\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe implementation of this PEP, if accepted, is sponsored by Google\nthrough the Google Summer of Code program.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-copyright\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCopyright\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-copyright\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Copyright\" href=\"#copyright\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis document has been placed in the public domain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/article\u003e","renderedFileInfo":null,"shortPath":null,"symbolsEnabled":true,"tabSize":8,"topBannersInfo":{"overridingGlobalFundingFile":false,"globalPreferredFundingPath":"/python/.github/blob/5a0a7cb55767fb3667fe2391bcb66bda638edcb4/FUNDING.yml","showInvalidCitationWarning":false,"citationHelpUrl":"https://docs.github.com/github/creating-cloning-and-archiving-repositories/creating-a-repository-on-github/about-citation-files","actionsOnboardingTip":null},"truncated":false,"viewable":true,"workflowRedirectUrl":null,"symbols":{"timed_out":false,"not_analyzed":true,"symbols":[]}},"copilotInfo":null,"copilotAccessAllowed":false,"modelsAccessAllowed":false,"csrf_tokens":{"/python/peps/branches":{"post":"R5-w3LK5mIaQw6qTJOE8kU_CTrI8WgZ5bNHCxCDBpzvNGVj6B7g1Vxr_odvRP9EqN4wcy45V0dVdzZRcwHVu1A"},"/repos/preferences":{"post":"ICaFfIWgNYskbqUGL1q7ew1_uHUOBKYi3jZ4voNGuv4IeDjDSqX6WNG_SqU8kIeeXuW5pyZlDitQ_Ij4QOTUIA"}}},"title":"peps/peps/pep-0368.rst at main · 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js-blob-dropdown-click prc-Button-IconButton-szpyj" data-loading="false" data-no-visuals="true" data-size="small" data-variant="invisible" aria-describedby=":Rnsptal9lab:-loading-announcement" id=":Rnsptal9lab:"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" style="display:inline-block;user-select:none;vertical-align:text-bottom;overflow:visible"><path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 hGyMdv"><section aria-labelledby="file-name-id-wide file-name-id-mobile" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 fGqKFv"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 eoaCFS js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned undefined" data-hpc="true"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><p dir="auto">PEP: 368 Title: Standard image protocol and class Author: Lino Mastrodomenico <<a href="mailto:l.mastrodomenico@gmail.com">l.mastrodomenico@gmail.com</a>> Status: Deferred Type: Standards Track Created: 28-Jun-2007 Python-Version: 2.6, 3.0 Post-History:</p> <a name="user-content-abstract"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Abstract</h2><a id="user-content-abstract" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Abstract" href="#abstract"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The current situation of image storage and manipulation in the Python world is extremely fragmented: almost every library that uses image objects has implemented its own image class, incompatible with everyone else's and often not very pythonic. A basic RGB image class exists in the standard library (<code>Tkinter.PhotoImage</code>), but is pretty much unusable, and unused, for anything except Tkinter programming.</p> <p dir="auto">This fragmentation not only takes up valuable space in the developers minds, but also makes the exchange of images between different libraries (needed in relatively common use cases) slower and more complex than it needs to be.</p> <p dir="auto">This PEP proposes to improve the situation by defining a simple and pythonic image protocol/interface that can be hopefully accepted and implemented by existing image classes inside and outside the standard library <em>without breaking backward compatibility</em> with their existing user bases. In practice this is a definition of how a minimal <em>image-like</em> object should look and act (in a similar way to the <code>read()</code> and <code>write()</code> methods in <em>file-like</em> objects).</p> <p dir="auto">The inclusion in the standard library of a class that provides basic image manipulation functionality and implements the new protocol is also proposed, together with a mixin class that helps adding support for the protocol to existing image classes.</p> <a name="user-content-pep-deferral"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">PEP Deferral</h2><a id="user-content-pep-deferral" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: PEP Deferral" href="#pep-deferral"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Further exploration of the concepts covered in this PEP has been deferred for lack of a current champion interested in promoting the goals of the PEP and collecting and incorporating feedback, and with sufficient available time to do so effectively.</p> <a name="user-content-rationale"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Rationale</h2><a id="user-content-rationale" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Rationale" href="#rationale"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A good way to have high quality modules ready for inclusion in the Python standard library is to simply wait for natural selection among competing external libraries to provide a clear winner with useful functionality and a big user base. Then the de facto standard can be officially sanctioned by including it in the standard library.</p> <p dir="auto">Unfortunately this approach hasn't worked well for the creation of a dominant image class in the Python world: almost every third-party library that requires an image object creates its own class incompatible with the ones from other libraries. This is a real problem because it's entirely reasonable for a program to create and manipulate an image using, e.g., PIL (the Python Imaging Library) and then display it using wxPython or pygame. But these libraries have different and incompatible image classes, and the usual solution is to manually "export" an image from the source to a (width, height, bytes_string) tuple and "import" it creating a new instance in the target format. This approach <em>works</em>, but is both uglier and slower than it needs to be.</p> <p dir="auto">Another "solution" that has been sometimes used is the creation of specific adapters and/or converters from a class to another (e.g. PIL offers the <code>ImageTk</code> module for converting PIL images to a class compatible with the Tkinter one). But this approach doesn't scale well with the number of libraries involved and it's still annoying for the user: if I have a perfectly good image object why should I convert before passing it to the next method, why can't it simply accept my image as-is?</p> <p dir="auto">The problem isn't by any stretch limited to the three mentioned libraries and has probably multiple causes, including two that IMO are very important to understand before solving it:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>in today's computing world an image is a basic type not strictly tied to a specific domain. This is why there will never be a clear winner between the image classes from the three libraries mentioned above (PIL, wxPython and pygame): they cover different domains and don't really compete with each other;</li> <li>the Python standard library has never provided a good image class that can be adopted or imitated by third part modules. <code>Tkinter.PhotoImage</code> provides basic RGB functionality, but it's by far the slowest and ugliest of the bunch and it can be instantiated only after the Tkinter root window has been created.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">This PEP tries to improve this situation in four ways:</p> <ol dir="auto"> <li>It defines a simple and pythonic image protocol/interface (both on the Python and the C side) that can be hopefully accepted and implemented by existing image classes inside and outside the standard library <em>without breaking backward compatibility</em> with their existing user bases.</li> <li>It proposes the inclusion in the standard library of three new classes:<ul dir="auto"> <li><code>ImageMixin</code> provides almost everything necessary to implement the new protocol; its main purpose is to make as simple as possible to support this interface for existing libraries, in some cases as simple as adding it to the list of base classes and doing minor additions to the constructor.</li> <li><code>Image</code> is a subclass of <code>ImageMixin</code> and will add a constructor that can resize and/or convert an image between different pixel formats. This is intended to provide a fast and efficient default implementation of the new protocol.</li> <li><code>ImageSize</code> is a minor helper class. See below for details.</li> </ul> </li> <li><code>Tkinter.PhotoImage</code> will implement the new protocol (mostly through the <code>ImageMixin</code> class) and all the Tkinter methods that can receive an image will be modified the accept any object that implements the interface. As an aside the author of this PEP will collaborate with the developers of the most common external libraries to achieve the same goal (supporting the protocol in their classes and accepting any class that implements it).</li> <li>New <code>PyImage_*</code> functions will be added to the CPython C API: they implement the C side of the protocol and accept as first parameter <strong>any</strong> object that supports it, even if it isn't an instance of the <code>Image</code>/<code>ImageMixin</code> classes.</li> </ol> <p dir="auto">The main effects for the end user will be a simplification of the interchange of images between different libraries (if everything goes well, any Python library will accept images from any other library) and the out-of-the-box availability of the new <code>Image</code> class. The new class is intended to cover simple but common use cases like cropping and/or resizing a photograph to the desired size and passing it an appropriate widget for displaying it on a window, or darkening a texture and passing it to a 3D library.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>Image</code> class is not intended to replace or compete with PIL, Pythonmagick or NumPy, even if it provides a (very small) subset of the functionality of these three libraries. In particular PIL offers very rich image manipulation features with <em>dozens</em> of classes, filters, transformations and file formats. The inclusion of PIL (or something similar) in the standard library may, or may not, be a worthy goal but it's completely outside the scope of this PEP.</p> <a name="user-content-specification"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Specification</h2><a id="user-content-specification" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Specification" href="#specification"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The <code>imageop</code> module is used as the <em>default</em> location for the new classes and objects because it has for a long time hosted functions that provided a somewhat similar functionality, but a new module may be created if preferred (e.g. a new "<code>image</code>" or "<code>media</code>" module; the latter may eventually include other multimedia classes).</p> <p dir="auto"><code>MODES</code> is a new module level constant: it is a set of the pixel formats supported by the <code>Image</code> class. Any image object that implements the new protocol is guaranteed to be formatted in one of these modes, but libraries that accept images are allowed to support only a subset of them.</p> <p dir="auto">These modes are in turn also available as module level constants (e.g. <code>imageop.RGB</code>).</p> <p dir="auto">The following table is a summary of the modes currently supported and their properties:</p> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr><th>Name</th> <th>Component names</th> <th>Bits per component</th> <th>Subsampling</th> <th>Valid intervals</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>L</td> <td>l (lowercase L)</td> <td>8</td> <td>no</td> <td>full range</td> </tr> <tr><td>L16</td> <td>l</td> <td>16</td> <td>no</td> <td>full range</td> </tr> <tr><td>L32</td> <td>l</td> <td>32</td> <td>no</td> <td>full range</td> </tr> <tr><td>LA</td> <td>l, a</td> <td>8</td> <td>no</td> <td>full range</td> </tr> <tr><td>LA32</td> <td>l, a</td> <td>16</td> <td>no</td> <td>full range</td> </tr> <tr><td>RGB</td> <td>r, g, b</td> <td>8</td> <td>no</td> <td>full range</td> </tr> <tr><td>RGB48</td> <td>r, g, b</td> <td>16</td> <td>no</td> <td>full range</td> </tr> <tr><td>RGBA</td> <td>r, g, b, a</td> <td>8</td> <td>no</td> <td>full range</td> </tr> <tr><td>RGBA64</td> <td>r, g, b, a</td> <td>16</td> <td>no</td> <td>full range</td> </tr> <tr><td>YV12</td> <td>y, cr, cb</td> <td>8</td> <td>1, 2, 2</td> <td>16-235, 16-240, 16-240</td> </tr> <tr><td>JPEG_YV12</td> <td>y, cr, cb</td> <td>8</td> <td>1, 2, 2</td> <td>full range</td> </tr> <tr><td>CMYK</td> <td>c, m, y, k</td> <td>8</td> <td>no</td> <td>full range</td> </tr> <tr><td>CMYK64</td> <td>c, m, y, k</td> <td>16</td> <td>no</td> <td>full range</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <p dir="auto">When the name of a mode ends with a number, it represents the average number of bits per pixel. All the other modes simply use a byte per component per pixel.</p> <p dir="auto">No palette modes or modes with less than 8 bits per component are supported. Welcome to the 21st century.</p> <p dir="auto">Here's a quick description of the modes and the rationale for their inclusion; there are four groups of modes:</p> <ol dir="auto"> <li><p dir="auto"><strong>grayscale</strong> (<code>L*</code> modes): they are heavily used in scientific computing (those people may also need a very high dynamic range and precision, hence <code>L32</code>, the only mode with 32 bits per component) and sometimes it can be useful to consider a single component of a color image as a grayscale image (this is used by the individual planes of the planar images, see <code>YV12</code> below); the name of the component (<code>'l'</code>, lowercase letter L) stands for luminance, the second optional component (<code>'a'</code>) is the alpha value and represents the opacity of the pixels: alpha = 0 means full transparency, alpha = 255/65535 represents a fully opaque pixel;</p> </li> <li><p dir="auto"><strong>RGB* modes</strong>: the garden variety color images. The optional alpha component has the same meaning as in grayscale modes;</p> </li> <li><p dir="auto"><strong>YCbCr</strong>, a.k.a. YUV (<code>*YV12</code> modes). These modes are planar (i.e. the values of all the pixel for each component are stored in a consecutive memory area, instead of the usual arrangement where all the components of a pixel reside in consecutive bytes) and use a 1, 2, 2 (a.k.a. 4:2:0) subsampling (i.e. each pixel has its own Y value, but the Cb and Cr components are shared between groups of 2x2 adjacent pixels) because this is the format that's by far the most common for YCbCr images. Please note that the V (Cr) plane is stored before the U (Cb) plane.</p> <p dir="auto"><code>YV12</code> is commonly used for MPEG2 (including DVDs), MPEG4 (both ASP/DivX and AVC/H.264) and Theora video frames. Valid values for Y are in range(16, 236) (excluding 236), and valid values for Cb and Cr are in range(16, 241). <code>JPEG_YV12</code> is similar to <code>YV12</code>, but the three components can have the full range of 256 values. It's the native format used by almost all JPEG/JFIF files and by MJPEG video frames. The "strangeness" of these two wrt all the other supported modes derives from the fact that they are widely used that way by a lot of existing libraries and applications; this is also the reason why they are included (and the fact that they can't losslessly converted to RGB because YCbCr is a bigger color space); the funny 4:2:0 planar arrangement of the pixel values is relatively easy to support because in most cases the three planes can be considered three separate grayscale images;</p> </li> <li><p dir="auto"><strong>CMYK* modes</strong> (cyan, magenta, yellow and black) are subtractive color modes, used for printing color images on dead trees. Professional designers love to pretend that they can't live without them, so here they are.</p> </li> </ol> <a name="user-content-python-api"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Python API</h3><a id="user-content-python-api" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Python API" href="#python-api"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">See the <a href="#examples">examples</a> below.</p> <p dir="auto">In Python 2.x, all the new classes defined here are new-style classes.</p> <a name="user-content-mode-objects"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Mode Objects</h4><a id="user-content-mode-objects" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Mode Objects" href="#mode-objects"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The mode objects offer a number of attributes and methods that can be used for implementing generic algorithms that work on different types of images:</p> <p dir="auto"><code>components</code></p> <blockquote> The number of components per pixel (e.g. 4 for an RGBA image).</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>component_names</code></p> <blockquote> A tuple of strings; see the column "Component names" in the above table.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>bits_per_component</code></p> <blockquote> 8, 16 or 32; see "Bits per component" in the above table.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>bytes_per_pixel</code></p> <blockquote> <code>components * bits_per_component // 8</code>, only available for non planar modes (see below).</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>planar</code></p> <blockquote> Boolean; <code>True</code> if the image components reside each in a separate plane. Currently this happens if and only if the mode uses subsampling.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>subsampling</code></p> <blockquote> A tuple that for each component in the mode contains a tuple of two integers that represent the amount of downsampling in the horizontal and vertical direction, respectively. In practice it's <code>((1, 1), (2, 2), (2, 2))</code> for <code>YV12</code> and <code>JPEG_YV12</code> and <code>((1, 1),) * components</code> for everything else.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>x_divisor</code></p> <blockquote> <code>max(x for x, y in subsampling)</code>; the width of an image that uses this mode must be divisible for this value.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>y_divisor</code></p> <blockquote> <code>max(y for x, y in subsampling)</code>; the height of an image that uses this mode must be divisible for this value.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>intervals</code></p> <blockquote> A tuple that for each component in the mode contains a tuple of two integers: the minimum and maximum valid value for the component. Its value is <code>((16, 235), (16, 240), (16, 240))</code> for <code>YV12</code> and <code>((0, 2 ** bits_per_component - 1),) * components</code> for everything else.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>get_length(iterable[integer]) -> int</code></p> <blockquote> The parameter must be an iterable that contains two integers: the width and height of an image; it returns the number of bytes needed to store an image of these dimensions with this mode.</blockquote> <p dir="auto">Implementation detail: the modes are instances of a subclass of <code>str</code> and have a value equal to their name (e.g. <code>imageop.RGB == 'RGB'</code>) except for <code>L32</code> that has value <code>'I'</code>. This is only intended for backward compatibility with existing PIL users; new code that uses the image protocol proposed here should not rely on this detail.</p> <a name="user-content-image-protocol"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Image Protocol</h4><a id="user-content-image-protocol" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Image Protocol" href="#image-protocol"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Any object that supports the image protocol must provide the following methods and attributes:</p> <p dir="auto"><code>mode</code></p> <blockquote> The format and the arrangement of the pixels in this image; it's one of the constants in the <code>MODES</code> set.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>size</code></p> <blockquote> An instance of the <a href="#imagesize-class">ImageSize class</a>; it's a named tuple of two integers: the width and the height of the image in pixels; both of them must be >= 1 and can also be accessed as the <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> attributes of <code>size</code>.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>buffer</code></p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">A sequence of integers between 0 and 255; they are the actual bytes used for storing the image data (i.e. modifying their values affects the image pixels and vice versa); the data has a row-major/C-contiguous order without padding and without any special memory alignment, even when there are more than 8 bits per component. The only supported methods are <code>__len__</code>, <code>__getitem__</code>/<code>__setitem__</code> (with both integers and slice indexes) and <code>__iter__</code>; on the C side it implements the buffer protocol.</p> <p dir="auto">This is a pretty low level interface to the image and the user is responsible for using the correct (native) byte order for modes with more than 8 bit per component and the correct value ranges for <code>YV12</code> images. A buffer may or may not keep a reference to its image, but it's still safe (if useless) to use the buffer even after the corresponding image has been destroyed by the garbage collector (this will require changes to the image class of wxPython and possibly other libraries). Implementation detail: this can be an <code>array('B')</code>, a <code>bytes()</code> object or a specialized fixed-length type.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>info</code></p> <blockquote> A <code>dict</code> object that can contain arbitrary metadata associated with the image (e.g. DPI, gamma, ICC profile, exposure time...); the interpretation of this data is beyond the scope of this PEP and probably depends on the library used to create and/or to save the image; if a method of the image returns a new image, it can copy or adapt metadata from its own <code>info</code> attribute (the <code>ImageMixin</code> implementation always creates a new image with an empty <code>info</code> dictionary).</blockquote> <div dir="auto"> <div dir="auto"><code>bits_per_component</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>bytes_per_pixel</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>component_names</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>components</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>intervals</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>planar</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>subsampling</code></div> </div> <blockquote> Shortcuts for the corresponding <code>mode.*</code> attributes.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>map(function[, function...]) -> None</code></p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">For every pixel in the image, maps each component through the corresponding function. If only one function is passed, it is used repeatedly for each component. This method modifies the image <strong>in place</strong> and is usually very fast (most of the time the functions are called only a small number of times, possibly only once for simple functions without branches), but it imposes a number of restrictions on the function(s) passed:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>it must accept a single integer argument and return a number (<code>map</code> will round the result to the nearest integer and clip it to <code>range(0, 2 ** bits_per_component)</code>, if necessary);</li> <li>it must <em>not</em> try to intercept any <code>BaseException</code>, <code>Exception</code> or any unknown subclass of <code>Exception</code> raised by any operation on the argument (implementations may try to optimize the speed by passing funny objects, so even a simple <code>"if n == 10:"</code> may raise an exception: simply ignore it, <code>map</code> will take care of it); catching any other exception is fine;</li> <li>it should be side-effect free and its result should not depend on values (other than the argument) that may change during a single invocation of <code>map</code>.</li> </ul> </blockquote> <div dir="auto"> <div dir="auto"><code>rotate90() -> image</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>rotate180() -> image</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>rotate270() -> image</code></div> </div> <blockquote> Return a copy of the image rotated 90, 180 or 270 degrees counterclockwise around its center.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>clip() -> None</code></p> <blockquote> Saturates invalid component values in <code>YV12</code> images to the minimum or the maximum allowed (see <code>mode.intervals</code>), for other image modes this method does nothing, very fast; libraries that save/export <code>YV12</code> images are encouraged to always call this method, since intermediate operations (e.g. the <code>map</code> method) may assign to pixels values outside the valid intervals.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>split() -> tuple[image]</code></p> <blockquote> Returns a tuple of <code>L</code>, <code>L16</code> or <code>L32</code> images corresponding to the individual components in the image.</blockquote> <p dir="auto">Planar images also supports attributes with the same names defined in <code>component_names</code>: they contain grayscale (mode <code>L</code>) images that offer a view on the pixel values for the corresponding component; any change to the subimages is immediately reflected on the parent image and vice versa (their buffers refer to the same memory location).</p> <p dir="auto">Non-planar images offer the following additional methods:</p> <p dir="auto"><code>pixels() -> iterator[pixel]</code></p> <blockquote> Returns an iterator that iterates over all the pixels in the image, starting from the top line and scanning each line from left to right. See below for a description of the <a href="#pixel-objects">pixel objects</a>.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>__iter__() -> iterator[line]</code></p> <blockquote> Returns an iterator that iterates over all the lines in the image, from top to bottom. See below for a description of the <a href="#line-objects">line objects</a>.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>__len__() -> int</code></p> <blockquote> Returns the number of lines in the image (<code>size.height</code>).</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>__getitem__(integer) -> line</code></p> <blockquote> Returns the line at the specified (y) position.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>__getitem__(tuple[integer]) -> pixel</code></p> <blockquote> The parameter must be a tuple of two integers; they are interpreted respectively as x and y coordinates in the image (0, 0 is the top left corner) and a pixel object is returned.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>__getitem__(slice | tuple[integer | slice]) -> image</code></p> <blockquote> The parameter must be a slice or a tuple that contains two slices or an integer and a slice; the selected area of the image is copied and a new image is returned; <code>image[x:y:z]</code> is equivalent to <code>image[:, x:y:z]</code>.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>__setitem__(tuple[integer], integer | iterable[integer]) -> None</code></p> <blockquote> Modifies the pixel at specified position; <code>image[x, y] = integer</code> is a shortcut for <code>image[x, y] = (integer,)</code> for images with a single component.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>__setitem__(slice | tuple[integer | slice], image) -> None</code></p> <blockquote> Selects an area in the same way as the corresponding form of the <code>__getitem__</code> method and assigns to it a copy of the pixels from the image in the second argument, that must have exactly the same mode as this image and the same size as the specified area; the alpha component, if present, is simply copied and doesn't affect the other components of the image (i.e. no alpha compositing is performed).</blockquote> <p dir="auto">The <code>mode</code>, <code>size</code> and <code>buffer</code> (including the address in memory of the <code>buffer</code>) never change after an image is created.</p> <p dir="auto">It is expected that, if <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3118" rel="nofollow">PEP 3118</a> is accepted, all the image objects will support the new buffer protocol, however this is beyond the scope of this PEP.</p> <a name="user-content-image-and-imagemixin-classes"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><code>Image</code> and <code>ImageMixin</code> Classes</h4><a id="user-content-image-and-imagemixin-classes" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Image and ImageMixin Classes" href="#image-and-imagemixin-classes"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The <code>ImageMixin</code> class implements all the methods and attributes described above except <code>mode</code>, <code>size</code>, <code>buffer</code> and <code>info</code>. <code>Image</code> is a subclass of <code>ImageMixin</code> that adds support for these four attributes and offers the following constructor (please note that the constructor is not part of the image protocol):</p> <p dir="auto"><code>__init__(mode, size, color, source)</code></p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>mode</code> must be one of the constants in the <code>MODES</code> set, <code>size</code> is a sequence of two integers (width and height of the new image); <code>color</code> is a sequence of integers, one for each component of the image, used to initialize all the pixels to the same value; <code>source</code> can be a sequence of integers of the appropriate size and format that is copied as-is in the buffer of the new image or an existing image; in Python 2.x <code>source</code> can also be an instance of <code>str</code> and is interpreted as a sequence of bytes. <code>color</code> and <code>source</code> are mutually exclusive and if they are both omitted the image is initialized to transparent black (all the bytes in the buffer have value 16 in the <code>YV12</code> mode, 255 in the <code>CMYK*</code> modes and 0 for everything else). If <code>source</code> is present and is an image, <code>mode</code> and/or <code>size</code> can be omitted; if they are specified and are different from the source mode and/or size, the source image is converted.</p> <p dir="auto">The exact algorithms used for resizing and doing color space conversions may differ between Python versions and implementations, but they always give high quality results (e.g.: a cubic spline interpolation can be used for upsampling and an antialias filter can be used for downsampling images); any combination of mode conversion is supported, but the algorithm used for conversions to and from the <code>CMYK*</code> modes is pretty naïve: if you have the exact color profiles of your devices you may want to use a good color management tool such as LittleCMS. The new image has an empty <code>info</code> <code>dict</code>.</p> </blockquote> <a name="user-content-line-objects"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Line Objects</h4><a id="user-content-line-objects" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Line Objects" href="#line-objects"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The line objects (returned, e.g., when iterating over an image) support the following attributes and methods:</p> <p dir="auto"><code>mode</code></p> <blockquote> The mode of the image from where this line comes.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>__iter__() -> iterator[pixel]</code></p> <blockquote> Returns an iterator that iterates over all the pixels in the line, from left to right. See below for a description of the <a href="#pixel-objects">pixel objects</a>.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>__len__() -> int</code></p> <blockquote> Returns the number of pixels in the line (the image width).</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>__getitem__(integer) -> pixel</code></p> <blockquote> Returns the pixel at the specified (x) position.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>__getitem__(slice) -> image</code></p> <blockquote> The selected part of the line is copied and a new image is returned; the new image will always have height 1.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>__setitem__(integer, integer | iterable[integer]) -> None</code></p> <blockquote> Modifies the pixel at the specified position; <code>line[x] = integer</code> is a shortcut for <code>line[x] = (integer,)</code> for images with a single component.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>__setitem__(slice, image) -> None</code></p> <blockquote> Selects a part of the line and assigns to it a copy of the pixels from the image in the second argument, that must have height 1, a width equal to the specified slice and the same mode as this line; the alpha component, if present, is simply copied and doesn't affect the other components of the image (i.e. no alpha compositing is performed).</blockquote> <a name="user-content-pixel-objects"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Pixel Objects</h4><a id="user-content-pixel-objects" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Pixel Objects" href="#pixel-objects"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The pixel objects (returned, e.g., when iterating over a line) support the following attributes and methods:</p> <p dir="auto"><code>mode</code></p> <blockquote> The mode of the image from where this pixel comes.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>value</code></p> <blockquote> A tuple of integers, one for each component. Any iterable of the correct length can be assigned to <code>value</code> (it will be automagically converted to a tuple), but you can't assign to it an integer, even if the mode has only a single component: use, e.g., <code>pixel.l = 123</code> instead.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>r, g, b, a, l, c, m, y, k</code></p> <blockquote> The integer values of each component; only those applicable for the current mode (in <code>mode.component_names</code>) will be available.</blockquote> <div dir="auto"> <div dir="auto"><code>__iter__() -> iterator[int]</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>__len__() -> int</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>__getitem__(integer | slice) -> int | tuple[int]</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>__setitem__(integer | slice, integer | iterable[integer]) -> None</code></div> </div> <blockquote> These four methods emulate a fixed length list of integers, one for each pixel component.</blockquote> <a name="user-content-imagesize-class"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><code>ImageSize</code> Class</h4><a id="user-content-imagesize-class" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: ImageSize Class" href="#imagesize-class"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>ImageSize</code> is a named tuple, a class identical to <code>tuple</code> except that:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>its constructor only accepts two integers, width and height; they are converted in the constructor using their <code>__index__()</code> methods, so all the <code>ImageSize</code> objects are guaranteed to contain only <code>int</code> (or possibly <code>long</code>, in Python 2.x) instances;</li> <li>it has a <code>width</code> and a <code>height</code> property that are equivalent to the first and the second number in the tuple, respectively;</li> <li>the string returned by its <code>__repr__</code> method is <code>'imageop.ImageSize(width=%d, height=%d)' % (width, height)</code>.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><code>ImageSize</code> is not usually instantiated by end-users, but can be used when creating a new class that implements the image protocol, since the <code>size</code> attribute must be an <code>ImageSize</code> instance.</p> <a name="user-content-c-api"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">C API</h3><a id="user-content-c-api" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: C API" href="#c-api"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The available image modes are visible at the C level as <code>PyImage_*</code> constants of type <code>PyObject *</code> (e.g.: <code>PyImage_RGB</code> is <code>imageop.RGB</code>).</p> <p dir="auto">The following functions offer a C-friendly interface to mode and image objects (all the functions return <code>NULL</code> or -1 on failure):</p> <p dir="auto"><code>int PyImageMode_Check(PyObject *obj)</code></p> <blockquote> Returns true if the object <code>obj</code> is a valid image mode.</blockquote> <div dir="auto"> <div dir="auto"><code>int PyImageMode_GetComponents(PyObject *mode)</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>PyObject* PyImageMode_GetComponentNames(PyObject *mode)</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>int PyImageMode_GetBitsPerComponent(PyObject *mode)</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>int PyImageMode_GetBytesPerPixel(PyObject *mode)</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>int PyImageMode_GetPlanar(PyObject *mode)</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>PyObject* PyImageMode_GetSubsampling(PyObject *mode)</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>int PyImageMode_GetXDivisor(PyObject *mode)</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>int PyImageMode_GetYDivisor(PyObject *mode)</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>Py_ssize_t PyImageMode_GetLength(PyObject *mode, Py_ssize_t width, Py_ssize_t height)</code></div> </div> <blockquote> These functions are equivalent to their corresponding Python attributes or methods.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>int PyImage_Check(PyObject *obj)</code></p> <blockquote> Returns true if the object <code>obj</code> is an <code>Image</code> object or an instance of a subtype of the <code>Image</code> type; see also <code>PyObject_CheckImage</code> below.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>int PyImage_CheckExact(PyObject *obj)</code></p> <blockquote> Returns true if the object <code>obj</code> is an <code>Image</code> object, but not an instance of a subtype of the <code>Image</code> type.</blockquote> <div dir="auto"> <div dir="auto"><code>PyObject* PyImage_New(PyObject *mode, Py_ssize_t width, Py_ssize_t height)</code></div> </div> <blockquote> Returns a new <code>Image</code> instance, initialized to transparent black (see <code>Image.__init__</code> above for the details).</blockquote> <div dir="auto"> <div dir="auto"><code>PyObject* PyImage_FromImage(PyObject *image, PyObject *mode, Py_ssize_t width, Py_ssize_t height)</code></div> </div> <blockquote> Returns a new <code>Image</code> instance, initialized with the contents of the <code>image</code> object rescaled and converted to the specified <code>mode</code>, if necessary.</blockquote> <div dir="auto"> <div dir="auto"><code>PyObject* PyImage_FromBuffer(PyObject *buffer, PyObject *mode, Py_ssize_t width, Py_ssize_t height)</code></div> </div> <blockquote> Returns a new <code>Image</code> instance, initialized with the contents of the <code>buffer</code> object.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>int PyObject_CheckImage(PyObject *obj)</code></p> <blockquote> Returns true if the object <code>obj</code> implements a sufficient subset of the image protocol to be accepted by the functions defined below, even if its class is not a subclass of <code>ImageMixin</code> and/or <code>Image</code>. Currently it simply checks for the existence and correctness of the attributes <code>mode</code>, <code>size</code> and <code>buffer</code>.</blockquote> <div dir="auto"> <div dir="auto"><code>PyObject* PyImage_GetMode(PyObject *image)</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>Py_ssize_t PyImage_GetWidth(PyObject *image)</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>Py_ssize_t PyImage_GetHeight(PyObject *image)</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>int PyImage_Clip(PyObject *image)</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>PyObject* PyImage_Split(PyObject *image)</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>PyObject* PyImage_GetBuffer(PyObject *image)</code></div> <div dir="auto"><code>int PyImage_AsBuffer(PyObject *image, const void **buffer, Py_ssize_t *buffer_len)</code></div> </div> <blockquote> These functions are equivalent to their corresponding Python attributes or methods; the image memory can be accessed only with the GIL and a reference to the image or its buffer held, and extra care should be taken for modes with more than 8 bits per component: the data is stored in native byte order and it can be <strong>not</strong> aligned on 2 or 4 byte boundaries.</blockquote> <a name="user-content-examples"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Examples</h2><a id="user-content-examples" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Examples" href="#examples"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A few examples of common operations with the new <code>Image</code> class and protocol:</p> <pre># create a new black RGB image of 6x9 pixels rgb_image = imageop.Image(imageop.RGB, (6, 9)) # same as above, but initialize the image to bright red rgb_image = imageop.Image(imageop.RGB, (6, 9), color=(255, 0, 0)) # convert the image to YCbCr yuv_image = imageop.Image(imageop.JPEG_YV12, source=rgb_image) # read the value of a pixel and split it into three ints r, g, b = rgb_image[x, y] # modify the magenta component of a pixel in a CMYK image cmyk_image[x, y].m = 13 # modify the Y (luma) component of a pixel in a *YV12 image and # its corresponding subsampled Cr (red chroma) yuv_image.y[x, y] = 42 yuv_image.cr[x // 2, y // 2] = 54 # iterate over an image for line in rgb_image: for pixel in line: # swap red and blue, and set green to 0 pixel.value = pixel.b, 0, pixel.r # find the maximum value of the red component in the image max_red = max(pixel.r for pixel in rgb_image.pixels()) # count the number of colors in the image num_of_colors = len(set(tuple(pixel) for pixel in image.pixels())) # copy a block of 4x2 pixels near the upper right corner of an # image and paste it into the lower left corner of the same image image[:4, -2:] = image[-6:-2, 1:3] # create a copy of the image, except that the new image can have a # different (usually empty) info dict new_image = image[:] # create a mirrored copy of the image, with the left and right # sides flipped flipped_image = image[::-1, :] # downsample an image to half its original size using a fast, low # quality operation and a slower, high quality one: low_quality_image = image[::2, ::2] new_size = image.size.width // 2, image.size.height // 2 high_quality_image = imageop.Image(size=new_size, source=image) # direct buffer access rgb_image[0, 0] = r, g, b assert tuple(rgb_image.buffer[:3]) == (r, g, b) </pre> <a name="user-content-backwards-compatibility"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Backwards Compatibility</h2><a id="user-content-backwards-compatibility" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Backwards Compatibility" href="#backwards-compatibility"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">There are three areas touched by this PEP where backwards compatibility should be considered:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Python 2.6</strong>: new classes and objects are added to the <code>imageop</code> module without touching the existing module contents; new methods and attributes will be added to <code>Tkinter.PhotoImage</code> and its <code>__getitem__</code> and <code>__setitem__</code> methods will be modified to accept integers, tuples and slices (currently they only accept strings). All the changes provide a superset of the existing functionality, so no major compatibility issues are expected.</li> <li><strong>Python 3.0</strong>: the legacy contents of the <code>imageop</code> module will be deleted, according to <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3108" rel="nofollow">PEP 3108</a>; everything defined in this proposal will work like in Python 2.x with the exception of the usual 2.x/3.0 differences (e.g. support for <code>long</code> integers and for interpreting <code>str</code> instances as sequences of bytes will be dropped).</li> <li><strong>external libraries</strong>: the names and the semantics of the standard image methods and attributes are carefully chosen to allow some external libraries that manipulate images (including at least PIL, wxPython and pygame) to implement the new protocol in their image classes without breaking compatibility with existing code. The only blatant conflicts between the image protocol and NumPy arrays are the value of the <code>size</code> attribute and the coordinates order in the <code>image[x, y]</code> expression.</li> </ul> <a name="user-content-reference-implementation"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Reference Implementation</h2><a id="user-content-reference-implementation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Reference Implementation" href="#reference-implementation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">If this PEP is accepted, the author will provide a reference implementation of the new classes in pure Python (that can run in CPython, PyPy, Jython and IronPython) and a second one optimized for speed in Python and C, suitable for inclusion in the CPython standard library. The author will also submit the required Tkinter patches. For all the code will be available a version for Python 2.x and a version for Python 3.0 (it is expected that the two version will be very similar and the Python 3.0 one will probably be generated almost completely automatically).</p> <a name="user-content-acknowledgments"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Acknowledgments</h2><a id="user-content-acknowledgments" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Acknowledgments" href="#acknowledgments"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The implementation of this PEP, if accepted, is sponsored by Google through the Google Summer of Code program.</p> <a name="user-content-copyright"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Copyright</h2><a id="user-content-copyright" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Copyright" href="#copyright"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This document has been placed in the public domain.</p> </article></div><button hidden=""></button></section></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> </div></div></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0"></div></div></div></div></div><div id="find-result-marks-container" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 cCoXib"></div><button hidden="" data-testid="" data-hotkey-scope="read-only-cursor-text-area"></button><button hidden=""></button></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-app> </turbo-frame> </div> </turbo-frame> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="footer pt-8 pb-6 f6 color-fg-muted p-responsive" role="contentinfo" > <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2> <div class="d-flex 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