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development</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: drug development"> <meta name="keywords" content="drug development"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="drug development"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 17774</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: drug development</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17564</span> Drug Therapy Problems and Associated Factors among Patients with Heart Failure in the Medical Ward of Arba Minch General Hospital, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Debalke%20Dale">Debalke Dale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bezabh%20Geneta"> Bezabh Geneta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yohannes%20Amene"> Yohannes Amene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yordanos%20Bergene"> Yordanos Bergene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Yimam"> Mohammed Yimam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: A drug therapy problem (DTP) is an event or circumstance that involves drug therapies that actually or potentially interfere with the desired outcome and requires professional judgment to resolve. Heart failure is an emerging worldwide threat whose prevalence and health loss burden constantly increase, especially in the young and in low-to-middle-income countries. There is a lack of population-based incidence and prevalence of heart failure (HF) studies in sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia. Objective: The aim of this study was designed to assess drug therapy problems and associated factors among patients with HF in the medical ward of Arba Minch General Hospital(AGH), Ethiopia, from June 5 to August 20, 2022. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 patients with HF who were admitted to the medical ward of AGH. Data were collected from patients' cards by using questionnaires. The data were categorized and analyzed by using SPSS version 25.0 software, and data were presented in tables and words based on the nature of the data. Result: Out of the total, 85 (57.6%) were females, and 113 (75.3%) patients were aged over fifty years. Of the 150 study participants, 86 (57.3%) patients had at least one DTP identified, and a total of 116 DTPs were identified, which is 0.77 DTPs per patient. The most common types of DTP were unnecessary drug therapy (32%), followed by the need for additional drug therapy (36%), and dose too low (15%). Patients who used polypharmacy were 5.86 (AOR) times more likely to develop DTPs than those who did not (95% CI = 1.625–16.536, P = 0.005), and patients with more co-morbid conditions developed 3.68 (AOR) times more DTPs than those who had fewer co-morbidities (95% CI = 1.28–10.5, P = 0.015). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that drug therapy problems were common among medical ward patients with heart failure. These problems are adversely affecting the treatment outcomes of patients, so it requires the special attention of healthcare professionals to optimize them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heart%20failure" title="heart failure">heart failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20therapy%20problems" title=" drug therapy problems"> drug therapy problems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arba%20Minch%20general%20hospital" title=" Arba Minch general hospital"> Arba Minch general hospital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158990/drug-therapy-problems-and-associated-factors-among-patients-with-heart-failure-in-the-medical-ward-of-arba-minch-general-hospital-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158990.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17563</span> The Safety Profile of Vilazodone: A Study on Post-Marketing Surveillance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Humraaz%20Kaja">Humraaz Kaja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kofi%20Mensah"> Kofi Mensah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frasia%20Oosthuizen"> Frasia Oosthuizen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and Aim: Vilazodone was approved in 2011 as an antidepressant to treat the major depressive disorder. As a relatively new drug, it is not clear if all adverse effects have been identified. The aim of this study was to review the adverse effects reported to the WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring (PIDM) in order to add to the knowledge about the safety profile and adverse effects caused by vilazodone. Method: Data on adverse effects reported for vilazodone was obtained from the database VigiAccess managed by PIDM. Data was extracted from VigiAccess using Excel® and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The data collected was compared to the patient information leaflet (PIL) of Viibryd® and the FDA documents to determine adverse drug reactions reported post-marketing. Results: A total of 9708 adverse events had been recorded on VigiAccess, of which 6054 were not recorded on the PIL and the FDA approval document. Most of the reports were received from the Americas and were for adult women aged 45-64 years (24%, n=1059). The highest number of adverse events reported were for psychiatric events (19%; n=1889), followed by gastro-intestinal effects (18%; n=1839). Specific psychiatric disorders recorded included anxiety (316), depression (208), hallucination (168) and agitation (142). The systematic review confirmed several psychiatric adverse effects associated with the use of vilazodone. The findings of this study suggested that these common psychiatric adverse effects associated with the use of vilazodone were not known during the time of FDA approval of the drug and is not currently recorded in the patient information leaflet (PIL). Conclusions: In summary, this study found several adverse drug reactions not recorded in documents emanating from clinical trials pre-marketing. This highlights the importance of continued post-marketing surveillance of a drug, as well as the need for further studies on the psychiatric adverse events associated with vilazodone in order to improve the safety profile. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adverse%20drug%20reactions" title="adverse drug reactions">adverse drug reactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pharmacovigilance" title=" pharmacovigilance"> pharmacovigilance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-marketing%20surveillance" title=" post-marketing surveillance"> post-marketing surveillance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vilazodone" title=" vilazodone"> vilazodone</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132342/the-safety-profile-of-vilazodone-a-study-on-post-marketing-surveillance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132342.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">115</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17562</span> Effect of Nicotine on the Reinforcing Effects of Cocaine in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Drug Use</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mia%20I.%20Allen">Mia I. Allen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernard%20N.%20Johnson"> Bernard N. Johnson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gagan%20Deep"> Gagan Deep</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yixin%20Su"> Yixin Su</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sangeeta%20Singth"> Sangeeta Singth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashish%20Kumar"> Ashish Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q="></a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20A.%20Nader">Michael A. Nader</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With no FDA-approved treatments for cocaine use disorders (CUD), research has focused on the behavioral and neuropharmacological effects of cocaine in animal models, with the goal of identifying novel interventions. While the majority of people with CUD also use tobacco/nicotine, the majority of preclinical cocaine research does not include the co-use of nicotine. The present study examined nicotine and cocaine co-use under several conditions of intravenous drug self-administration in monkeys. In Experiment 1, male rhesus monkeys (N=3) self-administered cocaine (0.001-0.1 mg/kg/injection) alone and cocaine+nicotine (0.01-0.03 mg/kg/injection) under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement. When nicotine was added to cocaine, there was a significant leftward shift and significant increase in peak break point. In Experiment 2, socially housed female and male cynomolgus monkeys (N=14) self-administered cocaine under a concurrent drug-vs-food choice schedule. Combining nicotine significantly decreased cocaine choice ED50 values (i.e., shifted the cocaine dose-response curve to the left) in females but not in males. There was no evidence of social rank differences. In delay discounting studies, the co-use of nicotine and cocaine required significantly larger delays to the preferred drug reinforcer to reallocate choice compared with cocaine alone. Overall, these results suggest drug interactions of nicotine and cocaine co-use is not simply a function of potency but rather a fundamentally distinctive condition that should be utilized to better understand the neuropharmacology of CUD and the evaluation of potential treatments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polydrug%20use" title="polydrug use">polydrug use</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=animal%20models" title=" animal models"> animal models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonhuman%20primates" title=" nonhuman primates"> nonhuman primates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavioral%20pharmacology" title=" behavioral pharmacology"> behavioral pharmacology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20self-administration" title=" drug self-administration"> drug self-administration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168771/effect-of-nicotine-on-the-reinforcing-effects-of-cocaine-in-a-nonhuman-primate-model-of-drug-use" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168771.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17561</span> Immunoliposomes Conjugated with CD133 Antibody for Targeting Melanoma Cancer Stem Cells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chuan%20Yin">Chuan Yin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a subpopulation of cancer cells that possess the characteristics associated with normal stem cells. CD133 is a phenotype of melanoma CSCs responsible for melanoma metastasis and drug resistance. Although adriamycin (ADR) is commonly used drug in melanoma therapy, but it is ineffective in the treatment of melanoma CSCs. In this study, we constructed CD133 antibody conjugated ADR immunoliposomes (ADR-Lip-CD133) to target CD133+ melanoma CSCs. The results showed that the immunoliposomes possessed a small particle size (~150 nm), high drug encapsulation efficiency (~90%). After 72 hr treatment on the WM266-4 melanoma tumorspheres, the IC50 values of the drug formulated in ADR-Lip-CD133, ADR-Lip (ADR liposomes) and ADR are found to be 24.42, 57.13 and 59.98 ng/ml respectively, suggesting that ADR-Lip-CD133 was more effective than ADR-Lip and ADR. Significantly, ADR-Lip-CD133 could almost completely abolish the tumorigenic ability of WM266-4 tumorspheres in vivo, and showed the best therapeutic effect in WM266-4 melanoma xenograft mice. It is noteworthy that ADR-Lip-CD133 could selectively kill CD133+ melanoma CSCs of WM266-4 cells both in vitro and in vivo. ADR-Lip-CD133 represent a potential approach in targeting and killing CD133+ melanoma CSCs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer%20stem%20cells" title="cancer stem cells">cancer stem cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=melanoma" title=" melanoma"> melanoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunoliposomes" title=" immunoliposomes"> immunoliposomes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CD133" title=" CD133"> CD133</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32389/immunoliposomes-conjugated-with-cd133-antibody-for-targeting-melanoma-cancer-stem-cells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32389.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">382</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17560</span> Atypical Retinoid ST1926 Nanoparticle Formulation Development and Therapeutic Potential in Colorectal Cancer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Assi">Sara Assi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Berthe%20Hayar"> Berthe Hayar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudio%20Pisano"> Claudio Pisano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadine%20Darwiche"> Nadine Darwiche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Walid%20Saad"> Walid Saad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanomedicine, the application of nanotechnology to medicine, is an emerging discipline that has gained significant attention in recent years. Current breakthroughs in nanomedicine have paved the way to develop effective drug delivery systems that can be used to target cancer. The use of nanotechnology provides effective drug delivery, enhanced stability, bioavailability, and permeability, thereby minimizing drug dosage and toxicity. As such, the use of nanoparticle (NP) formulations in drug delivery has been applied in various cancer models and have shown to improve the ability of drugs to reach specific targeted sites in a controlled manner. Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide; in particular, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer diagnosed amongst men and women and the second leading cause of cancer related deaths, highlighting the need for novel therapies. Retinoids, consisting of natural and synthetic derivatives, are a class of chemical compounds that have shown promise in preclinical and clinical cancer settings. However, retinoids are limited by their toxicity and resistance to treatment. To overcome this resistance, various synthetic retinoids have been developed, including the adamantyl retinoid ST1926, which is a potent anti-cancer agent. However, due to its limited bioavailability, the development of ST1926 has been restricted in phase I clinical trials. We have previously investigated the preclinical efficacy of ST1926 in CRC models. ST1926 displayed potent inhibitory and apoptotic effects in CRC cell lines by inducing early DNA damage and apoptosis. ST1926 significantly reduced the tumor doubling time and tumor burden in a xenograft CRC model. Therefore, we developed ST1926-NPs and assessed their efficacy in CRC models. ST1926-NPs were produced using Flash NanoPrecipitation with the amphiphilic diblock copolymer polystyrene-b-ethylene oxide and cholesterol as a co-stabilizer. ST1926 was formulated into NPs with a drug to polymer mass ratio of 1:2, providing a stable formulation for one week. The contin ST1926-NP diameter was 100 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.245. Using the MTT cell viability assay, ST1926-NP exhibited potent anti-growth activities as naked ST1926 in HCT116 cells, at pharmacologically achievable concentrations. Future studies will be performed to study the anti-tumor activities and mechanism of action of ST1926-NPs in a xenograft mouse model and to detect the compound and its glucuroconjugated form in the plasma of mice. Ultimately, our studies will support the use of ST1926-NP formulations in enhancing the stability and bioavailability of ST1926 in CRC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title="nanoparticles">nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20delivery" title=" drug delivery"> drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colorectal%20cancer" title=" colorectal cancer"> colorectal cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retinoids" title=" retinoids"> retinoids</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163716/atypical-retinoid-st1926-nanoparticle-formulation-development-and-therapeutic-potential-in-colorectal-cancer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163716.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17559</span> Formulation and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablet of Ketorolac Tromethamine by Using Natural Superdisintegrants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20P.%20Lavande">J. P. Lavande</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20V.Chandewar"> A. V.Chandewar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mouth dissolving tablet is the speedily growing and highly accepted drug delivery system. This study was aimed at development of Ketorolac Tromethamine mouth dissolving tablet (MDTs), which can disintegrate or dissolve rapidly once placed in the mouth. Conventional Ketorolac tromethamine tablet requires water to swallow it and has limitation like low disintegration rate, low solubility etc. Ketorolac Tromethamine mouth dissolving tablets (formulation) consist of super-disintegrate like Heat Modified Karaya Gum, Co-treated Heat Modified Agar & Filler microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The tablets were evaluated for weight variation, friability, hardness, in vitro disintegration time, wetting time, in vitro drug release profile, content uniformity. The obtained results showed that low weight variation, good hardness, acceptable friability, fast wetting time. Tablets in all batches disintegrated within 15-50 sec. The formulation containing superdisintegrants namely heat modified karaya gum and heat modified agar showed better performance in disintegration and drug release profile. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mouth%20dissolving%20tablet" title="mouth dissolving tablet">mouth dissolving tablet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ketorolac%20tromethamine" title=" Ketorolac tromethamine"> Ketorolac tromethamine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disintegration%20time" title=" disintegration time"> disintegration time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20modified%20karaya%20gum" title=" heat modified karaya gum"> heat modified karaya gum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-treated%20heat%20modified%20agar" title=" co-treated heat modified agar"> co-treated heat modified agar</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4235/formulation-and-evaluation-of-mouth-dissolving-tablet-of-ketorolac-tromethamine-by-using-natural-superdisintegrants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4235.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17558</span> Pulsatile Drug Delivery System for Chronopharmacological Disorders</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20S.%20Patil">S. S. Patil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20U.%20Janugade"> B. U. Janugade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20V.%20Patil"> S. V. Patil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pulsatile systems are gaining a lot of interest as they deliver the drug at the right site of action at the right time and in the right amount, thus providing spatial and temporal delivery thus increasing patient compliance. These systems are designed according to the circadian rhythm of the body. Chronotherapeutics is the discipline concerned with the delivery of drugs according to inherent activities of a disease over a certain period of time. It is becoming increasingly more evident that the specific time that patients take their medication may be even more significant than was recognized in the past. The tradition of prescribing medication at evenly spaced time intervals throughout the day, in an attempt to maintain constant drug levels throughout a 24-hour period, may be changing as researcher’s report that some medications may work better if their administration is coordinated with day-night patterns and biological rhythms. The potential benefits of chronotherapeutics have been demonstrated in the management of a number of diseases. In particular, there is a great deal of interest in how chronotherapy can particularly benefit patients suffering from allergic rhinitis, rheumatoid arthritis and related disorders, asthma, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and peptic ulcer disease. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pulsatile%20drug%20delivery" title="pulsatile drug delivery">pulsatile drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chronotherapeutics" title=" chronotherapeutics"> chronotherapeutics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circadian%20rhythm" title=" circadian rhythm"> circadian rhythm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asthma" title=" asthma"> asthma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chronobiology" title=" chronobiology"> chronobiology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6994/pulsatile-drug-delivery-system-for-chronopharmacological-disorders" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17557</span> Zika Virus NS5 Protein Potential Inhibitors: An Enhanced in silico Approach in Drug Discovery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pritika%20Ramharack">Pritika Ramharack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20E.%20S.%20Soliman"> Mahmoud E. S. Soliman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The re-emerging Zika virus is an arthropod-borne virus that has been described to have explosive potential as a worldwide pandemic. The initial transmission of the virus was through a mosquito vector, however, evolving modes of transmission has allowed the spread of the disease over continents. The virus already been linked to irreversible chronic central nervous system (CNS) conditions. The concerns of the scientific and clinical community are the consequences of Zika viral mutations, thus suggesting the urgent need for viral inhibitors. There have been large strides in vaccine development against the virus but there are still no FDA-approved drugs available. Rapid rational drug design and discovery research is fundamental in the production of potent inhibitors against the virus that will not just mask the virus, but destroy it completely. In silico drug design allows for this prompt screening of potential leads, thus decreasing the consumption of precious time and resources. This study demonstrates an optimized and proven screening technique in the discovery of two potential small molecule inhibitors of Zika virus Methyltransferase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This in silico “per-residue energy decomposition pharmacophore” virtual screening approach will be critical in aiding scientists in the discovery of not only effective inhibitors of Zika viral targets, but also a wide range of anti-viral agents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NS5%20protein%20inhibitors" title="NS5 protein inhibitors">NS5 protein inhibitors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=per-residue%20decomposition" title=" per-residue decomposition"> per-residue decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pharmacophore%20model" title=" pharmacophore model"> pharmacophore model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20screening" title=" virtual screening"> virtual screening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zika%20virus" title=" Zika virus"> Zika virus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59456/zika-virus-ns5-protein-potential-inhibitors-an-enhanced-in-silico-approach-in-drug-discovery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59456.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">226</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17556</span> Host-Assisted Delivery of a Model Drug to Genomic DNA: Key Information From Ultrafast Spectroscopy and in Silico Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ria%20Ghosh">Ria Ghosh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soumendra%20Singh"> Soumendra Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dipanjan%20Mukherjee"> Dipanjan Mukherjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Susmita%20Mondal"> Susmita Mondal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monojit%20Das"> Monojit Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uttam%20Pal"> Uttam Pal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aniruddha%20Adhikari"> Aniruddha Adhikari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aman%20Bhushan"> Aman Bhushan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surajit%20Bose"> Surajit Bose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siddharth%20Sankar%20Bhattacharyya"> Siddharth Sankar Bhattacharyya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Debasish%20Pal"> Debasish Pal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanusri%20Saha-Dasgupta"> Tanusri Saha-Dasgupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maitree%20Bhattacharyya"> Maitree Bhattacharyya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Debasis%20Bhattacharyya"> Debasis Bhattacharyya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asim%20Kumar%20Mallick"> Asim Kumar Mallick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ranjan%20Das"> Ranjan Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samir%20Kumar%20Pal"> Samir Kumar Pal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Drug delivery to a target without adverse effects is one of the major criteria for clinical use. Herein, we have made an attempt to explore the delivery efficacy of SDS surfactant in a monomer and micellar stage during the delivery of the model drug, Toluidine Blue (TB) from the micellar cavity to DNA. Molecular recognition of pre-micellar SDS encapsulated TB with DNA occurs at a rate constant of k1 ~652 s 1. However, no significant release of encapsulated TB at micellar concentration was observed within the experimental time frame. This originated from the higher binding affinity of TB towards the nano-cavity of SDS at micellar concentration which does not allow the delivery of TB from the nano-cavity of SDS micelles to DNA. Thus, molecular recognition controls the extent of DNA recognition by TB which in turn modulates the rate of delivery of TB from SDS in a concentration-dependent manner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20delivery" title=" drug delivery"> drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micelle" title=" micelle"> micelle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-micelle" title=" pre-micelle"> pre-micelle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SDS" title=" SDS"> SDS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toluidine%20blue" title=" toluidine blue"> toluidine blue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154090/host-assisted-delivery-of-a-model-drug-to-genomic-dna-key-information-from-ultrafast-spectroscopy-and-in-silico-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154090.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17555</span> Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Dispersion of an Anti-Epileptic Drug Carbamazepine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharmin%20Akhter">Sharmin Akhter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Salahuddin"> M. Salahuddin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sukalyan%20Kumar%20Kundu"> Sukalyan Kumar Kundu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Fahim%20Kadir"> Mohammad Fahim Kadir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Relatively insoluble candidate drug like carbamazepine (CBZ) often exhibit incomplete or erratic absorption; and hence wide consideration is given to improve aqueous solubility of such compound. Solid dispersions were formulated with an aim of improving aqueous solubility, oral bioavailability and the rate of dissolution of Carbamazepine using different hydrophyllic polymer like Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000, Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 4000, kollidon 30, HPMC 6 cps, poloxamer 407 and povidone k 30. Solid dispersions were prepared with different drug to polymer weight ratio by the solvent evaporation method where methanol was used as solvent. Drug-polymer physical mixtures were also prepared to compare the rate of dissolution. Effects of different polymer were studied for solid dispersion formulation as well as physical mixtures. These formulations were characterized in the solid state by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Solid state characterization indicated CBZ was present as fine particles and entrapped in carrier matrix of PEG 6000 and PVP K30 solid dispersions. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies showed the stability of CBZ and absence of well-defined drug-polymer interactions. In contrast to the very slow dissolution rate of pure CBZ, dispersions of drug in polymers considerably improved the dissolution rate. This can be attributed to increased wettability and dispersibility, as well as decreased crystallinity and increase in amorphous fraction of drug. Solid dispersion formulations containing PEG 6000 and Povidone K 30 showed maximum drug release within one hour at the ratio of 1:1:1. Even physical mixtures of CBZ prepared with both carriers also showed better dissolution profiles than those of pure CBZ. In conclusions, solid dispersions could be a promising delivery of CBZ with improved oral bioavailability and immediate release profiles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbamazepine" title="carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FTIR" title=" FTIR"> FTIR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kollidon%2030" title=" kollidon 30"> kollidon 30</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HPMC%206%20CPS" title=" HPMC 6 CPS"> HPMC 6 CPS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PEG%206000" title=" PEG 6000"> PEG 6000</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PEG%204000" title=" PEG 4000"> PEG 4000</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poloxamer%20407" title=" poloxamer 407"> poloxamer 407</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20solubility" title=" water solubility"> water solubility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=povidone%20k%2030" title=" povidone k 30"> povidone k 30</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20dispersion" title=" solid dispersion "> solid dispersion </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58552/formulation-and-evaluation-of-solid-dispersion-of-an-anti-epileptic-drug-carbamazepine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58552.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">297</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17554</span> Probability Sampling in Matched Case-Control Study in Drug Abuse</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surya%20R.%20Niraula">Surya R. Niraula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devendra%20B%20Chhetry"> Devendra B Chhetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Girish%20K.%20Singh"> Girish K. Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Nagesh"> S. Nagesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frederick%20A.%20Connell"> Frederick A. Connell</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Although random sampling is generally considered to be the gold standard for population-based research, the majority of drug abuse research is based on non-random sampling despite the well-known limitations of this kind of sampling. Method: We compared the statistical properties of two surveys of drug abuse in the same community: one using snowball sampling of drug users who then identified “friend controls” and the other using a random sample of non-drug users (controls) who then identified “friend cases.” Models to predict drug abuse based on risk factors were developed for each data set using conditional logistic regression. We compared the precision of each model using bootstrapping method and the predictive properties of each model using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Results: Analysis of 100 random bootstrap samples drawn from the snowball-sample data set showed a wide variation in the standard errors of the beta coefficients of the predictive model, none of which achieved statistical significance. One the other hand, bootstrap analysis of the random-sample data set showed less variation, and did not change the significance of the predictors at the 5% level when compared to the non-bootstrap analysis. Comparison of the area under the ROC curves using the model derived from the random-sample data set was similar when fitted to either data set (0.93, for random-sample data vs. 0.91 for snowball-sample data, p=0.35); however, when the model derived from the snowball-sample data set was fitted to each of the data sets, the areas under the curve were significantly different (0.98 vs. 0.83, p < .001). Conclusion: The proposed method of random sampling of controls appears to be superior from a statistical perspective to snowball sampling and may represent a viable alternative to snowball sampling. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20abuse" title="drug abuse">drug abuse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matched%20case-control%20study" title=" matched case-control study"> matched case-control study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-probability%20sampling" title=" non-probability sampling"> non-probability sampling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probability%20sampling" title=" probability sampling"> probability sampling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24612/probability-sampling-in-matched-case-control-study-in-drug-abuse" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24612.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">493</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17553</span> Microencapsulation of Phenobarbital by Ethyl Cellulose Matrix </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Bouameur">S. Bouameur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Chirani"> S. Chirani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of EthylCellulose in the preparation of microspheres as a Drug Delivery System for sustained release of phenobarbital. The microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation technique using ethylcellulose as polymer matrix with a ratio 1:2, dichloromethane as solvent and Polyvinyl alcohol 1% as processing medium to solidify the microspheres. Size, shape, drug loading capacity and entrapement efficiency were studied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenobarbital" title="phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microspheres" title=" microspheres"> microspheres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethylcellulose" title=" ethylcellulose"> ethylcellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyvinylacohol" title=" polyvinylacohol"> polyvinylacohol</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21837/microencapsulation-of-phenobarbital-by-ethyl-cellulose-matrix" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21837.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">361</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17552</span> Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Inhibitors from Natural Compounds: Computer-Aided Drug Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Driss%20Cherqaoui">Driss Cherqaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nouhaila%20Ait%20Lahcen"> Nouhaila Ait Lahcen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismail%20Hdoufane"> Ismail Hdoufane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Oubahmane"> Mehdi Oubahmane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wissal%20Liman"> Wissal Liman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christelle%20Delaite"> Christelle Delaite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20M.%20Alanazi"> Mohammed M. Alanazi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Ebola virus is a highly contagious and deadly pathogen that causes Ebola virus disease. The Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV-GP) is a key factor in viral entry into host cells, making it a critical target for therapeutic intervention. Using a combination of computational approaches, this study focuses on the identification of natural compounds that could serve as potent inhibitors of EBOV-GP. The 3D structure of EBOV-GP was selected, with missing residues modeled, and this structure was minimized and equilibrated. Two large natural compound databases, COCONUT and NPASS, were chosen and filtered based on toxicity risks and Lipinski’s Rule of Five to ensure drug-likeness. Following this, a pharmacophore model, built from 22 reported active inhibitors, was employed to refine the selection of compounds with a focus on structural relevance to known Ebola inhibitors. The filtered compounds were subjected to virtual screening via molecular docking, which identified ten promising candidates (five from each database) with strong binding affinities to EBOV-GP. These compounds were then validated through molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate their binding stability and interactions with the target. The top three compounds from each database were further analyzed using ADMET profiling, confirming their favorable pharmacokinetic properties, stability, and safety. These results suggest that the selected compounds have the potential to inhibit EBOV-GP, offering new avenues for antiviral drug development against the Ebola virus. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EBOV-GP" title="EBOV-GP">EBOV-GP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ebola%20virus%20glycoprotein" title=" Ebola virus glycoprotein"> Ebola virus glycoprotein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-throughput%20drug%20screening" title=" high-throughput drug screening"> high-throughput drug screening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20docking" title=" molecular docking"> molecular docking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20dynamics" title=" molecular dynamics"> molecular dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20compounds" title=" natural compounds"> natural compounds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pharmacophore%20modeling" title=" pharmacophore modeling"> pharmacophore modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20screening" title=" virtual screening"> virtual screening</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192074/ebola-virus-glycoprotein-inhibitors-from-natural-compounds-computer-aided-drug-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192074.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">21</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17551</span> Drug Sensitivity Pattern of Organisms Causing Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatma%20M.%20Benrabha">Fatma M. Benrabha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the study was to determine the type and pattern of antibiotic susceptibility of the pathogenic microorganisms causing chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), which could lead to better therapeutic decisions and consequently avoidance of appearance of resistance to specific antibiotics. Most frequently isolated agents were Pseudomonas aeruginosa 28.5%; followed by Staphylococcus aureus 18.2%; proteus mirabilis 13.9%; Providencia stuartti 6.7%; Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Aspergillus sp., candida sp., 4.2% each; and other microorganisms were represented in 3-0.2%. Drug sensitivities pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that ciprofloxacin was active against the majority of isolates (93.9%) followed by ceftazidime 86.2%, amikacin 76.2% and gentamicin 40.8%. However, Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin 72.7%, erythromycin 28.6%, cephalothin 18.2%, cloxacillin 8.3% and ciprofloxacin was active against 96.2% of isolates. The resistance pattern of proteus mirabilis were 55.6% to ampicillin, 47.1% to carbencillin, 29.4% to cephalothin, 14.3% to gentamicin and 4.8% to amikacin while 100% were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. We conclude that ciprofloxacin is the best drug of choice in treatment of CSOM caused by the common microorganisms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=otitis%20media" title="otitis media">otitis media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chronic%20suppurative%20otitis%20media%20%28CSOM%29" title=" chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM)"> chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microorganism" title=" microorganism"> microorganism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20sensitivity" title=" drug sensitivity"> drug sensitivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3018/drug-sensitivity-pattern-of-organisms-causing-chronic-suppurative-otitis-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3018.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17550</span> Analysis of the Annual Proficiency Testing Procedure for Intermediate Reference Laboratories Conducted by the National Reference Laboratory from 2013 to 2017</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reena%20K.">Reena K.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mamatha%20H.%20G."> Mamatha H. G.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somshekarayya"> Somshekarayya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Kumar"> P. Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objectives: The annual proficiency testing of intermediate reference laboratories is conducted by the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) to assess the efficiency of the laboratories to correctly identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to determine its drug susceptibility pattern. The proficiency testing results from 2013 to 2017 were analyzed to determine laboratories that were consistent in reporting quality results and those that had difficulty in doing so. Methods: A panel of twenty cultures were sent out to each of these laboratories. The laboratories were expected to grow the cultures in their own laboratories, set up drug susceptibly testing by all the methods they were certified for and report the results within the stipulated time period. The turnaround time for reporting results, specificity, sensitivity positive and negative predictive values and efficiency of the laboratory in identifying the cultures were analyzed. Results: Most of the laboratories had reported their results within the stipulated time period. However, there was enormous delay in reporting results from few of the laboratories. This was mainly due to improper functioning of the biosafety level III laboratory. Only 40% of the laboratories had 100% efficiency in solid culture using Lowenstein Jensen medium. This was expected as a solid culture, and drug susceptibility testing is not used for diagnosing drug resistance. Rapid molecular methods such as Line probe assay and Genexpert are used to determine drug resistance. Automated liquid culture system such as the Mycobacterial growth indicator tube is used to determine prognosis of the patient while on treatment. It was observed that 90% of the laboratories had achieved 100% in the liquid culture method. Almost all laboratories had achieved 100% efficiency in the line probe assay method which is the method of choice for determining drug-resistant tuberculosis. Conclusion: Since the liquid culture and line probe assay technologies are routinely used for the detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis the laboratories exhibited higher level of efficiency as compared to solid culture and drug susceptibility testing which are rarely used. The infrastructure of the laboratory should be maintained properly so that samples can be processed safely and results could be declared on time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=annual%20proficiency%20testing" title="annual proficiency testing">annual proficiency testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20susceptibility%20testing" title=" drug susceptibility testing"> drug susceptibility testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intermediate%20reference%20laboratory" title=" intermediate reference laboratory"> intermediate reference laboratory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20reference%20laboratory" title=" national reference laboratory"> national reference laboratory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82990/analysis-of-the-annual-proficiency-testing-procedure-for-intermediate-reference-laboratories-conducted-by-the-national-reference-laboratory-from-2013-to-2017" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82990.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">181</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17549</span> Tri/Tetra-Block Copolymeric Nanocarriers as a Potential Ocular Delivery System of Lornoxicam: Experimental Design-Based Preparation, in-vitro Characterization and in-vivo Estimation of Transcorneal Permeation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alaa%20Hamed%20Salama">Alaa Hamed Salama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rehab%20Nabil%20Shamma"> Rehab Nabil Shamma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Polymeric micelles that can deliver drug to intended sites of the eye have attracted much scientific attention recently. The aim of this study was to review the aqueous-based formulation of drug-loaded polymeric micelles that hold significant promise for ophthalmic drug delivery. This study investigated the synergistic performance of mixed polymeric micelles made of linear and branched poly (ethylene oxide)-poly (propylene oxide) for the more effective encapsulation of Lornoxicam (LX) as a hydrophobic model drug. Methods: The co-micellization process of 10% binary systems combining different weight ratios of the highly hydrophilic poloxamers; Synperonic® PE/P84, and Synperonic® PE/F127 and the hydrophobic poloxamine counterpart (Tetronic® T701) was investigated by means of photon correlation spectroscopy and cloud point. The drug-loaded micelles were tested for their solubilizing capacity towards LX. Results: Results showed a sharp solubility increase from 0.46 mg/ml up to more than 4.34 mg/ml, representing about 136-fold increase. Optimized formulation was selected to achieve maximum drug solubilizing power and clarity with lowest possible particle size. The optimized formulation was characterized by 1HNMR analysis which revealed complete encapsulation of the drug within the micelles. Further investigations by histopathological and confocal laser studies revealed the non-irritant nature and good corneal penetrating power of the proposed nano-formulation. Conclusion: LX-loaded polymeric nanomicellar formulation was fabricated allowing easy application of the drug in the form of clear eye drops that do not cause blurred vision or discomfort, thus achieving high patient compliance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=confocal%20laser%20scanning%20microscopy" title="confocal laser scanning microscopy">confocal laser scanning microscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Histopathological%20studies" title=" Histopathological studies"> Histopathological studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lornoxicam" title=" Lornoxicam"> Lornoxicam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micellar%20solubilization" title=" micellar solubilization"> micellar solubilization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30660/tritetra-block-copolymeric-nanocarriers-as-a-potential-ocular-delivery-system-of-lornoxicam-experimental-design-based-preparation-in-vitro-characterization-and-in-vivo-estimation-of-transcorneal-permeation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30660.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17548</span> Ecorium: The Ecological Project in Montevideo Uruguay</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chettou%20Souhaila">Chettou Souhaila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soufi%20Omar"> Soufi Omar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roumia%20Mohammed%20Ammar"> Roumia Mohammed Ammar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Protecting the environment is to preserve the survival and future of humanity. Indeed, the environment is our source of food and drinking water, the air is our source of oxygen, the climate allows our survival and biodiversity are a potential drug reservoir. Preserving the environment is, therefore, a matter of survival. The objective of this project is to familiarize the general public with environmental problems not only with the theme of environmental protection, but also with the concept of biodiversity in different ecosystems. For it, the aim of our project was to create the Ecorium which is a place that preserves many species of plants of different ecosystems, schools, malls, buildings, offices, ecological transports, gardens, and many familial activities that participated in the ecosystems development, strategic biodiversity and sustainable development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecological%20system" title="ecological system">ecological system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecorium" title=" ecorium"> ecorium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48357/ecorium-the-ecological-project-in-montevideo-uruguay" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48357.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">339</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17547</span> Prevalence and Genetic Determinant of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis among Patients Completing Intensive Phase of Treatment in a Tertiary Referral Center in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aminu%20Bashir%20Mohammad">Aminu Bashir Mohammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agwu%20Ezera"> Agwu Ezera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulrazaq%20G.%20Habib"> Abdulrazaq G. Habib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Garba%20Iliyasu"> Garba Iliyasu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Drug resistance tuberculosis (DR-TB) continues to be a challenge in developing countries with poor resources. Routine screening for primary DR-TB before commencing treatment is not done in public hospitals in Nigeria, even with the large body of evidence that shows a high prevalence of primary DR-TB. Data on drug resistance and its genetic determinant among follow up TB patients is lacking in Nigeria. Hence the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genetic determinant of drug resistance among follow up TB patients in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional laboratory-based study conducted on 384 sputum samples collected from consented follow-up tuberculosis patients. Standard microbiology methods (Zeil-Nielsen staining and microscopy) and PCR (Line Probe Assay)] were used to analyze the samples collected. Person’s Chi-square was used to analyze the data generated. Results: Out of three hundred and eighty-four (384) sputum samples analyzed for mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and DR-TB twenty-five 25 (6.5%) were found to be AFB positive. These samples were subjected to PCR (Line Probe Assay) out of which 18(72%) tested positive for DR-TB. Mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin (rpo B) and isoniazid (katG, and or inhA) were detected in 12/18(66.7%) and 6/18(33.3%), respectively. Transmission dynamic of DR-TB was not significantly (p>0.05) dependent on demographic characteristics. Conclusion: There is a need to strengthened the laboratory capacity for diagnosis of TB and drug resistance testing and make these services available, affordable, and accessible to the patients who need them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20resistance%20tuberculosis" title="drug resistance tuberculosis">drug resistance tuberculosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20determinant" title=" genetic determinant"> genetic determinant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intensive%20phase" title=" intensive phase"> intensive phase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59321/prevalence-and-genetic-determinant-of-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-among-patients-completing-intensive-phase-of-treatment-in-a-tertiary-referral-center-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59321.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">285</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17546</span> Development of Methotrexate Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Topical Treatment of Psoriasis: Optimization, Evaluation, and in vitro Studies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yogeeta%20O.%20Agrawal">Yogeeta O. Agrawal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hitendra%20S.%20Mahajan"> Hitendra S. Mahajan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20J.%20Surana"> Sanjay J. Surana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Methotrexate is effective in controlling recalcitrant psoriasis when administered by the oral or parenteral route long-term. However, the systematic use of this drug may provoke any of a number of side effects, notably hepatotoxic effects. To reduce these effects, clinical studies have been done with topical MTx. It is useful in treating a number of cutaneous conditions, including psoriasis. A major problem in topical administration of MTx currently available in market is that the drug is hydrosoluble and is mostly in the dissociated form at physiological pH. Its capacity for passive diffusion is thus limited. Localization of MTx in effected layers of skin is likely to improve the role of topical dosage form of the drug as a supplementary to oral therapy for treatment of psoriasis. One of the possibilities for increasing the penetration of drugs through the skin is the use of Nanostructured lipid Carriers. The objective of the present study was to formulate and characterize Methotrexate loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (MtxNLCs), to understand in vitro drug release and evaluate the role of the developed gel in the topical treatment of psoriasis. MtxNLCs were prepared by solvent diffusion technique using 3(2) full factorial design.The mean diameter and surface morphology of MtxNLC was evaluated. MtxNLCs were lyophilized and crystallinity of NLC was characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimtery (DSC) and powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The NLCs were incorporated in 1% w/w Carbopol 934 P gel base and in vitro skin deposition studies in Human Cadaver Skin were conducted. The optimized MtxNLCs were spherical in shape, with average particle size of 253(±9.92)nm, zeta potential of -30.4 (±0.86) mV and EE of 53.12(±1.54)%. DSC and XRD data confirmed the formation of NLCs. Significantly higher deposition of Methotrexate was found in human cadaver skin from MtxNLC gel (71.52 ±1.23%) as compared to Mtx plain gel (54.28±1.02%). Findings of the studies suggest that there is significant improvement in therapeutic index in treatment of psoriasis by MTx-NLCs incorporated gel base developed in this investigation over plain drug gel currently available in the market. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methotrexate" title="methotrexate">methotrexate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psoriasis" title=" psoriasis"> psoriasis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NLCs" title=" NLCs"> NLCs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hepatotoxic%20effects" title=" hepatotoxic effects"> hepatotoxic effects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23230/development-of-methotrexate-nanostructured-lipid-carriers-for-topical-treatment-of-psoriasis-optimization-evaluation-and-in-vitro-studies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">430</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17545</span> Cellular Uptake and Endocytosis of Doxorubicin Loaded Methoxy Poly (Ethylene Glycol)-Block-Poly (Glutamic Acid) [DOX/mPEG-b-PLG] Nanoparticles against Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaheer%20Ahmad">Zaheer Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afzal%20Shah"> Afzal Shah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> pH responsive block copolymers consist of mPEG and glutamic acid units were syntheiszed in different formulations. The synthesized polymers were structurally investigated. Doxorubicin Hydrocholide (DOX-HCl) as a chemotherapy medication for the treatment of cancer was selected. DOX-HCl was loaded and their drug loading content and drug loading efficiency were determined. The nanocarriers were obtained in small size, well shaped and slightly negative surface charge. The release study was carried out both at pH 7.4 and 5.5 and it was revealed that the release was sustained and in controlled manner and there was no initial burst release. The in vitro release study was further carried out for different formulations with different glutamic acid moieties. Time dependent cell proliferation inhibition of the free drug and drug loaded nanoparticles against human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and Zr-75-30 was observed. Cellular uptakes and endocytosis were investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and flow cytometery. The biocompatibility, optimum size, shape and surface charge of the developed nanoparticles make the nanoparticles an efficient drug delivery carrier. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=doxorubicin" title="doxorubicin">doxorubicin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glutamic%20acid" title=" glutamic acid"> glutamic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cell%20proliferation%20inhibition" title=" cell proliferation inhibition"> cell proliferation inhibition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breast%20cancer%20cell" title=" breast cancer cell"> breast cancer cell</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96633/cellular-uptake-and-endocytosis-of-doxorubicin-loaded-methoxy-poly-ethylene-glycol-block-poly-glutamic-acid-doxmpeg-b-plg-nanoparticles-against-human-breast-cancer-cell-lines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96633.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17544</span> Phage Capsid for Efficient Delivery of Cytotoxic Drugs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simona%20Dostalova">Simona Dostalova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dita%20Munzova"> Dita Munzova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ana%20Maria%20Jimenez%20Jimenez"> Ana Maria Jimenez Jimenez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marketa%20Vaculovicova"> Marketa Vaculovicova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vojtech%20Adam"> Vojtech Adam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rene%20Kizek"> Rene Kizek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The boom of nanomedicine in recent years has led to the development of numerous new nanomaterials that can be used as nanocarriers in the drug delivery. These nanocarriers can either be synthetic or natural-based. The disadvantage of many synthetic nanocarriers is their toxicity in patient’s body. Protein cages that can naturally be found in human body do not exhibit such disadvantage. However, the release of cargo from some protein cages in target cells can be problematic. As a special type of protein cages can serve the capsid of many viruses, including phage. Phages infect bacterial cells; therefore they are not harmful to human cells. The targeting of phage particles to cancer cells can be solved by producing of empty phage capsids during which the targeting moieties (e.g. peptides) can be cloned into genes of phage capsid to decorate its surface. Moreover, the produced capsids do not contain viral nucleic acid and are therefore not infectious to beneficial bacteria in the patient’s body. The protein cage composed of viral capsid is larger than other frequently used apoferritin cage but its size is still small enough to benefit from passive targeting by Enhanced Permeability and Retention effect. In this work, bacteriophage λ was used, both whole and its empty capsid for delivery of different cytotoxic drugs (cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, etoposide and doxorubicin). Large quantities of phage λ were obtained from phage λ-producing strain of E. coli cultivated in medium with 0.2 % maltose. After killing of E. coli with chloroform and its removal by centrifugation, the phage was concentrated by ultracentrifugation at 130 000 g and 4 °C for 3 h. The encapsulation of the drugs was performed by infusion method and four different concentrations of the drugs were encapsulated (200; 100; 50; 25 µg/ml). Free molecules of drugs were removed by dialysis. The encapsulation was verified using spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods. The amount of encapsulated drug linearly increased with the amount of applied drug (determination coefficient R2=0.8013). 76% of applied drug was encapsulated in phage λ particles (concentration of 10 µg/ml), even with the highest applied concentration of drugs, 200 µg/ml. Only 1% of encapsulated drug was detected in phage DNA. Similar results were obtained with encapsulation in phage empty capsid. Therefore, it can be concluded that the encapsulation of drugs into phage particles is efficient and mostly occurs by interaction of drugs with protein capsid. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cytostatics" title="cytostatics">cytostatics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20delivery" title=" drug delivery"> drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocarriers" title=" nanocarriers"> nanocarriers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage%20capsid" title=" phage capsid"> phage capsid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24931/phage-capsid-for-efficient-delivery-of-cytotoxic-drugs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24931.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">493</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17543</span> Design, Synthesis and Pharmacological Investigation of Novel 2-Phenazinamine Derivatives as a Mutant BCR-ABL (T315I) Inhibitor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gajanan%20M.%20Sonwane">Gajanan M. Sonwane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, the entire pharmaceutical industry is facing the challenge of increasing efficiency and innovation. The major hurdles are the growing cost of research and development and a concurrent stagnating number of new chemical entities (NCEs). Hence, the challenge is to select the most druggable targets and to search the equivalent drug-like compounds, which also possess specific pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties that allow them to be developed as drugs. The present research work includes the studies of developing new anticancer heterocycles by using molecular modeling techniques. The heterocycles synthesized through such methodology are much effective as various physicochemical parameters have been already studied and the structure has been optimized for its best fit in the receptor. Hence, on the basis of the literature survey and considering the need to develop newer anticancer agents, new phenazinamine derivatives were designed by subjecting the nucleus to molecular modeling, viz., GQSAR analysis and docking studies. Simultaneously, these designed derivatives were subjected to in silico prediction of biological activity through PASS studies and then in silico toxicity risk assessment studies. In PASS studies, it was found that all the derivatives exhibited a good spectrum of biological activities confirming its anticancer potential. The toxicity risk assessment studies revealed that all the derivatives obey Lipinski’s rule. Amongst these series, compounds 4c, 5b and 6c were found to possess logP and drug-likeness values comparable with the standard Imatinib (used for anticancer activity studies) and also with the standard drug methotrexate (used for antimitotic activity studies). One of the most notable mutations is the threonine to isoleucine mutation at codon 315 (T315I), which is known to be resistant to all currently available TKI. Enzyme assay planned for confirmation of target selective activity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20design" title="drug design">drug design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tyrosine%20kinases" title=" tyrosine kinases"> tyrosine kinases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anticancer" title=" anticancer"> anticancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phenazinamine" title=" Phenazinamine"> Phenazinamine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148609/design-synthesis-and-pharmacological-investigation-of-novel-2-phenazinamine-derivatives-as-a-mutant-bcr-abl-t315i-inhibitor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148609.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">116</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17542</span> Effectiveness of Group Therapy Based on Acceptance and Commitment on Self-Criticism and Coping Mechanism in People with Addiction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Reza%20Khodabakhsh">Mohamad Reza Khodabakhsh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Drug use and addiction are major biological, psychological, and social problems. In drug abuse treatment, it is important to pay attention to personality problems and coping methods of patients. Today, the third-wave treatments in psychotherapy emphasize people's awareness and acceptance of feelings and emotions, cognitions, and behaviors instead of challenging cognitions. For this reason, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment to self-criticism and coping strategies of people with drug use disorder. This research was a quasi-experimental type of research (pre-test-post-test design with an unequal control group), and the statistical population of this research included all men with drug use disorder in Mashhad, 174 of whom among the 75 people eligible for this research, 30 of them were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. In this research, Gilbert's self-criticism scale was used to measure self-criticism, and Andler and Barker's coping strategies questionnaire was used to measure coping strategies. Therapeutic intervention (treatment based on acceptance and commitment) was performed on the experimental group for eight sessions of 90 minutes, and then post-tests were taken from both groups, and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to analyze the data. The results showed that treatment based on acceptance and commitment significantly reduced self-criticism and improved coping strategies used by patients with drug use disorder (p>0.01). Therefore, treatment based on acceptance and commitment has been effective in reducing self-criticism and improving the coping strategies of patients with drug use disorder due to teaching clients to accept thoughts and conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment%20based%20on%20acceptance%20and%20commitment" title="treatment based on acceptance and commitment">treatment based on acceptance and commitment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-criticism" title=" self-criticism"> self-criticism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coping%20strategies" title=" coping strategies"> coping strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=addiction" title=" addiction"> addiction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156251/effectiveness-of-group-therapy-based-on-acceptance-and-commitment-on-self-criticism-and-coping-mechanism-in-people-with-addiction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156251.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17541</span> Effects of Pharmaceutical Drugs on Fish (koi) Behaviour and Muscle Function</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gayathri%20Vijayakumar">Gayathri Vijayakumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Preethi%20Baskaran"> Preethi Baskaran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effluents that are let down by the industries mix with the water bodies and drastically affect the aquatic life, which leads to pollution and bio magnifications. Effluents mostly contain chemicals, heavy metals etc., and cause toxicity to the environment. The pharmaceutical industries too contribute. The by-products and other unwanted waste are discharged without any treatment; these causes DNA damage and affect behavior of aquatic life. The study was conducted on koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) the ornamental variety of common carp. A two week long study was conducted on them using common anti-depressant drug (Diazepam) in various concentrations. These drugs are known to cause behavioral damage and organ malfunctions (muscle twitch). The histopathological study conducted showed permanent muscle twitching and lesions in the fish samples studied. The sociability was also affected in the span of 14 days. Higher concentrations of this drug showed severe damage in the muscle structures. Thus, this drug can cause adverse effects on marine ecosystem and eventually cause bio magnification of drug by running through the food chain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollution" title="pollution">pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxicity" title=" toxicity"> toxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-magnifications" title=" bio-magnifications"> bio-magnifications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=koi%20carp" title=" koi carp"> koi carp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muscle%20twitch" title=" muscle twitch"> muscle twitch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diazepam" title=" diazepam"> diazepam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histopathology" title=" histopathology"> histopathology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158151/effects-of-pharmaceutical-drugs-on-fish-koi-behaviour-and-muscle-function" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158151.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17540</span> Understanding the Mechanisms of Salmonella Typhimurium Resistance to Cannabidiol (CDB)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iddrisu%20Ibrahim">Iddrisu Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joseph%20Atia%20Ayariga"> Joseph Atia Ayariga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junhuan%20Xu"> Junhuan Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20A.%20Abugri"> Daniel A. Abugri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robertson%20K.%20Boakai"> Robertson K. Boakai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olufemi%20S.%20Ajayi"> Olufemi S. Ajayi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The recalcitrance of pathogenic bacteria indicates that millions of people who are at risk of infection arising from chronic diseases, surgery, organ transplant, diabetes, and several other debilitating diseases present an aura of potentially untreatable illness due to resistance development. Antimicrobial resistance has successfully become a global health menace, and resistances are often acquired by bacteria through health-care-related incidence (HRI) orchestrated by multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extended drug-resistant pathogens (EDRP). To understand the mechanisms S. Typhimurium uses to resist CDB, we study the abundance of LPS modification, Ergosterols, Mysristic palmitic resistance, Oleic acid resistance of susceptible and resistant S. Typhimurium. Using qPCR, we also analyzed the expression of selected genes known for enabling resistance in S. Typhimurium. We found high abundance of LPS, Ergosterols, Mysristic palmitic resistance, Oleic acid resistance of and high expression of resistant genes in S. Typhimurium compared to the susceptible strain. LPS modification, Ergosterols, Mysristic palmitic resistance, Oleic acid and genes such as Fims, integrons, blaTEM are important indicators of resistance development of S. typhimurium. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobials" title="antimicrobials">antimicrobials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance" title=" resistance"> resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cannabidiol" title=" Cannabidiol"> Cannabidiol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salmonella" title=" Salmonella"> Salmonella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blaTEM" title=" blaTEM"> blaTEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fimA" title=" fimA"> fimA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lipopolysaccharide" title=" Lipopolysaccharide"> Lipopolysaccharide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ergosterols" title=" Ergosterols"> Ergosterols</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182736/understanding-the-mechanisms-of-salmonella-typhimurium-resistance-to-cannabidiol-cdb" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182736.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17539</span> Drug Sensitivity Pattern of Organisms Causing Suppurative Otitis Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nagat%20M.%20Saeed">Nagat M. Saeed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mabruka%20S.%20Elashheb"> Mabruka S. Elashheb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatma%20M.%20Ben%20Rabaha"> Fatma M. Ben Rabaha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20M%20Edrah"> Aisha M Edrah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the study was to determine the type and pattern of antibiotic susceptibility of the pathogenic microorganisms causing chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), which could lead to better therapeutic decisions and consequently avoidance of appearance of resistance to specific antibiotics. Most frequently isolated agents were Pseudomonas aeruginosa 28.5%; followed by Staphylococcus aureus 18.2%; proteus mirabilis 13.9%; Providencia stuartti 6.7%; Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Aspergillus sp., candida sp., 4.2% each; and other microorganisms were represented in 3-0.2%. Drug sensitivities pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that ciprofloxacin was active against the majority of isolates (93.9%) followed by ceftazidime 86.2%, amikacin 76.2% and gentamicin 40.8%. However, Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin 72.7%, erythromycin 28.6%, cephalothin 18.2%, cloxacillin 8.3% and ciprofloxacin was active against 96.2% of isolates. The resistance pattern of proteus mirabilis was 55.6% to ampicillin, 47.1% to carbencillin, 29.4% to cephalothin, 14.3% to gentamicin and 4.8% to amikacin while 100% were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. We conclude that ciprofloxacin is the best drug of choice in the treatment of CSOM caused by the common microorganisms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=otitis%20media" title="otitis media">otitis media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chronic%20suppurative%20otitis%20media%20%28CSOM%29" title=" chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM)"> chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microorganisms" title=" microorganisms"> microorganisms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20sensitivity" title=" drug sensitivity"> drug sensitivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4426/drug-sensitivity-pattern-of-organisms-causing-suppurative-otitis-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4426.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">345</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17538</span> Improving the Aqueous Solubility of Taxol through Altering XLOGP3</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arianna%20Zhu">Arianna Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Bakupog"> Thomas Bakupog</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Taxol (generic name paclitaxel) is an antineoplastic drug used to treat breast, lung, and ovarian cancer. It performs exceptionally well against a wide variety of tumors, including B16 melanoma, L1210 and P388 leukemias, MX-1 mammary tumors, and CX-1 colon tumor xenografts. However, despite taxol’s efficacy in antitumor activity, its aqueous solubility is extremely poor, decreasing its bioavailability and making it difficult for the body to absorb. The objective of this study is to improve the solubility of taxol, thus increasing the bioavailability of the drug in preventing cancer. By modifying the structure of taxol, four novel taxol derivatives were created with improved solubilities. Two of the derivatives were given an additional hydrogen donor and acceptor and thus showed a pronounced positive change in solubility. The results of this work solve the issue of taxol’s inadequate solubility and show potential in increasing the absorption of the drug. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taxol" title="Taxol">Taxol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Solubility" title=" Solubility"> Solubility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improving%20bioavailability" title=" improving bioavailability"> improving bioavailability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logP" title=" logP"> logP</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176367/improving-the-aqueous-solubility-of-taxol-through-altering-xlogp3" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176367.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17537</span> Fabrication and Characterization of Transdermal Spray Using Film Forming Polymer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paresh%20Patel">Paresh Patel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harshit%20Patel"> Harshit Patel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Superficial fungal skin infection is among the most common skin disease. The drug administration through skin has received attention due to several advantages: Avoidance of significant pre-systemic metabolism, drug levels within the therapeutic window, drugs with short biological half-lives, decreased side effects, the non-invasive character, and very high acceptance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transdermal%20spray" title="transdermal spray">transdermal spray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ketoconazole" title=" ketoconazole"> ketoconazole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eudragit%C2%AE%20RLPO" title=" Eudragit® RLPO"> Eudragit® RLPO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=therapeutic%20window" title=" therapeutic window"> therapeutic window</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2306/fabrication-and-characterization-of-transdermal-spray-using-film-forming-polymer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2306.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">399</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17536</span> Nano-emulsion/Nano-suspension as Precursors for Oral Dissolvable Film to Enhance Bioavalabilty for Poor-water Solubility Drugs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuan%20Yang">Yuan Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mickey%20Lam"> Mickey Lam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oral dissolvable films have been considered as a unique alternative approach to conventional oral dosage forms. The films could be administrated via the gastrointestinal tract as conventional dosages or through sublingual/buccal mucosa membranes, which could enhance drug bioavailability by avoiding the first-pass effect and improving permeability due to high blood flow and lymphatic circulation. This work has described a state-of-art technic using nano-emulsion/nano-suspension as a precursor for the film to enhance the bioavailability of BCS class II drugs. The drug molecules are consequentially processed through the emulsification, gelation, and film-casting processes. The gelation process is critical to stabilizing the nano-emulsion for the film-casting as well as controlling the drug release process. Furthermore, the size of the nanoparticle on the film has a strong correlation with the size of the micelles in the precursor and the condition of the gelation process. It has been discovered that nanoparticle from 200 nm to 300 nm has shown the highest permeability for sublingual administration. In one example shown in work, the bioavailability of a low solubilize drug has been increased from 10% to 24% via sublingual administration of the film. The increasing of the bioavailability was thought to be associated with the enhancement of the diffusion process of the drug in the saliva layer above the mucosa membrane and the fact that the presents of the emulsifier help lose the rigid junction of the mucosa cells. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oral%20dissolvable%20film" title="oral dissolvable film">oral dissolvable film</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano-suspension" title=" nano-suspension"> nano-suspension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano-emulsion" title=" nano-emulsion"> nano-emulsion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioavailability" title=" bioavailability"> bioavailability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142588/nano-emulsionnano-suspension-as-precursors-for-oral-dissolvable-film-to-enhance-bioavalabilty-for-poor-water-solubility-drugs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142588.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">183</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17535</span> Potential Impact of Sodium Salicylate Nanoemulsion on Expression of Nephrin in Nephrotoxic Experimental Rat</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadia%20A.%20Mohamed">Nadia A. Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zakaria%20El-Khayat"> Zakaria El-Khayat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wagdy%20K.%20B.%20Khalil"> Wagdy K. B. Khalil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehrez%20E.%20El-Naggar">Mehrez E. El-Naggar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Drug nephrotoxicity is still a problem for patients who have taken drugs for elongated periods or permanently. Ultrasound-assisted sol−gel method was used to prepare hollow structured poroussilica nanoemulsion loaded with sodium salicylate as a model drug. The work was extended to achieve the target of the current work via investigating the protective role of this nanoemulsion model as anti-inflammatory drug or ginger for its antioxidant effect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in male albino rats. The results clarify that the nanoemulsion model was synthesized using ultrasonic assisted with small size and well stabilization as proved by TEM and DLS analysis. Additionally, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Serum creatinine (SC) and Urinary total protein (UTP) were increased, and the level of creatinine clearance (Crcl) was decreased. All those were met with disorders in oxidative stress and downregulation in the expression of the nephrin gene. Also, histopathological changes of the kidney tissue were observed. These changes back to normal by treatment with silica nanoparticles loaded sodium salicylate (Si-Sc-NPs), ginger or both. Conclusions oil/water nanoemulsion of (Si-Sc NPs) and ginger showed a protective and promising preventive strategy against nephrotoxicity due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and that offers a new approach in attenuating drug induced nephrotoxicity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium%20salicylate%20nanoencapsulation" title="sodium salicylate nanoencapsulation">sodium salicylate nanoencapsulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nephrin%20mRNA" title=" nephrin mRNA"> nephrin mRNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20nephrotoxicity" title=" drug nephrotoxicity"> drug nephrotoxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cisplatin" title=" cisplatin"> cisplatin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experimental%20rats" title=" experimental rats"> experimental rats</a> </p> <a 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