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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Wikipedia:Verifiability</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display:none;right:55px"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This page is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/30px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150322000822im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/40px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></div> <div class="hatnote">To discuss particular sources, see the <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard">reliable sources noticeboard</a>. For vandalism, see <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VAND" title="Wikipedia:VAND" class="mw-redirect">WP:VAND</a>. For the default Wikipedia skin, see <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VECTOR" title="Wikipedia:VECTOR" class="mw-redirect">WP:VECTOR</a>.</div> <table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="Green check.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/30px-Green_check.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/45px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150322000822im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/60px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></td> <td class="mbox-text">This page documents an English Wikipedia <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policy</a>, a widely accepted standard that all editors should <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_%22Ignore_all_rules%22_means#Use_common_sense" title="Wikipedia:What "Ignore all rules" means">normally</a> follow. Changes made to it should reflect <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>.</td> <td class="mbox-imageright"> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float: right; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #fff; margin: 0; padding: 1px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.1em"> <tr> <th style="border: none; background: transparent;"><span id="WP:V"></span><span id="WP:VER"></span><span id="WP:VERIFY"></span><small><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>:<br/> <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V" title="Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect">WP:V</a><br/> <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VER" title="Wikipedia:VER" class="mw-redirect">WP:VER</a><br/> <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VERIFY" title="Wikipedia:VERIFY" class="mw-redirect">WP:VERIFY</a></small></th> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/30px-Walnut.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/45px-Walnut.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150322000822im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"/></td> <td class="mbox-text"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> Readers must be able to check that Wikipedia articles are not just made up. This means that all quotations and any material challenged or likely to be challenged must be attributed to a reliable, published source using an <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INCITE" title="Wikipedia:INCITE" class="mw-redirect">inline citation</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks plainlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:auto;background:#f5faff;font-size:90%;line-height:1.6em; width:200px;clear:right"> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#cee0f2;;padding:0.1em 0.25em 0.15em;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Core_content_policies" title="Wikipedia:Core content policies">Core content policies</a></span></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Verifiability</strong></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#cee0f2;;padding:0.1em 0.25em 0.15em;"><span style="font-size: 120%;">Other <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_policies" title="Wikipedia:Content policies" class="mw-redirect">content policies</a></span></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Content_policy_list" title="Template:Content policy list"><span title="View this template">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Content_policy_list" title="Template talk:Content policy list"><span title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Content_policy_list&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p>In Wikipedia, <b>verifiability</b> means that people reading and editing the encyclopedia can check that the information comes from a <a href="#What_counts_as_a_reliable_source">reliable source</a>. Wikipedia does not publish <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Its content is determined by previously published information rather than the beliefs or experiences of its editors. Even if you're sure something is true, it must be verifiable before you can add it.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> When reliable sources disagree, present what the various sources say, give each side its <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:DUE" title="Wikipedia:DUE" class="mw-redirect">due weight</a>, and maintain a <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</p> <p>All material in <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mainspace" title="Wikipedia:Mainspace" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia mainspace</a>, including everything in articles, lists and captions, must be verifiable. All quotations, and any material whose verifiability has been challenged or is likely to be challenged, must include an <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INCITE" title="Wikipedia:INCITE" class="mw-redirect">inline citation</a> that directly supports the material. Any material that needs a source but does not have one may be removed. Please remove contentious material <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">about living people</a> that is unsourced or poorly sourced immediately.</p> <p>For how to write citations, see <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citing sources</a>. Verifiability, <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">no original research</a> and <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a> are Wikipedia's core content policies. They work together to determine content, so editors should understand the key points of all three. Articles must also comply with the <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright" title="Wikipedia:Copyright" class="mw-redirect">copyright policy</a>.</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Responsibility_for_providing_citations"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Responsibility for providing citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Reliable_sources"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext"> Reliable sources</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#What_counts_as_a_reliable_source"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">What counts as a reliable source</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Newspaper_and_magazine_blogs"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Newspaper and magazine blogs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Reliable_sources_noticeboard_and_WP:IRS"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Reliable sources noticeboard and WP:IRS </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sources_that_are_usually_not_reliable"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Sources that are usually not reliable</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Questionable_sources"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Questionable sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Self-published_sources"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Self-published sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Self-published_or_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Wikipedia and sources that mirror or use it</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Accessibility"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Accessibility</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Access_to_sources"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Access to sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Non-English_sources"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Non-English sources</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Citing_non-English_sources"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citing non-English sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Quoting_non-English_sources"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Quoting non-English sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Other_issues"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Other issues</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Verifiability_does_not_guarantee_inclusion"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Verifiability does not guarantee inclusion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Tagging_a_sentence.2C_section.2C_or_article"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tagging a sentence, section, or article</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Exceptional claims require exceptional sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Verifiability_and_other_principles"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Verifiability and other principles</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Copyright_and_plagiarism"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Copyright and plagiarism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Neutrality"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Neutrality</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Notability"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Notability</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Original_research"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Original research</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Responsibility_for_providing_citations">Responsibility for providing citations</span></h2> <table class="shortcutbox shortcutbox-policy noprint" style="float: right; margin: .3em .3em .3em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #fff; padding: 3px; text-align: center; font-size:80%"> <tr> <th style="border: none; background: transparent;" class="plainlist"><span id="WP:UNSOURCED"></span><span id="WP:CHALLENGE"></span><span id="WP:BURDEN"></span><span id="WP:PROVEIT"></span><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policy</a> <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:UNSOURCED&redirect=no">WP:UNSOURCED</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CHALLENGE&redirect=no">WP:CHALLENGE</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:BURDEN&redirect=no">WP:BURDEN</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PROVEIT&redirect=no">WP:PROVEIT</a></span></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote">"WP:PROVEIT" redirects here. For the editing tool, see <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:ProveIt_GT" title="User:ProveIt GT">User:ProveIt GT</a>.</div> <p><span id="Burden"></span><span id="Burden_of_evidence"></span>All content must be verifiable. The <b>burden to demonstrate verifiability lies with the editor who adds or restores material</b>, and is satisfied by providing a citation to a reliable source that directly supports the contribution.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><span id="Unsourced"></span>Attribute all quotations and any material <b>challenged or likely to be challenged</b> to a reliable, published source using an <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citation</a>. Cite the source clearly and precisely (specifying page, section, or such divisions as may be appropriate). The citation must clearly support the material as presented in the article. See <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a> for details of how to do this.</p> <p><span id="Challenge"></span>Any material lacking a reliable source directly supporting it may be removed and should not be restored without an inline citation to a reliable source. Whether and how quickly this should happen depends on the material and the overall state of the article. In some cases, editors may object if you remove material without giving them time to provide references; consider adding a <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a> tag as an interim step.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> When tagging or removing material for lacking an inline citation, please state your concern that there may not be a published reliable source for the content, and therefore it may not be verifiable.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> If you think the material is verifiable, <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PRESERVE" title="Wikipedia:PRESERVE" class="mw-redirect">you are encouraged to provide an inline citation yourself</a> before considering whether to remove or tag it.</p> <p>Do <i>not</i> leave unsourced or poorly sourced material in an article if it might damage the reputation of <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" title="Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect">living people</a> or existing groups, and do not move it to the talk page. You should also be aware of how the <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP#Legal_persons_and_groups" title="Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect">BLP policy applies to groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wales_2006-05_Wikimedia_wikien-l_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wales_2006-05_Wikimedia_wikien-l-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reliable_sources"><span id="WP:SOURCES"></span> Reliable sources</span></h2> <table class="shortcutbox shortcutbox-policy noprint" style="float: right; margin: .3em .3em .3em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #fff; padding: 3px; text-align: center; font-size:80%"> <tr> <th style="border: none; background: transparent;" class="plainlist"><span id="WP:SOURCE"></span><span id="WP:SOURCES"></span><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policy</a> <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SOURCE&redirect=no">WP:SOURCE</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SOURCES&redirect=no">WP:SOURCES</a></span></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote">"WP:SOURCE" redirects here. For <code><source></code> tag, see <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Syntaxhighlight" title="Wikipedia:Syntaxhighlight">Wikipedia:Syntaxhighlight</a>.</div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="What_counts_as_a_reliable_source">What counts as a reliable source</span></h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources</a></div> <p>The word "source" in Wikipedia has three aspects:</p> <ul> <li>The type of the work (some examples include a document, an article, or a book)</li> <li>The creator of the work (for example, the writer)</li> <li>The publisher of the work (for example, Oxford University Press)</li> </ul> <p>All three can affect reliability.</p> <p>Base articles on reliable, <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Third-party_sources" title="Wikipedia:Third-party sources">third-party</a>, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. Source material must have been <b>published</b>, the definition of which for our purposes is "made available to the public in some form".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> <b>Unpublished</b> materials are not considered reliable. Use sources that directly support the material presented in an article and are appropriate to the claims made. The appropriateness of any source depends on the context. The best sources have a professional structure in place for checking or analyzing facts, legal issues, evidence, and arguments. The greater the degree of scrutiny given to these issues, the more reliable the source. Be especially careful when sourcing content related to <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" title="Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect">living people</a> or <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MEDRS" title="Wikipedia:MEDRS" class="mw-redirect">medicine</a>.</p> <p>If available, academic and peer-reviewed publications are usually the most reliable sources, such as in history, medicine, and science.</p> <p>Editors may also use material from reliable non-academic sources, particularly if it appears in respected mainstream publications. Other reliable sources include:</p> <ul> <li>University-level textbooks</li> <li>Books published by respected publishing houses</li> <li>Magazines</li> <li>Journals</li> <li>Mainstream newspapers</li> </ul> <p>Editors may also use electronic media, subject to the same criteria. See details in <i><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources</a> and <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Search_engine_test" title="Wikipedia:Search engine test">Wikipedia:Search engine test</a></i>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Newspaper_and_magazine_blogs">Newspaper and magazine blogs</span></h3> <table class="shortcutbox shortcutbox-policy noprint" style="float: right; margin: .3em .3em .3em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #fff; padding: 3px; text-align: center; font-size:80%"> <tr> <th style="border: none; background: transparent;" class="plainlist"><span id="WP:NEWSBLOG"></span><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policy</a> <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">shortcut</a>: <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NEWSBLOG&redirect=no">WP:NEWSBLOG</a></span></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <p>Several newspapers, magazines, and other news organizations host <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PRIMARY" title="Wikipedia:PRIMARY" class="mw-redirect">columns</a> on their web sites that they call <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a>. These may be acceptable sources if the writers are professionals, but use them with caution because the blog may not be subject to the news organization's normal fact-checking process.<sup id="cite_ref-EXCEPTIONAL_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EXCEPTIONAL-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> If a news organization publishes an <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PRIMARY" title="Wikipedia:PRIMARY" class="mw-redirect">opinion piece</a> in a blog, attribute the statement to the writer (e.g. "Jane Smith wrote..."). Never use blog posts that are left by readers as sources. For personal or group blogs that are <i>not</i> reliable sources, see <a href="#Self-published_sources">Self-published sources</a> below.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reliable_sources_noticeboard_and_WP:IRS">Reliable sources noticeboard and WP:IRS <span id="Reliable_sources_noticeboard_and_WP:IRS_guideline"></span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources_noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources noticeboard" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Reliable sources noticeboard</a> and <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources</a></div> <p>To discuss the reliability of a specific source for a particular statement, consult the <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard">reliable sources noticeboard</a>, which seeks to apply this policy to particular cases. For a guideline discussing the reliability of particular <i>types</i> of sources, see <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources</a> (WP:IRS). In the case of inconsistency between this policy and the <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IRS" title="Wikipedia:IRS" class="mw-redirect">WP:IRS</a> guideline, or any other guideline related to sourcing, this policy has priority.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources_that_are_usually_not_reliable">Sources that are usually not reliable</span></h2> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources#Questionable_and_self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources § Questionable and self-published sources</a></div> <table class="shortcutbox shortcutbox-policy noprint" style="float: right; margin: .3em .3em .3em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #fff; padding: 3px; text-align: center; font-size:80%"> <tr> <th style="border: none; background: transparent;" class="plainlist"><span id="WP:NOTRELIABLE"></span><span id="WP:NOTRS"></span><span id="WP:QS"></span><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policy</a> <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NOTRELIABLE&redirect=no">WP:NOTRELIABLE</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NOTRS&redirect=no">WP:NOTRS</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:QS&redirect=no">WP:QS</a></span></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Questionable_sources">Questionable sources</span></h3> <p>Questionable sources are those that have a poor reputation for checking the facts, lack meaningful editorial oversight, or have an apparent conflict of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-COI_SOURCES_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COI_SOURCES-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Such sources include websites and publications expressing views that are widely considered by other sources to be extremist or promotional, or that rely heavily on unsubstantiated gossip, rumor or personal opinion. Questionable sources should only be used as sources of material on themselves, especially in articles about themselves; see <a href="#Self-published_and_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves">below</a>. They are not suitable sources for contentious claims about others.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Self-published_sources"><span id="Self-published_sources_.28online_and_paper.29"></span><span id="SELF"></span>Self-published sources</span></h3> <table class="shortcutbox shortcutbox-policy noprint" style="float: right; margin: .3em .3em .3em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #fff; padding: 3px; text-align: center; font-size:80%"> <tr> <th style="border: none; background: transparent;" class="plainlist"><span id="WP:SPS"></span><span id="WP:SELFPUBLISH"></span><span id="WP:BLOGS"></span><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policy</a> <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SPS&redirect=no">WP:SPS</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SELFPUBLISH&redirect=no">WP:SELFPUBLISH</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:BLOGS&redirect=no">WP:BLOGS</a></span></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Avoid_self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons § Avoid self-published sources</a> and <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_self-publishing_companies" title="Wikipedia:List of self-publishing companies" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:List of self-publishing companies</a></div> <p>Anyone can create a <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_web_page" title="Personal web page">personal web page</a> or <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">publish their own book</a>, and also <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Expert_editors" title="Wikipedia:Expert editors">claim to be an expert</a> in a certain field. For that reason, self-published media, such as books, patents, newsletters, personal websites, open wikis, personal or group blogs (as distinguished from <a href="#Newspaper_and_magazine_blogs">newsblogs</a>, above), Internet forum postings, and tweets, are largely not acceptable as sources. Self-published expert sources may be considered reliable when produced by an established expert on the subject matter, whose work <b>in the relevant field</b> has previously been published by reliable third-party publications.<sup id="cite_ref-EXCEPTIONAL_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EXCEPTIONAL-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Exercise caution when using such sources: if the information in question is really worth reporting, someone else will probably have done so.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> <b>Never</b> use self-published sources as third-party sources about living people, even if the author is an expert, well-known professional researcher, or writer.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Self-published_or_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves"><span id="Self-published_and_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves"></span>Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves</span></h3> <div class="hatnote">"WP:SOCIALMEDIA" redirects here. For the policy on what Wikipedia is not, see <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTSOCIALNETWORK" title="Wikipedia:NOTSOCIALNETWORK" class="mw-redirect">WP:NOTSOCIALNETWORK</a>.</div> <div class="hatnote">"WP:TWITTER" redirects here. For the external links essay, see <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Twitter" title="Wikipedia:Twitter" class="mw-redirect">WP:Twitter</a>.</div> <table class="shortcutbox shortcutbox-policy noprint" style="float: right; margin: .3em .3em .3em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #fff; padding: 3px; text-align: center; font-size:80%"> <tr> <th style="border: none; background: transparent;" class="plainlist"><span id="WP:ABOUTSELF"></span><span id="WP:SELFPUB"></span><span id="WP:TWITTER"></span><span id="WP:SOCIALMEDIA"></span><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policy</a> <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ABOUTSELF&redirect=no">WP:ABOUTSELF</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SELFPUB&redirect=no">WP:SELFPUB</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TWITTER&redirect=no">WP:TWITTER</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SOCIALMEDIA&redirect=no">WP:SOCIALMEDIA</a></span></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <p>Self-published and questionable sources may be used as sources of information <b>about themselves</b>, usually in articles about themselves or their activities, without the self-published source requirement that they be published experts in the field, so long as:</p> <ul> <li>the material is neither unduly self-serving nor an <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">exceptional claim</a>;</li> <li>it does not involve claims about third parties;</li> <li>it does not involve claims about events not directly related to the source;</li> <li>there is no reasonable doubt as to its authenticity;</li> <li>the article is not based primarily on such sources.</li> </ul> <p>This policy also applies to pages on social networking websites such as <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>, and <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it">Wikipedia and sources that mirror or use it</span></h3> <table class="shortcutbox shortcutbox-policy noprint" style="float: right; margin: .3em .3em .3em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #fff; padding: 3px; text-align: center; font-size:80%"> <tr> <th style="border: none; background: transparent;" class="plainlist"><span id="WP:CIRC"></span><span id="WP:CIRCULAR"></span><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policy</a> <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CIRC&redirect=no">WP:CIRC</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CIRCULAR&redirect=no">WP:CIRCULAR</a></span></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote">"WP:CIRCULAR" redirects here. For links on a page that refer back to the same page, see <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect#Self-redirects" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">Wikipedia:Redirect § Self-redirects</a>.</div> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COPYWITHIN" title="Wikipedia:COPYWITHIN" class="mw-redirect">WP:COPYWITHIN</a></div> <p>Do not use articles from Wikipedia as sources. Also, do not use websites that <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mirrors_and_forks" title="Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks">mirror Wikipedia content</a> or publications that rely on material from Wikipedia as sources. Content from a Wikipedia article is not considered reliable unless it is backed up by citing <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. Confirm that these sources support the content, then use them directly. (There is also a risk of <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_reference" title="Circular reference">circular reference</a> when using a Wikipedia article or derivative work as a source.)</p> <p>An exception is allowed when Wikipedia is being discussed in the article, which may cite an article, guideline, discussion, statistic or other content from Wikipedia or a sister project to support a statement about Wikipedia. Wikipedia or the sister project is a <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary source</a> in this case, and may be used following the <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PRIMARY" title="Wikipedia:PRIMARY" class="mw-redirect">policy for primary sources</a>. Any such use should avoid <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:OR" title="Wikipedia:OR" class="mw-redirect">original research</a>, <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect">undue emphasis</a> on Wikipedia's role or views, and <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">inappropriate self-reference</a>. The article text should make it clear that the material is sourced from Wikipedia so the reader is made aware of the potential bias.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Accessibility">Accessibility</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Access_to_sources">Access to sources</span></h3> <table class="shortcutbox shortcutbox-policy noprint" style="float: right; margin: .3em .3em .3em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #fff; padding: 3px; text-align: center; font-size:80%"> <tr> <th style="border: none; background: transparent;" class="plainlist"><span id="WP:PAYWALL"></span><span id="WP:SOURCEACCESS"></span><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policy</a> <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PAYWALL&redirect=no">WP:PAYWALL</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SOURCEACCESS&redirect=no">WP:SOURCEACCESS</a></span></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Wikipedia:Offline sources</a>, <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request</a> and <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Cost" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Cost">Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Cost</a></div> <p>Some reliable sources may not be easily accessible. For example, an online source may require payment, and a print source may be available only in university libraries or other offline places. Do not reject sources just because they are hard or costly to access. If you have trouble accessing a source, others may be able to do so on your behalf (see <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">WikiProject Resource Exchange</a>).</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-English_sources">Non-English sources</span></h3> <table class="shortcutbox shortcutbox-policy noprint" style="float: right; margin: .3em .3em .3em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #fff; padding: 3px; text-align: center; font-size:80%"> <tr> <th style="border: none; background: transparent;" class="plainlist"><span id="WP:RSUE"></span><span id="WP:NOENG"></span><span id="WP:NONENG"></span><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policy</a> <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RSUE&redirect=no">WP:RSUE</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NOENG&redirect=no">WP:NOENG</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NONENG&redirect=no">WP:NONENG</a></span></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Translators_available" title="Wikipedia:Translators available">Wikipedia:Translators available</a> and <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Translations_and_transcriptions" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia:No original research § Translations and transcriptions</a></div> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Citing_non-English_sources">Citing non-English sources</span></h4> <p>Citations to non-English sources are allowed. However, because this is the English-language Wikipedia, English-language sources are preferred over non-English ones whenever English sources of equal quality and relevance are available. As with sources in English, if a dispute arises involving a citation to a non-English source, editors may request that a quotation of relevant portions of the original source be provided, either in text, in a footnote, or on the article talk page.<sup id="cite_ref-Courtesy_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtesy-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Request_quotation" title="Template:Request quotation">Template:Request quotation</a>.)</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Quoting_non-English_sources">Quoting non-English sources</span></h4> <p>When quoting a non-English source (whether in the main text, in a footnote, or on the talk page), a translation into English should always accompany the quote. Translations published by reliable sources are preferred over translations by Wikipedians, but translations by Wikipedians are preferred over machine translations. When using a machine translation of source material, editors should be reasonably certain that the translation is accurate and the source is appropriate. Editors should not use machine translations of non-English sources in contentious articles or biographies of living people. If needed, ask an editor who can translate it for you.</p> <p>In articles, the original text is usually included with the translated text when translated by Wikipedians, and the translating editor is usually not cited. When quoting any material, whether in English or in some other language, be careful not to <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">violate copyright</a>; see the <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fair_use#Text" title="Wikipedia:Fair use" class="mw-redirect">fair-use guideline</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_issues">Other issues</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Verifiability_does_not_guarantee_inclusion">Verifiability does not guarantee inclusion</span></h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect">WP:UNDUE</a> and <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PAGEDECIDE" title="Wikipedia:PAGEDECIDE" class="mw-redirect">WP:PAGEDECIDE</a></div> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:ONUS"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ONUS" title="Wikipedia:ONUS" class="mw-redirect">WP:ONUS</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <p>While information must be verifiable in order to be included in an article, this does not mean that all verifiable information must be included in an article. <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Consensus</a> may determine that certain information does not improve an article, and that it should be omitted or <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PRESERVE" title="Wikipedia:PRESERVE" class="mw-redirect">presented instead in a different article</a>. The onus to achieve consensus for inclusion is on those seeking to include disputed content.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tagging_a_sentence.2C_section.2C_or_article">Tagging a sentence, section, or article</span></h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Sources_of_articles" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles">Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles</a></div> <p>If you want to request a source for an unsourced statement, you can tag a sentence with the {{<a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">citation needed</a>}} template by writing {{<a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cn" title="Template:Cn" class="mw-redirect">cn</a>}} or {{<a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fact" title="Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect">fact</a>}}. There are other templates <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Cleanup#Verifiability_and_sources" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup" class="mw-disambig">here</a> for tagging sections or entire articles. You can also leave a note on the <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Talk_page" title="Help:Talk page" class="mw-redirect">talk page</a> asking for a source, or move the material to the talk page and ask for a source there. To request verification that a reference supports the text, tag it with {{<a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Verification_needed" title="Template:Verification needed" class="mw-redirect">verification needed</a>}}. Material that fails verification may be tagged with {{<a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Failed_verification" title="Template:Failed verification">failed verification</a>}} or removed. When using templates to tag material, it is helpful to other editors if you explain your rationale in the template, edit summary, or on the talk page.</p> <p>Take special care with material about <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" title="Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect">living people</a>. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced should be removed immediately, not tagged or moved to the talk page.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources">Exceptional claims require exceptional sources</span></h3> <table class="shortcutbox shortcutbox-policy noprint" style="float: right; margin: .3em .3em .3em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #fff; padding: 3px; text-align: center; font-size:80%"> <tr> <th style="border: none; background: transparent;" class="plainlist"><span id="WP:REDFLAG"></span><span id="WP:EXCEPTIONAL"></span><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policy</a> <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:REDFLAG&redirect=no">WP:REDFLAG</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:EXCEPTIONAL&redirect=no">WP:EXCEPTIONAL</a></span></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Wikipedia:Fringe theories</a></div> <p>Any exceptional claim requires <i>multiple</i> high-quality sources.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_flag_(signal)" title="Red flag (signal)">Red flags</a> that should prompt extra caution include:</p> <ul> <li>surprising or apparently important claims not covered by multiple mainstream sources;</li> <li>challenged claims that are supported purely by <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary" title="Wikipedia:Primary" class="mw-redirect">primary</a> or self-published sources or those with an apparent conflict of interest;<sup id="cite_ref-COI_SOURCES_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COI_SOURCES-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>reports of a statement by someone that seems out of character, or against an interest they had previously defended;</li> <li>claims that are contradicted by the prevailing view within the relevant community, or that would significantly alter mainstream assumptions, especially in science, medicine, history, politics, and biographies of living people. This is especially true when proponents say there is a <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy</a> to silence them.</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Verifiability_and_other_principles">Verifiability and other principles</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Copyright_and_plagiarism">Copyright and plagiarism</span></h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright" title="Wikipedia:Copyright" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Copyright</a>, <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Wikipedia:Plagiarism</a>, <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MOS#Attribution" title="Wikipedia:MOS" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:MOS § Attribution</a> and <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE#In-text_attribution" title="Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:CITE § In-text attribution</a></div> <p>Do not plagiarize or breach copyright when using sources. Summarize source material in your own words as much as possible; when quoting or closely paraphrasing a source use an <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INCITE" title="Wikipedia:INCITE" class="mw-redirect">inline citation</a>, and <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INTEXT" title="Wikipedia:INTEXT" class="mw-redirect">in-text attribution</a> where appropriate.</p> <p>Do not link to any source that violates the copyrights of others per <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights#Linking_to_copyrighted_works" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">contributors' rights and obligations</a>. You can link to websites that display copyrighted works as long as the website has licensed the work, or uses the work in a way compliant with fair use. Knowingly directing others to material that violates copyright may be considered <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributory_copyright_infringement" title="Contributory copyright infringement" class="mw-redirect">contributory copyright infringement</a>. If there is reason to think a source violates copyright, do not cite it. <i>This is particularly relevant when linking to sites such as <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, where due care should be taken to avoid linking to material that violates copyright.</i></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Neutrality">Neutrality</span></h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view</a></div> <p>Even when information is cited to <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" title="Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect">reliable sources</a>, you must present it with a <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" title="Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect">neutral point of view</a> (NPOV). All articles must adhere to NPOV, fairly representing all majority and significant-minority viewpoints published by reliable sources, in <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect">rough proportion</a> to the prominence of each view. Tiny-minority views need not be included, except in articles devoted to them. If there is disagreement between sources, use <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INTEXT" title="Wikipedia:INTEXT" class="mw-redirect">in-text attribution</a>: "John Smith argues that X, while Paul Jones maintains that Y," followed by an <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INCITE" title="Wikipedia:INCITE" class="mw-redirect">inline citation</a>. Sources themselves do not need to maintain a neutral point of view. Indeed, many reliable sources are <i>not</i> neutral. Our job as editors is simply to summarize what the reliable sources say.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notability">Notability</span></h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Wikipedia:Notability</a></div> <p>If no reliable <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Third-party_sources" title="Wikipedia:Third-party sources">third-party sources</a> can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article on it.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Original_research">Original research</span></h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia:No original research</a></div> <p>The "No original research" policy (NOR) is closely related to the Verifiability policy. Among its requirements are:</p> <ol> <li>All material in Wikipedia articles must be <i>attributable</i> to a reliable published source. This means that a source must exist for it, whether or not it is cited in the article.</li> <li>Sources must support the material clearly and directly: <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SYN" title="Wikipedia:SYN" class="mw-redirect">drawing inferences from multiple sources to advance a novel position</a> is prohibited by the NOR policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Courtesy_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtesy-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Base articles largely on reliable <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sources" title="Secondary sources" class="mw-redirect">secondary sources</a>. While <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sources" title="Primary sources" class="mw-redirect">primary sources</a> are appropriate in some cases, relying on them can be problematic. For more information, see the <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary.2C_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources</a> section of the NOR policy, and the <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP#Misuse_of_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect">Misuse of primary sources</a> section of the BLP policy.</li> </ol> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_authority" title="Argument from authority">Argument from authority</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Anarchism_referencing_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Anarchism referencing guidelines">Wikipedia:Anarchism referencing guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)</a>, a guideline</li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_free_online_resources" title="Wikipedia:List of free online resources">Wikipedia:List of free online resources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Sources_of_articles" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles">Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_a_reliable_source" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a reliable source">Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a reliable source</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange">Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Core_content_policies" title="Wikipedia:Core content policies">Wikipedia:Core content policies</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Related essays</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_clutter" title="Wikipedia:Citation clutter" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Citation clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_mine_a_source" title="Wikipedia:How to mine a source">Wikipedia:How to mine a source</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Improving_referencing_efforts" title="Wikipedia:Improving referencing efforts">Wikipedia:Improving referencing efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability,_not_truth" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability, not truth">Wikipedia:Verifiability, not truth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Video_links" title="Wikipedia:Video links">Wikipedia:Video links</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">Wikipedia:When to cite</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This principle was previously expressed on this policy page as "the threshold for inclusion is <b>verifiability, not truth</b>." See the essay, <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability,_not_truth" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability, not truth">WP:Verifiability, not truth</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Once an editor has provided any source that he or she believes, in good faith, to be sufficient, then any editor who later removes the material has an obligation to articulate specific problems that would justify its exclusion from Wikipedia (e.g., <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:DUE" title="Wikipedia:DUE" class="mw-redirect">undue emphasis</a> on a minor point, unencyclopedic content, etc.). All editors are then expected to help achieve <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CONSENSUS" title="Wikipedia:CONSENSUS" class="mw-redirect">consensus</a>, and any problems with the text or sourcing should be fixed before the material is added back.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It may be that the article contains so few citations that it is impractical to add specific <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a> tags, in which case consider tagging a section with {{<a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Unreferencedsection" title="Template:Unreferencedsection" class="mw-redirect">unreferencedsection</a>}}, or the article with {{<a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Refimprove" title="Template:Refimprove">refimprove</a>}} or {{<a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Unreferenced" title="Template:Unreferenced">unreferenced</a>}}. In the case of a disputed category or on a disambiguation page, consider asking for a citation on the talk page.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When tagging or removing such material, please keep in mind that such edits can be easily misunderstood. Some editors object to others making chronic, frequent, and large-scale deletions of unsourced information, especially if unaccompanied by other efforts to improve the material. Do not concentrate only on material of a particular POV, as that may result in accusations that you are in violation of <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" title="Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect">WP:NPOV</a>. Also check to see whether the material is sourced to a citation elsewhere on the page. For all of these reasons, it is advisable to communicate clearly that you have a considered reason to believe that the material in question cannot be verified.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wales_2006-05_Wikimedia_wikien-l-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wales_2006-05_Wikimedia_wikien-l_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Wales, Jimmy</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2006-May/046440.html">"Zero information is preferred to misleading or false information"</a>, WikiEN-l, May 16, 2006: "I can NOT emphasize this enough. There seems to be a terrible bias among some editors that some sort of random speculative 'I heard it somewhere' pseudo information is to be tagged with a 'needs a cite' tag. Wrong. It should be removed, aggressively, unless it can be sourced. This is true of all information, but it is particularly true of negative information about living persons."</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This includes material such as documents in publicly-accessible archives, inscriptions on monuments, gravestones, etc., that are available for anyone to see.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-EXCEPTIONAL-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EXCEPTIONAL_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EXCEPTIONAL_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Please do note that any exceptional claim would require <a href="#Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources">exceptional sources</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-COI_SOURCES-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COI_SOURCES_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COI_SOURCES_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources that may have interests other than professional considerations in the matter being reported are considered to be conflicted sources. Further examples of sources with conflicts of interest include but are not limited to articles by any media group that promote the holding company of the media group or discredit its competitors; news reports by journalists having financial interests in the companies being reported or in their competitors; material (including but not limited to news reports, books, articles and other publications) involved in or struck down by litigation in any country, or released by parties involved in litigation against other involved parties, during, before or after the litigation; and promotional material released through media in the form of paid news reports. For definitions of sources with conflict of interest:</span> <ul> <li><span class="reference-text">The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/rcr/rcr_conflicts/foundation/index.html">Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning, Columbia University</a> mentions: "A conflict of interest involves the abuse – actual, apparent, or potential – of the trust that people have in professionals. The simplest working definition states: A conflict of interest is a situation in which financial or other personal considerations have the potential to compromise or bias professional judgment and objectivity. An apparent conflict of interest is one in which a reasonable person would think that the professional's judgment is likely to be compromised. A potential conflict of interest involves a situation that may develop into an actual conflict of interest. It is important to note that a conflict of interest exists whether or not decisions are affected by a personal interest; a conflict of interest implies only the potential for bias, not a likelihood. It is also important to note that a conflict of interest is not considered misconduct in research, since the definition for misconduct is currently limited to fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism."</span></li> <li><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://www.nytco.com/wp-content/uploads/NYT_Ethical_Journalism_0904-1.pdf">The New York Times Company</a> forwards this understanding: "Conflicts of interest, real or apparent, may come up in many areas. They may involve the relationships of staff members with readers, news sources, advocacy groups, advertisers, or competitors; with one another, or with the newspaper or its parent company. And at a time when two-career families are the norm, the civic and professional activities of spouses, family and companions can create conflicts or the appearance of conflicts."</span></li> </ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Self-published material is characterized by the <i>lack of independent reviewers</i> (those without a conflict of interest) validating the reliability of contents. Further examples of self-published sources include press releases, material contained within company websites, advertising campaigns, material published in media by the owner(s)/publisher(s) of the media group, self-released music albums and <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">electoral manifestos</a>:</span> <ul> <li><span class="reference-text">The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://library.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/Evaluate.html">University of California, Berkeley library</a> states: "Most pages found in general search engines for the web are self-published or published by businesses small and large with motives to get you to buy something or believe a point of view. Even within university and library web sites, there can be many pages that the institution does not try to oversee."</span></li> <li><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/integrity/pages/other/">Princeton University</a> offers this understanding in its publication, <i>Academic Integrity at Princeton (2011)</i>: "Unlike most books and journal articles, which undergo strict editorial review before publication, much of the information on the Web is self-published. To be sure, there are many websites in which you can have confidence: mainstream newspapers, refereed electronic journals, and university, library, and government collections of data. But for vast amounts of Web-based information, no impartial reviewers have evaluated the accuracy or fairness of such material before it's made instantly available across the globe."</span></li> <li><span class="reference-text">The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://library.stkate.edu/pdf/citeChicago.pdf">Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition</a> states, "any Internet site that does not have a specific publisher or sponsoring body should be treated as unpublished or self-published work."</span></li> </ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Courtesy-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Courtesy_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtesy_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">When there is dispute about whether a piece of text is fully supported by a given source, direct quotes and other relevant details from the source should be provided to other editors as a courtesy. Do not violate the source's copyright when doing so.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume, David</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://books.google.com/books?id=H1rKYw9SnTgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA86"><i>An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding</i></a>, Forgotten Books, 1984; first published 1748, pp. 82, 86: "A wise man ... proportions his belief to the evidence. ... That no testimony is sufficient to establish a miracle, unless the testimony be of such a kind, that its falsehood would be more miraculous, than the fact, which it endeavours to establish; and even in that case there is a mutual destruction of arguments, and the superior only gives us an assurance suitable to that degree of force, which remains, after deducting the inferior." In the 18th century, <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a> reformulated the idea as "The weight of evidence for an extraordinary claim must be proportioned to its strangeness." <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Truzzi" title="Marcello Truzzi">Marcello Truzzi</a> recast it again, in 1978, as "An extraordinary claim requires extraordinary proof." <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>, finally, popularized the concept broadly as "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" in 1980 on <i><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(TV_series)" title="Cosmos (TV series)" class="mw-redirect">Cosmos</a></i>; this was the formulation originally used on Wikipedia.</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li>Wales, Jimmy. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2006-July/050773.html">"Insist on sources"</a>, WikiEN-l, July 19, 2006: "I really want to encourage a much stronger culture which says: it is better to have no information, than to have information like this, with no sources."—referring to a rather unlikely statement about the founders of Google throwing pies at each other.</li> </ul> <p><br/></p> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><span title="View this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template talk:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><span title="Discuss this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia key policies and guidelines</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_administration" title="Category:Wikipedia administration">Overview</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">List of policies and guidelines</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">List of policies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">List of guidelines</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Principles" title="Wikipedia:Principles">Project-wide principles</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Editing policy">Editing policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Core_content_policies" title="Wikipedia:Core content policies">Core content policies</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Verifiability</strong></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;">Other <a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_policies" title="Wikipedia:Content policies" class="mw-redirect">content policies</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Content" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Content guidelines</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Do not create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Do not include copies of primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Treatment of fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">Identifying reliable sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Behavioral_policies" title="Wikipedia:Behavioral policies" class="mw-redirect">Behavioural policies</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Child_protection" title="Wikipedia:Child protection">Child protection</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility" title="Wikipedia:Civility">Civility</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">Edit warring</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Harassment" title="Wikipedia:Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_legal_threats" title="Wikipedia:No legal threats">No legal threats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks" title="Wikipedia:No personal attacks">No personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_articles" title="Wikipedia:Ownership of articles">Ownership of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sock_puppetry" title="Wikipedia:Sock puppetry">Sock puppetry</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Behavioral" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Behavioural guidelines</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point">Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Please do not bite the newcomers</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Editing" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Editing guidelines</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Style" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Style conventions</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_categories" title="Category:Wikipedia categories">Classification guidelines</a></th> <td class="navbox-list 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href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion_(BLP)" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion (BLP)" class="mw-redirect">Proposed deletion (BLP)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion_(books)" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion (books)">Proposed deletion (books)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322000822/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Revision_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Revision deletion">Revision deletion</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/FAQ/en" class="extiw" title="wmf:FAQ/en">Wikimedia Foundation</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Policies" class="extiw" title="wikimedia:Policies">List of policies</a></li> <li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="wikimedia:Resolution:Licensing policy">Licensing and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wikimedia:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Values" class="extiw" title="wmf:Values">Values</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: bold;"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Wikipedia book" 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href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A5%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82" title="ويكيبيديا:إمكان التحقق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বিশ্বাসযোগ্যতা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as">অসমীয়া</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:যাচাইযোগ্যতা – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Уикипедия:Възможност за проверка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Verificabilitat" title="Viquipèdia:Verificabilitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie:Ov%C4%9B%C5%99itelnost" title="Wikipedie:Ověřitelnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificerbarhed" title="Wikipedia:Verificerbarhed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Belege" title="Wikipedia:Belege – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipeedia:Usaldusv%C3%A4%C3%A4rsuse_tagamine" title="Vikipeedia:Usaldusväärsuse tagamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1:%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Βικιπαίδεια:Επαληθευσιμότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilidad" title="Wikipedia:Verificabilidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio:Kontrolebleco" title="Vikipedio:Kontrolebleco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D8%A3%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ویکی‌پدیا:تأییدپذیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V%C3%A9rifiabilit%C3%A9" title="Wikipédia:Vérifiabilité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilidade" title="Wikipedia:Verificabilidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE:%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE" title="વિકિપીડિયા:ચકાસણીયોગ્યતા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%ED%99%95%EC%9D%B8_%EA%B0%80%EB%8A%A5" title="위키백과:확인 가능 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1:%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վիքիպեդիա:Ստուգելիություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया:सत्यापनीयता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Provjerljivost" title="Wikipedija:Provjerljivost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pannakapatalged" title="Wikipedia:Pannakapatalged – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pemastian" title="Wikipedia:Pemastian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilitate" title="Wikipedia:Verificabilitate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sannreynanleikareglan" title="Wikipedia:Sannreynanleikareglan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilit%C3%A0" title="Wikipedia:Verificabilità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90:%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ვიკიპედია:გადამოწმებადობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Уикипедия:Тексерілмелдігі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Fons" title="Vicipaedia:Fons – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedija:Patikrinamumas" title="Vikipedija:Patikrinamumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Ellen%C5%91rizhet%C5%91s%C3%A9g" title="Wikipédia:Ellenőrizhetőség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Википедија:Проверливост – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:പരിശോധനായോഗ്യത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pengesahan" title="Wikipedia:Pengesahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifieerbaarheid" title="Wikipedia:Verifieerbaarheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A4%9C%E8%A8%BC%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7" title="Wikipedia:検証可能性 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiserbarhet" title="Wikipedia:Verifiserbarhet – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86:Verifiability" title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:Verifiability – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Weryfikowalno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Wikipedia:Weryfikowalność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Verificabilidade" title="Wikipédia:Verificabilidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilitate" title="Wikipedia:Verificabilitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Википедия:Проверяемость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Virificabbilit%C3%A0" title="Wikipedia:Virificabbilità – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F:%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="විකිපීඩියා:සත්‍යෝක්ෂ්‍යතාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Overite%C4%BEnos%C5%A5" title="Wikipédia:Overiteľnosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Preverljivost" title="Wikipedija:Preverljivost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="ویکیپیدیا:سەلماندنیبوون – Sorani Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Википедија:Проверљивост – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tarkistettavuus" title="Wikipedia:Tarkistettavuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet" title="Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322000822/http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE:%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:மெய்யறிதன்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a 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