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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Commonwealth republics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposals_to_include_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposals_to_include_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Proposals to include Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposals_to_include_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head_of_the_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_the_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Head of the Commonwealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_of_the_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_Secretariat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_Secretariat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Commonwealth Secretariat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_Secretariat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_citizenship_and_high_commissioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_citizenship_and_high_commissioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Commonwealth citizenship and high commissioners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_citizenship_and_high_commissioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Additional components </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judicial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Judicial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Membership </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Membership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Membership subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Criteria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_of_member_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_of_member_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Economy of member countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_of_member_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applicants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applicants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Applicants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applicants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suspension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suspension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Suspension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suspension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Withdrawal_and_termination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withdrawal_and_termination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Withdrawal and termination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withdrawal_and_termination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Objectives_and_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives_and_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Objectives and activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objectives_and_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Competence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_data_by_member" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_data_by_member"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Economic data by member </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_data_by_member-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Postwar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UK_joins_the_European_Economic_Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_joins_the_European_Economic_Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 UK joins the European Economic Community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_joins_the_European_Economic_Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Commonwealth Family </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commonwealth_Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Commonwealth Family subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Commonwealth Foundation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Commonwealth Games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_Youth_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_Youth_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Commonwealth Youth Games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_Youth_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Commonwealth War Graves Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_of_Learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_of_Learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Commonwealth of Learning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_of_Learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_Local_Government_Forum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_Local_Government_Forum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Commonwealth Local Government Forum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_Local_Government_Forum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Politics and judiciary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Commonwealth of Nations</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 143 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-143" aria-hidden="true" > 143 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britse_Statebond" title="Britse Statebond – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Britse Statebond" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Commonwealth of Nations" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AB%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%8C%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%9D" title="የአገራት ኮመንዌልዝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የአገራት ኮመንዌልዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C4%93odacynew%C4%ABse" title="Þēodacynewīse – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þēodacynewīse" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AB" title="دول الكومنولث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دول الكومنولث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancomunidat_de_Nacions" title="Mancomunidat de Nacions – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mancomunidat de Nacions" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancomunid%C3%A1_de_Naciones" title="Mancomunidá de Naciones – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mancomunidá de Naciones" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C3%A3ngu%C3%A9ra_%C3%91embojoaju" title="Tetãnguéra Ñembojoaju – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tetãnguéra Ñembojoaju" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill%C9%99tl%C9%99r_Birliyi" title="Millətlər Birliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Millətlər Birliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="میلت‌لر بیرلیگی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میلت‌لر بیرلیگی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8" title="কমনওয়েলথ অব নেশনস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কমনওয়েলথ অব নেশনস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng-li%C3%A2n-pang" title="Eng-liân-pang – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Eng-liân-pang" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Милләттәр Берләшмәһе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Милләттәр Берләшмәһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Садружнасць нацый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Садружнасць нацый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%9E" title="Садружнасьць нацыяў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Садружнасьць нацыяў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Общност на нациите – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Общност на нациите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_nacija" title="Commonwealth nacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Commonwealth nacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenglad_ar_Broado%C3%B9" title="Kenglad ar Broadoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kenglad ar Broadoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%81-%D0%99%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95" title="Нацисен Тус-Йышлăхĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нацисен Тус-Йышлăхĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Template:The Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Gymanwlad" title="Y Gymanwlad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Gymanwlad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Commonwealth of Nations" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Commonwealth of Nations" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvaste_%C3%9Chendus" title="Rahvaste Ühendus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvaste Ühendus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Κοινοπολιτεία των Εθνών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινοπολιτεία των Εθνών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancomunidad_de_Naciones" title="Mancomunidad de Naciones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mancomunidad de Naciones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunumo_de_Nacioj" title="Komunumo de Nacioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komunumo de Nacioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_(erakundea)" title="Commonwealth (erakundea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Commonwealth (erakundea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9" title="اتحادیه کشورهای مشترک‌المنافع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتحادیه کشورهای مشترک‌المنافع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Commonwealth of Nations" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretska_Samveldi%C3%B0" title="Bretska Samveldið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bretska Samveldið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mienebest_fan_Naasjes" title="Mienebest fan Naasjes – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mienebest fan Naasjes" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhlathas_na_N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAn" title="Comhlathas na Náisiún – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhlathas na Náisiún" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiliz_Milletler_Topluluu" title="İngiliz Milletler Topluluu – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İngiliz Milletler Topluluu" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_de_Naci%C3%B3ns" title="Commonwealth de Nacións – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Commonwealth de Nacións" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="राष्ट्रकुल – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="राष्ट्रकुल" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-y%C3%AEn_Koet-hia%CC%8Dp" title="Thai-yîn Koet-hia̍p – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai-yîn Koet-hia̍p" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9" title="영연방 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영연방" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ազգերի համագործակցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազգերի համագործակցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="राष्ट्रकुल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राष्ट्रकुल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_(zajednica_dr%C5%BEava)" title="Commonwealth (zajednica država) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Commonwealth (zajednica država)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komuna_Prospereso_di_Nacioni" title="Komuna Prospereso di Nacioni – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Komuna Prospereso di Nacioni" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mankomunidad_ti_Pagpagilian" title="Mankomunidad ti Pagpagilian – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mankomunidad ti Pagpagilian" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persemakmuran_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Persemakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Persemakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breska_samveldi%C3%B0" title="Breska samveldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Breska samveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_delle_nazioni" title="Commonwealth delle nazioni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Commonwealth delle nazioni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99" title="חבר העמים הבריטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חבר העמים הבריטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C9%94%C5%8Bw%C9%9Blt%C9%A9_%C5%8Bgb%C9%9By%C9%9B" title="Komɔŋwɛltɩ ŋgbɛyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Komɔŋwɛltɩ ŋgbɛyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಾಮನ್‌ವೆಲ್ತ್‌ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಮನ್‌ವೆಲ್ತ್‌ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%8E" title="Миллетлени биригиую – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Миллетлени биригиую" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ერთა თანამეგობრობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერთა თანამეგობრობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Ұлттар достастығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлттар достастығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemmynwlas_a_Genedhlow" title="Kemmynwlas a Genedhlow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kemmynwlas a Genedhlow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumuiya_ya_Madola" title="Jumuiya ya Madola – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jumuiya ya Madola" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortio_Populorum" title="Consortio Populorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Consortio Populorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ciju_Sadraudz%C4%ABba" title="Nāciju Sadraudzība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nāciju Sadraudzība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Commonwealth of Nations" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taut%C5%B3_Sandrauga" title="Tautų Sandrauga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tautų Sandrauga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_de_na%C3%A7ioin" title="Commonwealth de naçioin – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Commonwealth de naçioin" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeineb%C3%A8s_vaan_Naties" title="Gemeinebès vaan Naties – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gemeinebès vaan Naties" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunia_de_Nasiones" title="Comunia de Nasiones – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Comunia de Nasiones" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_di_Nazion" title="Commonwealth di Nazion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Commonwealth di Nazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetk%C3%B6z%C3%B6ss%C3%A9g" title="Nemzetközösség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetközösség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Комонвелт на нации – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Комонвелт на нации" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_ny_firenena_mahaleotena" title="Commonwealth ny firenena mahaleotena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Commonwealth ny firenena mahaleotena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കോമൺവെൽത്ത് ഒഫ് നേഷൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോമൺവെൽത്ത് ഒഫ് നേഷൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_tan-Nazzjonijiet" title="Commonwealth tan-Nazzjonijiet – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Commonwealth tan-Nazzjonijiet" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="राष्ट्रकुल परिषद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राष्ट्रकुल परिषद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%B8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ერეფიშ წორომაჸალობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერეფიშ წორომაჸალობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AB" title="دول الكومنولث – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دول الكومنولث" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87" title="مشترک‌المنافع کشورون اتحادیه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مشترک‌المنافع کشورون اتحادیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara-Negara_Komanwel" title="Negara-Negara Komanwel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara-Negara Komanwel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%ACng-li%C3%A8ng-b%C4%83ng" title="Ĭng-lièng-băng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĭng-lièng-băng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D3%A9%D1%85%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="Үндэстнүүдийн Хамтын Нөхөрлөл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үндэстнүүдийн Хамтын Нөхөрлөл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%93%E1%80%94%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A" title="ဗြိတိသျှဓနသဟာယ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗြိတိသျှဓနသဟာယ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemenebest_van_Naties" title="Gemenebest van Naties – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gemenebest van Naties" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="राष्ट्रमण्डल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राष्ट्रमण्डल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="राष्ट्रतेगु कमनवेल्थ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="राष्ट्रतेगु कमनवेल्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6" title="イギリス連邦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス連邦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Къаьмнийн ДоттагӀалла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къаьмнийн ДоттагӀалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Commonwealth of Nations" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samveldet_av_nasjoner" title="Samveldet av nasjoner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samveldet av nasjoner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samveldet" title="Samveldet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samveldet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millatlar_hamdo%CA%BBstligi" title="Millatlar hamdoʻstligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Millatlar hamdoʻstligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A5_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਕਾਮਨਵੈਲਥ ਆਫ਼ ਨੇਸ਼ਨਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਮਨਵੈਲਥ ਆਫ਼ ਨੇਸ਼ਨਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%81_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="دولت مشترکہ دیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دولت مشترکہ دیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%DA%89%D9%88_%DA%AB%D9%BC%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="ګډو ګټو لرونکي دولتونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګډو ګټو لرونکي دولتونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_dl%C3%AB_Nassion" title="Commonwealth dlë Nassion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Commonwealth dlë Nassion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Commonwealth of Nations" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsp%C3%B3lnota_Narod%C3%B3w" title="Wspólnota Narodów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wspólnota Narodów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunitatea_Na%C8%9Biunilor" title="Comunitatea Națiunilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comunitatea Națiunilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Сполоченство Націй – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сполоченство Націй" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Содружество наций – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Содружество наций" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D2%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Наассыйалар Холбоһуктара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Наассыйалар Холбоһуктара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7" title="ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱭᱮᱞᱛᱷ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱭᱮᱞᱛᱷ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_de_sas_Natziones" title="Commonwealth de sas Natziones – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Commonwealth de sas Natziones" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonweel_o_Nations" title="Commonweel o Nations – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Commonweel o Nations" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Commonwealth of Nations" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komonuelthi_i_Kombeve" title="Komonuelthi i Kombeve – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Komonuelthi i Kombeve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="පොදු රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොදු රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Commonwealth of Nations" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spolo%C4%8Denstvo_n%C3%A1rodov" title="Spoločenstvo národov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spoločenstvo národov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupnost_narodov" title="Skupnost narodov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skupnost narodov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalalka_Kommonwels" title="Dalalka Kommonwels – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dalalka Kommonwels" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%84%D8%AA" title="گەلانی کۆمۆنوێلت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەلانی کۆمۆنوێلت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Комонвелт нација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Комонвелт нација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_(zajednica_dr%C5%BEava)" title="Commonwealth (zajednica država) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Commonwealth (zajednica država)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasamakmuran_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Pasamakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pasamakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansainyhteis%C3%B6" title="Kansainyhteisö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansainyhteisö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samv%C3%A4ldet" title="Samväldet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samväldet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komonwelt_ng_mga_Bansa" title="Komonwelt ng mga Bansa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Komonwelt ng mga Bansa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நாடுகளின் பொதுநலவாயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாடுகளின் பொதுநலவாயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Милләтләр Дуслыгы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Милләтләр Дуслыгы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="เครือจักรภพแห่งประชาชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครือจักรภพแห่งประชาชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiliz_Milletler_Toplulu%C4%9Fu" title="İngiliz Milletler Topluluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiliz Milletler Topluluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Співдружність націй – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Співдружність націй" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9" title="دولت مشترکہ ممالک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دولت مشترکہ ممالک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinghlenzbangh" title="Yinghlenzbangh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yinghlenzbangh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_de_%C5%82e_nasion" title="Commonwealth de łe nasion – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Commonwealth de łe nasion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacijoiden_%C3%BChti%C5%A1tuz" title="Nacijoiden ühtištuz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nacijoiden ühtištuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%91i_Th%E1%BB%8Bnh_v%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_chung" title="Khối Thịnh vượng chung – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khối Thịnh vượng chung" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvid%C3%B5_%C3%9Ctis%C3%BCs" title="Rahvidõ Ütisüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Rahvidõ Ütisüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gem%C3%AAnebest" title="Gemênebest – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Gemênebest" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komonwelt_hin_mga_Nasod" title="Komonwelt hin mga Nasod – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Komonwelt hin mga Nasod" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" title="英联邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="英联邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%98" title="קאמאנוועלט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמאנוועלט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80j%E1%BB%8Dni_%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8Dn_Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8" title="Àjọni àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àjọni àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="英聯邦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英聯邦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Commonwealth (disambiguation)">Commonwealth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="ib-country-name-style fn org country-name">Commonwealth of Nations</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Commonwealth_Flag_2013.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Commonwealth of Nations"><img alt="Flag of Commonwealth of Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Commonwealth_Flag_2013.svg/250px-Commonwealth_Flag_2013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="180" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Commonwealth_of_Nations_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Commonwealth of Nations"><img alt="Logo of Commonwealth of Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/40/Commonwealth_of_Nations_logo.svg/150px-Commonwealth_of_Nations_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/40/Commonwealth_of_Nations_logo.svg/225px-Commonwealth_of_Nations_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/40/Commonwealth_of_Nations_logo.svg/300px-Commonwealth_of_Nations_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="100" /></a></div> <div>Logo</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_des_pays_du_Commonwealth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Carte_des_pays_du_Commonwealth.png/300px-Carte_des_pays_du_Commonwealth.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Carte_des_pays_du_Commonwealth.png/450px-Carte_des_pays_du_Commonwealth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Carte_des_pays_du_Commonwealth.png/600px-Carte_des_pays_du_Commonwealth.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="975" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations#Current_member_states" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Current member states</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Partially suspended member state</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations#Former_member_states" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Former member states</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marlborough_House" title="Marlborough House">Marlborough House</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Working language</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Voluntary association<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Member states</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">56 states</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/40px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/60px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/40px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/60px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/60px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/40px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/60px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/40px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/60px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/60px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/40px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/60px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/40px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/60px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Leaders</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a><a href="#cite_note-commonwealth_090922-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretary-General" title="Commonwealth Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Scotland" title="Patricia Scotland">The Baroness Scotland of Asthal</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Chair-in-Office" title="Commonwealth Chair-in-Office">Chair-in-Office</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa">Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 November 1926</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1931<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 April 1949</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">29,958,050 km2 (11,566,870 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2016 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,418,964,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">75/km2 (194.2/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website">Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/">thecommonwealth.org</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> The Commonwealth of Nations, often referred to as the British Commonwealth or simply the Commonwealth,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-name-5">[5]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international association</a> of <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">56 member states</a>, the vast majority of which are former <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_British_Empire" title="Territorial evolution of the British Empire">territories</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> from which it developed.<a href="#cite_note-commonwealth_090922-2">[2]</a> They are connected through their <a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">use of the English language</a> and cultural and historical ties. The chief institutions of the organisation are the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a>, which focuses on intergovernmental relations, and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Foundation" title="Commonwealth Foundation">Commonwealth Foundation</a>, which focuses on non-governmental relations between member nations.<a href="#cite_note-the_commonwealth-6">[6]</a> Numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_organisations" title="List of Commonwealth organisations">organisations</a> are associated with and operate within the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth_Family-7">[7]</a> The Commonwealth dates back to the first half of the 20th century with the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories. It was created as the British Commonwealth of Nations through the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1926_Imperial_Conference" title="1926 Imperial Conference">1926 Imperial Conference</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and formalised by the United Kingdom through the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> in 1931. In 1949, the <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a> allowed India to remain in the Commonwealth as a republic, marking a significant evolution of the association.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a> is <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>. He is king of 15 member states, known as the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>, while 36 other members are <a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">republics</a>, and five others have different monarchs. Although he became head upon the death of his mother, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, the position is not technically hereditary.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Member states have no legal obligations to one another, though some have institutional links to other Commonwealth nations. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth citizenship</a> affords benefits in some member countries, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and Commonwealth countries are represented to one another by <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">high commissions</a> rather than embassies. The <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Charter of the Commonwealth">Commonwealth Charter</a> defines their shared values of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-charter-12">[12]</a> as promoted by the quadrennial <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>. A majority of Commonwealth countries are <a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">small states</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Small Island Developing States">small island developing states</a> constituting almost half its membership. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conceptual_origins">Conceptual origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conceptual origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">Historiography of the British Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Commonealth_of_Nations_handwritten_on_Anglo-Irish_Treaty_draft.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/British_Commonealth_of_Nations_handwritten_on_Anglo-Irish_Treaty_draft.png/330px-British_Commonealth_of_Nations_handwritten_on_Anglo-Irish_Treaty_draft.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/British_Commonealth_of_Nations_handwritten_on_Anglo-Irish_Treaty_draft.png/500px-British_Commonealth_of_Nations_handwritten_on_Anglo-Irish_Treaty_draft.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/British_Commonealth_of_Nations_handwritten_on_Anglo-Irish_Treaty_draft.png/580px-British_Commonealth_of_Nations_handwritten_on_Anglo-Irish_Treaty_draft.png 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Draft of the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a>, with "British Empire" crossed out and "British Commonwealth of Nations" added by hand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg/290px-CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg/435px-CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg/580px-CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>The prime ministers of five members at the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Conference" title="Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference">Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference</a>: (L-R) <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a> (Canada), <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (United Kingdom), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser_(New_Zealand_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Fraser (New Zealand politician)">Peter Fraser</a> (New Zealand) and <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a> (Australia)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, in her address to Canada on <a href="/wiki/Canada_Day" title="Canada Day">Dominion Day</a> in 1959, pointed out that the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Canada">Confederation of Canada</a> on 1 July 1867 had been the birth of the "first independent country within the British Empire". She declared: "So, it also marks the beginning of that free association of independent states which is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> As long ago as 18 January 1884 <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Lord Rosebery</a>, while visiting <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, had described the changing British Empire, as some of its colonies <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government#History_in_the_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth" title="Responsible government">became more independent</a>, as a "Commonwealth of Nations".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Conferences of British and colonial prime ministers occurred periodically from <a href="/wiki/1887_Colonial_Conference" title="1887 Colonial Conference">the first one in 1887</a>, leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Conference" title="Imperial Conference">Imperial Conferences</a> in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The Commonwealth developed from the imperial conferences. A specific proposal was presented by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> in 1917 when he coined the term "the British Commonwealth of Nations" and envisioned the "future constitutional relations and readjustments in essence"<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference of 1919</a>, attended by delegates from the Dominions as well as the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> of 1921, when the term British Commonwealth of Nations was substituted for British Empire in the wording of the oath taken by members of parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption_and_formalisation">Adoption and formalisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adoption and formalisation">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1926_Imperial_Conference" title="1926 Imperial Conference">1926 Imperial Conference</a>, the United Kingdom and its dominions agreed that they were "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations." The term '<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a>' was officially adopted to describe the community.<a href="#cite_note-green-22">[22]</a> These aspects of the relationship were formalised by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> in 1931, which applied to Canada without the need for ratification, but Australia, New Zealand and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> had to ratify the statute for it to take effect. Newfoundland never did as due to economic hardship and the need for financial assistance from London, Newfoundland voluntarily accepted the suspension of self-government in 1934 and governance reverted to direct control from London. Newfoundland later joined Canada as its <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">tenth province</a> in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Australia and New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">ratified the statute in 1942</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">1947</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Although the Union of South Africa was not among the Dominions that needed to adopt the Statute of Westminster for it to take effect, two laws — the <a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Union_Act,_1934" title="Status of the Union Act, 1934">Status of the Union Act, 1934</a>, and the Royal Executive Functions and Seals Act, 1934 — were passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament of South Africa</a> to confirm South Africa's status as a sovereign state, and to incorporate the Statute of Westminster into the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">law of South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Commonwealth_and_allies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/British_Commonwealth_and_allies.jpg/220px-British_Commonwealth_and_allies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/British_Commonwealth_and_allies.jpg/330px-British_Commonwealth_and_allies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/British_Commonwealth_and_allies.jpg/440px-British_Commonwealth_and_allies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Poster from the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, depicting soldiers from Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Colony of Southern Rhodesia</a>, South Africa and <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">imperial India</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire in World War II</a></div> Commonwealth countries and the Empire were <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">involved</a> in every major theatre of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan" title="British Commonwealth Air Training Plan">British Commonwealth Air Training Plan</a> was established for pilots from across the Empire and Dominions, created by the governments of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Troops from Australia, Britain, the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> and New Zealand made up the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force" title="British Commonwealth Occupation Force">British Commonwealth Occupation Force</a> in post-war Japan.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decolonisation_and_self-governance">Decolonisation and self-governance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decolonisation and self-governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom</a>.</div> After the Second World War ended, the British Empire was gradually dismantled. Most of its components have become independent countries, whether <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> or republics, and members of the Commonwealth. There remain the 14 mainly self-governing <a href="/wiki/British_overseas_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="British overseas territories">British overseas territories</a> which retain some political association with the United Kingdom. In April 1949, following the <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a>, the word "British" was dropped from the title of the Commonwealth to reflect its changing nature.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a> (Myanmar since 1989) and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Aden">Aden</a> (now part of Yemen) are the only states that were British colonies at the time of the war not to have joined the Commonwealth upon independence. Former British <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorates</a> and <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandates</a> that did not become members of the Commonwealth are Egypt (independent in 1922), Iraq (1932), <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Transjordan</a> (1946), <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a> (part of which became the State of Israel in 1948), Sudan (1956), <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> (which united with the former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> in 1960 to form the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>), Kuwait (1961), Bahrain (1971), Oman (1971), Qatar (1971) and the United Arab Emirates (1971).<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The post-war Commonwealth was given a fresh mission by Queen Elizabeth II in her Christmas Day 1953 broadcast, in which she envisioned the Commonwealth as "an entirely new conception – built on the highest qualities of the Spirit of Man: friendship, loyalty, and the desire for freedom and peace".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> However, the British treasury was so weak that it could not operate independently of the United States. Furthermore, the loss of defence and financial roles undermined <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>'s early 20th-century vision of a world empire that could combine Imperial preference, mutual defence and social growth. In addition, the United Kingdom's cosmopolitan role in world affairs became increasingly limited, especially with the losses of India and Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> While British politicians at first hoped that the Commonwealth would preserve and project British influence, they gradually lost their enthusiasm, argues <a href="/wiki/Krishnan_Srinivasan" title="Krishnan Srinivasan">Krishnan Srinivasan</a>. Early enthusiasm waned as British policies came under fire at Commonwealth meetings. Public opinion became troubled as immigration from non-white member states became large-scale (see also: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_diaspora" title="Commonwealth diaspora">Commonwealth diaspora</a>).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The term "New Commonwealth" gained usage in the UK (especially in the 1960s and 1970s) to refer to recently <a href="/wiki/Decolonised" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonised">decolonised</a> countries, predominantly non-<a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing</a> countries. It was often used in debates regarding immigration from these countries.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The United Kingdom and the pre-1945 dominions became informally known as the "Old Commonwealth", or more pointedly as the "white Commonwealth",<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> in reference to what had been known as the "White Dominions".<a href="#cite_note-merriman-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_republics">Commonwealth republics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commonwealth republics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></div> On 18 April 1949, Ireland formally became a republic in accordance with the Irish <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ireland Act 1948">Republic of Ireland Act 1948</a>; in doing so, it also formally left the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> While Ireland had not actively participated in the Commonwealth since the early 1930s, other dominions wished to become republics without losing Commonwealth ties. The issue came to a head in April 1949 at a <a href="/wiki/1949_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Conference" title="1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference">Commonwealth prime ministers' meeting in London</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a>, as drafted by <a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a>, India agreed, when it became a republic in January 1950, it would remain in the Commonwealth and accept the British Sovereign as a "symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth". Upon hearing this, King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> told <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna Menon">Menon</a>: "So, I've become 'as such'."<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Some other Commonwealth countries that have since become republics have chosen to leave, while others, such as <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, have remained members.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> India's inaugural prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> declared on 16 May 1949, shortly following the Declaration, during the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly Debates</a> that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We join the Commonwealth obviously because we think it is beneficial to us and to certain causes in the world that we wish to advance. The other countries of the Commonwealth want us to remain there because they think it is beneficial to them. It is mutually understood that it is to the advantage of the nations in the Commonwealth and therefore they join. At the same time, it is made perfectly clear that each country is completely free to go its own way; it may be that they may go, sometimes go so far as to break away from the Commonwealth...Otherwise, apart from breaking the evil parts of the association, it is better to keep a co-operative association going which may do good in this world rather than break it.<a href="#cite_note-debate-cad-41">[41]</a></blockquote>The London Declaration is often seen as marking the beginning of the modern Commonwealth. Following India's precedent, other nations became republics, or <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarchies">constitutional monarchies</a> with their own monarchs. While some countries retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom, their monarchies developed differently and soon became (or had already become) essentially independent of the British monarchy. The monarch is regarded as a separate <a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">legal personality</a> in each realm, even though the same person is monarch of each realm.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanor-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-HCUK-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toporoski-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposals_to_include_Europe">Proposals to include Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Proposals to include Europe">edit</a>]</div> At a time when Germany and France, together with Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, were planning what later became the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and newly independent African countries were joining the Commonwealth, new ideas were floated to prevent the United Kingdom from becoming isolated in economic affairs. British trade with the Commonwealth was four times larger than its trade with Europe. In 1956 and 1957, the British government, under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>, considered a "Plan G" to create a European free trade zone while also protecting the favoured status of the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> in 1956, and in the face of colonial unrest and international tensions, French prime minister <a href="/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Guy Mollet</a> proposed to British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> that their two countries be <a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Union#Suez_Crisis_(1956)" title="Franco-British Union">joined in a "union"</a>. When that proposal was turned down, Mollet suggested that France join the Commonwealth, possibly with "a common citizenship arrangement <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law_and_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland">on the Irish basis</a>". These ideas faded away with the end of the Suez Crisis.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Expansion">edit</a>]</div> The first member admitted without any constitutional link to the British Empire was <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> – a former <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese colony</a> – in 1995 following its first democratic elections. Its entry preceded the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Declaration" title="Edinburgh Declaration">Edinburgh Declaration</a> and the current membership guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-New_Times-52">[52]</a> In 2009, Rwanda became the second country admitted to the Commonwealth without any constitutional links to Britain. It was a <a href="/wiki/Rwanda-Urundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwanda-Urundi">Belgian trust territory</a> that had been a district of <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_admission-53">[53]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, a former French mandate territory, and <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, a former French colony, joined the Commonwealth, despite never having been under British rule.<a href="#cite_note-:3-54">[54]</a> Togolese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dussey" title="Robert Dussey">Robert Dussey</a> said that he expected Commonwealth membership to provide opportunities for Togolese citizens to learn <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, as well as expand their access to education and culture. Dussey also remarked that the country sought closer ties with the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">Anglophone world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-55">[55]</a> Gabon was partially suspended from the Commonwealth in September 2023 <a href="/wiki/2023_Gabonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Gabonese coup d'état">following a military coup</a>, with two years given by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group for the country to hold new elections before a full suspension of Commonwealth membership would be considered.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Commonwealth relations saw renewed interest during the second term of United States president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. In 2025, during <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's invasion of Ukraine</a>, Commonwealth countries Australia, Canada and New Zealand aligned themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_willing_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)" title="Coalition of the willing (Russo-Ukrainian War)">"coalition of the willing"</a> spearheaded by British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> to provide support for <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In Canada, during the 2025 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> leadership contest, and in light of aggressive actions taken by the United States, the ultimate victor <a href="/wiki/Mark_Carney" title="Mark Carney">Mark Carney</a> expressed support for deepening relations with Britain, Australia and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Donald Trump expressed interest in the United States becoming a member or "associate" member.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_of_the_Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Head of the Commonwealth">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_(retouched)_(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg/250px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg/500px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, the longest-serving <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a>, was in office for 70 years.</figcaption></figure> Under the formula of the <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-commonwealth_090922-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Report_of_the_CCM-63">[63]</a> However, when the monarch dies, the successor to the crown does not automatically become the new head of the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Despite this, at their meeting in April 2018, Commonwealth leaders agreed that <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles">Prince Charles</a> should succeed his mother <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> as head after <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Elizabeth II">her death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The position is symbolic, representing the free association of independent members,<a href="#cite_note-Report_of_the_CCM-63">[63]</a> the majority of which (36) are <a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">republics</a>, and five have monarchs of different <a href="/wiki/Royal_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal house">royal houses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting">Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a></div> The main decision-making forum of the organisation is the biennial <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a> (CHOGM), where <a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_heads_of_government" title="List of Commonwealth heads of government">Commonwealth Heads of Government</a>, including (among others) <a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_of_Nations_prime_ministers" title="List of Commonwealth of Nations prime ministers">prime ministers</a> and presidents, assemble for several days to discuss matters of mutual interest. CHOGM is the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Conference" title="Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference">Commonwealth Prime Ministers Meetings</a> and, earlier, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Conference" title="Imperial Conference">Imperial Conferences</a> and Colonial Conferences, dating back to 1887. There are also regular meetings of finance ministers, law ministers, health ministers and others. Members in arrears, as special members before them, are not invited to send representatives to either ministerial meetings or CHOGMs.<a href="#cite_note-Report_of_the_CCM-63">[63]</a> The head of government hosting the CHOGM is called the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Chair-in-Office" title="Commonwealth Chair-in-Office">chair-in-office (CIO)</a> and retains the position until the following CHOGM.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Commonwealth Secretariat">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marlborough_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Marlborough_House.jpg/250px-Marlborough_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Marlborough_House.jpg/330px-Marlborough_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Marlborough_House.jpg/500px-Marlborough_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="1434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marlborough_House" title="Marlborough House">Marlborough House</a>, London, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a>, the Commonwealth's principal intergovernmental institution</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a>, established in 1965, is the main intergovernmental agency of the Commonwealth, facilitating consultation and co-operation among member governments and countries.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> It is responsible to member governments collectively. The Commonwealth of Nations is represented in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> by the Secretariat as an <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">observer</a>. The secretariat organises Commonwealth summits, meetings of ministers, consultative meetings and technical discussions; it assists policy development and provides policy advice, and facilitates multilateral communication among the member governments. It also provides technical assistance to help governments in the social and economic development of their countries and in support of the Commonwealth's fundamental political values.<a href="#cite_note-Paxton,_1978-68">[68]</a> The secretariat is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_secretary-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth secretary-general">Commonwealth secretary-general</a>, who is elected by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_heads_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth heads of government">Commonwealth heads of government</a> for no more than two four-year terms. The secretary-general and two deputy secretaries-general direct the divisions of the Secretariat. The present secretary-general is <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Scotland,_Baroness_Scotland_of_Asthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricia Scotland, Baroness Scotland of Asthal">Patricia Scotland, Baroness Scotland of Asthal</a>, from Dominica, who took office on 1 April 2016, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Kamalesh_Sharma" title="Kamalesh Sharma">Kamalesh Sharma</a> of India (2008–2016). The first secretary-general was <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Smith" title="Arnold Smith">Arnold Smith</a> of Canada (1965–1975), followed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Shridath_Ramphal" title="Shridath Ramphal">Shridath Ramphal</a> of Guyana (1975–1990), Chief <a href="/wiki/Emeka_Anyaoku" title="Emeka Anyaoku">Emeka Anyaoku</a> of Nigeria (1990–1999), and <a href="/wiki/Don_McKinnon" title="Don McKinnon">Don McKinnon</a> of New Zealand (2000–2008).<a href="#cite_note-Paxton,_1978-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_citizenship_and_high_commissioners">Commonwealth citizenship and high commissioners</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Commonwealth citizenship and high commissioners">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gambia_High_Commission_in_New_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Gambia_High_Commission_in_New_Delhi.jpg/250px-The_Gambia_High_Commission_in_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Gambia_High_Commission_in_New_Delhi.jpg/330px-The_Gambia_High_Commission_in_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Gambia_High_Commission_in_New_Delhi.jpg/500px-The_Gambia_High_Commission_in_New_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">high commission</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth citizen</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">High commissioner (Commonwealth)</a></div> Some member states grant particular rights to Commonwealth citizens. The United Kingdom and several others, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, grant <a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote">the right to vote</a> to resident Commonwealth citizens.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Some countries, including the United Kingdom, have preferential citizenship acquisition or residency policies for Commonwealth citizens.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-72">[72]</a> Initially, Commonwealth countries were not considered to be "foreign" to each other as their citizens were <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subjects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Citizenship laws evolved as the Commonwealth developed from the Empire. In Australia, for the purpose of considering certain constitutional and legal provisions in the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> case of <a href="/wiki/Sue_v_Hill" title="Sue v Hill">Sue v Hill</a>, the United Kingdom was held to be a "foreign power".<a href="#cite_note-HCA30/1999-76">[76]</a> Similarly, in Nolan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, the nationals of other Commonwealth realms were held to be "aliens" though they were subjects of the Queen.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Commonwealth citizens may receive <a href="/wiki/Consular_assistance" title="Consular assistance">consular assistance</a> from other Commonwealth countries. In particular, British embassies and consulates may provide assistance to Commonwealth nationals in non-Commonwealth countries if their own country is not represented.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Commonwealth citizens are eligible to apply for <a href="/wiki/British_emergency_passport" title="British emergency passport">British emergency passports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Australia issues <a href="/wiki/Australian_Document_of_Identity" title="Australian Document of Identity">Documents of Identity</a> in exceptional circumstances to resident Commonwealth citizens who are unable to obtain valid travel documents from their countries of origin and must travel urgently.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The close association among Commonwealth countries is reflected in their diplomatic protocols. For example, when engaging bilaterally with one another, Commonwealth governments exchange high commissioners instead of ambassadors.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_components">Additional components</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Additional components">edit</a>]</div> Other institutional connections exist between Commonwealth countries. These include, between some, connections to other parts of the Commonwealth through judicial and military institutions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judicial">Judicial</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Judicial">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_-_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/London_-_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_02.jpg/250px-London_-_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/London_-_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_02.jpg/330px-London_-_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/London_-_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_02.jpg/500px-London_-_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">highest court of appeal</a> for several Commonwealth nations.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">supreme court</a> of 14 Commonwealth countries, including the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> which are under the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> (though New Zealand itself does not make appeals to the Privy Council).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Commonwealth nationals are eligible for appointment to the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Fiji" title="High Court of Fiji">High Court of Fiji</a>, with the court relying on judges from other Commonwealth nations.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military">Military</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5th_Gurkha_Rifles,_Japan_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg/250px-5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg/330px-5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg/500px-5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/5th_Gurkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Gurkha Rifles">5th Gurkha Rifles</a> in post-war Japan as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force" title="British Commonwealth Occupation Force">British Commonwealth Occupation Force</a>, 1946</figcaption></figure> Commonwealth citizens are eligible to serve in the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, "Commonwealth soldiers are, and always will be, an important and valued part of the fabric of the British Army."<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Thousands of potential Commonwealth recruits have been turned away due to a lack of eligible vacancies.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a> is a defence partnership between Commonwealth countries Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, a non-Commonwealth country, have long fought alongside British and Commonwealth troops.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> They continue to be employed by the British Army (<a href="/wiki/Brigade_of_Gurkhas" title="Brigade of Gurkhas">Brigade of Gurkhas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gorkha_regiments_(India)" title="Gorkha regiments (India)">Gorkha regiments</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Brunei Armed Forces">Royal Brunei Armed Forces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurkha_Reserve_Unit" title="Gurkha Reserve Unit">Gurkha Reserve Unit</a>), as well the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha_Contingent" title="Gurkha Contingent">Gurkha Contingent</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Police_Force" title="Singapore Police Force">Singapore Police Force</a>. Most members of Brunei's Gurkha Reserve Unit are veterans from the British Army and Singaporean police.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Membership">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commonwealth_realms_republics_and_monarchies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Commonwealth_realms_republics_and_monarchies.svg/330px-Commonwealth_realms_republics_and_monarchies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Commonwealth_realms_republics_and_monarchies.svg/500px-Commonwealth_realms_republics_and_monarchies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Commonwealth_realms_republics_and_monarchies.svg/550px-Commonwealth_realms_republics_and_monarchies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>The members of the Commonwealth shaded according to their political status. Commonwealth realms are shown in blue, while republics are shaded pink, and members with their own monarchies are displayed in green.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criteria">Criteria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Criteria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations_membership_criteria" title="Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria">Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria</a></div> The criteria for membership of the Commonwealth of Nations have developed over time from a series of separate documents. The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a>, as a fundamental founding document of the organisation, laid out that membership required dominionhood. The 1949 <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a> ended this, allowing republican and indigenous monarchic members on the condition that they recognised <a href="/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George VI of the United Kingdom">King George VI</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a>".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In the wake of the wave of <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> in the 1960s, these constitutional principles were augmented by political, economic, and social principles. The first of these was set out in 1961, when it was decided that respect for <a href="/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality">racial equality</a> would be a requirement for membership, leading directly to the withdrawal of South Africa's re-application (which they were required to make under the formula of the London Declaration upon becoming a republic). The 14 points of the 1971 <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Declaration" title="Singapore Declaration">Singapore Declaration</a> dedicated all members to the principles of <a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">world peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">equality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Declaration_text-92">[92]</a> These criteria were unenforceable for two decades,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> until, in 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Harare_Declaration" title="Harare Declaration">Harare Declaration</a> was issued, dedicating the leaders to applying the Singapore principles to the completion of decolonisation, the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and the end of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The mechanisms by which these principles would be applied were created, and the manner clarified, by the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Millbrook_Commonwealth_Action_Programme" title="Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme">Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme</a>, which created the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Ministerial_Action_Group" title="Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group">Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group</a> (CMAG), which has the power to rule on whether members meet the requirements for membership under the Harare Declaration.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Also in 1995, an Inter-Governmental Group was created to finalise and codify the full requirements for membership. Upon reporting in 1997, as adopted under the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Declaration" title="Edinburgh Declaration">Edinburgh Declaration</a>, the Inter-Governmental Group ruled that any future members would "as a rule" have to have a direct constitutional link with an existing member.<a href="#cite_note-The_future_of_the_modern_Commonwealth-96">[96]</a> In addition to this new rule, the former rules were consolidated into a single document. These requirements are that members must accept and comply with the <a href="/wiki/Harare_Declaration" title="Harare Declaration">Harare principles</a>, be fully <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>, recognise <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a> as head of the Commonwealth, accept the English language as the means of Commonwealth communication, and respect the wishes of the general population with regard to Commonwealth membership.<a href="#cite_note-The_future_of_the_modern_Commonwealth-96">[96]</a> These requirements had undergone review, and a report on potential amendments was presented by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Commonwealth_Membership" title="Committee on Commonwealth Membership">Committee on Commonwealth Membership</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2007">2007 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> New members were not admitted at this meeting, though applications for admission were considered at the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2009">2009 CHOGM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> New members must "as a general rule" have a direct constitutional link to an existing member. In most cases, this is due to being a former colony of the United Kingdom, but some have links to other countries, either exclusively or more directly (e.g., Bangladesh to Pakistan, Samoa to New Zealand, Papua New Guinea to Australia, and Singapore to Malaysia). Mozambique, in 1995, was the first country to join without such a constitutional connection, leading to the Edinburgh Declaration and the current membership guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-New_Times-52">[52]</a> In 2009, Rwanda, formerly under Belgian and German rule, joined.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_admission-53">[53]</a> Consideration for Rwanda's admission was considered an "exceptional circumstance" by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_Times_exceptional_circumstance-99">[99]</a> Rwanda was permitted to join despite the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Human_Rights_Initiative" title="Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative">Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative</a> (CHRI) finding that "the state of governance and human rights in Rwanda does not satisfy Commonwealth standards", and that it "does not therefore qualify for admission".<a href="#cite_note-chri-100">[100]</a> CHRI commented that: "It does not make sense to admit a state that already does not satisfy Commonwealth standards. This would tarnish the reputation of the Commonwealth and confirm the opinion of many people and civic organisations that the leaders of its governments do not really care for democracy and human rights, and that its periodic, solemn declarations are merely hot air."<a href="#cite_note-chri-100">[100]</a> In 2022, the former French territories of Togo and Gabon joined the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-:3-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Members">Members</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Members">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_Square_11_3_09_(3346753423).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Parliament_Square_11_3_09_%283346753423%29.jpg/250px-Parliament_Square_11_3_09_%283346753423%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Parliament_Square_11_3_09_%283346753423%29.jpg/330px-Parliament_Square_11_3_09_%283346753423%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Parliament_Square_11_3_09_%283346753423%29.jpg/500px-Parliament_Square_11_3_09_%283346753423%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3013" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>Flags of the Commonwealth countries in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a>, London on <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Commonwealth Day</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commonwealth_flag_Ottawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Commonwealth_flag_Ottawa.jpg/220px-Commonwealth_flag_Ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Commonwealth_flag_Ottawa.jpg/330px-Commonwealth_flag_Ottawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Commonwealth_flag_Ottawa.jpg/440px-Commonwealth_flag_Ottawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The Commonwealth flag flying at the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></figcaption></figure> The Commonwealth comprises 56 countries, across all inhabited continents.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> 33 members are small states, including 25 small island developing states. In 2023, the Commonwealth had a population of 2.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-102">[102]</a> The Commonwealth is the largest association of '<a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a>' countries.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> With a population of 1.4 billion in 2023, India is the most populous Commonwealth country. Tuvalu is the smallest member, with about 12,000 people at the time.<a href="#cite_note-:4-102">[102]</a> The status of "member in arrears" is used to denote those that are in arrears in paying subscription dues. The status was originally known as "<a href="/wiki/Special_membership_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Special membership of the Commonwealth of Nations">special membership</a>", but was renamed on the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Commonwealth_Membership" title="Committee on Commonwealth Membership">Committee on Commonwealth Membership</a>'s recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> There are currently no members in arrears. The last member in arrears, Nauru, returned to full membership in June 2011.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Nauru previously alternated between special and full membership since joining the Commonwealth, depending on its financial situation.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_of_member_countries">Economy of member countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy of member countries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_of_Nations_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP (nominal)">List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP (nominal)</a></div> In 2019, the Commonwealth members had a combined <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of over $9 trillion, 78% of which is accounted for by the four largest economies: India ($3.737 trillion), United Kingdom ($3.124 trillion), Canada ($1.652 trillion), and Australia ($1.379 trillion).<a href="#cite_note-GDP_IMF-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applicants">Applicants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Applicants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations#Prospective_members" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations § Prospective members</a></div> In 1997 the Commonwealth Heads of Government agreed that, to become a member of the Commonwealth, an applicant country should, as a rule, have had a constitutional association with an existing Commonwealth member; that it should comply with Commonwealth values, principles and priorities as set out in the <a href="/wiki/Harare_Declaration" title="Harare Declaration">Harare Declaration</a>; and that it should accept Commonwealth norms and conventions.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> South Sudanese politicians have expressed interest in joining the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> A senior Commonwealth source stated in 2006 that "many people have assumed an interest from Israel, but there has been no formal approach".<a href="#cite_note-Isr-110">[110]</a> Israel and Palestine are both potential candidates for membership.<a href="#cite_note-Isr-110">[110]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Jammeh" title="Yahya Jammeh">Yahya Jammeh</a> unilaterally withdrew the Gambia from the Commonwealth in October 2013.<a href="#cite_note-thecommonwealth.org-111">[111]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/2016_Gambian_presidential_election" title="2016 Gambian presidential election">newly elected</a> president <a href="/wiki/Adama_Barrow" title="Adama Barrow">Adama Barrow</a> returned the country to the organisation in February 2018.<a href="#cite_note-gambia-112">[112]</a> Other eligible applicants could be any of the remaining inhabited <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_external_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian external territories">Australian external territories</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Associated_States_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated States of New Zealand">Associated States of New Zealand</a> if they become fully independent.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Many such jurisdictions are already directly represented within the Commonwealth, particularly through the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Family">Commonwealth Family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> There are also former <a href="/wiki/British_possessions" class="mw-redirect" title="British possessions">British possessions</a> that have not become independent. Although <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> has become part of China, it continues to participate in some of the institutions within the Commonwealth Family, including the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Lawyers_Association" title="Commonwealth Lawyers Association">Commonwealth Lawyers Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliamentary_Association" title="Commonwealth Parliamentary Association">Commonwealth Parliamentary Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Commonwealth_Universities" title="Association of Commonwealth Universities">Association of Commonwealth Universities</a>, the Commonwealth Association of Legislative Counsel<a href="#cite_note-:0-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-116">[116]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a> (CWGC). All three of the Crown dependencies regard their existing situation as unsatisfactory and have lobbied for change. In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Jersey">States of Jersey</a> called on the UK foreign secretary to request that the Commonwealth heads of government "consider granting associate membership to Jersey and the other Crown Dependencies as well as any other territories at a similarly advanced stage of autonomy". Jersey proposed that it be accorded "self-representation in all Commonwealth meetings; full participation in debates and procedures, with a right to speak where relevant and the opportunity to enter into discussions with those who are full members; and no right to vote in the Ministerial or Heads of Government meetings, which is reserved for full members".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">States of Guernsey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Isle of Man">Government of the Isle of Man</a> made calls of a similar nature in the same year for a more integrated relationship with the Commonwealth,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> including more direct representation and enhanced participation in Commonwealth organisations and meetings, including Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of the Isle of Man">Chief Minister of the Isle of Man</a> said that a "closer connection with the Commonwealth itself would be a welcome further development of the Island's international relationships".<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suspension">Suspension</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Suspension">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suspension_from_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations">Suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations</a></div> Members can be suspended "from the Councils of the Commonwealth" for "serious or persistent violations" of the <a href="/wiki/Harare_Declaration" title="Harare Declaration">Harare Declaration</a>, particularly in abrogating their responsibility to have democratic government.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Suspensions are agreed by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Ministerial_Action_Group" title="Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group">Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group</a> (CMAG), which meets regularly to address potential breaches of the Harare Declaration. Suspended members are not represented at meetings of Commonwealth leaders and ministers, although they remain members of the organisation. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Mugabe_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Robert_Mugabe_cropped.jpg/250px-Robert_Mugabe_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Robert_Mugabe_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> was suspended from the Commonwealth during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> (pictured), subsequently withdrawing. The country applied to rejoin following Mugabe's removal from power.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> was suspended between 11 November 1995 and 29 May 1999,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> following its execution of <a href="/wiki/Ken_Saro-Wiwa" title="Ken Saro-Wiwa">Ken Saro-Wiwa</a> on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting_1995" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1995">1995 CHOGM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Pakistan was the second country to be suspended, on 18 October 1999, following the <a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">military coup</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The Commonwealth's longest suspension came to an end on 22 May 2004, when Pakistan's suspension was lifted following the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">the country's constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Pakistan was suspended for a second time, far more briefly, for six months from 22 November 2007, when Musharraf <a href="/wiki/2007_Pakistani_state_of_emergency" title="2007 Pakistani state of emergency">called a state of emergency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Zimbabwe was suspended in 2002 over concerns regarding the electoral and land reform policies of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union_%E2%80%93_Patriotic_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front">ZANU-PF</a> government,<a href="#cite_note-Apr_2002-127">[127]</a> before it withdrew from the organisation in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> On 15 May 2018, Zimbabwe applied to rejoin the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The declaration of a Republic in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> in 1987, after <a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">military coups</a> designed to deny <a href="/wiki/Indo-Fijians" title="Indo-Fijians">Indo-Fijians</a> political power, was not accompanied by an application to remain. Commonwealth membership was held to have lapsed until 1997, after discriminatory provisions in the republican constitution were repealed and reapplication for membership made.<a href="#cite_note-Fiji_suspended-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Fiji has since been suspended twice, with the first imposed from 6 June 2000<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> to 20 December 2001 after <a href="/wiki/2000_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Fijian coup d'état">another coup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Apr_2002-127">[127]</a> Fiji was suspended yet again in December 2006, following <a href="/wiki/2006_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Fijian coup d'état">the most recent coup</a>. At first, the suspension applied only to membership on the Councils of the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-Fiji_suspended-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fiji_suspension_2006-133">[133]</a> After failing to meet a Commonwealth deadline for setting a date for national elections by 2010, Fiji was "fully suspended" on 1 September 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Fiji_suspended-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fiji_suspension_2006-133">[133]</a> The secretary-general of the Commonwealth, <a href="/wiki/Kamalesh_Sharma" title="Kamalesh Sharma">Kamalesh Sharma</a>, confirmed that full suspension meant that Fiji would be excluded from Commonwealth meetings, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">sporting events</a> and the technical assistance programme (with an exception for assistance in re-establishing democracy). Sharma stated that Fiji would remain a member of the Commonwealth during its suspension, but would be excluded from emblematic representation by the secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-Fiji_suspended-130">[130]</a> On 19 March 2014 Fiji's full suspension was amended to a suspension from councils of the Commonwealth by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group, permitting Fiji to join a number of Commonwealth activities, including the Commonwealth Games.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Fiji's suspension was lifted in September 2014.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group fully reinstated Fiji as a member following <a href="/wiki/2014_Fijian_general_election" title="2014 Fijian general election">elections in September 2014</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Most recently, during 2013 and 2014, international pressure mounted to suspend Sri Lanka from the Commonwealth, citing grave human rights violations by the government of President <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a>. There were also calls to change the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2013">Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2013</a> from Sri Lanka to another member country. Canadian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> threatened to boycott the event, but was instead represented at the meeting by <a href="/wiki/Deepak_Obhrai" title="Deepak Obhrai">Deepak Obhrai</a>. UK prime minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> also chose to attend.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> These concerns were rendered moot by <a href="/wiki/2015_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="2015 Sri Lankan presidential election">the election</a> of opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Maithripala_Sirisena" title="Maithripala Sirisena">Maithripala Sirisena</a> as president in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withdrawal_and_termination">Withdrawal and termination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Withdrawal and termination">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations#Former_members" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations § Former members</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations#Dissolved_members" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations § Dissolved members</a></div> As membership is purely voluntary, member governments can choose at any time to leave the Commonwealth. The first state to do so was Ireland in 1949 following its decision to <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" title="The Republic of Ireland Act 1948">declare itself a republic</a>, although it had not participated in the Commonwealth since 1932. At the time, all members accepted the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarch</a> as head of state as a condition of membership. This rule was changed after Ireland's departure to allow <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to retain membership when it became a republic in 1950, although Ireland did not rejoin. Now, the majority of the Commonwealth members, including all those from Africa, are republics or have their own native monarch. <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> left on 30 January 1972 in protest at the Commonwealth's recognition of breakaway Bangladesh, but rejoined on 2 August 1989. Zimbabwe's membership was suspended in 2002 on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Zimbabwe" title="Human rights in Zimbabwe">alleged human rights violations</a> and deliberate misgovernment, and Zimbabwe's government terminated its membership in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The Gambia left the Commonwealth on 3 October 2013,<a href="#cite_note-thecommonwealth.org-111">[111]</a> and rejoined on 8 February 2018.<a href="#cite_note-gambia-112">[112]</a> The Maldives withdrew from the Commonwealth on 13 October 2016,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-mfa-142">[142]</a> citing Commonwealth's "punitive actions against the Maldives since 2012" after the allegedly forced resignation of Maldivian President <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Nasheed" title="Mohamed Nasheed">Mohamed Nasheed</a> among the reasons for withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-mfa-142">[142]</a> Following the election of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Mohamed_Solih" title="Ibrahim Mohamed Solih">Ibrahim Mohamed Solih</a> as president in November 2018, the Maldives announced its intention to reapply to join the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> It rejoined on 1 February 2020.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg/250px-Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg/330px-Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg/500px-Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Having left the Commonwealth over its <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> policies, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> was readmitted in 1994 following <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">non-racial elections</a>.</figcaption></figure> No country has been formally expelled from the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> However, South Africa's application to remain a member of the organisation after becoming a republic in 1961 was effectively blocked due to hostility from many members, particularly those in Africa and Asia as well as Canada, to <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>. The South African government withdrew its application when it became clear at the <a href="/wiki/1961_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Conference" title="1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference">1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference</a> that it would be rejected.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> South Africa was re-admitted to the Commonwealth in 1994, following its <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">first multiracial elections</a> that year. The Commonwealth provided technical assistance and training for a peacekeeping force prior to election, with Commonwealth observers significantly present during the election itself.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong">transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong</a> in 1997 ended the territory's status as a part of the Commonwealth through the United Kingdom. Non-sovereign states or regions are not permitted to become members of the Commonwealth. The government of China has not pursued membership. Hong Kong has nevertheless continued to participate in some of the organisations of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Family">Commonwealth Family</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Lawyers_Association" title="Commonwealth Lawyers Association">Commonwealth Lawyers Association</a> (hosted the Commonwealth Lawyers Conference in 1983 and 2009), the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliamentary_Association" title="Commonwealth Parliamentary Association">Commonwealth Parliamentary Association</a> (and the Westminster Seminar on Parliamentary Practice and Procedures), the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Commonwealth_Universities" title="Association of Commonwealth Universities">Association of Commonwealth Universities</a> and the Commonwealth Association of Legislative Counsel,<a href="#cite_note-:0-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-116">[116]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a> (CWGC). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objectives_and_activities">Objectives and activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Objectives and activities">edit</a>]</div> The Commonwealth's objectives were first outlined in the 1971 <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Declaration" title="Singapore Declaration">Singapore Declaration</a>, which committed the Commonwealth to the institution of <a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">world peace</a>; promotion of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individual_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual liberty">individual liberty</a>; the pursuit of equality and opposition to racism; the fight against poverty, ignorance, and disease; and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> To these were added opposition to discrimination on the basis of gender by the <a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Declaration" title="Lusaka Declaration">Lusaka Declaration</a> of 1979,<a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Declaration_text-92">[92]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Langkawi_Declaration" title="Langkawi Declaration">Langkawi Declaration</a> of 1989.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> These objectives were reinforced by the <a href="/wiki/Harare_Declaration" title="Harare Declaration">Harare Declaration</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The Commonwealth's highest-priority aims concern the promotion of democracy and development, as outlined in the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Aso_Rock" title="Aso Rock">Aso Rock Declaration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> which built on those in Singapore and Harare and clarified their terms of reference, stating, "We are committed to democracy, good governance, human rights, gender equality, and a more equitable sharing of the benefits of globalisation."<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competence">Competence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Competence">edit</a>]</div> In October 2010, a leaked memo from the Secretary General instructing staff not to speak out on human rights was published, leading to accusations that the Commonwealth was not being vocal enough on its core values.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011">Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011</a> considered a report by a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Eminent_Persons_Group" title="Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group">Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group</a> (EPG) panel which asserted that the organisation had lost its relevance and was decaying due to the lack of a mechanism to censure member countries when they violated human rights or democratic norms.<a href="#cite_note-star30-154">[154]</a> The panel made 106 "urgent" recommendations including the adoption of a Charter of the Commonwealth, the creation of a new commissioner on the rule of law, democracy and human rights to track persistent human rights abuses and allegations of political repression by Commonwealth member states, recommendations for the repeal of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">laws against</a> <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> in 41 Commonwealth states and a ban on <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-2011Meeting-156">[156]</a> The failure to release the report, or accept its recommendations for reforms in the area of human rights, democracy and the rule of law, was described as a "disgrace" by former British foreign secretary <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind" title="Malcolm Rifkind">Malcolm Rifkind</a>, a member of the EPG, who told a press conference: "The Commonwealth faces a very significant problem. It's not a problem of hostility or antagonism, it's more of a problem of indifference. Its purpose is being questioned, its relevance is being questioned and part of that is because its commitment to enforce the values for which it stands is becoming ambiguous in the eyes of many member states. The Commonwealth is not a private club of the governments or the secretariat. It belongs to the people of the Commonwealth."<a href="#cite_note-2011Meeting-156">[156]</a> In the end, two-thirds of the EPG's 106 urgently recommended reforms were referred to study groups, an act described by one EPG member as having them "kicked into the long grass". There was no agreement to create the recommended position of human rights commissioner, instead a ministerial management group was empowered with enforcement: the group includes alleged human rights offenders. It was agreed to develop a charter of values for the Commonwealth without any decision on how compliance with its principles would be enforced.<a href="#cite_note-star30-154">[154]</a> The result of the effort was that a new <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Charter of the Commonwealth">Charter of the Commonwealth</a> was signed by Queen Elizabeth II on 11 March 2013 at Marlborough House, which opposes "all forms of discrimination, whether rooted in gender, race, colour, creed, political belief or other grounds".<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_of_Nations_countries_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP">List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_data_by_member">Economic data by member</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economic data by member">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Economies of the Commonwealth of Nations 2012  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; border: none;"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; margin: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Member states</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Population<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-160">[160]</a> (2021) </th> <th colspan="2"">GDP (nominal, US$) </th> <th colspan="2">GDP (PPP, US$) </th> <th rowspan="2">Comm. realm? </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">millions<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">per capita<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">millions<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">per capita<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> </th> <td>93,219 </td> <td>1,176 </td> <td>12,480 </td> <td>1,778 </td> <td>18,492 </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </th> <td>25,921,089 </td> <td>1,520,608 </td> <td>61,789 </td> <td>1,008,547 </td> <td>41,974 </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> </th> <td>407,906 </td> <td>8,149 </td> <td>22,431 </td> <td>11,765 </td> <td>31,978 </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </th> <td>169,356,251 </td> <td>115,610 </td> <td>743 </td> <td>291,299 </td> <td>1,777 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/40px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/60px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> </th> <td>281,200 </td> <td>3,685 </td> <td>13,453 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> </th> <td>400,031 </td> <td>1,448 </td> <td>4,059 </td> <td>2,381 </td> <td>6,672 </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/40px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/60px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> </th> <td>2,588,423 </td> <td>14,411 </td> <td>8,533 </td> <td>34,038 </td> <td>14,746 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> </th> <td>445,373 </td> <td>16,954 </td> <td>40,301 </td> <td>21,992 </td> <td>51,760 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/60px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </th> <td>27,198,628 </td> <td>24,984 </td> <td>1,260 </td> <td>50,820 </td> <td>2,359 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </th> <td>38,155,012 </td> <td>1,821,424 </td> <td>50,344 </td> <td>1,489,165 </td> <td>40,420 </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </th> <td>1,244,188 </td> <td>22,981 </td> <td>30,670 </td> <td>26,720 </td> <td>32,254 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> </th> <td>72,412 </td> <td>480 </td> <td>7,154 </td> <td>906 </td> <td>13,288 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </th> <td>32,833,031 </td> <td>40,710 </td> <td>1,570 </td> <td>51,943 </td> <td>1,871 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> </th> <td>124,610 </td> <td>790 </td> <td>7,780 </td> <td>1,142 </td> <td>10,837 </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/40px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/60px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> </th> <td>804,567 </td> <td>2,851 </td> <td>3,408 </td> <td>2,704 </td> <td>— </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </th> <td>1,407,563,842 </td> <td>3,732,224 </td> <td>2,171 </td> <td>11,468,022 </td> <td>7,874 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </th> <td>2,827,695 </td> <td>14,840 </td> <td>5,335 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </th> <td>53,005,614 </td> <td>37,229 </td> <td>808 </td> <td>76,016 </td> <td>1,710 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> </th> <td>128,874 </td> <td>176 </td> <td>1,649 </td> <td>248 </td> <td>2,337 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/60px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> </th> <td>2,281,454 </td> <td>2,448 </td> <td>1,106 </td> <td>4,027 </td> <td>1,691 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> </th> <td>19,889,742 </td> <td>4,264 </td> <td>365 </td> <td>14,344 </td> <td>893 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </th> <td>33,573,874 </td> <td>303,526 </td> <td>9,977 </td> <td>501,249 </td> <td>16,051 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> </th> <td>521,457 </td> <td>2,222 </td> <td>6,405 </td> <td>3,070 </td> <td>8,871 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </th> <td>526,748 </td> <td>8,722 </td> <td>21,380 </td> <td>12,138 </td> <td>27,504 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </th> <td>1,298,915 </td> <td>10,492 </td> <td>8,755 </td> <td>20,210 </td> <td>14,420 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </th> <td>32,077,072 </td> <td>14,588 </td> <td>533 </td> <td>25,805 </td> <td>975 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </th> <td>2,530,151 </td> <td>12,807 </td> <td>5,383 </td> <td>16,918 </td> <td>6,801 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> </th> <td>12,511 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </th> <td>5,129,727 </td> <td>139,768 </td> <td>36,254 </td> <td>139,640 </td> <td>31,082 </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </th> <td>213,401,323 </td> <td>262,606 </td> <td>1,502 </td> <td>449,289 </td> <td>2,533 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </th> <td>231,402,117 </td> <td>231,182 </td> <td>1,189 </td> <td>517,873 </td> <td>2,745 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </th> <td>9,949,437 </td> <td>15,654 </td> <td>1,845 </td> <td>20,771 </td> <td>2,676 </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> </th> <td>13,461,888 </td> <td>7,103 </td> <td>8,874 </td> <td>15,517 </td> <td>1,282 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> </th> <td>47,606 </td> <td>748 </td> <td>13,144 </td> <td>966 </td> <td>17,226 </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> </th> <td>179,651 </td> <td>1,186 </td> <td>7,154 </td> <td>2,016 </td> <td>11,597 </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> </th> <td>104,332 </td> <td>713 </td> <td>6,291 </td> <td>1,202 </td> <td>10,715 </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/40px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/60px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> </th> <td>218,764 </td> <td>677 </td> <td>3,485 </td> <td>853 </td> <td>4,475 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> </th> <td>106,471 </td> <td>1,032 </td> <td>12,321 </td> <td>2,371 </td> <td>25,788 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </th> <td>8,420,641 </td> <td>3,796 </td> <td>496 </td> <td>8,125 </td> <td>1,131 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </th> <td>5,941,060 </td> <td>274,701 </td> <td>46,241 </td> <td>328,323 </td> <td>60,688 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> </th> <td>707,851 </td> <td>1,008 </td> <td>1,517 </td> <td>1,718 </td> <td>2,923 </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </th> <td>59,392,255 </td> <td>384,313 </td> <td>8,070 </td> <td>585,625 </td> <td>10,960 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </th> <td>21,773,441 </td> <td>59,421 </td> <td>2,835 </td> <td>126,993 </td> <td>5,582 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> </th> <td>1,192,271 </td> <td>3,747 </td> <td>3,831 </td> <td>6,458 </td> <td>6,053 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </th> <td>63,588,334 </td> <td>28,249 </td> <td>532 </td> <td>74,269 </td> <td>1,512 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> </th> <td>106,017 </td> <td>472 </td> <td>4,152 </td> <td>527 </td> <td>4,886 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/40px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/60px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </th> <td>1,525,663 </td> <td>23,986 </td> <td>16,699 </td> <td>35,638 </td> <td>25,074 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> </th> <td>11,204 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>3,636 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </th> <td>45,853,778 </td> <td>19,881 </td> <td>487 </td> <td>49,130 </td> <td>1,345 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </th> <td>67,281,039 </td> <td>3,124,650<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> </td> <td>38,974 </td> <td>3,174,921 </td> <td>35,598 </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> </th> <td>319,137 </td> <td>785 </td> <td>3,094 </td> <td>1,139 </td> <td>4,379 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </th> <td>19,473,125 </td> <td>20,678 </td> <td>1,425 </td> <td>24,096 </td> <td>1,621 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Infobox_Commonwealth_of_Nations_flag.svg/40px-Infobox_Commonwealth_of_Nations_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Infobox_Commonwealth_of_Nations_flag.svg/60px-Infobox_Commonwealth_of_Nations_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="180" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth</a> </th> <td>2,418,964,000 </td> <td>9,766,209 </td> <td>3,844 </td> <td>13,119,929 </td> <td>4,035 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Infobox_Commonwealth_of_Nations_flag.svg/40px-Infobox_Commonwealth_of_Nations_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Infobox_Commonwealth_of_Nations_flag.svg/60px-Infobox_Commonwealth_of_Nations_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="180" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth (realms)</a> </th> <td>144,033,000 </td> <td>5,966,408 </td> <td>43,493 </td> <td>4,945,842 </td> <td>36,053 </td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar">Postwar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Postwar">edit</a>]</div> During the Second World War, the British Empire played a major role in supporting British finances. Foreign exchange reserves were pooled in London, to be used to fight the war. In effect the United Kingdom procured £2.3 billion, of which £1.3 billion was from <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>. The debt was held in the form of British government securities and became known as "sterling balances". By 1950, India, Pakistan and Ceylon had spent much of their sterling, while other countries accumulated more. The sterling area included all of the Commonwealth except for Canada, together with some smaller countries especially in the Persian Gulf. They held their foreign-exchange in sterling, protecting that currency from runs and facilitating trade and investment inside the Commonwealth. It was a formal relationship with fixed exchange rates, periodic meetings at Commonwealth summits to coordinate trade policy, and domestic economic policies. The United Kingdom ran a trade surplus, and the other countries were mostly producers of raw materials sold to the United Kingdom. The commercial rationale was gradually less attractive to the Commonwealth; however, access to the growing London capital market remained an important advantage to the newly independent nations. As the United Kingdom moved increasingly close to Europe, however, the long-term ties began to be in doubt.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UK_joins_the_European_Economic_Community">UK joins the European Economic Community</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: UK joins the European Economic Community">edit</a>]</div> By 1961, with a sluggish economy, the United Kingdom attempted to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>, but this was repeatedly vetoed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities">Entry</a> was finally achieved in 1973. Queen Elizabeth was one of the few remaining links between the UK and the Commonwealth. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Ben Pimlott</a> argues that joining Europe "constituted the most decisive step yet in the progress of severance of familial ties between the United Kingdom and its former Empire... It reduced the remaining links to sentimental and cultural ones, and legal niceties."<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The newly independent countries of Africa and Asia concentrated on their own internal political and economic development, and sometimes their role in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The United States, international agencies, and the Soviet Union became important players, and the British role receded. While there was opposition to British entry into the EEC from many countries, such as Australia, others preferred the economic advantages brought by British access to the Common Market.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The historic ties between the former dominion nations and the United Kingdom were rapidly fraying. The Canadian economy increasingly focused on trade with the United States, and not on trade with the United Kingdom or other Commonwealth nations. Internal Canadian disputes revolved around the growing American cultural and economic presence, and the strong force of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a>. In 1964, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Maple Leaf flag</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Red_Ensign" title="Canadian Red Ensign">Canadian Ensign</a>, with Gregory Johnson describing it as "the last gasp of empire".<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Australia and New Zealand were generally opposed to the United Kingdom's entry and exerted considerable influence on the eventual terms of accession in 1972, for which the United Kingdom agreed to transitional arrangements and monetary compensation to protect important export markets.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Russell Ward summarises the period in economic terms: "In fact the United Kingdom, as Australia's chief trading partner, was being very rapidly replaced just at this time by the United States and an economically resurgent Japan, but most people were scarcely aware of this.... It was feared that British entry into the Common Market was bound to mean abolition, or at least scaling down, of preferential tariff arrangements for Australians goods."<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Trade">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_free_trade" title="Commonwealth free trade">Commonwealth free trade</a></div> Although the Commonwealth does not have a multilateral trade agreement, research by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Society" title="Royal Commonwealth Society">Royal Commonwealth Society</a> has shown that trade with another Commonwealth member is up to 50% more than with a non-member on average, with smaller and less wealthy states having a higher propensity to trade within the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> At the 2005 Summit in Malta, the heads of government endorsed pursuing free trade among Commonwealth members on a bilateral basis.<a href="#cite_note-VallettaStatement-175">[175]</a> Following its <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">vote in June 2016</a> to leave the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> some in the United Kingdom suggested the Commonwealth as an alternative to its <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">membership</a> in the EU;<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> however, it was far from clear that this would either offer sufficient economic benefit to replace the impact of leaving the EU or be acceptable to other member states.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In 2021, following the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union, Australia and the United Kingdom signed the <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement</a>, which on ratification eliminated tariffs and increased opportunities for movement between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Canada exempts most goods from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Caribbean" title="Commonwealth Caribbean">Commonwealth Caribbean</a>, consisting of Commonwealth countries and British Overseas Territories in the region, from import duties.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commonwealth_Family">Commonwealth Family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Commonwealth Family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg/250px-UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg/330px-UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg/500px-UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Commonwealth_Universities" title="Association of Commonwealth Universities">Association of Commonwealth Universities</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Family">Commonwealth Family</a></div> Commonwealth countries share many links outside government, with various non-governmental organisations, notably for sport, culture, education, law, and charity claiming to operate on a Commonwealth-wide basis. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Sight_Savers_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight Savers International">Sight Savers International</a> and the <a href="/wiki/English-Speaking_Union" title="English-Speaking Union">English-Speaking Union</a>, also operate outside the Commonwealth, though their operations began and largely remain within the association.<a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth_Family2-182">[182]</a> The Commonwealth Secretariat regulates formal accreditation with the Commonwealth through its Accreditation Committee. The admittance criteria includes upholding a commitment to the Commonwealth Charter. Formally accredited organisations include the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Commonwealth_Universities" title="Association of Commonwealth Universities">Association of Commonwealth Universities</a>, which manages the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Scholarship">Commonwealth Scholarship</a> allowing students to study in other Commonwealth countries, and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliamentary_Association" title="Commonwealth Parliamentary Association">Commonwealth Parliamentary Association</a> which links together over 180 Commonwealth parliaments.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_Foundation">Commonwealth Foundation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Commonwealth Foundation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Foundation" title="Commonwealth Foundation">Commonwealth Foundation</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Foundation" title="Commonwealth Foundation">Commonwealth Foundation</a> is an intergovernmental organisation, resourced by and reporting to Commonwealth governments, and guided by Commonwealth values and priorities. Its mandate is to strengthen civil society in the achievement of Commonwealth priorities: democracy and good governance, respect for human rights and gender equality, poverty eradication, people-centred and sustainable development, and to promote arts and culture.<a href="#cite_note-CF_About-184">[184]</a> The Foundation was established in 1965 by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government">Heads of Government</a>. Admittance is open to all members of the Commonwealth, and in December 2008, stood at 46 out of the 53 member countries. Associate Membership, which is open to associated states or overseas territories of member governments, has been granted to Gibraltar. 2005 saw celebrations for the Foundation's 40th Anniversary. The Foundation is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_House" title="Marlborough House">Marlborough House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall,_London" title="Pall Mall, London">Pall Mall, London</a>. Regular liaison and co-operation between the Secretariat and the Foundation is in place. The Foundation continues to serve the broad purposes for which it was established as written in the Memorandum of Understanding.<a href="#cite_note-CF_About-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_Games">Commonwealth Games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Commonwealth Games">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rugby_melbourne_commonwealth_games.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rugby_melbourne_commonwealth_games.jpg/250px-Rugby_melbourne_commonwealth_games.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rugby_melbourne_commonwealth_games.jpg/330px-Rugby_melbourne_commonwealth_games.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rugby_melbourne_commonwealth_games.jpg/500px-Rugby_melbourne_commonwealth_games.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> are the third-largest multi-sport event in the world, bringing together globally popular sports and peculiarly "Commonwealth" sports, such as <a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">rugby sevens</a>, shown here at the <a href="/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="2006 Commonwealth Games">2006 Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Commonwealth Games, a <a href="/wiki/Multi-sport_event" title="Multi-sport event">multi-sport event</a>, is held every four years; the <a href="/wiki/2018_Commonwealth_Games" title="2018 Commonwealth Games">2018 Commonwealth Games</a> were held in <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast, Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games" title="2022 Commonwealth Games">2022 Commonwealth Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/2026_Commonwealth_Games" title="2026 Commonwealth Games">2026 Commonwealth Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>. As well as the usual athletic disciplines, as at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a>, the games include sports particularly popular in the Commonwealth, such as <a href="/wiki/Bowls" title="Bowls">bowls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">rugby sevens</a>. Started in 1930 as the Empire Games, the games were founded on the Olympic model of <a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">amateurism</a>, but were deliberately designed to be "the Friendly Games",<a href="#cite_note-A_Commonwealth_of_Values-185">[185]</a> with the goal of promoting relations between Commonwealth countries and celebrating their shared sporting and cultural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth_Games_and_Art_Festival-186">[186]</a> The games are the Commonwealth's most visible activity<a href="#cite_note-A_Commonwealth_of_Values-185">[185]</a> and interest in the operation of the Commonwealth increases greatly when the Games are held.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> There is controversy over whether the games—and sport generally—should be involved in the Commonwealth's wider political concerns.<a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth_Games_and_Art_Festival-186">[186]</a> The 1977 <a href="/wiki/Gleneagles_Agreement" title="Gleneagles Agreement">Gleneagles Agreement</a> was signed to commit Commonwealth countries to combat <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> through discouraging sporting contact with South Africa (which was not then a member), while the <a href="/wiki/1986_Commonwealth_Games" title="1986 Commonwealth Games">1986 games</a> were boycotted by most African, Asian, and Caribbean countries for the failure of other countries to enforce the Gleneagles Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_Youth_Games">Commonwealth Youth Games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Commonwealth Youth Games">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Youth_Games" title="Commonwealth Youth Games">Commonwealth Youth Games</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Youth_Games" title="Commonwealth Youth Games">Commonwealth Youth Games</a> is the youth version of the Commonwealth Games and it is aimed from younger athletes aged between 14 and 18 years. The <a href="/wiki/2000_Commonwealth_Youth_Games" title="2000 Commonwealth Youth Games">2000 Commonwealth Youth Games</a> was the inaugural edition of the Commonwealth Youth Games, first held in Edinburgh, Scotland. The <a href="/wiki/2023_Commonwealth_Youth_Games" title="2023 Commonwealth Youth Games">most recent edition</a> of the games was held in 2023 in Trinidad and Tobago. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Commonwealth War Graves Commission">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azmak_Cemetery,_Gallipoli_Peninsula.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Azmak_Cemetery%2C_Gallipoli_Peninsula.JPG/220px-Azmak_Cemetery%2C_Gallipoli_Peninsula.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Azmak_Cemetery%2C_Gallipoli_Peninsula.JPG/330px-Azmak_Cemetery%2C_Gallipoli_Peninsula.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Azmak_Cemetery%2C_Gallipoli_Peninsula.JPG/440px-Azmak_Cemetery%2C_Gallipoli_Peninsula.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a> commemorates 1.7 million Commonwealth war dead and maintains 2,500 war cemeteries around the world, including this one in <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) is responsible for maintaining the <a href="/wiki/War_grave" title="War grave">war graves</a> of 1.7 million service personnel who died in the First and Second World Wars fighting for Commonwealth member states. Founded in 1917 (as the Imperial War Graves Commission), the commission has constructed 2,500 <a href="/wiki/War_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="War cemetery">war cemeteries</a>, and maintains individual graves at another 20,000 sites around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Ten_Key_Things_About_War_Graves-189">[189]</a> The vast majority of the latter are civilian cemeteries in the United Kingdom. In 1998, the CWGC made the records of its buried available online to facilitate easier searching.<a href="#cite_note-Millions_trace_war_dead_on_Internet-190">[190]</a> Commonwealth war cemeteries often feature similar <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a> and architecture, with larger cemeteries being home to a <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Sacrifice" title="Cross of Sacrifice">Cross of Sacrifice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Remembrance" title="Stone of Remembrance">Stone of Remembrance</a>. The CWGC is notable for marking the graves identically, regardless of the rank, country of origin, race, or religion of the buried.<a href="#cite_note-Millions_trace_war_dead_on_Internet-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[note 1]</a> It is funded by voluntary agreement by six Commonwealth members, in proportion to the nationality of the casualties in the graves maintained,<a href="#cite_note-Ten_Key_Things_About_War_Graves-189">[189]</a> with 75% of the funding coming from the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Millions_trace_war_dead_on_Internet-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_of_Learning">Commonwealth of Learning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Commonwealth of Learning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Learning" title="Commonwealth of Learning">Commonwealth of Learning</a></div> The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) is an intergovernmental organisation created by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government">heads of government</a> to encourage the development and sharing of open learning/distance education knowledge, resources and technologies. COL is helping developing nations improve access to quality education and training.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_Local_Government_Forum">Commonwealth Local Government Forum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Commonwealth Local Government Forum">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Local_Government_Forum" title="Commonwealth Local Government Forum">Commonwealth Local Government Forum</a></div> The Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF) is a global local government organisation, bringing together local authorities, their national associations and the ministries responsible for local government in the member countries of the Commonwealth. CLGF works with national and <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local governments</a> to support the development of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic values</a> and good local governance and is the associated organisation officially recognised by <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government">Commonwealth Heads of Government</a> as the representative body for local government in the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> CLGF is unique in bringing together central, provincial and local spheres of government involved in local government policy and decision-making. CLGF members include local government associations, individual local authorities, ministries dealing with local government, and research and professional organisations who work with local government. Practitioner to practitioner support is at the core of CLGF's work across the Commonwealth and within the region, using CLGF's own members to support others both within and between regions. CLGF is a member of the Global Taskforce of Local and Regional Governments, the formal partner of the UN Major Group of Local Authorities.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="British culture">British culture</a></div> Commonwealth countries share a common culture which includes the English language, sports, legal systems, education and government. These commonalities are the result of the Commonwealth's heritage, having developed out of the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> Symbols of the Commonwealth include the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth Flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Commonwealth Day</a>. <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a> is commemorated across the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Celebrations for <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night">Guy Fawkes Night</a> take place in some Commonwealth countries.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gahanga_cricket_stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gahanga_cricket_stadium.jpg/220px-Gahanga_cricket_stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gahanga_cricket_stadium.jpg/330px-Gahanga_cricket_stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gahanga_cricket_stadium.jpg/440px-Gahanga_cricket_stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Cricket_Stadium" title="Rwanda Cricket Stadium">Rwanda Cricket Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>. Commonwealth membership has been credited with popularising the game in the country, which was never in the British Empire.</figcaption></figure> Many Commonwealth nations play similar sports that are considered quintessentially British in character, rooted in and developed under British rule or hegemony, including <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>. These ties are particularly strong between the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa across <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>, with Australia in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>, with the Caribbean nations in cricket and netball, and with the Indian subcontinent <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricket in the Indian subcontinent">in cricket</a> and hockey. Canada, by contrast, is dominated by North American sports, including baseball instead of cricket, basketball rather than netball, ice hockey rather than field hockey and Canadian football, rather than rugby union or league. Canada does, however, maintain small enthusiastic communities in all the more traditional Commonwealth sports, having reached the World Cup in each of them, and is the homeplace of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>, hosting the <a href="/wiki/1930_British_Empire_Games" title="1930 British Empire Games">inaugural edition in Hamilton</a> in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> This shared sporting landscape has led to the development of friendly national rivalries between the main sporting nations that have often defined their relations with each other, and in the cases of India, Australia and New Zealand, have played a major part in defining their emerging national character (in cricket, rugby league and rugby union). Indeed, said rivalries preserved close ties by providing a constant in international relationships, even as the Empire transformed into the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> Externally, playing these sports is seen to be a sign of sharing a certain Commonwealth culture; the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Cricket_Association" title="Rwanda Cricket Association">cricket at schools in Rwanda</a> is seen as symbolic of the country's move towards Commonwealth membership.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> More broadly, Rwanda's membership of the Commonwealth has been credited with helping popularise cricket in the country, with both men and women playing it in orphanages, schools, universities and cricket clubs.<a href="#cite_note-Duncan-205">[204]</a> The Commonwealth Games alongside the youth version, a quadrennial multi-sports event held in the middle year of an <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> cycle is the most visible demonstration of these sporting ties. The Games include standard multi-sports disciplines like athletics, swimming, gymnastics, weightlifting, boxing, field hockey, and cycling, but also includes sports popular in the Commonwealth that are distinct to the Games such as netball, squash and lawn bowls. They are also more avowedly political than events like the Olympics, promoting what are seen as Commonwealth values; historically, a history of shared military endeavour was celebrated and promoted, parasport and disability sport is fully integrated, and the Commonwealth Games Federation has publicly backed the rights of LGBT people, despite the continuing criminalisation of homosexuality in many Commonwealth countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">Commonwealth English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_literature" title="Postcolonial literature">Postcolonial literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migrant_literature" title="Migrant literature">Migrant literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Commonwealth_Literature" title="The Journal of Commonwealth Literature">The Journal of Commonwealth Literature</a></div> The shared history of British presence has produced a substantial body of writing in many languages, known as Commonwealth literature.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> The Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies (ACLALS) has 11 branches worldwide and holds an international conference every three years.<a href="#cite_note-Tunca_2018-208">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jennifer-Nasubuga-Makumbi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jennifer-Nasubuga-Makumbi.jpg/250px-Jennifer-Nasubuga-Makumbi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jennifer-Nasubuga-Makumbi.jpg/330px-Jennifer-Nasubuga-Makumbi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jennifer-Nasubuga-Makumbi.jpg/500px-Jennifer-Nasubuga-Makumbi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="3053" /></a><figcaption>Ugandan-British novelist <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Nansubuga_Makumbi" title="Jennifer Nansubuga Makumbi">Jennifer Nansubuga Makumbi</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Short_Story_Prize" title="Commonwealth Short Story Prize">Commonwealth Short Story Prize</a> in 2014.</figcaption></figure> In 1987, the Commonwealth Foundation established the annual <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Writers%27_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Writers' Prize">Commonwealth Writers' Prize</a> "to encourage and reward the upsurge of new Commonwealth fiction and ensure that works of merit reach a wider audience outside their country of origin". Prizes are awarded for the best book and best first book in the Commonwealth; there are also regional prizes for the best book and best first book in each of four regions. Although not officially affiliated with the Commonwealth, the prestigious annual <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Man Booker Prize</a>, one of the highest honours in literature,<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> used to be awarded only to authors from Commonwealth countries or former members such as Ireland and Zimbabwe. Since 2014, however, writers of any nationality have been eligible for the prize providing that they write originally in English and their novels are published by established publishers in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> Today, the Commonwealth Foundation awards the annual <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Short_Story_Prize" title="Commonwealth Short Story Prize">Commonwealth Short Story Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olive_Schreiner00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Olive_Schreiner00.jpg/250px-Olive_Schreiner00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Olive_Schreiner00.jpg/330px-Olive_Schreiner00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Olive_Schreiner00.jpg/500px-Olive_Schreiner00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="1693" /></a><figcaption>South African writer <a href="/wiki/Olive_Schreiner" title="Olive Schreiner">Olive Schreiner</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">South African writer</a> <a href="/wiki/Olive_Schreiner" title="Olive Schreiner">Olive Schreiner</a>'s famous novel <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_an_African_Farm" title="The Story of an African Farm">The Story of an African Farm</a> was published in 1883 and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">New Zealander</a> <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Katherine Mansfield</a> published her first collection of short stories, <a href="/wiki/In_a_German_Pension" title="In a German Pension">In a German Pension</a>, in 1911. The first major novelist, writing in English, from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_English_literature" title="Indian English literature">Indian sub-continent</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._K._Narayan" title="R. K. Narayan">R. K. Narayan</a>, began publishing in England in the 1930s, thanks to the encouragement of English novelist <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean writer</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rhys" title="Jean Rhys">Jean Rhys</a>'s writing career began as early as 1928, though her most famous work, <a href="/wiki/Wide_Sargasso_Sea" title="Wide Sargasso Sea">Wide Sargasso Sea</a>, was not published until 1966. South Africa's <a href="/wiki/Alan_Paton" title="Alan Paton">Alan Paton</a>'s famous <a href="/wiki/Cry,_the_Beloved_Country" title="Cry, the Beloved Country">Cry, the Beloved Country</a> dates from 1948. <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a> from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>, now Zimbabwe, was a dominant presence in the English literary scene, frequently publishing from 1950 on throughout the 20th century. She won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> is another post-Second World War writer from the former British colonies who <a href="/wiki/Migrant_literature" title="Migrant literature">permanently settled in the United Kingdom</a>. Rushdie achieved fame with <a href="/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children" title="Midnight's Children">Midnight's Children</a> (1981). His most controversial novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a> (1989), was inspired in part by the life of Muhammad. <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a> (born 1932), born in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, was another immigrant, who wrote, among other things, <a href="/wiki/A_Bend_in_the_River" title="A Bend in the River">A Bend in the River</a> (1979). Naipaul won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-nobelweb-214">[213]</a> Many other Commonwealth writers have achieved an international reputation for works in English, including <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Nigerian novelist</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a>, and playwright <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a>. Soyinka won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1986, as did South African novelist <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a> in 1995. Other South African writers in English are novelist <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a> (Nobel Prize 2003) and playwright <a href="/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard">Athol Fugard</a>. Kenya's most internationally renowned author is <a href="/wiki/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o" title="Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o">Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o</a>, author of novels, plays and short stories in English. Poet <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> in the Caribbean, was another Nobel Prize winner in 1992. An Australian, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a>, a major novelist in this period, whose first work was published in 1939, won in 1973. Other noteworthy Australian writers at the end of this period are poet <a href="/wiki/Les_Murray_(poet)" title="Les Murray (poet)">Les Murray</a>, and novelist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carey_(novelist)" title="Peter Carey (novelist)">Peter Carey</a>, who is one of only four writers to have won the <a href="/wiki/Man_Booker_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Man Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> twice.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_judiciary">Politics and judiciary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Politics and judiciary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building,_in_New_Delhi_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg/220px-Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg/330px-Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg/440px-Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Parliament_House,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="New Parliament House, New Delhi">Parliament House</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India. The Commonwealth Charter states the Commonwealth's commitment to democracy, and many Commonwealth countries use the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Beacon_Event,_Wellington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Beacon_Event%2C_Wellington.jpg/220px-The_Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Beacon_Event%2C_Wellington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Beacon_Event%2C_Wellington.jpg/330px-The_Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Beacon_Event%2C_Wellington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Beacon_Event%2C_Wellington.jpg/440px-The_Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Beacon_Event%2C_Wellington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Lighting of a <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Beacons" title="The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Beacons">jubilee beacon</a> for <a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee</a> in 2022 in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> Commonwealth countries have similar legal and government systems, whilst the Commonwealth Charter includes commitments to democracy, human rights and the rule of law. Most Commonwealth countries have a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> democracy, with elected legislatures, multi-party elections, <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> and often two chambers.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliamentary_Association" title="Commonwealth Parliamentary Association">Commonwealth Parliamentary Association</a> facilitates co-operation between legislatures across the Commonwealth, and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Local_Government_Forum" title="Commonwealth Local Government Forum">Commonwealth Local Government Forum</a> promotes <a href="/wiki/Good_governance" title="Good governance">good governance</a> among <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local government</a> officials.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> Nonetheless, Commonwealth leadership was criticised for admitting Gabon as a member at the 2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Kigali, Rwanda – a country with poor human rights record – despite the fact that Gabon had been governed for 56 years by the kleptocratic Bongo family, until they were overthrown in a coup in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Most Commonwealth countries use <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, modelled on <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> The Latimer House Principles adopted in 2003 reflect the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> Judges are appointed by independent commissions in most Commonwealth countries, a change which took place across the Commonwealth in the late 20th and early 21st centuries and is reflected in the Cape Town Principles.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Symbols">edit</a>]</div> The Commonwealth has adopted a number of symbols that represent the association of its members. The English language is recognised as a symbol of the members' heritage; as well as being considered a symbol of the Commonwealth, recognition of it as "the means of Commonwealth communication" is a prerequisite for Commonwealth membership. The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Commonwealth">flag of the Commonwealth</a> consists of the symbol of the Commonwealth Secretariat, a gold globe surrounded by emanating rays, on a dark blue field; it was designed for the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1973">second CHOGM</a> in 1973, and officially adopted on 26 March 1976. 1976 also saw the organisation agree to a common date on which to commemorate <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Commonwealth Day</a>, the second Monday in March, having developed separately on different dates from <a href="/wiki/Empire_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Day">Empire Day</a> celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> Also to mark the 60th anniversary (Diamond Jubilee) of the Commonwealth in 2009, the Commonwealth Secretariat commissioned Paul Carroll to compose "The Commonwealth Anthem". The lyrics of the Anthem are taken from the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> The Commonwealth Youth Orchestra published renditions of the Anthem with and without an introductory narrative.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition">Recognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Recognition">edit</a>]</div> In 2009, to mark the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Commonwealth, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Society" title="Royal Commonwealth Society">Royal Commonwealth Society</a> commissioned a poll of public opinion in seven of the member states: Australia, Canada, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, South Africa and the United Kingdom. It found that most people in these countries were largely ignorant of the Commonwealth's activities, aside from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>, and indifferent toward its future. Support for the Commonwealth was twice as high in developing countries as in developed countries; it was lowest in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/31px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/47px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/62px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Caribbean" title="Commonwealth Caribbean">Commonwealth Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_of_Nations_countries_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP">List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a>, an equivalent grouping of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese-speaking</a> countries and territories</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">La Francophonie</a> (OIF), an association of countries where the French language and French culture are prominent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_for_the_Russian_Language" title="International Organisation for the Russian Language">International Organisation for the Russian Language</a>, an intergovernmental body of <a href="/wiki/Russian-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-speaking world">Russian-speaking</a> countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberophone</a> nations</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Each headstone contains the national emblem or regimental badge, rank, name, unit, date of death and age of each casualty inscribed above an appropriate religious symbol and a more personal dedication chosen by relatives.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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British Policy Towards the Messina Countries, 1956", Contemporary European History (1998) 7#1 pp 39–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClout2007" class="citation news cs1">Clout, Laura (15 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatfeedback/4202596/France-offered-to-merge-with-UK-in-1950s.html">"France offered to 'merge' with UK in 1950s"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+Ministerial+Action+Group&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Secretariat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecommonwealth.org%2FInternal%2F38125%2Fcmag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_future_of_the_modern_Commonwealth-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_future_of_the_modern_Commonwealth_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_future_of_the_modern_Commonwealth_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFte_Velde-Ashworth2005" class="citation web cs1">te Velde-Ashworth, Victoria (10 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070722134850/http://www.cpsu.org.uk/downloads/future_aide.pdf">"The future of the modern Commonwealth: Widening vs. deepening?"</a> (PDF). 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Commonwealth Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202062846/https://commonwealthfoundation.com/short-story-prize/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+Foundation&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+Short+Story+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonwealthfoundation.com%2Fshort-story-prize%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrabble1996" class="citation book cs1">Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1996). The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 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Retrieved 10 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F2007%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelweb-214"><a href="#cite_ref-nobelweb_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001"</a>. Literature. Nobel Prize Outreach AB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915131638/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literature&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F2001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Man Booker official site: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themanbookerprize.com/search/node/j%20g%20farrell">J. G. Farrell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170129070148/http://themanbookerprize.com/search/node/j%20g%20farrell">Archived</a> 29 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921205624/http://themanbookerprize.com/people/hilary-mantel">Hilary Mantel</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themanbookerprize.com/people/j-m-coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317185406/http://themanbookerprize.com/people/j-m-coetzee">Archived</a> 17 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/contemporary-context/">"Commonwealth of Nations"</a>. UK Parliament. Retrieved 21 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+of+Nations&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2Flegislativescrutiny%2Fparliament-and-empire%2Fcontemporary-context%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PBs9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">The Statesman's Yearbook 2017: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 2017. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-68398-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-68398-7"><bdi>978-1-349-68398-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330165149/https://books.google.com/books?id=PBs9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Yearbook+2017%3A+The+Politics%2C+Cultures+and+Economies+of+the+World&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-349-68398-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPBs9DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGruenbaum2023" class="citation web cs1">Gruenbaum, Oren (8 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealthroundtable.co.uk/general/eye-on-the-commonwealth/why-was-a-country-as-corrupt-as-ali-bongos-gabon-ever-admitted-to-the-commonwealth/#">"Why was a country as corrupt as Ali Bongo's Gabon ever admitted to the Commonwealth?"</a>. The Round Table. Retrieved 21 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Round+Table&rft.atitle=Why+was+a+country+as+corrupt+as+Ali+Bongo%E2%80%99s+Gabon+ever+admitted+to+the+Commonwealth%3F&rft.date=2023-09-08&rft.aulast=Gruenbaum&rft.aufirst=Oren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealthroundtable.co.uk%2Fgeneral%2Feye-on-the-commonwealth%2Fwhy-was-a-country-as-corrupt-as-ali-bongos-gabon-ever-admitted-to-the-commonwealth%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealthofnations.org/?sectors=business/legal">"Legal"</a>. Commonwealth of Nations. Retrieved 3 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+of+Nations&rft.atitle=Legal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealthofnations.org%2F%3Fsectors%3Dbusiness%2Flegal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpahq.org/media/kafl4zuf/commonwealth_principles_cpa_sept_2023-v2_single.pdf">"Commonwealth Latimer House Principles on the Three Branches of Government"</a> (PDF). Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. September 2023. 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Retrieved 21 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=How+Commonwealth+countries+have+forged+a+new+way+to+appoint+judges&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft.aulast=Corder&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhow-commonwealth-countries-have-forged-a-new-way-to-appoint-judges-56090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Flags of All Nations: Flags of the British Commonwealth of Nations (Brown, Son & Ferguson, 1952) </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonwealth-music-council.net/sapphire-jubilee-celebration-cd.html">"A Celebration of Her Majesty's Sapphire Jubilee"</a>. Commonwealth Music Council. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729081603/http://www.commonwealth-music-council.net/sapphire-jubilee-celebration-cd.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+Music+Council&rft.atitle=A+Celebration+of+Her+Majesty%27s+Sapphire+Jubilee&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealth-music-council.net%2Fsapphire-jubilee-celebration-cd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bp4PCicIJl4">"Commonwealth Anthem (with introductory narrative)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Commonwealth Youth Orchestra. 13 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/Bp4PCicIJl4">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+Anthem+%28with+introductory+narrative%29&rft.date=2017-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DBp4PCicIJl4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rns3N4nfo7I">"Windsor Suite Commonwealth Anthem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Commonwealth Youth Orchestra. 20 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/rns3N4nfo7I">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Windsor+Suite+Commonwealth+Anthem&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Drns3N4nfo7I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808043749/https://thercs.org/assets/Research-/Commonwealth-Conversation-Final-Report.pdf">Royal Commonwealth Society, An Uncommon Association, a Wealth of Potential: Final Report of the Commonwealth Conversation (London, Royal Commonwealth Society, 2010)</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSriskandarajah2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dhananjayan_Sriskandarajah" title="Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah">Sriskandarajah, Dhananjayan</a> (21 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/canada-commonwealth-and-the-key-to-relevance/article4279734/">"Canada, Commonwealth and the key to relevance"</a>. The Globe and Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510024750/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/canada-commonwealth-and-the-key-to-relevance/article4279734/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Canada%2C+Commonwealth+and+the+key+to+relevance&rft.date=2009-07-21&rft.aulast=Sriskandarajah&rft.aufirst=Dhananjayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fcommentary%2Fcanada-commonwealth-and-the-key-to-relevance%2Farticle4279734%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRenzetti2009" class="citation news cs1">Renzetti, Elizabeth (20 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/commonwealth-quaint-historical-relic-or-meaningful-bloc/article4279618/">"Commonwealth: quaint historical relic or meaningful bloc?"</a>. The Globe and Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510011926/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/commonwealth-quaint-historical-relic-or-meaningful-bloc/article4279618/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Commonwealth%3A+quaint+historical+relic+or+meaningful+bloc%3F&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft.aulast=Renzetti&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fcommonwealth-quaint-historical-relic-or-meaningful-bloc%2Farticle4279618%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7931706.stm">"Queen marks Commonwealth launch"</a>. BBC News. 9 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810030912/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7931706.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Queen+marks+Commonwealth+launch&rft.date=2009-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F7931706.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Ashton, Sarah R. "British government perspectives on the Commonwealth, 1964–71: An asset or a liability?". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 35.1 (2007): 73–94.</li> <li>Bloomfield, Valerie. Commonwealth Elections 1945–1970 (1976).</li> <li>Cook, Chris and John Paxton. Commonwealth Political Facts (Macmillan, 1978).</li> <li>Hall, H. Duncan. "The genesis of the Balfour declaration of 1926". Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 1.3 (1962): 169–193.</li> <li>Holland, Robert F. Britain and the Commonwealth Alliance, 1918–39 (Springer, 1981).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJebb1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Claverhouse_Jebb" title="Richard Claverhouse Jebb">Jebb, Richard</a> (1905). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Empire_and_the_century/Imperial_Organization">"Imperial Organization" </a>. The Empire and the century. London: John Murray. pp. 332–348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperial+Organization&rft.btitle=The+Empire+and+the+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E332-%3C%2Fspan%3E348&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Jebb&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Nations" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lloyd, Lorna. Diplomacy with a difference: the Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880–2006 (Brill, 2007).</li> <li>McIntyre, W. David. "The strange death of dominion status". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 27.2 (1999): 193–212.</li> <li>McIntyre, W. David. The commonwealth of nations: Origins and impact, 1869–1971 (University of Minnesota Press, 1977); Comprehensive coverage giving London's perspective on political and constitutional relations with each possession.</li> <li>McIntyre, W. David. A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth, Palgrave, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-96310-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-96310-4">978-0-333-96310-4</a>.</li> <li>McIntyre, W. David. "The Unofficial Commonwealth Relations Conferences, 1933–59: Precursors of the Tri-sector Commonwealth." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 36.4 (2008): 591–614.</li> <li>Madden, Frederick and John Darwin, eds. The Dependent Empire, 1900–1948: Colonies, Protectorates, and the Mandates (1994), 908 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/91753673/the-dependent-empire-1900-1948-colonies-protectorates">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202045423/https://www.questia.com/library/91753673/the-dependent-empire-1900-1948-colonies-protectorates">Archived</a> 2 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Maitland, Donald. ed. Britain, the Commonwealth and Europe (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vm3.ehaus2.co.uk/macmillan/resources/sample-chapters/9780333800133_sample.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819203743/http://vm3.ehaus2.co.uk/macmillan/resources/sample-chapters/9780333800133_sample.pdf">Archived</a> 19 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansergh,_Nicholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansergh, Nicholas">Mansergh, Nicholas</a> The Commonwealth in the World, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2492-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2492-3">978-0-8020-2492-3</a>.</li> <li>Moore, R.J. Making the New Commonwealth, Clarendon Press, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820112-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820112-0">978-0-19-820112-0</a>.</li> <li>Murphy, Philip. Monarchy and the End of Empire: The House of Windsor, the British Government, and the Postwar Commonwealth (Oxford UP 2013) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199214235.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214235.001.0001</a></li> <li>Perkin, Harold. "Teaching the nations how to play: sport and society in the British empire and Commonwealth". International Journal of the History of Sport 6.2 (1989): 145–155.</li> <li>Shaw, Timothy M. Commonwealth: Inter- and Non-State Contributions to Global Governance, Routledge, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35120-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35120-1">978-0-415-35120-1</a></li> <li>Srinivasan, Krishnan. The rise, decline and future of the British Commonwealth (Springer, 2005).</li> <li>Wheare, K. C. The Constitutional Structure of the Commonwealth, Clarendon Press, 1960. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23624-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23624-2">978-0-313-23624-2</a>.</li> <li>Williams, Paul D. "Blair's Britain and the Commonwealth". The Round Table 94.380 (2005): 381–391.</li> <li>Winks, Robin, ed. The Historiography of the British Empire-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources (1966) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/95979771/the-historiography-of-the-british-empire-commonwealth">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623131142/https://www.questia.com/library/95979771/the-historiography-of-the-british-empire-commonwealth">Archived</a> 23 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Madden, Frederick, ed. The End of Empire: Dependencies since 1948: Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth: The West Indies, British Honduras, Hong Kong, Fiji, Cyprus, Gibraltar, and the Falklands (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120072134/the-end-of-empire-dependencies-since-1948-select">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819204658/https://www.questia.com/library/120072134/the-end-of-empire-dependencies-since-1948-select">Archived</a> 19 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 596pp</li> <li>Madden, Frederick, and John Darwin, ed. The Dependent Empire: 1900–1948: Colonies, Protectorates, and Mandates (1963), 908pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/91753692/the-dependent-empire-1900-1948-colonies-protectorates">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202050706/https://www.questia.com/read/91753692/the-dependent-empire-1900-1948-colonies-protectorates">Archived</a> 2 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. Documents and Speeches on Commonwealth Affairs, 1952–1962 (1963), 804pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1817157/documents-and-speeches-on-commonwealth-affairs-1952-1962">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819212015/https://www.questia.com/library/1817157/documents-and-speeches-on-commonwealth-affairs-1952-1962">Archived</a> 19 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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selflink">Commonwealth of Nations</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Nations_key_documents" title="Template:Commonwealth of Nations key documents">Key documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Timeline of the Commonwealth of Nations">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretary-General" title="Commonwealth Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ayorkor_Botchwey" title="Shirley Ayorkor Botchwey">Shirley Ayorkor Botchwey</a> (designate))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Deputy_Secretary-General" title="Commonwealth Deputy Secretary-General">Deputy Secretaries-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough_House" title="Marlborough House">Marlborough House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Youth_Programme" title="Commonwealth Youth Programme">Commonwealth Youth Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_heads_of_government" title="List of Commonwealth heads of government">Heads of government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Chair-in-Office" title="Commonwealth Chair-in-Office">Chair-in-Office</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa">Fiamē_Naomi_Mataʻafa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Ministerial_Action_Group" title="Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group">Ministerial Action Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Family">Commonwealth Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Commonwealth_Universities" title="Association of Commonwealth Universities">Association of Commonwealth Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Business_Council" title="Commonwealth Business Council">Commonwealth Business Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Foundation" title="Commonwealth Foundation">Commonwealth Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliamentary_Association" title="Commonwealth Parliamentary Association">Commonwealth Parliamentary Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Museum" title="British Empire and Commonwealth Museum">BECM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Association_of_Planners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Association of Planners (page does not exist)">CAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Broadcasting_Association" title="Commonwealth Broadcasting Association">CBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Education_Trust" title="Commonwealth Education Trust">CET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Human_Rights_Initiative" title="Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative">CHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Round_Table_(journal)" title="The Round Table (journal)">CJIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Learning" title="Commonwealth of Learning">CoL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Lawyers_Association" title="Commonwealth Lawyers Association">CLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Local_Government_Forum" title="Commonwealth Local Government Forum">CLGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Policy_Studies_Unit" title="Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit">CPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Press_Union" title="Commonwealth Press Union">CPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Scholarship_and_Fellowship_Plan" title="Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan">CSFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-Speaking_Union" title="English-Speaking Union">ESU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Commonwealth_Studies" title="Institute of Commonwealth Studies">ICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Ex-Services_League" title="Royal Commonwealth Ex-Services League">RCEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Society" title="Royal Commonwealth Society">RCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Over-Seas_League" title="Royal Over-Seas League">ROSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_Seekers" title="Sound Seekers">SSI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Commonwealth of Nations">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Commonwealth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Writers%27_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Writers' Prize">Commonwealth Writers' Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Youth_Parliament" title="Commonwealth Youth Parliament">Commonwealth Youth Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_movement" title="Round Table movement">Round Table movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Round_Table_(journal)" title="The Round Table (journal)">The Round Table Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_diaspora" title="Commonwealth diaspora">Commonwealth diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Baton_Relay" title="Queen's Baton Relay">King's Baton Relay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Nations-related_lists" title="Category:Commonwealth of Nations-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Extreme points of the Commonwealth of Nations">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_of_Nations_prime_ministers" title="List of Commonwealth of Nations prime ministers">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_visits_made_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of Commonwealth visits made by Elizabeth II">Visits by Queen Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to the Commonwealth of Nations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Key_documents_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations48" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Nations_key_documents" title="Template:Commonwealth of Nations key documents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_of_Nations_key_documents" title="Template talk:Commonwealth of Nations key documents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_of_Nations_key_documents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth of Nations key documents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Key_documents_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Key documents of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Parliamentary_Titles_Act_1927" title="Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927">Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Declaration" title="Singapore Declaration">Singapore Declaration</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Declaration" title="Lusaka Declaration">Lusaka Declaration</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkawi_Declaration" title="Langkawi Declaration">Langkawi Declaration</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harare_Declaration" title="Harare Declaration">Harare Declaration</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millbrook_Commonwealth_Action_Programme" title="Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme">Millbrook Action Programme</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Declaration" title="Edinburgh Declaration">Edinburgh Declaration</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latimer_House_Principles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latimer House Principles (page does not exist)">Latimer House Principles</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Agreement" title="Perth Agreement">Perth Agreement</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Charter of the Commonwealth">Charter of the Commonwealth</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd>Current territory</dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd>†Current member of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> 1177–1542</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> 1542–1800 (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">integrated into the UK</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li>†Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>23 since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a>13 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>15 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>23 since 1658</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a>12 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>14 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a>13 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>23 since 1816</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>12Now †<a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li>13<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of †<a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of †<a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li>14<a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li>15Now †<a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia334" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)26</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>18 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Malacca">Malacca</a> 1824–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malacca" title="Crown Colony of Malacca">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>19 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a>19 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Penang" title="Crown Colony of Penang">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>18Now †<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, †<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and †<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li>19<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li>26Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>20 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a>21 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a>20 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a>20 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a>22 1892–1979</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a>20 1900–1974</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>20Now part of the †<a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li>21Now †<a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li>22Now †<a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and †*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a>4 1670–1688</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>5 since 1833</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>5 since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>4Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li>5Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>23 since 1658</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>23 since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>23 since 1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> since 1833</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> (transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>) 1841–1933</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> (transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>) 1841–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a>24 since 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>25 since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>23Since 2009 part of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li>24Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li>25Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">International organizations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:International_organizations" title="Category:International organizations">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">Intergovernmental organizations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_intergovernmental_organizations" title="List of intergovernmental organizations">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-cultural <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">IGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural IGOs (<a href="/wiki/Category:International_cultural_organizations" title="Category:International cultural organizations">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_for_the_Russian_Language" title="International Organisation for the Russian Language">International Organisation for the Russian Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_sports_championships215" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_Championships" title="Template:Commonwealth Championships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_Championships" title="Template talk:Commonwealth Championships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_Championships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth Championships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_sports_championships215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth</a> sports championships</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Team sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Volleyball_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Volleyball Championships (page does not exist)">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Beach_Volleyball_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Beach Volleyball Championships (page does not exist)">Beach Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Futsal_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Futsal Championships (page does not exist)">Futsal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Handball_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Handball Championships (page does not exist)">Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Korfball_Championships" title="Commonwealth Korfball Championships">Korfball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Water_Polo_Championships" title="Commonwealth Water Polo Championships">Water Polo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Archery_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Archery Championships (page does not exist)">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Athletics_U23_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Athletics U23 Championships (page does not exist)">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Badminton_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Badminton Championships (page does not exist)">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Bodybuilding_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Bodybuilding Championships (page does not exist)">Bodybuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Challenge_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Challenge Cup (page does not exist)">Bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Nations_Bridge_Championships" title="Commonwealth Nations Bridge Championships">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Chess_Championship" title="Commonwealth Chess Championship">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Cross_Country_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Cross Country Championships (page does not exist)">Cross Country</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Cycling_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Cycling Championships (page does not exist)">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Draughts_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Draughts Championship (page does not exist)">Draughts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Equestrian_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Equestrian Championships (page does not exist)">Equestrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Fencing_Championships" title="Commonwealth Fencing Championships">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Golf_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Golf Championships (page does not exist)">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Gymnastics_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Gymnastics Championships (page does not exist)">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Judo_Championships" title="Commonwealth Judo Championships">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Karate_Championships" title="Commonwealth Karate Championships">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Mountain_and_Ultra_Distance_Running_Championships" title="Commonwealth Mountain and Ultra Distance Running Championships">Mountain and Ultra Distance Running</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Orienteering_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Orienteering Championships (page does not exist)">Orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Pool_Lifesaving_Championships" title="Commonwealth Pool Lifesaving Championships">Pool Lifesaving</a></li> <li>Powerlifting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Rowing_Championships" title="Commonwealth Rowing Championships">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="Commonwealth Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">Rhythmic Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Sailing_Championships" title="Commonwealth Sailing Championships">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Shooting_Championships" title="Commonwealth Shooting Championships">Shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Swimming_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Swimming Championships (page does not exist)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Table_Tennis_Championships" title="Commonwealth Table Tennis Championships">Table Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Tennis_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Tennis Championships (page does not exist)">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Taekwondo_Championships" title="Commonwealth Taekwondo Championships">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Triathlon_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Triathlon Championships (page does not exist)">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Weightlifting_Championships" title="Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Wrestling_Championships" title="Commonwealth Wrestling Championships">Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Wushu_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Wushu Championships (page does not exist)">Wushu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> - <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Youth_Games" title="Commonwealth Youth Games">Commonwealth Youth Games</a> - <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Winter_Games" title="Commonwealth Winter Games">Commonwealth Winter Games</a> - <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Esports_Championships" title="Commonwealth Esports Championships">Commonwealth Esports Championships</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7785#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2044" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000097554421">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122186588">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/144390698">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131285184">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4010437-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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