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Ankara’s Surprising Offer to the Imprisoned PKK Leader | Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

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.accordion-trigger:after{content:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10" height="6" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" class="arrow"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M8.791.833 5 4.625 1.208.833"/></svg>');display:inline-block;height:1rem;margin-left:1rem;width:1rem}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-trigger.blue-background:after{content:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10" height="6" fill="none" stroke="%23fff" class="arrow"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M8.791.833 5 4.625 1.208.833"/></svg>')}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-trigger.active:after{transform:rotate(180deg);vertical-align:bottom}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-trigger .down-arrow{display:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-content{display:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-content.active{display:block;margin-top:3rem}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-box-side-image{background:rgb(var(--color-rgb-offblanc-default));background-position:100% 0;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;margin-bottom:1em;padding:1em}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-box-side-image.china{background-image:url(https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/media/images/asia-square-topo-teal.jpg)}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-box-side-image.europe{background-image:url(https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/media/images/europe-square-topo-teal.jpg)}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-box-side-image.india{background-image:url(https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/media/images/india-square-topo-teal.jpg)}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-box-side-image.russia{background-image:url(https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/media/images/russia-square-topo-teal.jpg)}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-box-side-image.middle-east{background-image:url(https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/media/images/middle-east-square-topo-teal.jpg)}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-box-side-image:has(.accordion-trigger.active){background-size:30%}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-box-side-image .accordion-content{margin-left:2.3em;max-width:60%;padding-bottom:1em}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-box-side-image .accordion-content .button-tertiary{align-items:center;color:rgba(var(--color-rgb-blue-default),.7);display:inline-flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.6rem;text-align:center;transition-duration:125ms;transition-property:background-color,color;transition-timing-function:ease-in}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-box-side-image .accordion-content .button-tertiary .label{flex:0 0 auto;font-family:Apercu Mono,Courier,Courier New,Monaco,monospace;font-size:1.2rem;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.1em;line-height:1.0833333333;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-thickness:.0833333333em;text-transform:uppercase;transition-duration:125ms;transition-property:text-decoration-color;transition-timing-function:ease-in;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:ink;text-decoration-color:var(--color-anchor-underline);text-decoration-skip-ink:auto;text-underline-offset:.25em}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-trigger.light{margin-bottom:2rem}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-trigger.light .circle{border:1px solid #003a63;border-radius:100%;display:inline-block;height:.7em;margin:4px .5em 4px 0;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;width:.7em}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-trigger.light .circle:after,[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-trigger.light .circle:before{background:#003a63;bottom:0;content:"";left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-trigger.light .circle:before{margin:3px auto;width:1px}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-trigger.light .circle:after{height:1px;margin:auto 3px}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-trigger.light.active .circle:before{background:#003a63;height:1px;margin:auto 3px}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-trigger.light:after{content:none;display:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] .accordion-trigger.light .down-arrow{display:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] .text-box{background-color:#e6e7e8;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:var(--paragraph-bottom-margin);margin-top:0;padding:3rem;width:100%}[data-v-c58e75c8] .text-box h3,[data-v-c58e75c8] .text-box h4,[data-v-c58e75c8] .text-box h5{margin-top:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .text-box h5{color:#000;text-transform:uppercase}[data-v-c58e75c8] .text-box strong{color:#929497;font-size:1.3em;padding:0 3rem 0 0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .text-box .section{margin-top:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .gray-background{background-color:#e6e7e8;display:inline-block;margin-top:0;padding:3rem;width:100%}[data-v-c58e75c8] .gray-background h5{color:#000;text-transform:uppercase}[data-v-c58e75c8] .gray-background strong{color:#929497;font-size:1.3em;padding:0 3rem 0 0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .gray-background .section{margin-top:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .photo-caption{font-size:.8em;font-style:italic}[data-v-c58e75c8] .button{align-items:center;background-color:rgb(var(--color-rgb-teal-default));border-radius:5px;color:rgba(var(--color-rgb-blanc-default),.8);display:inline-flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.8rem;margin:2rem 0;padding:1rem 2rem 1.2rem;text-align:center;text-decoration:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] .button-big{align-items:center;background-color:rgb(var(--color-rgb-teal-default));border-radius:5px;color:rgba(var(--color-rgb-blanc-default),.8);display:inline-flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.8rem;margin:2rem 0;padding:1.6rem 2.6rem 1.8rem;text-align:center;text-decoration:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] a.button,[data-v-c58e75c8] a.button-big{text-decoration:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] .extQuote{margin-left:1em;margin-right:1em}[data-v-c58e75c8] blockquote{border-inline-start:.4rem solid var(--bar-color,rgb(var(--color-rgb-teal-default)));color:#004070;font-family:Apercu,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2.8rem;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:-.02em;line-height:1.0714285714;margin-bottom:1.5em;margin-top:1.5em;padding-inline-start:3.2rem}@media screen and (max-width:666px){[data-v-c58e75c8] blockquote{font-family:Apercu,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2.2rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.0909090909}}[data-v-c58e75c8] ul.clean-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] ul.clean-list li{margin:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] ul.list-across-spaced{list-style:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] ul.list-across-spaced li{display:inline-block;margin-right:2em}[data-v-c58e75c8] .ceip-overlay,[data-v-c58e75c8] .overlay-content{display:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] .overlay-content{background:#d3d3d3;background:hsla(0,0%,83%,.8);bottom:0;display:none;height:100%;left:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;width:100%;z-index:10000}[data-v-c58e75c8] .overlay-content.active{display:block}[data-v-c58e75c8] .overlay-content>div{background:#fff;border-radius:7px;color:#000;display:block;margin:0 auto;max-height:70vh;max-width:60rem;overflow:scroll;padding:4rem 2rem;position:relative;top:20%;width:60rem}[data-v-c58e75c8] .overlay-content>div .overlay-close{position:absolute;right:1rem;top:1rem}[data-v-c58e75c8] .overlay-content>div .overlay-close svg{pointer-events:none}@media screen and (max-width:1200px){[data-v-c58e75c8] .overlay-content>div{max-width:90vw}}[data-v-c58e75c8] .carousel.slide{position:relative}[data-v-c58e75c8] .carousel.slide .carousel-nav a{background:none repeat scroll 0 0 #fff;color:#fff;font-size:3em;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:40%;z-index:9}[data-v-c58e75c8] .carousel.slide .carousel-nav a.next-button{border-radius:10px 0 0 10px;right:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .carousel.slide .carousel-nav a.next-button .icon-triangle-right{content:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='none' viewBox='0 0 24 20'%3E%3Cpath stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-width='1.35' d='M1.6 10.05h20.652M12.443 18.903 22.4 10.05l-9.957-8.85'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");height:3rem;padding:1rem;pointer-events:none;width:3rem}[data-v-c58e75c8] .carousel.slide .carousel-nav a.prev-button{border-radius:0 10px 10px 0;left:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .carousel.slide .carousel-nav a.prev-button .icon-triangle-left{content:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='none' viewBox='0 0 24 20'%3E%3Cpath stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-width='1.35' d='M22.4 10.05H1.748M11.557 18.903 1.6 10.05l9.957-8.85'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");height:3rem;padding:1rem;pointer-events:none;width:3rem}[data-v-c58e75c8] .carousel.slide .carousel-inner .item{display:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] .carousel.slide .carousel-inner .item.active{display:block}[data-v-c58e75c8] .carousel.slide .carousel-inner .item .slide-content{color:#929497}[data-v-c58e75c8] .carousel.slide .carousel-indicators{display:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] .reveal-this.hidden{display:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] .moreToShow{display:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] .moreToShow.active{display:inline}[data-v-c58e75c8] .showMore.hidden{display:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] .author-box.no-print{display:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] p.hidden{display:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;margin-bottom:var(--paragraph-bottom-margin)}[data-v-c58e75c8] table td{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(var(--color-rgb-noir-default),.1);padding:1.5rem}[data-v-c58e75c8] table tr.row-background-highlight{background-color:rgba(var(--color-rgb-noir-default),.1)}[data-v-c58e75c8] table thead td.table-title{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(var(--color-rgb-tan-default),1);color:rgba(var(--color-rgb-tan-default),1);font-size:1.3em;padding-bottom:.5em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:1200px){[data-v-c58e75c8] table thead td.table-title{font-size:.8em}}[data-v-c58e75c8] table tbody td,[data-v-c58e75c8] table tfoot td{font-size:.9em;font-weight:350;padding:.7em}[data-v-c58e75c8] table tbody td p,[data-v-c58e75c8] table tfoot td p{font-size:.9em!important}[data-v-c58e75c8] table tbody td li,[data-v-c58e75c8] table tfoot td li{font-size:.9em!important}@media screen and (max-width:1200px){[data-v-c58e75c8] table tbody td,[data-v-c58e75c8] table tfoot td{font-size:.8em;padding:.5em}[data-v-c58e75c8] table tbody td p,[data-v-c58e75c8] table tfoot td p{font-size:.8em!important}}[data-v-c58e75c8] h4.author span.title{border-left:1px solid #000;font-size:.8em;margin:0 0 0 1rem;padding:0 0 0 1rem}[data-v-c58e75c8] .cols{clear:both}[data-v-c58e75c8] .cols .col{float:left}@media screen and (max-width:1200px){[data-v-c58e75c8] .cols .col{float:none;width:100%!important}[data-v-c58e75c8] .cols .col>.gutters{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}}[data-v-c58e75c8] .cols .col-80{width:80%}[data-v-c58e75c8] .cols .col-70{width:70%}[data-v-c58e75c8] .cols .col-50{width:50%}[data-v-c58e75c8] .cols .col-30{width:30%}[data-v-c58e75c8] .cols .col-25{width:25%}[data-v-c58e75c8] .cols .col-20{width:20%}@media screen and (max-width:1200px){[data-v-c58e75c8] .youtube-video{aspect-ratio:16/9;height:auto;width:100%}}[data-v-c58e75c8] .center-desktop{margin:0 auto;width:50%}@media screen and (max-width:666px){[data-v-c58e75c8] .center-desktop{width:100%}}[data-v-c58e75c8] select#demographicDEISwap{-moz-appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=US-ASCII,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22292.4%22%20height%3D%22292.4%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%2300a79d%22%20d%3D%22M287%2069.4a17.6%2017.6%200%200%200-13-5.4H18.4c-5%200-9.3%201.8-12.9%205.4A17.6%2017.6%200%200%200%200%2082.2c0%205%201.8%209.3%205.4%2012.9l128%20127.9c3.6%203.6%207.8%205.4%2012.8%205.4s9.2-1.8%2012.8-5.4L287%2095c3.5-3.5%205.4-7.8%205.4-12.8%200-5-1.9-9.2-5.5-12.8z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"),linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0,#fff);background-position:right .7em top 50%,0 0;background-repeat:no-repeat,repeat;background-size:.65em auto,100%;border:2px solid rgb(var(--color-rgb-teal-default));border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 1px 0 1px rgba(0,0,0,.04);color:rgb(var(--color-rgb-teal-default));padding:.6em 1.4em .5em .8em;width:30%}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;margin:0 auto;max-width:1200px;padding:50px 15px 0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container:after{clear:both;content:"";display:table}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline{position:relative}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-right-align{text-align:right}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-block{min-height:16px;padding-left:35px;padding-right:35px;position:relative}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-block:before{content:"";height:100%;left:0;position:absolute;top:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-block:last-child:before{display:none}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-right-align .frst-timeline-block:before{left:auto!important;margin-left:0!important;right:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-block:after{clear:both;content:"";display:table}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-img{left:0;min-height:1px;min-width:1px;position:absolute;top:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-img i{display:block}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-right-align .frst-timeline-img{left:auto!important;margin-left:0!important;right:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-content-inner{position:relative}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-date{display:block}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-labels span{display:inline-block}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-labels{padding:20px 0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-labels.frst-start-label{padding-top:0!important}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-labels.frst-end-label{margin-bottom:0!important}@media only screen and (min-width:679px){[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-date-opposite{margin-left:190px}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-left-align.frst-date-opposite{margin-left:190px}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-right-align.frst-date-opposite{margin-left:0;margin-right:190px;text-align:right}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-date-opposite.frst-alternate{margin:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline.frst-alternate.frst-left-align .frst-timeline-content,[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline.frst-alternate.frst-right-align .frst-timeline-content,[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline.frst-date-opposite.frst-left-align .frst-timeline-content,[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline.frst-date-opposite.frst-right-align .frst-timeline-content{width:100%}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-alternate .frst-timeline-block:before{left:50%}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-alternate .frst-timeline-img{left:50%!important}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-alternate .frst-timeline-block.frst-even-item .frst-timeline-content{float:right}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-alternate .frst-timeline-block.frst-odd-item .frst-timeline-content{float:left}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-date-opposite .frst-date{position:absolute;text-align:right;top:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-alternate .frst-timeline-block.frst-odd-item .frst-timeline-content,[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-alternate.frst-date-opposite .frst-timeline-block.frst-even-item .frst-date,[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-date-opposite.frst-left-align .frst-date,[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-right-align{text-align:right}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-alternate.frst-date-opposite .frst-timeline-block.frst-odd-item .frst-timeline-content .frst-date,[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-date-opposite.frst-right-align .frst-date{text-align:left}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-alternate .frst-timeline-label-block{text-align:center}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-alternate .frst-timeline-label-block .frst-labels span{left:0;right:0}}@media only screen and (max-width:678px){[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline{margin-left:20px}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline.frst-responsive-right,[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline.frst-right-align{margin-left:0;margin-right:20px}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-responsive-right .frst-timeline-block:before{left:auto!important;margin-left:0!important;right:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-responsive-right{text-align:right}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-responsive-right .frst-timeline-img{left:auto!important;margin-left:0!important;right:0}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-date{margin-bottom:10px}}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-style-8{color:#000}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-style-8 .frst-timeline-block:before{background:transparent;background:hsla(0,0%,5%,.8);margin-left:-2px;top:12px;width:3px}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-style-8.frst-right-align .frst-timeline-block:before{margin-right:-2px}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-block{padding-bottom:30px;padding-left:45px;padding-right:45px}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-style-8 .frst-timeline-img{color:#fff;font-size:24px;height:42px;margin-left:-21px;padding:0;text-align:center;top:6px;width:42px}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-style-8 .frst-timeline-img span{background:#202020;border:3px solid #202020;border-radius:50%;box-shadow:0 0 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.5);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.5);display:inline-block;height:50%;margin:auto;padding:6px;vertical-align:top;vertical-align:middle;width:50%}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-style-8 .frst-timeline-img i{display:block}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-style-8.frst-right-align .frst-timeline-img{margin-right:-21px}[data-v-c58e75c8] .frst-container .frst-timeline-style-8 .frst-timeline-content{background:#fff;color:#777}[data-v-c58e75c8] 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fill="none" viewBox="0 0 16 20" class="direction-ltr location-icon" data-v-afbff848 data-v-6fa14250><path fill="currentColor" d="M15.368 4.776a7.8 7.8 0 0 0-1.719-2.488A8 8 0 0 0 11.109.615 8.1 8.1 0 0 0 8 0a8.1 8.1 0 0 0-3.108.613 8 8 0 0 0-2.541 1.673A7.8 7.8 0 0 0 .632 4.774 7.6 7.6 0 0 0 0 7.828c0 1.518.363 3.03 1.077 4.488.575 1.172 1.377 2.314 2.388 3.4 1.726 1.854 3.537 2.987 4.051 3.29a.95.95 0 0 0 .964 0c.514-.303 2.324-1.436 4.051-3.29 1.01-1.084 1.813-2.228 2.387-3.4C15.637 10.86 16 9.351 16 7.83a7.6 7.6 0 0 0-.632-3.054M8 17.488c-1.417-.9-6.452-4.469-6.452-9.658a6.16 6.16 0 0 1 1.884-4.436A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 8 1.548c1.727 0 3.348.656 4.568 1.848a6.15 6.15 0 0 1 1.884 4.434c0 5.19-5.035 8.757-6.452 9.658M8 4.215a3.785 3.785 0 1 0 0 7.57 3.785 3.785 0 0 0 0-7.57m1.703 5.488A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 8 10.41a2.4 2.4 0 0 1-1.703-.706A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 5.59 8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 .706-1.703A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 8 5.59c.643 0 1.247.25 1.703.706s.706 1.06.706 1.703-.25 1.247-.706 1.703"></path></svg><ul 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typography" data-v-afbff848 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->Carnegie China<!--]--></div></div><div class="center-info" data-v-afbff848><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 16 20" class="direction-ltr location-icon" data-v-afbff848 data-v-6fa14250><path fill="currentColor" d="M15.368 4.776a7.8 7.8 0 0 0-1.719-2.488A8 8 0 0 0 11.109.615 8.1 8.1 0 0 0 8 0a8.1 8.1 0 0 0-3.108.613 8 8 0 0 0-2.541 1.673A7.8 7.8 0 0 0 .632 4.774 7.6 7.6 0 0 0 0 7.828c0 1.518.363 3.03 1.077 4.488.575 1.172 1.377 2.314 2.388 3.4 1.726 1.854 3.537 2.987 4.051 3.29a.95.95 0 0 0 .964 0c.514-.303 2.324-1.436 4.051-3.29 1.01-1.084 1.813-2.228 2.387-3.4C15.637 10.86 16 9.351 16 7.83a7.6 7.6 0 0 0-.632-3.054M8 17.488c-1.417-.9-6.452-4.469-6.452-9.658a6.16 6.16 0 0 1 1.884-4.436A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 8 1.548c1.727 0 3.348.656 4.568 1.848a6.15 6.15 0 0 1 1.884 4.434c0 5.19-5.035 8.757-6.452 9.658M8 4.215a3.785 3.785 0 1 0 0 7.57 3.785 3.785 0 0 0 0-7.57m1.703 5.488A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 8 10.41a2.4 2.4 0 0 1-1.703-.706A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 5.59 8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 .706-1.703A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 8 5.59c.643 0 1.247.25 1.703.706s.706 1.06.706 1.703-.25 1.247-.706 1.703"></path></svg><ul class="center-locations" data-v-afbff848><!--[--><li class="label-small direction-ltr typography center-location" data-v-afbff848 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->Activities in Singapore and Beijing, China<!--]--></li><!--]--></ul></div></div><!--]--><!--]--></a></div></li><!--]--><!--[--><li data-v-649ad59d><div class="dropdown-menu-item center-menu-item" data-v-649ad59d data-v-16c7b6b1><a href="/europe" class="anchor link" newtab="false" data-v-16c7b6b1><!--[--><!--[--><div class="center-preview" data-v-649ad59d data-v-afbff848><div class="center-title" data-v-afbff848><div class="body direction-ltr typography" data-v-afbff848 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->Carnegie Europe<!--]--></div></div><div class="center-info" data-v-afbff848><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 16 20" class="direction-ltr location-icon" data-v-afbff848 data-v-6fa14250><path fill="currentColor" d="M15.368 4.776a7.8 7.8 0 0 0-1.719-2.488A8 8 0 0 0 11.109.615 8.1 8.1 0 0 0 8 0a8.1 8.1 0 0 0-3.108.613 8 8 0 0 0-2.541 1.673A7.8 7.8 0 0 0 .632 4.774 7.6 7.6 0 0 0 0 7.828c0 1.518.363 3.03 1.077 4.488.575 1.172 1.377 2.314 2.388 3.4 1.726 1.854 3.537 2.987 4.051 3.29a.95.95 0 0 0 .964 0c.514-.303 2.324-1.436 4.051-3.29 1.01-1.084 1.813-2.228 2.387-3.4C15.637 10.86 16 9.351 16 7.83a7.6 7.6 0 0 0-.632-3.054M8 17.488c-1.417-.9-6.452-4.469-6.452-9.658a6.16 6.16 0 0 1 1.884-4.436A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 8 1.548c1.727 0 3.348.656 4.568 1.848a6.15 6.15 0 0 1 1.884 4.434c0 5.19-5.035 8.757-6.452 9.658M8 4.215a3.785 3.785 0 1 0 0 7.57 3.785 3.785 0 0 0 0-7.57m1.703 5.488A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 8 10.41a2.4 2.4 0 0 1-1.703-.706A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 5.59 8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 .706-1.703A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 8 5.59c.643 0 1.247.25 1.703.706s.706 1.06.706 1.703-.25 1.247-.706 1.703"></path></svg><ul class="center-locations" data-v-afbff848><!--[--><li class="label-small direction-ltr typography center-location" data-v-afbff848 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->Brussels, Belgium<!--]--></li><!--]--></ul></div></div><!--]--><!--]--></a></div></li><!--]--><!--[--><li data-v-649ad59d><div class="dropdown-menu-item center-menu-item" data-v-649ad59d data-v-16c7b6b1><a href="/india" class="anchor link" newtab="false" data-v-16c7b6b1><!--[--><!--[--><div class="center-preview" data-v-649ad59d data-v-afbff848><div class="center-title" data-v-afbff848><div class="body direction-ltr typography" data-v-afbff848 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->Carnegie India<!--]--></div></div><div class="center-info" data-v-afbff848><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 16 20" class="direction-ltr location-icon" data-v-afbff848 data-v-6fa14250><path fill="currentColor" d="M15.368 4.776a7.8 7.8 0 0 0-1.719-2.488A8 8 0 0 0 11.109.615 8.1 8.1 0 0 0 8 0a8.1 8.1 0 0 0-3.108.613 8 8 0 0 0-2.541 1.673A7.8 7.8 0 0 0 .632 4.774 7.6 7.6 0 0 0 0 7.828c0 1.518.363 3.03 1.077 4.488.575 1.172 1.377 2.314 2.388 3.4 1.726 1.854 3.537 2.987 4.051 3.29a.95.95 0 0 0 .964 0c.514-.303 2.324-1.436 4.051-3.29 1.01-1.084 1.813-2.228 2.387-3.4C15.637 10.86 16 9.351 16 7.83a7.6 7.6 0 0 0-.632-3.054M8 17.488c-1.417-.9-6.452-4.469-6.452-9.658a6.16 6.16 0 0 1 1.884-4.436A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 8 1.548c1.727 0 3.348.656 4.568 1.848a6.15 6.15 0 0 1 1.884 4.434c0 5.19-5.035 8.757-6.452 9.658M8 4.215a3.785 3.785 0 1 0 0 7.57 3.785 3.785 0 0 0 0-7.57m1.703 5.488A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 8 10.41a2.4 2.4 0 0 1-1.703-.706A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 5.59 8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 .706-1.703A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 8 5.59c.643 0 1.247.25 1.703.706s.706 1.06.706 1.703-.25 1.247-.706 1.703"></path></svg><ul class="center-locations" data-v-afbff848><!--[--><li class="label-small direction-ltr typography center-location" data-v-afbff848 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->New Delhi, India<!--]--></li><!--]--></ul></div></div><!--]--><!--]--></a></div></li><!--]--><!--[--><li data-v-649ad59d><div class="dropdown-menu-item center-menu-item" data-v-649ad59d data-v-16c7b6b1><a href="/middle-east" class="anchor link" newtab="false" data-v-16c7b6b1><!--[--><!--[--><div class="center-preview" data-v-649ad59d data-v-afbff848><div class="center-title" data-v-afbff848><div class="body direction-ltr typography" data-v-afbff848 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->Malcolm H. 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" width="24" height="24"></image></svg><div class="attributions-list" data-v-5bc4ee8d><span class="label-small direction-ltr typography title" data-v-5bc4ee8d data-v-239cd353><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/emissary" class="anchor attribution-label" data-v-5bc4ee8d><!--[-->Emissary<!--]--></a><!----><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--></span></div></div></div><!----></div><div class="head" data-v-b636c898><h1 class="h2 direction-ltr typography" data-v-b636c898 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->Ankara’s Surprising Offer to the Imprisoned PKK Leader<!--]--></h1><div class="body-style-sans-large theme-light size-50 page-context-publication rich-text-elements dek" data-v-b636c898 data-v-fedd3581><!--[--><!--[--><div class="rich-text" data-v-fedd3581><p>But what are the chances of its success, especially amid new terrorism threats?</p></div><!--]--><!--]--></div></div><div class="controls" data-v-b636c898><div class="resources" data-v-b636c898><!----><!----><!----></div><div class="social-buttons" 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data-v-b636c898 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><a href="/people/alper-coskun" class="anchor" data-v-b636c898><!--[-->Alper Coşkun<!--]--></a><!--[--><!----><!--[--><span data-v-b636c898> </span>and<span data-v-b636c898> </span><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--></span><span class="body direction-ltr typography" data-v-b636c898 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><a href="/people/sinan-ulgen" class="anchor" data-v-b636c898><!--[-->Sinan Ülgen<!--]--></a><!----><!--]--></span><!--]--></div><div class="publisher" data-v-b636c898><div class="bottom-meta" data-v-b636c898><span class="body-micro capitalize-first-letter direction-ltr typography" data-v-b636c898 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->Published on October 24, 2024<!--]--></span><!----></div></div></div></div><!--]--></div></section><div class="content" data-v-9651b57e><div class="main-with-asides-tier hide-asides-mobile" data-v-9651b57e data-v-31ab6e94><section class="body" data-v-31ab6e94><aside class="main-left" data-v-31ab6e94><div class="main-left-wrapper" data-v-31ab6e94><!--[--><!--[--><div class="aside-block" data-v-9d9b60a5 data-v-11e4b2ca><!----><!--[--><!--[--><div class="--color-context-white affiliation-card card" data-v-9d9b60a5 data-v-39ce3787><div class="image-wrapper" data-v-39ce3787><img src="/static/media/images/Emmisary-Landing header.png" alt width height srcset sizes class="image" data-v-39ce3787 data-v-753462ba></div><div class="main" data-v-39ce3787><h6 class="label direction-ltr typography opacity-dark eyebrow card-eyebrow" data-v-39ce3787 data-v-55c50705 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><!--[-->blog <!--]--><!--]--></h6><a href="/emissary?lang=en" class="anchor" data-v-39ce3787><!--[--><h2 class="h4-display direction-ltr typography heading" data-v-39ce3787 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->Emissary<!--]--></h2><!--]--></a><div class="body-style-serif-small theme-light size-50 rich-text-elements dek" data-v-39ce3787 data-v-fedd3581><!--[--><!--[--><div class="rich-text" data-v-fedd3581><p><em>Emissary</em> harnesses Carnegie’s global scholarship to deliver incisive, nuanced analysis on the most pressing international affairs challenges.</p></div><!--]--><!--]--></div><a href="/emissary?lang=en" class="anchor button-tertiary theme-light size-regular icon-position-right button cta" data-v-39ce3787 style="" data-v-2387f140><!--[--><span class="label direction-ltr typography label" data-v-2387f140 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><!--[-->Learn More<!--]--><!--]--></span><!----><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></div></div><div class="--color-context-white affiliation-card card" data-v-9d9b60a5 data-v-39ce3787><div class="image-wrapper" data-v-39ce3787><img src="https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/media/images/europe_hero_mb.png" width="800" height="370" srcset sizes class="image" __typename="Image" data-v-39ce3787 data-v-753462ba></div><div class="main" data-v-39ce3787><h6 class="label direction-ltr typography opacity-dark eyebrow card-eyebrow" data-v-39ce3787 data-v-55c50705 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><!--[-->program <!--]--><!--]--></h6><a href="/programs/europe?lang=en" class="anchor" data-v-39ce3787><!--[--><h2 class="h4-display direction-ltr typography heading" data-v-39ce3787 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->Europe<!--]--></h2><!--]--></a><div class="body-style-serif-small theme-light size-50 rich-text-elements dek" data-v-39ce3787 data-v-fedd3581><!--[--><!--[--><div class="rich-text" data-v-fedd3581><p>The Europe Program in Washington explores the political and security developments within Europe, transatlantic relations, and Europe’s global role. Working in coordination with Carnegie Europe in Brussels, the program brings together U.S. and European policymakers and experts on strategic issues facing Europe.</p></div><!--]--><!--]--></div><a href="/programs/europe?lang=en" class="anchor button-tertiary theme-light size-regular icon-position-right button cta" data-v-39ce3787 style="" data-v-2387f140><!--[--><span class="label direction-ltr typography label" data-v-2387f140 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><!--[-->Learn More<!--]--><!--]--></span><!----><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></div></div><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--><!--]--></div></aside><div class="main-center" data-v-31ab6e94><!--[--><!----><!--[--><div class="publication-stream-blocks stream" data-v-9651b57e data-v-df3e9779><!----><div class="blocks" data-v-df3e9779><!--[--><div class="block" data-v-df3e9779><div class="html-block" blocktype="htmlBlock" __typename="HtmlBlock" size="50" context="publication" data-v-c58e75c8><div class="body-style-serif-large theme-light size-50 rich-text-elements" data-v-c58e75c8 data-v-fedd3581><div class="rich-text html" data-v-fedd3581><p>In an unexpected move on Tuesday, Turkish far-right Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) leader Devlet Bah&ccedil;eli <a href="https://www.euronews.com/2024/10/22/hardline-turkish-politician-offers-ocalan-parole-if-pkk-is-disbanded">called on</a> Abdullah &Ouml;calan, the imprisoned chief of the separatist Kurdistan Workers&rsquo; Party&rsquo;s (PKK), to renounce terrorism and declare the dissolution of the PKK at the Turkish parliament. Bah&ccedil;eli, who has previously called for the reintroduction of the <a href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/turkey-mhp-leader-urges-quick-return-for-death-penalty/814557">death penalty</a> so that &Ouml;calan can be &ldquo;properly&rdquo; sentenced, said such a renouncement could open the path to &Ouml;calan&rsquo;s parole.</p> <p>The following day, a terrorist attack on a leading Turkish defense industry company killed at least five people and injured twenty-two. Officials say the attack bears the hallmarks of the PKK, but no one has <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/24/world/middleeast/turkey-attack-who-what.html">claimed responsibility</a>.</p> <p>Though shocking, this roller coaster is familiar territory to citizens, policymakers, and analysts of T&uuml;rkiye. For decades, the PKK&rsquo;s quest for an independent Kurdish state&mdash;and its deadly campaign&mdash;has been central to Turkish politics. In order to unpack what might come next, understanding Bah&ccedil;eli&rsquo;s motivations and the larger political picture is crucial.</p> <h3>Why the Drastic Change?</h3> <p>Since April 2015, the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/08/world/europe/turkey-election-recep-tayyip-erdogan-kurds-hdp.html">lost</a> its parliamentary majority, and the MHP essentially became its junior partner. This put MHP in a position of inflated influence, enabling it to advance its priorities and worldview, which are largely framed around hypernationalism and security concerns.</p> <p>Two major factors likely compelled Bah&ccedil;eli to fundamentally and brusquely shift his position. The first has to do with presidential politics. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is currently serving his second term, which is the limit under the revised constitution. The exception to the rule is a scenario in which parliament calls for early elections, granting the president the right to run regardless. But such an exception requires 360 votes out of a total of 600 in the country&rsquo;s parliament. At present, the two political allies fall considerably short of this threshold.</p> <p>Enter the Peoples&rsquo; Equality and Democracy (DEM) Party. Until this week, the MHP&rsquo;s sole brandmark in Turkish politics was its unwavering stance not only against the PKK, but also the pro-Kurdish DEM Party. Now, the two allies may be angling to obtain the backing of the DEM Party in parliament to write up a new constitution that would enable Erdoğan to run again. Or, if that fails, this new alliance would try to pass a parliamentary decision for early elections before the end of Erdoğan&rsquo;s mandate in 2028. Both options serve the same purpose. Extending Erdoğan&rsquo;s mandate would likely also extend the MHP&rsquo;s position of privilege. In return, the government would start a process of &ldquo;democratization&rdquo; that would address the grievances of the country&rsquo;s Kurdish population, and thereby appeal to the expectations of the DEM Party. That is the political tradeoff that is now on the table.</p> <p>The second trigger could well be related to geopolitical developments and the widening instability in the Middle East. Turkish officials have been <a href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-warns-of-high-possibility-of-war-between-israel-iran-201669">voicing</a> concern over the probability of the conflict becoming a regional war that encompasses Israel, Iran, Lebanon, and Syria, and they are presumably considering how best to insulate their country from any fallout. They also may see an opportunity at the moment.</p> <p>Turkey has long been concerned about the U.S. policy of support in Syria to the PKK-linked Democratic Union Party (PYD) and its military wing, the People&rsquo;s Protection Units (YPG), in the fight against the Islamic State. As a result of heightened security concerns for U.S. forces in the region, Ankara may be anticipating a hastened U.S. withdrawal from Syria and the end of its policy of support to these PKK-linked Kurdish elements. This would essentially undermine the position of hostile Kurdish elements in Syria and, as they know all too well, expose them to a potential Turkish cross-border operation. This may be seen as a moment to capitalize on in Ankara, particularly before any unforeseen contingencies possibly alter the dynamics.</p> <h3>The Pitfalls of a Policy Reversal</h3> <p>About a decade ago, the AKP government tried to address this same problem by launching a &ldquo;peace process&rdquo; with the PKK. But this era of calm was used by the PKK to consolidate its strength inside the country and reassemble its stocks of weaponry. Ultimately, the failure of the process <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/7/28/erdogan-says-kurdish-peace-talks-impossible-to-continue">in 2015</a> was followed by days of urban warfare in T&uuml;rkiye&rsquo;s southeast, with the government eventually overwhelming the PKK.</p> <p>One of the major shortcomings of that opening was its opaqueness. The dialogue was restricted to the government and some representatives of the Kurdish political movement. Parliament was not involved. What was being negotiated was not clear. The MHP was among the political stakeholders that had heavily criticized this initiative, and the experience remains engrained in the public mindset, creating a major hurdle against this rekindled initiative.</p> <p>This time around, the government may contemplate running this effort from within Parliament. This might include the creation of a special commission for &ldquo;democratization,&rdquo; where measures to enhance democratic rights and fundamental freedoms would be discussed. The Republican People&rsquo;s Party (CHP), the main opposition to the AKP coalition, has also assiduously <a href="https://www.duvarenglish.com/chp-leader-ozel-visits-demirtas-in-prison-reiterates-his-importance-for-peace-talks-news-65138#google_vignette">supported</a> the prospect of this &ldquo;peace&rdquo; initiative and the idea of doing this in parliament.</p> <p>That being said, the AKP is nonetheless set to face substantial resistance from the electorate. During the past decade, both the AKP and MHP conditioned their bases with a heavily anti-Kurdish platform. In the 2023 presidential election, the most egregiously influential factor may have been the false <a href="https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/elections/erdogan-slams-continued-pkk-support-for-kilicdaroglu">accusations</a>, including <a href="https://www.duvarenglish.com/chp-files-criminal-complaint-against-erdogan-over-montage-video-linking-kilicdaroglu-with-pkk-news-62456">concocted</a> videos, that opposition candidate Kemal Kilicdaroglu had the backing of the PKK. This abrupt and momentous volte-face likely will be very difficult for the electorate of the ruling alliance to understand and rationalize. As a result, both the AKP and MHP may see their support cannibalized by other right-wing parties.</p> <p>More broadly, this democratization initiative has to be viewed as a significant opportunity for the Turkish state and its polity. Especially this time around, the initiative&rsquo;s design should allow for a more transparent and inclusive participation, not only by political forces, but also civil society stakeholders. If successful, it has the potential to significantly transform T&uuml;rkiye&rsquo;s polarized politics and allow lawmakers to finally address one of the most deep-seated shortcomings of Turkish democracy. It would also help alleviate T&uuml;rkiye&rsquo;s cross-border security concerns emanating from the PKK in Iraq and its offshoots in Syria, further contributing to the country&rsquo;s well-being and advancing regional security.</p> <p>The tragic <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/10/23/turkish-aerospace-industries-attack-tusas/">terrorist attack</a> on Wednesday against the Turkish Aerospace Industries&mdash;a leading defense industry company designing the country&rsquo;s prospective indigenous fighter jet aircraft and manufacturing a successful array of armed drones, light aircraft, and helicopters&mdash;is a reminder of the stakes in the country&rsquo;s fight against terrorism. Within hours after the attack, Turkey was pounding PKK targets in Iraq and Syria.</p> <p>This cycle is yet another testimony to the multitude of challenges involved in eliminating the specter of terrorism and finding lasting and consensual peace. Clearly, it will be no less difficult this time. Sustainable success will depend on an end to terrorist acts and the perseverance of political will against all odds, alongside a meaningful push for the democratization of the country. Erdoğan&rsquo;s ambition to remain in power even after twenty-two years of uninterrupted rule may paradoxically usher in just that.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="block" data-v-df3e9779><div id="66e0664ea043ca6ba9ce4747" path="/emissary/emissary" status="published" contenttype="newsletters" slug="emissary" locale="en" publishedat="2024-09-10T16:22:24.171Z" createdat="2024-09-10T15:31:26.110Z" updatedat="2024-09-10T16:22:24.411Z" __typename="Newsletter" class="width-inherit" context="publication" data-v-9c5cc707 style="" data-v-65539a41><div class="subscribe-block size-50 theme-light direction-ltr" data-v-65539a41><div class="wrapper" data-v-65539a41><div class="subscribe-content-wrap" data-v-65539a41><div class="subscribe-content" data-v-65539a41><div class="h4-display direction-ltr typography title" data-v-65539a41 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><em class="title-accent" data-v-65539a41>Get more news and analysis from</em><br data-v-65539a41><span 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Working in coordination with Carnegie Europe in Brussels, the program brings together U.S. and European policymakers and experts on strategic issues facing Europe.</p></div><!--]--><!--]--></div><a href="/programs/europe?lang=en" class="anchor button-tertiary theme-light size-regular icon-position-right button cta" data-v-39ce3787 style="" data-v-2387f140><!--[--><span class="label direction-ltr typography label" data-v-2387f140 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><!--[-->Learn More<!--]--><!--]--></span><!----><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></div></div><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--><!--]--></div></aside><div class="main-center" data-v-31ab6e94><!--[--><!--]--></div><aside class="main-right" data-v-31ab6e94><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><div class="--padding aside-block" data-v-9d9b60a5 data-v-11e4b2ca><h6 class="label direction-ltr typography underlined opacity-dark eyebrow eyebrow" data-v-11e4b2ca data-v-55c50705 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><!--[-->authors<!--]--><!--]--></h6><!--[--><ul class="authors" 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data-v-753462ba><!--]--></span></div></div></li><li class="author" data-v-9d9b60a5><div class="person-list-item" isinline="true" size="33" data-v-9d9b60a5 data-v-39327239><div class="person-titles" data-v-39327239><a href="/people/sinan-ulgen?lang=" class="anchor" data-v-39327239><!--[--><p class="body-display-small direction-ltr typography title" data-v-39327239 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->Sinan Ülgen<!--]--></p><!--]--></a><p class="body-display-micro-italic direction-ltr typography person-title" data-v-39327239 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->Senior Fellow, Carnegie Europe<!--]--></p></div><div class="size-default avatar" path="/people/sinan-ulgen?lang=" data-v-39327239 data-v-fb741989><span class="avatar" data-v-fb741989><!--[--><img src="https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/media/avatars/ulgen_color_large-1.jpg" width="1397" height="2100" srcset sizes class="image desaturate" id="6574ac770f74e6e8e2bc33b5" mimetype="image/jpeg" __typename="Avatar" data-v-fb741989 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class="anchor" data-v-1142257d><!--[--><img src="/static/media/images/EU-European-Parliament-President-vonderLeyen-speech-GettyImages-2186493068%20(1).jpg" alt width="1420" height="770" srcset sizes class="image commentary image" id="67485756d68c7ee60cbe3d40" data-v-1142257d data-v-753462ba><!--]--></a></div><!--]--><div class="theme-light content-summary summary" data-v-1142257d data-v-537d1ed4><!----><div class="summary-wrapper" data-v-537d1ed4><div class="meta" data-v-537d1ed4><div class="--blue type-label type-label" data-v-537d1ed4 data-v-e1c4de89><span class="label-small direction-ltr typography text" data-v-e1c4de89 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->commentary<!--]--></span></div><div class="meta-right" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="attributions-wrapper" data-v-537d1ed4 data-v-5bc4ee8d><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" class="direction-ltr logo" data-v-5bc4ee8d data-v-6fa14250><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="12" fill="#00365E"></circle><path 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data-v-1142257d data-v-fedd3581><!--[--><!--[--><div class="rich-text" data-v-fedd3581><p>Donald Trump’s victory underscores the need for the EU to rethink its political economic model. As it adapts its policies, the union must recognize the trade-offs between its quest for economic security and its global identity as a champion of the rules-based order.</p></div><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="last-row credits" data-v-537d1ed4><div class="theme-light avatar-set" data-v-537d1ed4 data-v-0771b5f3><ul class="avatars" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[--><!--[--><li class="person" data-v-0771b5f3><div class="size-small avatar" data-v-0771b5f3 data-v-fb741989><span class="avatar" data-v-fb741989><!--[--><a href="/people/rosa-balfour" class="anchor avatar-link" data-v-fb741989><!--[--><img src="/static/media/avatars/Rosa-Balfour-CEIP-00246.jpg" alt width="1000" height="1500" srcset sizes class="image desaturate" id="66196cf33aac96dcad5beed9" data-v-fb741989 data-v-753462ba><!--]--></a><!--]--></span></div></li><!--]--><!--[--><li class="person" data-v-0771b5f3><div class="size-small avatar" data-v-0771b5f3 data-v-fb741989><span class="avatar" data-v-fb741989><!--[--><a href="/people/sinan-ulgen" class="anchor avatar-link" data-v-fb741989><!--[--><img src="/static/media/avatars/ulgen_color_large-1.jpg" alt width="1397" height="2100" srcset sizes class="image desaturate" id="6574ac770f74e6e8e2bc33b5" data-v-fb741989 data-v-753462ba><!--]--></a><!--]--></span></div></li><!--]--><!--]--></ul><ul class="names" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[--><li class="name" data-v-0771b5f3><span class="body-micro direction-ltr typography" data-v-0771b5f3 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><a href="/people/rosa-balfour" class="anchor" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[-->Rosa Balfour<!--]--></a><!--[-->, <!--]--><!--]--></span></li><li class="name" data-v-0771b5f3><span class="body-micro direction-ltr typography" data-v-0771b5f3 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><a href="/people/sinan-ulgen" class="anchor" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[-->Sinan Ülgen<!--]--></a><!----><!--]--></span></li><!--]--></ul></div><!----><!----></div></div></div></div><!----></div></li><!--]--><!--[--><li class="content-item" data-v-3ade40ad><div class="context-inline size-50 orientation-wide background-color-grey content-card-block" data-v-3ade40ad data-v-1142257d><div class="main" data-v-1142257d><!--[--><div class="visual" data-v-1142257d><a href="/emissary/2024/11/russia-nuclear-doctrine-update-weapons-use-sovereignty?lang=en" class="anchor" data-v-1142257d><!--[--><img src="/static/media/images/putin-generals-meeting-nuclear-doctrine-2024-edited.jpg" alt="Putin sitting at long table with generals on the end" width="1420" height="770" srcset sizes class="image commentary image" id="67460c664a0f5b215b0ad6ec" data-v-1142257d data-v-753462ba><!--]--></a></div><!--]--><div class="theme-light content-summary summary" data-v-1142257d data-v-537d1ed4><!----><div class="summary-wrapper" data-v-537d1ed4><div class="meta" data-v-537d1ed4><div class="--blue type-label type-label" data-v-537d1ed4 data-v-e1c4de89><span class="label-small direction-ltr typography text" data-v-e1c4de89 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->commentary<!--]--></span></div><div class="meta-right" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="attributions-wrapper" data-v-537d1ed4 data-v-5bc4ee8d><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="24" height="24" class="direction-ltr logo" data-v-5bc4ee8d data-v-6fa14250><image 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" width="24" height="24"></image></svg><div class="contentCard attributions-list" data-v-5bc4ee8d><span class="label-small direction-ltr typography title" data-v-5bc4ee8d data-v-239cd353><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/emissary" class="anchor attribution-label" data-v-5bc4ee8d><!--[-->Emissary<!--]--></a><!----><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--></span></div></div><!----><!--]--></div></div><a href="/emissary/2024/11/russia-nuclear-doctrine-update-weapons-use-sovereignty?lang=en" class="anchor" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="heading" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="h5 direction-ltr typography heading" data-v-1142257d data-v-239cd353><!--[-->Russia’s Updated Nuclear Doctrine Isn’t a Blueprint for Weapons Use. Its Primary Value Is Manipulation.<!--]--></div><!--]--></div><!--]--></a><!----><div class="description" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="body-style-serif-small theme-light size-50 rich-text-elements description" data-v-1142257d data-v-fedd3581><!--[--><!--[--><div class="rich-text" data-v-fedd3581><p>Moscow’s actual nuclear decisions would likely not involve Putin carefully parsing doctrinal clauses.</p></div><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="last-row credits" data-v-537d1ed4><div class="theme-light avatar-set" data-v-537d1ed4 data-v-0771b5f3><ul class="avatars" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[--><!--[--><li class="person" data-v-0771b5f3><div class="size-small avatar" data-v-0771b5f3 data-v-fb741989><span class="avatar" data-v-fb741989><!--[--><a href="/people/nicole-grajewski" class="anchor avatar-link" data-v-fb741989><!--[--><img src="/static/media/avatars/IMG_3691%202.JPG" alt="Nicole Grajewski Profile Picture" width="6000" height="4000" srcset sizes class="image desaturate" id="6642828fddb27fab2d1e690d" data-v-fb741989 data-v-753462ba><!--]--></a><!--]--></span></div></li><!--]--><!--]--></ul><ul class="names" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[--><li class="name" data-v-0771b5f3><span class="body-micro direction-ltr typography" data-v-0771b5f3 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><a href="/people/nicole-grajewski" class="anchor" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[-->Nicole Grajewski<!--]--></a><!----><!--]--></span></li><!--]--></ul></div><!----><!----></div></div></div></div><!----></div></li><!--]--><!--[--><li class="content-item" data-v-3ade40ad><div class="context-inline size-50 orientation-wide background-color-grey content-card-block" data-v-3ade40ad data-v-1142257d><div class="main" data-v-1142257d><!--[--><div class="visual" data-v-1142257d><a href="/posts/2024/11/california-2024-election-propositions-direct-democracy?lang=en" class="anchor" data-v-1142257d><!--[--><img src="/static/media/images/california-ballots-2024-election.jpg" alt="cart with stacks of ballots" width="1420" height="770" srcset sizes class="image commentary image" id="67472e0089f03cc1f52217cf" data-v-1142257d data-v-753462ba><!--]--></a></div><!--]--><div class="theme-light content-summary summary" data-v-1142257d data-v-537d1ed4><!----><div class="summary-wrapper" data-v-537d1ed4><div class="meta" data-v-537d1ed4><div class="--blue type-label type-label" data-v-537d1ed4 data-v-e1c4de89><span class="label-small direction-ltr typography text" data-v-e1c4de89 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->commentary<!--]--></span></div><div class="meta-right" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="attributions-wrapper" data-v-537d1ed4 data-v-5bc4ee8d><!----><div class="contentCard attributions-list" data-v-5bc4ee8d><span class="label-small direction-ltr typography title" data-v-5bc4ee8d data-v-239cd353><!--[--><!--]--></span></div></div><!----><!--]--></div></div><a href="/posts/2024/11/california-2024-election-propositions-direct-democracy?lang=en" class="anchor" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="heading" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="h5 direction-ltr typography heading" data-v-1142257d data-v-239cd353><!--[-->California’s Direct Democracy and Its Policy Outcomes<!--]--></div><!--]--></div><!--]--></a><!----><div class="description" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="body-style-serif-small theme-light size-50 rich-text-elements description" data-v-1142257d data-v-fedd3581><!--[--><!--[--><div class="rich-text" data-v-fedd3581><p>The state’s voters defied the narrative of a tectonic political shift.</p></div><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="last-row credits" data-v-537d1ed4><div class="theme-light avatar-set" data-v-537d1ed4 data-v-0771b5f3><ul class="avatars" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[--><!--[--><li class="person" data-v-0771b5f3><div class="size-small avatar" data-v-0771b5f3 data-v-fb741989><span class="avatar" data-v-fb741989><!--[--><a href="/people/mark-baldassare" class="anchor avatar-link" data-v-fb741989><!--[--><img src="/static/media/avatars/Mark_Baldassare_cropped-7.jpg" alt width="127" height="162" srcset sizes class="image desaturate" id="65bf095a8a29f3f6e9cb5a4e" data-v-fb741989 data-v-753462ba><!--]--></a><!--]--></span></div></li><!--]--><!--]--></ul><ul class="names" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[--><li class="name" data-v-0771b5f3><span class="body-micro direction-ltr typography" data-v-0771b5f3 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><a href="/people/mark-baldassare" class="anchor" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[-->Mark Baldassare<!--]--></a><!----><!--]--></span></li><!--]--></ul></div><!----><!----></div></div></div></div><!----></div></li><!--]--><!--[--><li class="content-item" data-v-3ade40ad><div class="context-inline size-50 orientation-wide background-color-grey content-card-block" data-v-3ade40ad data-v-1142257d><div class="main" data-v-1142257d><!--[--><div class="visual" data-v-1142257d><a href="/emissary/2024/11/brics-saudi-arabia-hedging-why?lang=en" class="anchor" data-v-1142257d><!--[--><img src="/static/media/images/brics-2024-russia-GettyImages.jpg" alt="meeting room with a huge circular table and lots of people around it" width="1420" height="770" srcset sizes class="image commentary image" id="673fa2af131dadd5241fd78c" data-v-1142257d data-v-753462ba><!--]--></a></div><!--]--><div class="theme-light content-summary summary" data-v-1142257d data-v-537d1ed4><!----><div class="summary-wrapper" data-v-537d1ed4><div class="meta" data-v-537d1ed4><div class="--blue type-label type-label" data-v-537d1ed4 data-v-e1c4de89><span class="label-small direction-ltr typography text" data-v-e1c4de89 data-v-239cd353><!--[-->commentary<!--]--></span></div><div class="meta-right" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="attributions-wrapper" data-v-537d1ed4 data-v-5bc4ee8d><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="24" height="24" class="direction-ltr logo" data-v-5bc4ee8d data-v-6fa14250><image 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" width="24" height="24"></image></svg><div class="contentCard attributions-list" data-v-5bc4ee8d><span class="label-small direction-ltr typography title" data-v-5bc4ee8d data-v-239cd353><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/emissary" class="anchor attribution-label" data-v-5bc4ee8d><!--[-->Emissary<!--]--></a><!----><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--></span></div></div><!----><!--]--></div></div><a href="/emissary/2024/11/brics-saudi-arabia-hedging-why?lang=en" class="anchor" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="heading" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="h5 direction-ltr typography heading" data-v-1142257d data-v-239cd353><!--[-->Why Is Saudi Arabia Hedging Its BRICS Invite?<!--]--></div><!--]--></div><!--]--></a><!----><div class="description" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="body-style-serif-small theme-light size-50 rich-text-elements description" data-v-1142257d data-v-fedd3581><!--[--><!--[--><div class="rich-text" data-v-fedd3581><p>Riyadh’s fence-sitting strategy reflects its desire to keep all doors open. Others may follow its lead.</p></div><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="last-row credits" data-v-537d1ed4><div class="theme-light avatar-set" data-v-537d1ed4 data-v-0771b5f3><ul class="avatars" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[--><!--[--><li class="person" data-v-0771b5f3><div class="size-small avatar" data-v-0771b5f3 data-v-fb741989><span class="avatar" data-v-fb741989><!--[--><a href="/people/oliver-stuenkel" class="anchor avatar-link" data-v-fb741989><!--[--><img src="/static/media/avatars/stuenkel-oliver-headshot-updated-1.jpg" alt width="960" height="1164" srcset sizes class="image desaturate" id="65ca663dbbd1d41819d01056" data-v-fb741989 data-v-753462ba><!--]--></a><!--]--></span></div></li><!--]--><!--[--><li class="person" data-v-0771b5f3><div class="size-small avatar" data-v-0771b5f3 data-v-fb741989><span class="avatar" data-v-fb741989><!--[--><a href="/people/margot-treadwell" class="anchor avatar-link" data-v-fb741989><!--[--><img src="https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/_nuxt/avatar-placeholder.BaqAmelg.png" alt width height srcset sizes class="image" data-v-fb741989 data-v-753462ba><!--]--></a><!--]--></span></div></li><!--]--><!--]--></ul><ul class="names" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[--><li class="name" data-v-0771b5f3><span class="body-micro direction-ltr typography" data-v-0771b5f3 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><a href="/people/oliver-stuenkel" class="anchor" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[-->Oliver Stuenkel<!--]--></a><!--[-->, <!--]--><!--]--></span></li><li class="name" data-v-0771b5f3><span class="body-micro direction-ltr typography" data-v-0771b5f3 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><a href="/people/margot-treadwell" class="anchor" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[-->Margot Treadwell<!--]--></a><!----><!--]--></span></li><!--]--></ul></div><!----><!----></div></div></div></div><!----></div></li><!--]--><!--[--><li class="content-item" data-v-3ade40ad><div class="context-inline size-50 orientation-wide background-color-grey 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" width="24" height="24"></image></svg><div class="contentCard attributions-list" data-v-5bc4ee8d><span class="label-small direction-ltr typography title" data-v-5bc4ee8d data-v-239cd353><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/emissary" class="anchor attribution-label" data-v-5bc4ee8d><!--[-->Emissary<!--]--></a><!----><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--></span></div></div><!----><!--]--></div></div><a href="/emissary/2024/11/russia-nuclear-doctrine-update-weapons-use-sovereignty?lang=en" class="anchor" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="heading" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="h5 direction-ltr typography heading" data-v-1142257d data-v-239cd353><!--[-->Russia’s Updated Nuclear Doctrine Isn’t a Blueprint for Weapons Use. Its Primary Value Is Manipulation.<!--]--></div><!--]--></div><!--]--></a><!----><div class="description" data-v-537d1ed4><!--[--><div class="body-style-serif-small theme-light size-50 rich-text-elements description" data-v-1142257d data-v-fedd3581><!--[--><!--[--><div class="rich-text" data-v-fedd3581><p>Moscow’s actual nuclear decisions would likely not involve Putin carefully parsing doctrinal clauses.</p></div><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="last-row credits" data-v-537d1ed4><div class="theme-light avatar-set" data-v-537d1ed4 data-v-0771b5f3><ul class="avatars" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[--><!--[--><li class="person" data-v-0771b5f3><div class="size-small avatar" data-v-0771b5f3 data-v-fb741989><span class="avatar" data-v-fb741989><!--[--><a href="/people/nicole-grajewski" class="anchor avatar-link" data-v-fb741989><!--[--><img src="/static/media/avatars/IMG_3691%202.JPG" alt="Nicole Grajewski Profile Picture" width="6000" height="4000" srcset sizes class="image desaturate" id="6642828fddb27fab2d1e690d" data-v-fb741989 data-v-753462ba><!--]--></a><!--]--></span></div></li><!--]--><!--]--></ul><ul class="names" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[--><li class="name" data-v-0771b5f3><span class="body-micro direction-ltr typography" data-v-0771b5f3 data-v-239cd353><!--[--><a href="/people/nicole-grajewski" class="anchor" data-v-0771b5f3><!--[-->Nicole Grajewski<!--]--></a><!----><!--]--></span></li><!--]--></ul></div><!----><!----></div></div></div></div><!----></div></li><!--]--><!--]--></ul></div><!--]--></div></section><!--]--></section></div></div></div><!--]--><!--]--><footer dir="ltr" class="site-footer lang-en" data-v-1ffd27cb><div class="site-footer-wrapper" data-v-1ffd27cb><div class="branding" data-v-1ffd27cb><a href="/" class="anchor logo-wrap" data-v-1ffd27cb><!--[--><div class="logo-lang" data-v-1ffd27cb><div class="center-logo" data-v-1ffd27cb data-v-334bd437><!--[--><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="186" height="97" 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His research focuses on Turkish foreign policy, especially in relation to the United States and Europe. ",{"children":1244,"direction":760,"format":750,"indent":751,"type":761,"version":752},[1245],{"detail":751,"format":751,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1246,"type":759,"version":752},"He is a retired career diplomat of thirty-two years with extensive experience in both bilateral and multilateral settings. He was the director general for international security affairs at the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2016-2019), covering NATO, transatlantic relations, as well as Euro-Atlantic security/defense and arms control/disarmament matters. Before that, he was ambassador to Baku, Azerbaijan (2012-2016), where he oversaw one of Türkiye’s most active and largest diplomatic missions with a wide multiagency composition. ",{"children":1248,"direction":760,"format":750,"indent":751,"type":761,"version":752},[1249],{"detail":751,"format":751,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1250,"type":759,"version":752},"He has held positions within the Turkish Foreign Ministry at various levels on issues related to maritime jurisdiction affairs, counter terrorism/intelligence, and NATO/Euro-Atlantic security matters. He has served in the cabinets of both the minister of foreign affairs and the undersecretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. His foreign assignments include Turkish missions in Moscow, Athens, and the United Nations, as well as NATO, where he was the deputy permanent representative. Previously, he was a faculty member of the NATO Defense College in Rome. He is married and has two daughters.",{"children":1252,"direction":760,"format":750,"indent":751,"type":761,"version":752},[1253],{"detail":751,"format":751,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1254,"type":759,"version":752}," ",{"children":1256,"direction":760,"format":750,"indent":751,"type":761,"version":752},[],[1258],"carnegieExpert","Person_PersonDetails",{"altText":741,"height":1261,"id":1262,"mimeType":1263,"url":1264,"width":819,"__typename":1265},1244,"661980d318e119cedfa098c1","image/jpeg","https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/media/avatars/Alper-Coskun-CEIP-0086.jpg","Avatar",{"label":741,"url":741,"__typename":1267},"Person_ExternalLink","Person",{"id":829,"locale":692,"path":830,"title":833,"personTitle":1270,"dek":1271,"firstName":831,"middleName":741,"lastName":832,"suffix":741,"socialNetworks":1278,"personDetails":1282,"avatar":1340,"type":815,"hasProfile":785,"externalLink":1342,"isArchived":785,"__typename":1268},"Senior Fellow, Carnegie Europe",{"root":1272},{"children":1273,"direction":741,"format":750,"indent":751,"type":749,"version":752},[1274],{"children":1275,"direction":760,"format":750,"indent":751,"type":761,"version":752},[1276],{"detail":751,"format":751,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1277,"type":759,"version":752},"Sinan Ülgen is a senior fellow at Carnegie Europe in Brussels, where his research focuses on Turkish foreign policy, transatlantic relations, international trade, economic security, and digital policy.",[1279],{"handle":1280,"id":1281,"network":1231,"__typename":1232},"sinanulgen1","65ba5856c601d0226949505b",{"about":1283,"personType":1339,"__typename":1259},{"root":1284},{"type":749,"format":750,"indent":751,"version":752,"children":1285,"direction":760},[1286,1290,1295,1299,1319],{"children":1287,"direction":760,"format":750,"indent":751,"type":761,"version":752},[1288],{"detail":751,"format":751,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1289,"type":759,"version":752},"Sinan Ülgen is a senior fellow at Carnegie Europe in Brussels, where his research focuses on Turkish foreign policy, transatlantic relations, and international trade policy.",{"children":1291,"direction":760,"format":1294,"indent":751,"type":761,"version":752},[1292],{"detail":751,"format":751,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1293,"type":759,"version":752},"He is a founding partner of Istanbul Economics, a Turkish consulting firm that specializes in public and regulatory affairs, and chairman of the Center for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies, an independent think tank in Istanbul.","start",{"children":1296,"direction":760,"format":1294,"indent":751,"type":761,"version":752},[1297],{"detail":751,"format":751,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1298,"type":759,"version":752},"Ülgen has served in the Turkish Foreign Service in several capacities: in Ankara on the United Nations desk (1990–1992); in Brussels at the Turkish Permanent Delegation to the European Union (1992–1996); and at the Turkish embassy in Tripoli (1996).",{"children":1300,"direction":760,"format":1294,"indent":751,"type":761,"version":752},[1301,1303,1306,1308,1310,1311,1313,1315,1317],{"detail":751,"format":751,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1302,"type":759,"version":752},"He is a regular contributor to Turkish dailies, and his opinion pieces have been published in the ",{"detail":751,"format":1304,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1305,"type":759,"version":752},2,"International New York Times",{"detail":751,"format":751,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1307,"type":759,"version":752},", the ",{"detail":751,"format":1304,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1309,"type":759,"version":752},"Financial Times",{"detail":751,"format":751,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1307,"type":759,"version":752},{"detail":751,"format":1304,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1312,"type":759,"version":752},"Wall Street Journal",{"detail":751,"format":751,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1314,"type":759,"version":752},", and ",{"detail":751,"format":1304,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1316,"type":759,"version":752},"Le Figaro",{"detail":751,"format":751,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1318,"type":759,"version":752},". 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(Photo by Serdar Ozsoy/Getty Images)","Image","Post_Hero",{"centers":1375,"programs":1404,"projects":1426,"blogs":1427,"collections":1453,"eventCollections":1454,"__typename":1455},{"global":1376,"middleEast":1383,"russiaEurasia":1387,"india":1391,"china":1395,"europe":1399,"__typename":1403},{"syndicated":740,"isPrimary":740,"topics":1377,"regions":1380,"__typename":1382},[1378,1379],{"title":75,"path":76,"__typename":15},{"title":66,"path":67,"__typename":15},[1381],{"title":684,"path":685,"__typename":135},"Syndications_Centers_Global",{"syndicated":785,"isPrimary":785,"topics":1384,"regions":1385,"__typename":1386},[],[],"Syndications_Centers_MiddleEast",{"syndicated":785,"isPrimary":785,"topics":1388,"regions":1389,"__typename":1390},[],[],"Syndications_Centers_RussiaEurasia",{"syndicated":785,"isPrimary":785,"topics":1392,"regions":1393,"__typename":1394},[],[],"Syndications_Centers_India",{"syndicated":785,"isPrimary":785,"topics":1396,"regions":1397,"__typename":1398},[],[],"Syndications_Centers_China",{"syndicated":740,"isPrimary":785,"topics":1400,"regions":1401,"__typename":1402},[],[],"Syndications_Centers_Europe","Syndications_Centers",[1405],{"reference":1406,"isPrimary":741,"__typename":1425},{"path":1407,"title":235,"dek":1408,"heroProgramsProjects":1415,"__typename":1424},"/programs/europe",{"root":1409},{"type":749,"format":750,"indent":751,"version":752,"children":1410,"direction":760},[1411],{"children":1412,"direction":760,"format":750,"indent":751,"type":761,"version":752},[1413],{"detail":751,"format":751,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1414,"type":759,"version":752},"The Europe Program in Washington explores the political and security developments within Europe, transatlantic relations, and Europe’s global role. Working in coordination with Carnegie Europe in Brussels, the program brings together U.S. and European policymakers and experts on strategic issues facing Europe.",{"heroImage":1416,"mobileHeroImage":1420,"logo":741,"__typename":1423},{"url":1417,"altText":741,"caption":741,"width":1418,"height":1419,"__typename":1372},"https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/media/images/europe_hero.jpg",2880,600,{"url":1421,"altText":741,"caption":741,"width":824,"height":1422,"__typename":1372},"https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/media/images/europe_hero_mb.png",370,"HeroProgramsProjects","Program","Syndications_Programs",[],[1428],{"reference":1429,"isPrimary":740,"__typename":1452},{"path":895,"title":894,"dek":1430,"heroBlog":1438,"__typename":1451},{"root":1431},{"children":1432,"direction":760,"format":750,"indent":751,"type":749,"version":752},[1433],{"children":1434,"direction":760,"format":750,"indent":751,"type":761,"version":752},[1435,1436],{"detail":751,"format":1304,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":894,"type":759,"version":752},{"detail":751,"format":751,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1437,"type":759,"version":752}," harnesses Carnegie’s global scholarship to deliver incisive, nuanced analysis on the most pressing international affairs challenges.",{"heroImage":1439,"mobileHeroImage":1443,"logo":1446,"__typename":1450},{"url":1440,"altText":741,"caption":741,"width":1441,"height":1442,"__typename":1372},"https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/media/images/emissary_bk.jpg",12000,1458,{"url":1444,"altText":741,"caption":741,"width":824,"height":1445,"__typename":1372},"https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/media/images/Emissary_poster_sm-1.jpg",500,{"url":1447,"altText":741,"caption":741,"width":1448,"height":1449,"__typename":1372},"https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/media/images/emissary_blog_logo.png",1042,313,"HeroBlog","Blog","Syndications_Blogs",[],[],"Syndications",[1457,1461],{"blockName":741,"blockType":1458,"html":1459,"__typename":1460},"htmlBlock","\u003Cp>In an unexpected move on Tuesday, Turkish far-right Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) leader Devlet Bah&ccedil;eli \u003Ca href=\"https://www.euronews.com/2024/10/22/hardline-turkish-politician-offers-ocalan-parole-if-pkk-is-disbanded\">called on\u003C/a> Abdullah &Ouml;calan, the imprisoned chief of the separatist Kurdistan Workers&rsquo; Party&rsquo;s (PKK), to renounce terrorism and declare the dissolution of the PKK at the Turkish parliament. Bah&ccedil;eli, who has previously called for the reintroduction of the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/turkey-mhp-leader-urges-quick-return-for-death-penalty/814557\">death penalty\u003C/a> so that &Ouml;calan can be &ldquo;properly&rdquo; sentenced, said such a renouncement could open the path to &Ouml;calan&rsquo;s parole.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>The following day, a terrorist attack on a leading Turkish defense industry company killed at least five people and injured twenty-two. Officials say the attack bears the hallmarks of the PKK, but no one has \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/24/world/middleeast/turkey-attack-who-what.html\">claimed responsibility\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>Though shocking, this roller coaster is familiar territory to citizens, policymakers, and analysts of T&uuml;rkiye. For decades, the PKK&rsquo;s quest for an independent Kurdish state&mdash;and its deadly campaign&mdash;has been central to Turkish politics. In order to unpack what might come next, understanding Bah&ccedil;eli&rsquo;s motivations and the larger political picture is crucial.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ch3>Why the Drastic Change?\u003C/h3>\r\n\u003Cp>Since April 2015, the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/08/world/europe/turkey-election-recep-tayyip-erdogan-kurds-hdp.html\">lost\u003C/a> its parliamentary majority, and the MHP essentially became its junior partner. This put MHP in a position of inflated influence, enabling it to advance its priorities and worldview, which are largely framed around hypernationalism and security concerns.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>Two major factors likely compelled Bah&ccedil;eli to fundamentally and brusquely shift his position. The first has to do with presidential politics. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is currently serving his second term, which is the limit under the revised constitution. The exception to the rule is a scenario in which parliament calls for early elections, granting the president the right to run regardless. But such an exception requires 360 votes out of a total of 600 in the country&rsquo;s parliament. At present, the two political allies fall considerably short of this threshold.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>Enter the Peoples&rsquo; Equality and Democracy (DEM) Party. Until this week, the MHP&rsquo;s sole brandmark in Turkish politics was its unwavering stance not only against the PKK, but also the pro-Kurdish DEM Party. Now, the two allies may be angling to obtain the backing of the DEM Party in parliament to write up a new constitution that would enable Erdoğan to run again. Or, if that fails, this new alliance would try to pass a parliamentary decision for early elections before the end of Erdoğan&rsquo;s mandate in 2028. Both options serve the same purpose. Extending Erdoğan&rsquo;s mandate would likely also extend the MHP&rsquo;s position of privilege. In return, the government would start a process of &ldquo;democratization&rdquo; that would address the grievances of the country&rsquo;s Kurdish population, and thereby appeal to the expectations of the DEM Party. That is the political tradeoff that is now on the table.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>The second trigger could well be related to geopolitical developments and the widening instability in the Middle East. Turkish officials have been \u003Ca href=\"https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-warns-of-high-possibility-of-war-between-israel-iran-201669\">voicing\u003C/a> concern over the probability of the conflict becoming a regional war that encompasses Israel, Iran, Lebanon, and Syria, and they are presumably considering how best to insulate their country from any fallout. They also may see an opportunity at the moment.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>Turkey has long been concerned about the U.S. policy of support in Syria to the PKK-linked Democratic Union Party (PYD) and its military wing, the People&rsquo;s Protection Units (YPG), in the fight against the Islamic State. As a result of heightened security concerns for U.S. forces in the region, Ankara may be anticipating a hastened U.S. withdrawal from Syria and the end of its policy of support to these PKK-linked Kurdish elements. This would essentially undermine the position of hostile Kurdish elements in Syria and, as they know all too well, expose them to a potential Turkish cross-border operation. This may be seen as a moment to capitalize on in Ankara, particularly before any unforeseen contingencies possibly alter the dynamics.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Ch3>The Pitfalls of a Policy Reversal\u003C/h3>\r\n\u003Cp>About a decade ago, the AKP government tried to address this same problem by launching a &ldquo;peace process&rdquo; with the PKK. But this era of calm was used by the PKK to consolidate its strength inside the country and reassemble its stocks of weaponry. Ultimately, the failure of the process \u003Ca href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/7/28/erdogan-says-kurdish-peace-talks-impossible-to-continue\">in 2015\u003C/a> was followed by days of urban warfare in T&uuml;rkiye&rsquo;s southeast, with the government eventually overwhelming the PKK.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>One of the major shortcomings of that opening was its opaqueness. The dialogue was restricted to the government and some representatives of the Kurdish political movement. Parliament was not involved. What was being negotiated was not clear. The MHP was among the political stakeholders that had heavily criticized this initiative, and the experience remains engrained in the public mindset, creating a major hurdle against this rekindled initiative.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>This time around, the government may contemplate running this effort from within Parliament. This might include the creation of a special commission for &ldquo;democratization,&rdquo; where measures to enhance democratic rights and fundamental freedoms would be discussed. The Republican People&rsquo;s Party (CHP), the main opposition to the AKP coalition, has also assiduously \u003Ca href=\"https://www.duvarenglish.com/chp-leader-ozel-visits-demirtas-in-prison-reiterates-his-importance-for-peace-talks-news-65138#google_vignette\">supported\u003C/a> the prospect of this &ldquo;peace&rdquo; initiative and the idea of doing this in parliament.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>That being said, the AKP is nonetheless set to face substantial resistance from the electorate. During the past decade, both the AKP and MHP conditioned their bases with a heavily anti-Kurdish platform. In the 2023 presidential election, the most egregiously influential factor may have been the false \u003Ca href=\"https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/elections/erdogan-slams-continued-pkk-support-for-kilicdaroglu\">accusations\u003C/a>, including \u003Ca href=\"https://www.duvarenglish.com/chp-files-criminal-complaint-against-erdogan-over-montage-video-linking-kilicdaroglu-with-pkk-news-62456\">concocted\u003C/a> videos, that opposition candidate Kemal Kilicdaroglu had the backing of the PKK. This abrupt and momentous volte-face likely will be very difficult for the electorate of the ruling alliance to understand and rationalize. As a result, both the AKP and MHP may see their support cannibalized by other right-wing parties.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>More broadly, this democratization initiative has to be viewed as a significant opportunity for the Turkish state and its polity. Especially this time around, the initiative&rsquo;s design should allow for a more transparent and inclusive participation, not only by political forces, but also civil society stakeholders. If successful, it has the potential to significantly transform T&uuml;rkiye&rsquo;s polarized politics and allow lawmakers to finally address one of the most deep-seated shortcomings of Turkish democracy. It would also help alleviate T&uuml;rkiye&rsquo;s cross-border security concerns emanating from the PKK in Iraq and its offshoots in Syria, further contributing to the country&rsquo;s well-being and advancing regional security.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>The tragic \u003Ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/10/23/turkish-aerospace-industries-attack-tusas/\">terrorist attack\u003C/a> on Wednesday against the Turkish Aerospace Industries&mdash;a leading defense industry company designing the country&rsquo;s prospective indigenous fighter jet aircraft and manufacturing a successful array of armed drones, light aircraft, and helicopters&mdash;is a reminder of the stakes in the country&rsquo;s fight against terrorism. Within hours after the attack, Turkey was pounding PKK targets in Iraq and Syria.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp>This cycle is yet another testimony to the multitude of challenges involved in eliminating the specter of terrorism and finding lasting and consensual peace. Clearly, it will be no less difficult this time. Sustainable success will depend on an end to terrorist acts and the perseverance of political will against all odds, alongside a meaningful push for the democratization of the country. Erdoğan&rsquo;s ambition to remain in power even after twenty-two years of uninterrupted rule may paradoxically usher in just that.\u003C/p>","HtmlBlock",{"blockName":741,"blockType":1462,"newsletter":1463,"newsletterFormName":1501,"SubscribeBlock___width":1502,"__typename":1503},"subscribeBlock",{"id":1464,"path":1465,"title":894,"status":736,"contentType":1466,"slug":1467,"locale":692,"publishedAt":1468,"translations":1469,"createdAt":1470,"dek":1471,"updatedAt":1478,"parent":1479,"hero":1490,"seo":1497,"__typename":1500},"66e0664ea043ca6ba9ce4747","/emissary/emissary","newsletters","emissary","2024-09-10T16:22:24.171Z",{"en":740},"2024-09-10T15:31:26.110Z",{"root":1472},{"children":1473,"direction":760,"format":750,"indent":751,"type":749,"version":752},[1474],{"children":1475,"direction":760,"format":750,"indent":751,"type":761,"version":752},[1476],{"detail":751,"format":751,"mode":757,"style":750,"text":1477,"type":759,"version":752},"The latest from Carnegie scholars on the 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