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data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਮੁੱਖ ਮੀਨੂ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਨੇਵੀਗੇਸ਼ਨ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮੁੱਢਲੇ ਸਫ਼ੇ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ [z]" accesskey="z"><span>ਮੁੱਖ ਸਫ਼ਾ</span></a></li><li id="n-ਸੱਥ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86:%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5"><span>ਸੱਥ</span></a></li><li id="n-ਹਾਲੀਆ-ਤਬਦੀਲੀਆਂ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82"><span>ਹਾਲੀਆ ਤਬਦੀਲੀਆਂ</span></a></li><li id="n-ਹਾਲੀਆ-ਘਟਨਾਵਾਂ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86:%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82"><span>ਹਾਲੀਆ ਘਟਨਾਵਾਂ</span></a></li><li id="n-ਬੇਤਰਤੀਬ-ਸਫ਼ਾ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE"><span>ਬੇਤਰਤੀਬ ਸਫ਼ਾ</span></a></li><li id="n-ਮਦਦ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80"><span>ਮਦਦ</span></a></li><li id="n-ਦਾਨ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa"><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-ਵਿਕੀ_ਰੁਝਾਨ" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-ਵਿਕੀ_ਰੁਝਾਨ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਵਿਕੀ ਰੁਝਾਨ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-ਵਧੇਰੇ-ਵੇਖੇ-ਜਾਣ-ਵਾਲੇ-ਸਫ਼ੇ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="http://top.hatnote.com/pa/wikipedia" rel="nofollow"><span>ਵਧੇਰੇ ਵੇਖੇ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਸਫ਼ੇ</span></a></li><li id="n-ਅਕਸਰ-ਪੁੱਛੇ-ਜਾਣ-ਵਾਲੇ-ਸਵਾਲ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86:%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2"><span>ਅਕਸਰ ਪੁੱਛੇ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਸਵਾਲ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-pa.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.5625em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="ਇਕ ਅਜ਼ਾਦ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਗਿਆਨਕੋਸ਼" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-pa.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਖੋਜੋ [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>ਖੋਜ</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਖੋਜੋ" aria-label="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਖੋਜੋ" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਖੋਜੋ [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ਖ਼ਾਸ:ਖੋਜੋ"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ਖੋਜੋ</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਫੋਂਟ ਦਾ ਆਕਾਰ, ਚੌਡ਼ਾਈ ਅਤੇ ਰੰਗ ਦੀ ਦਿੱਖ ਨੂੰ ਬਦਲੋ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਦਿੱਖ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa" class=""><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ" class=""><span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ਹੋਰ ਚੋਣਾਂ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa"><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਬਾਹਰ ਹੋਏ ਸੰਪਾਦਕਾਂ ਲਈ ਸਫ਼ੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3" aria-label="ਸੰਪਾਦਨ ਬਾਰੇ ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ"><span>ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ਯੋਗਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਸ IP ਪਤੇ ਤੋਂ ਹੋਈਆਂ ਸੋਧਾਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਗੱਲਬਾਤ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ਸਾਈਟ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ਨਿਰੁਕਤੀ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਨਿਰੁਕਤੀ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ਨਿਰੁਕਤੀ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਨਿਰੁਕਤੀ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਇਤਿਹਾਸ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਇਤਿਹਾਸ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ਇਤਿਹਾਸ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ਇਤਿਹਾਸ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਉਪਭਾਗ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ਇਤਿਹਾਸ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤੀ_ਅਤੀਤ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤੀ_ਅਤੀਤ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤੀ ਅਤੀਤ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤੀ_ਅਤੀਤ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਗੌਲ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਗੌਲ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>ਗੌਲ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ਗੌਲ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>ਗੌਲ ਉਪਭਾਗ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ਗੌਲ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ਗਣਰਾਜ_ਅਤੇ_ਸਾਮਰਾਜ_(1792–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਗਣਰਾਜ_ਅਤੇ_ਸਾਮਰਾਜ_(1792–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>ਗਣਰਾਜ ਅਤੇ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ (1792–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਗਣਰਾਜ_ਅਤੇ_ਸਾਮਰਾਜ_(1792–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਭੂਗੋਲ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਭੂਗੋਲ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>ਭੂਗੋਲ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ਭੂਗੋਲ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>ਭੂਗੋਲ ਉਪਭਾਗ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ਭੂਗੋਲ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ਪੌਣਪਾਣੀ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਪੌਣਪਾਣੀ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>ਪੌਣਪਾਣੀ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਪੌਣਪਾਣੀ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਕੀ_ਇਲਾਕੇ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਕੀ_ਇਲਾਕੇ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਕੀ ਇਲਾਕੇ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਕੀ_ਇਲਾਕੇ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਹਵਾਲੇ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਹਵਾਲੇ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>ਹਵਾਲੇ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਹਵਾਲੇ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਪਗਨੋਟ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਪਗਨੋਟ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>ਪਗਨੋਟ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਪਗਨੋਟ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ਕਿਸੇ ਹੋਰ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੇਖ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ। 309 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹੈ" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-309" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">309 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Франциа – ਅਬਖਾਜ਼ੀਅਨ" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Франциа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="ਅਬਖਾਜ਼ੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peurancih" title="Peurancih – ਅਚੀਨੀ" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Peurancih" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="ਅਚੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Францие – ਅਡਿਗੇ" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Францие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="ਅਡਿਗੇ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk – ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – ਜਰਮਨ (ਸਵਿਸ)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="ਜਰਮਨ (ਸਵਿਸ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%88%A3%E1%8B%AD" title="ፈረንሣይ – ਅਮਹਾਰਿਕ" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈረንሣይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="ਅਮਹਾਰਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – ਅਰਾਗੋਨੀ" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਾਗੋਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francland" title="Francland – ਪੁਰਾਣੀ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Francland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="ਪੁਰਾਣੀ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furans" title="Furans – ਓਬੋਲੋ" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Furans" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="ਓਬੋਲੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – ਅੰਗਿਕਾ" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ਅੰਗਿਕਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فرنسا – ਅਰਬੀ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਬੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%90" title="ܦܪܢܣܐ – ਅਰਾਮੀ" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܪܢܣܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਾਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فرانسا – ਅਰਬੀ (ਮੋਰਾਕੋ)" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فرانسا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਬੀ (ਮੋਰਾਕੋ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فرنسا – ਅਰਬੀ (ਮਿਸਰੀ)" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرنسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਬੀ (ਮਿਸਰੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্ৰান্স – ਅਸਾਮੀ" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফ্ৰান্স" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ਅਸਾਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – ਅਸਤੂਰੀ" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ਅਸਤੂਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – ਅਤਿਕਾਮੇਕਵ" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="ਅਤਿਕਾਮੇਕਵ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Паранс – ਅਵਾਰਿਕ" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Паранс" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="ਅਵਾਰਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca" title="Franca – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Franca" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – ਅਵਧੀ" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="ਅਵਧੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phransiya" title="Phransiya – ਅਯਮਾਰਾ" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Phransiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="ਅਯਮਾਰਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨੀ" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਜ਼ੇਰੀ" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਜ਼ੇਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – ਬਸ਼ਕੀਰ" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ਬਸ਼ਕੀਰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – ਬਾਲੀਨੀਜ਼" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="ਬਾਲੀਨੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – ਬਾਵੇਰੀਅਨ" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="ਬਾਵੇਰੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABz%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Prancūzėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Prancūzėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paransis" title="Paransis – ਬਤਕ ਤੋਬਾ" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Paransis" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="ਬਤਕ ਤੋਬਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransya" title="Pransya – ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਬਿਕਲ" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pransya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਬਿਕਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Францыя – ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Францыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Францыя – ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ (ਰਵਾਇਤੀ)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Францыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ (ਰਵਾਇਤੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasman" title="Prasman – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Prasman" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franis" title="Franis – ਬਿਸਲਾਮਾ" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Franis" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="ਬਿਸਲਾਮਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parancis" title="Parancis – ਬੰਜਰ" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Parancis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="ਬੰਜਰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ပိဉ်တိစ်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပိဉ်တိစ်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0ransi" title="Fàransi – ਬੰਬਾਰਾ" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Fàransi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="ਬੰਬਾਰਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্রান্স – ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রান্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྥ་རན་སི། – ਤਿੱਬਤੀ" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥ་རན་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="ਤਿੱਬਤੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্রান্স – ਬਿਸ਼ਨੂਪਰੀਆ ਮਣੀਪੁਰੀ" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ফ্রান্স" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="ਬਿਸ਼ਨੂਪਰੀਆ ਮਣੀਪੁਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro-C%27hall" title="Bro-C'hall – ਬਰੇਟਨ" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bro-C'hall" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ਬਰੇਟਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska – ਬੋਸਨੀਆਈ" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Francuska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ਬੋਸਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%8C%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94" title="ᨄᨙᨑᨊᨌᨗᨔ – ਬਗਨੀਜ਼" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨙᨑᨊᨌᨗᨔ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="ਬਗਨੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Франци – ਰੂਸ ਬੁਰਿਆਤ" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Франци" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="ਰੂਸ ਬੁਰਿਆਤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França – ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="França" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1k-gu%C3%B3k" title="Huák-guók – ਚੀਨੀ (ਮਿਨ ਡੌਂਗ)" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huák-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ (ਮਿਨ ਡੌਂਗ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Франци – ਚੇਚਨ" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Франци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ਚੇਚਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya – ਸੀਬੂਆਨੋ" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="ਸੀਬੂਆਨੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – ਚਮੋਰੋ" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="ਚਮੋਰੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%B1" title="ᎦᎸᏥᏱ – ਚੇਰੋਕੀ" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᎸᏥᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="ਚੇਰੋਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – ਛਾਇਆਨ" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="ਛਾਇਆਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فەڕەنسا – ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەڕەنسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – ਕੋਰਸੀਕਨ" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="ਕੋਰਸੀਕਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenkistan" title="Frenkistan – ਕਰੀਮੀਨ ਟਾਟਾਰ" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Frenkistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="ਕਰੀਮੀਨ ਟਾਟਾਰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francie" title="Francie – ਚੈੱਕ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ਚੈੱਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%ABj%C3%B4" title="Francëjô – ਕਾਸ਼ੂਬੀਅਨ" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Francëjô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="ਕਾਸ਼ੂਬੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Франкїꙗ – ਚਰਚ ਸਲਾਵੀ" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Франкїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="ਚਰਚ ਸਲਾਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Франци – ਚੁਵਾਸ਼" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Франци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ਚੁਵਾਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffrainc" title="Ffrainc – ਵੈਲਸ਼" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffrainc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ਵੈਲਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrig" title="Frankrig – ਡੈਨਿਸ਼" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frankrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ਡੈਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – ਡਗਬਾਨੀ" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="ਡਗਬਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – ਜਰਮਨ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ਜਰਮਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francojska" title="Francojska – ਲੋਅਰ ਸੋਰਬੀਅਨ" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Francojska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="ਲੋਅਰ ਸੋਰਬੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – ਡੋਟੇਲੀ" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="ਡੋਟੇਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%AD%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ފަރަންސޭސިވިލާތް – ਦਿਵੇਹੀ" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފަރަންސޭސިވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="ਦਿਵੇਹੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B" title="ཕརཱནསི་ – ਜ਼ੋਂਗਖਾ" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཕརཱནསི་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="ਜ਼ੋਂਗਖਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – ਈਵਈ" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ਈਵਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γαλλία – ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franza" title="Franza – ਈਮਿਲੀਅਨੋ-ਰੋਮਾਗਨੋਲੋ" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Franza" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="ਈਮਿਲੀਅਨੋ-ਰੋਮਾਗਨੋਲੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="ਚੰਗੇ ਲੇਖ"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francio" title="Francio – ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – ਸਪੇਨੀ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ਸਪੇਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsusmaa" title="Prantsusmaa – ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆਈ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prantsusmaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia – ਬਾਸਕ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ਬਾਸਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – ਐਕਸਟਰੀਮਾਡੂਰਨ" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="ਐਕਸਟਰੀਮਾਡੂਰਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farayse" title="Farayse – ਫੁਲਾਹ" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Farayse" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="ਫੁਲਾਹ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="ਚੰਗੇ ਲੇਖ"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranska" title="Ranska – ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ranska" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsusmaa" title="Prantsusmaa – ਵੋਰੋ" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Prantsusmaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="ਵੋਰੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanise" title="Varanise – ਫ਼ਿਜ਼ੀ" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Varanise" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="ਫ਼ਿਜ਼ੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakland" title="Frakland – ਫ਼ੇਰੋਸੇ" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Frakland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ਫ਼ੇਰੋਸੇ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flans%C3%A9t%C3%B2" title="Flansétò – ਫੌਨ" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Flansétò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="ਫੌਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – ਅਰਪਿਟਨ" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਪਿਟਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A5nkrik" title="Frånkrik – ਉੱਤਰੀ ਫਰਿਸੀਅਨ" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Frånkrik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਫਰਿਸੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – ਫਰੀਉਲੀਅਨ" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="ਫਰੀਉਲੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk – ਪੱਛਮੀ ਫ੍ਰਿਸੀਅਨ" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਫ੍ਰਿਸੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhrainc" title="An Fhrainc – ਆਇਰਸ਼" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Fhrainc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ਆਇਰਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C5%A3iya" title="Franţiya – ਗਾਗੌਜ਼" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Franţiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="ਗਾਗੌਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國 – ਚੀਨੀ ਗਾਨ" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="法國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਗਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafrans" title="Lafrans – ਗੂਈਆਨੀਸ ਕਰੀਓਲ ਫਰੈਂਚ" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lafrans" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="ਗੂਈਆਨੀਸ ਕਰੀਓਲ ਫਰੈਂਚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhraing" title="An Fhraing – ਸਕਾਟਿਸ਼ ਗੇਲਿਕ" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Fhraing" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="ਸਕਾਟਿਸ਼ ਗੇਲਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – ਗੈਲਿਸ਼ਿਅਨ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ਗੈਲਿਸ਼ਿਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – ਗਿਲਾਕੀ" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="ਗਿਲਾਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%A3sia" title="Hyãsia – ਗੁਆਰਾਨੀ" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hyãsia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ਗੁਆਰਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – ਗੋਥਿਕ" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="ਗੋਥਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8" title="ફ્રાન્સ – ਗੁਜਰਾਤੀ" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફ્રાન્સ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="ਗੁਜਰਾਤੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Rank" title="Yn Rank – ਮੈਂਕਸ" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Rank" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="ਮੈਂਕਸ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransa" title="Faransa – ਹੌਸਾ" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Faransa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="ਹੌਸਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fap-koet" title="Fap-koet – ਚੀਨੀ ਹਾਕਾ" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fap-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਹਾਕਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palani" title="Palani – ਹਵਾਈ" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Palani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="ਹਵਾਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="צרפת – ਹਿਬਰੂ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ਹਿਬਰੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ़्रान्स – ਹਿੰਦੀ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़्रान्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ਹਿੰਦੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – ਫਿਜੀ ਹਿੰਦੀ" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="ਫਿਜੀ ਹਿੰਦੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska – ਸਰਬੋ-ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਅਨ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Francuska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ਸਰਬੋ-ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoska" title="Francoska – ਅੱਪਰ ਸੋਰਬੀਅਨ" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Francoska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="ਅੱਪਰ ਸੋਰਬੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – ਹੈਤੀਆਈ" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="ਹੈਤੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciaorsz%C3%A1g" title="Franciaország – ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Franciaország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ֆրանսիա – ਅਰਮੀਨੀਆਈ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਮੀਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1" title="Ֆրանսա – ਪੱਛਮੀ ਆਰਮੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ֆրանսա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਆਰਮੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – ਇੰਟਰਲਿੰਗੁਆ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਟਰਲਿੰਗੁਆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranchis" title="Peranchis – ਇਬਾਨ" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Peranchis" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ਇਬਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – ਇੰਟਰਲਿੰਗੂਆ" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਟਰਲਿੰਗੂਆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – ਇਗਬੋ" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="ਇਗਬੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransia" title="Pransia – ਇਲੋਕਾਨੋ" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pransia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ਇਲੋਕਾਨੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Фаьренгехье – ਇੰਗੁਸ਼" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Фаьренгехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਗੁਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – ਇਡੂ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ਇਡੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="ਚੰਗੇ ਲੇਖ"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakkland" title="Frakkland – ਆਈਸਲੈਂਡਿਕ" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frakkland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ਆਈਸਲੈਂਡਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%97%E1%95%8C%E1%93%90%E1%94%85" title="ᕗᕌᓐᔅ – ਇੰਕਟੀਟੂਤ" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕗᕌᓐᔅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਕਟੀਟੂਤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="フランス – ਜਪਾਨੀ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ਜਪਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – ਜਾਮਾਈਕਨ ਕਰੀਓਲ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="ਜਾਮਾਈਕਨ ਕਰੀਓਲ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/fasygu%27e" title="fasygu'e – ਲੋਜਬਾਨ" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="fasygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ਲੋਜਬਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – ਜਾਵਾਨੀਜ਼" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ਜਾਵਾਨੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="საფრანგეთი – ਜਾਰਜੀਆਈ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფრანგეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ਜਾਰਜੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciya" title="Franciya – ਕਰਾਕਲਪਾਕ" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Franciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="ਕਰਾਕਲਪਾਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – ਕਬਾਇਲ" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="ਕਬਾਇਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Фрэндж – ਕਬਾਰਦੀ" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Фрэндж" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="ਕਬਾਰਦੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C9%A9%C9%A9" title="Fransɩɩ – ਕਾਬੀਏ" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fransɩɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="ਕਾਬੀਏ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%CC%B1ransa_(a%CC%B1byin)" title="Fi̱ransa (a̱byin) – ਟਾਇਪ" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Fi̱ransa (a̱byin)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="ਟਾਇਪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwalansa" title="Fwalansa – ਕੌਂਗੋ" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Fwalansa" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="ਕੌਂਗੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranja" title="Baranja – ਕਿਕੂਯੂ" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Baranja" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="ਕਿਕੂਯੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – ਕਜ਼ਾਖ਼" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="ਕਜ਼ਾਖ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84" title="បារាំង – ਖਮੇਰ" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បារាំង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="ਖਮੇਰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ – ਕੰਨੜ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="ਕੰਨੜ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4" title="프랑스 – ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Франс – ਕੋਮੀ-ਪੇਰਮਿਆਕ" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Франс" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="ਕੋਮੀ-ਪੇਰਮਿਆਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – ਕਰਾਚੇ ਬਲਕਾਰ" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="ਕਰਾਚੇ ਬਲਕਾਰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%B3" title="فرٛانٛس – ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰੀ" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فرٛانٛس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – ਕਲੋਨੀਅਨ" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="ਕਲੋਨੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Прансузму – ਕੋਮੀ" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Прансузму" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="ਕੋਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Frynk" title="Pow Frynk – ਕੋਰਨਿਸ਼" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Frynk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="ਕੋਰਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – ਕਿਰਗੀਜ਼" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="ਕਿਰਗੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – ਲਾਤੀਨੀ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਤੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – ਲੈਡੀਨੋ" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ਲੈਡੀਨੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankr%C3%A4ich" title="Frankräich – ਲਕਜ਼ਮਬਰਗਿਸ਼" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Frankräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ਲਕਜ਼ਮਬਰਗਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – ਲੈਜ਼ਗੀ" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="ਲੈਜ਼ਗੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – ਲਿੰਗੂਆ ਫਰਾਂਸਾ ਨੋਵਾ" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="ਲਿੰਗੂਆ ਫਰਾਂਸਾ ਨੋਵਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufalansa" title="Bufalansa – ਗਾਂਡਾ" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bufalansa" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ਗਾਂਡਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – ਲਿਮਬੁਰਗੀ" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="ਲਿਮਬੁਰਗੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – ਲਿਗੂਰੀਅਨ" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ਲਿਗੂਰੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franzia" title="Franzia – ਲਾਡੀਨੋ" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Franzia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਡੀਨੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A0ncia" title="Frància – ਇਟਾਲੀਅਨ" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Frància" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ਇਟਾਲੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falansia" title="Falansia – ਲਿੰਗਾਲਾ" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Falansia" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="ਲਿੰਗਾਲਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9D%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87" title="ປະເທດຝຣັ່ງ – ਲਾਓ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຝຣັ່ງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਓ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="ਚੰਗੇ ਲੇਖ"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzija" title="Prancūzija – ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਅਨ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prancūzija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%86ceja" title="Praņceja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Praņceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francija" title="Francija – ਲਾਤੀਵੀ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Francija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਤੀਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – ਮਾਡੂਰੀਸ" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="ਮਾਡੂਰੀਸ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – ਮੈਥਲੀ" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="ਮੈਥਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – ਬਨਯੂਮਾਸਨ" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="ਬਨਯੂਮਾਸਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Кранцмастор – ਮੋਕਸ਼ਾ" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кранцмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="ਮੋਕਸ਼ਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantsa" title="Frantsa – ਮਾਲਾਗੈਸੀ" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Frantsa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ਮਾਲਾਗੈਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франций – ਪੂਰਬੀ ਮੈਰੀ" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Франций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="ਪੂਰਬੀ ਮੈਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%ABw%C4%AB" title="Wīwī – ਮਾਉਰੀ" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Wīwī" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="ਮਾਉਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parancih" title="Parancih – ਮਿਨਾਂਗਕਾਬਾਓ" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Parancih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="ਮਿਨਾਂਗਕਾਬਾਓ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Франција – ਮੈਕਡੋਨੀਆਈ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ਮੈਕਡੋਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫ്രാൻസ് – ਮਲਿਆਲਮ" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രാൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="ਮਲਿਆਲਮ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Франц – ਮੰਗੋਲੀ" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Франц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="ਮੰਗੋਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%81" title="ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ – ਮਨੀਪੁਰੀ" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="ਮਨੀਪੁਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – ਮਰਾਠੀ" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="ਮਰਾਠੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – ਮਲਯ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ਮਲਯ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franza" title="Franza – ਮਾਲਟੀਜ਼" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Franza" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="ਮਾਲਟੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A1ncia" title="Fráncia – ਮਿਰਾਂਡੀ" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Fráncia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="ਮਿਰਾਂਡੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပြင်သစ်နိုင်ငံ – ਬਰਮੀ" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြင်သစ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ਬਰਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Франция Мастор – ਇਰਜ਼ੀਆ" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Франция Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ਇਰਜ਼ੀਆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – ਮੇਜ਼ੈਂਡਰਾਨੀ" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="ਮੇਜ਼ੈਂਡਰਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franza" title="Franza – ਨਿਆਪੋਲੀਟਨ" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Franza" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="ਨਿਆਪੋਲੀਟਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – ਲੋ ਜਰਮਨ" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ਲੋ ਜਰਮਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – ਲੋ ਸੈਕਸਨ" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="ਲੋ ਸੈਕਸਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – ਨੇਪਾਲੀ" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="ਨੇਪਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – ਨੇਵਾਰੀ" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="ਨੇਵਾਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk – ਡੱਚ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ਡੱਚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike – ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਨਿਓਨੌਰਸਕ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਨਿਓਨੌਰਸਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike – ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – ਨੋਵੀਅਲ" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="ਨੋਵੀਅਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߫ – ਐਂਕੋ" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="ਐਂਕੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunce" title="Fraunce – ਨੌਰਮਨ" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="ਨੌਰਮਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fora" title="Fora – ਉੱਤਰੀ ਸੋਥੋ" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Fora" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਸੋਥੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1%C3%A1ghahii_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dáághahii Dineʼé Bikéyah – ਨਵਾਜੋ" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dáághahii Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="ਨਵਾਜੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – ਨਯਾਂਜਾ" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="ਨਯਾਂਜਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França – ਓਕਸੀਟਾਨ" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="França" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ਓਕਸੀਟਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantsii" title="Frantsii – ਲਿਵੀ-ਕਾਰੇਲੀਅਨ" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Frantsii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="ਲਿਵੀ-ਕਾਰੇਲੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firaansi" title="Firaansi – ਓਰੋਮੋ" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Firaansi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="ਓਰੋਮੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Франц – ਓਸੈਟਿਕ" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Франц" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ਓਸੈਟਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – ਪੰਗਾਸੀਨਾਨ" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="ਪੰਗਾਸੀਨਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya – ਪੈਂਪਾਂਗਾ" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="ਪੈਂਪਾਂਗਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – ਪਾਪਿਆਮੈਂਟੋ" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="ਪਾਪਿਆਮੈਂਟੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franche" title="Franche – ਪਿਕਾਰਡ" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Franche" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="ਪਿਕਾਰਡ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – ਪੈੱਨਸਿਲਵੇਨੀਆ ਜਰਮਨ" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="ਪੈੱਨਸਿਲਵੇਨੀਆ ਜਰਮਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – ਪਫਾਈਲਜ਼ਿਸਚ" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="ਪਫਾਈਲਜ਼ਿਸਚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – ਪਾਲੀ" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="ਪਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – ਪਿਟਕਰਨ-ਨੋਰਫਕ" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="ਪਿਟਕਰਨ-ਨੋਰਫਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francja" title="Francja – ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – ਪੀਦਮੋਨਟੀਸ" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="ਪੀਦਮੋਨਟੀਸ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ)" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γαλλία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γαλλία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – ਪਸ਼ਤੋ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="ਪਸ਼ਤੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França – ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransiya" title="Ransiya – ਕਕੇਸ਼ੁਆ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ransiya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ਕਕੇਸ਼ੁਆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha – ਰੋਮਾਂਸ਼" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Frantscha" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="ਰੋਮਾਂਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchiya" title="Franchiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Franchiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubufaransa" title="Ubufaransa – ਰੁੰਡੀ" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubufaransa" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="ਰੁੰਡੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Franța – ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Franța" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A2n%C8%9Bie" title="Frânție – ਅਰੋਮੀਨੀਆਈ" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Frânție" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="ਅਰੋਮੀਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frange" title="Frange – ਟੈਰੇਨਟੀਨੋ" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Frange" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="ਟੈਰੇਨਟੀਨੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – ਰੂਸੀ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Франція – ਰੁਸਿਨ" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Франція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ਰੁਸਿਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubufaransa" title="Ubufaransa – ਕਿਨਿਆਰਵਾਂਡਾ" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubufaransa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ਕਿਨਿਆਰਵਾਂਡਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="फ्रान्सदेशः – ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="फ्रान्सदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Быраансыйа – ਸਾਖਾ" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Быраансыйа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="ਸਾਖਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ – ਸੰਥਾਲੀ" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="ਸੰਥਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantza" title="Frantza – ਸਾਰਡੀਨੀਆਈ" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Frantza" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="ਸਾਰਡੀਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – ਸਿਸੀਲੀਅਨ" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="ਸਿਸੀਲੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunce" title="Fraunce – ਸਕਾਟਸ" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="ਸਕਾਟਸ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – ਸਿੰਧੀ" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="ਸਿੰਧੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriika" title="Frankriika – ਉੱਤਰੀ ਸਾਮੀ" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Frankriika" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਸਾਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%C3%A2nzi" title="Farânzi – ਸਾਂਗੋ" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Farânzi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="ਸਾਂਗੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francuska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%E1%B9%9Ban%E1%B9%A3a" title="Fṛanṣa – ਟਚੇਲਹਿਟ" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Fṛanṣa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="ਟਚੇਲਹਿਟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BE%E1%80%9B%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B5%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းၾရၢင်ႇသဵတ်ႈ – ਸ਼ਾਨ" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၾရၢင်ႇသဵတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="ਸ਼ਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රංශය – ਸਿੰਹਾਲਾ" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="ਸਿੰਹਾਲਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%BAzsko" title="Francúzsko – ਸਲੋਵਾਕ" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Francúzsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ਸਲੋਵਾਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francija" title="Francija – ਸਲੋਵੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="ਸਲੋਵੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farani" title="Farani – ਸਾਮੋਨ" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Farani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="ਸਾਮੋਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranska" title="Ranska – ਇਨਾਰੀ ਸਾਮੀ" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ranska" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="ਇਨਾਰੀ ਸਾਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanzi" title="Furanzi – ਸ਼ੋਨਾ" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Furanzi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="ਸ਼ੋਨਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransiiska" title="Faransiiska – ਸੋਮਾਲੀ" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Faransiiska" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="ਸੋਮਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca" title="Franca – ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Franca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Француска – ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Француска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franskondre" title="Franskondre – ਸ੍ਰਾਨਾਨ ਟੋਂਗੋ" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Franskondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="ਸ੍ਰਾਨਾਨ ਟੋਂਗੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFulansi" title="IFulansi – ਸਵਾਤੀ" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IFulansi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="ਸਵਾਤੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fora" title="Fora – ਦੱਖਣੀ ਸੋਥੋ" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Fora" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਸੋਥੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – ਸਾਤਰਲੇਨਡੀ" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="ਸਾਤਰਲੇਨਡੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – ਸੂੰਡਾਨੀ" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="ਸੂੰਡਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike – ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufaransa" title="Ufaransa – ਸਵਾਹਿਲੀ" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufaransa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="ਸਵਾਹਿਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francyj%C5%8F" title="Francyjŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Francyjŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பிரான்சு – ਤਮਿਲ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ਤਮਿਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫ్రాన్స్ – ਤੇਲਗੂ" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్రాన్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="ਤੇਲਗੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – ਟੇਟਮ" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="ਟੇਟਮ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Фаронса – ਤਾਜਿਕ" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фаронса" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ਤਾਜਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="ประเทศฝรั่งเศส – ਥਾਈ" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ਥਾਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B3" title="ፈረንሳ – ਤਿਗ੍ਰੀਨਿਆ" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፈረንሳ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="ਤਿਗ੍ਰੀਨਿਆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransi%C3%BDa" title="Fransiýa – ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨ" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Fransiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya – ਤਗਾਲੋਗ" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ਤਗਾਲੋਗ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyr%C9%99ngyston" title="Fyrəngyston – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Fyrəngyston" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fora" title="Fora – ਤਸਵਾਨਾ" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Fora" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="ਤਸਵਾਨਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falanis%C4%93" title="Falanisē – ਟੌਂਗਨ" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Falanisē" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="ਟੌਂਗਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frens" title="Frens – ਟੋਕ ਪਿਸਿਨ" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Frens" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="ਟੋਕ ਪਿਸਿਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – ਤੁਰਕੀ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ਤੁਰਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – ਟਾਰੋਕੋ" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="ਟਾਰੋਕੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furhwa" title="Furhwa – ਸੋਂਗਾ" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Furhwa" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="ਸੋਂਗਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – ਟਾਟਾਰ (ਸਿਰਿਲਿਕ ਲਿਪੀ)" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ਟਾਟਾਰ (ਸਿਰਿਲਿਕ ਲਿਪੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – ਤੁੰਬੁਕਾ" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="ਤੁੰਬੁਕਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – ਤ੍ਵਿ" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="ਤ੍ਵਿ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%C4%81ni" title="Farāni – ਤਾਹੀਟੀ" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Farāni" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="ਤਾਹੀਟੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – ਤੁਵੀਨੀਅਨ" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="ਤੁਵੀਨੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – ਉਦਮੁਰਤ" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="ਉਦਮੁਰਤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="فرانسىيە – ਉਇਗੁਰ" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فرانسىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ਉਇਗੁਰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Франція – ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – ਉਰਦੂ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ਉਰਦੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiya" title="Fransiya – ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fransiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – ਵੇਨੇਸ਼ੀਅਨ" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="ਵੇਨੇਸ਼ੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francii" title="Francii – ਵੇਪਸ" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Francii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="ਵੇਪਸ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p" title="Pháp – ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrankryk" title="Vrankryk – ਪੱਛਮੀ ਫਲੇਮਿਸ਼" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vrankryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਫਲੇਮਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C3%A4n" title="Fransän – ਵੋਲਾਪੂਕ" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Fransän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="ਵੋਲਾਪੂਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – ਵਲੂਨ" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="ਵਲੂਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransya" title="Fransya – ਵੈਰੇ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fransya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ਵੈਰੇ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraas" title="Faraas – ਵੋਲੋਫ" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Faraas" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="ਵੋਲੋਫ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国 – ਚੀਨੀ ਵੂ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਵੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Пранцсин Орн – ਕਾਲਮਿਕ" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Пранцсин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="ਕਾਲਮਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransi" title="Fransi – ਖੋਸਾ" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Fransi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="ਖੋਸਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="საფრანგეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="საფრანგეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9A" title="פראנקרייך – ਯਿਦਿਸ਼" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראנקרייך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ਯਿਦਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A1ns%C3%AC" title="Fránsì – ਯੋਰੂਬਾ" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fránsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ਯੋਰੂਬਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazgoz" title="Fazgoz – ਜ਼ੁਆਂਗ" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Fazgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="ਜ਼ੁਆਂਗ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – ਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡੀ" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="ਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%95%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9A%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ – ਮਿਆਰੀ ਮੋਰੋਕੇਨ ਟਾਮਾਜ਼ਿਕ" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="ਮਿਆਰੀ ਮੋਰੋਕੇਨ ਟਾਮਾਜ਼ਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国 – ਚੀਨੀ" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國 – ਚੀਨੀ (ਰਵਾਇਤੀ)" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="法國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ (ਰਵਾਇਤੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoat-kok" title="Hoat-kok – ਚੀਨੀ ਮਿਨ ਨਾਨ" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoat-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਮਿਨ ਨਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國 – ਕੈਂਟੋਨੀਜ਼" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="ਕੈਂਟੋਨੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFulansi" title="IFulansi – ਜ਼ੁਲੂ" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IFulansi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="ਜ਼ੁਲੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q142#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ਅੰਤਰਭਾਸ਼ਾਈ ਕੜੀਆਂ ਸੋਧੋ" class="wbc-editpage">ਜੋੜ ਸੋਧੋ</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="ਨਾਂ-ਥਾਂ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਸਫ਼ਾ ਵੇਖੋ [c]" accesskey="c"><span>ਸਫ਼ਾ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A8/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਦੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਸਫ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ, ਜੋ ਇੱਥੇ ਜੋੜਦੇ ਹਨ [j]" accesskey="j"><span>ਇੱਥੇ ਕੀ ਆ ਕੇ ਜੁੜਦਾ ਹੈ</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" rel="nofollow" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਤੋਂ ਜੋੜੇ ਗਏ ਸਫ਼ਿਆਂ ਵਿਚ ਹਾਲੀਆ ਤਬਦੀਲੀਆਂ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>ਸਬੰਧਤ ਤਬਦੀਲੀਆਂ</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87" title="ਸਾਰੇ ਖ਼ਾਸ ਸਫ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਲਿਸਟ [q]" accesskey="q"><span>ਖ਼ਾਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&oldid=705013" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਇਸ ਸੋਧ ਲਈ ਸਥਾਈ ਕੜੀ"><span>ਪੱਕੀ ਕੜੀਆਂ</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>ਸਫ਼ਾ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:CiteThisPage&page=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&id=705013&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦਾ ਹਵਾਲੇ ਦੇਣ ਸਬੰਧੀ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ"><span>ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦਾ ਹਵਾਲਾ ਦਿਉ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25A8%25AB%25E0%25A8%25BC%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%2582%25E0%25A8%25B8"><span>ਛੋਟਾ ਯੂਆਰਐੱਲ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਕਰੋ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25A8%25AB%25E0%25A8%25BC%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%2582%25E0%25A8%25B8"><span>QR ਕੋਡ ਡਾਊਨਲੋਡ ਕਰੋ</span></a></li><li id="t-shorturl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/s/2ba" title="ਸਾਂਝਾ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਇਸ ਛੋਟੀ ਕੜੀ ਦੀ ਨਕਲ ਕਰੋ"><span>ਛੋਟਾ ਯੂਆਰਐੱਲ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਛਾਪੋ / ਬਰਾਮਦ ਕਰੋ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B&wpDestFile=Flag_of_France_(1794%E2%80%931815,_1830%E2%80%931974).svg" class="new" title="ਤਸਵੀਰ:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974).svg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="125">Flag of ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ</span></a></span></div><div></div></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:auto;text-align:center;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ਕੌਮੀ ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ (ਗੈਰ-ਦਫ਼ਤਰੀ) of ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ"><img alt="ਕੌਮੀ ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ (ਗੈਰ-ਦਫ਼ਤਰੀ) of ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/85px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/128px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/170px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;">ਝੰਡਾ</td> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;">ਕੌਮੀ ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ (ਗੈਰ-ਦਫ਼ਤਰੀ)</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>ਮਾਟੋ: </b><br /><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87,_%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87,_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਲਿਬਰਟੇ, ਏਗਾਲੀਟੇ, ਫ਼ਰਾਟਰਨੀਟੇ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਲਿਬਰਟੇ, ਏਗਾਲੀਟੇ, ਫ਼ਰਾਟਰਨੀਟੇ</a></i><br />(ਖ਼ਲਾਸੀ, ਸਮਾਨਤਾ, ਭਾਈਚਾਰਾ)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data ਐਨਥਮ"><b>ਐਨਥਮ:</b> "<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ਲਾ ਮਾਰਸੀਯੈਸ">ਲਾ ਮਾਰਸੀਯੈਸ</a>" <br /><center><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="80" data-mwtitle="La_Marseillaise.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/La_Marseillaise.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/La_Marseillaise.ogg/La_Marseillaise.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></center></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:EU-France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of ਮੁੱਖਦੀਪੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ (ਗੂੜ੍ਹਾ ਹਰਾ) – in ਯੂਰਪ (ਹਰਾ & ਗੂੜ੍ਹਾ ਸਲੇਟੀ) – in ਯੂਰਪੀ ਸੰਘ (ਹਰਾ)  –  [Legend]"><img alt="Location of ਮੁੱਖਦੀਪੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ (ਗੂੜ੍ਹਾ ਹਰਾ) – in ਯੂਰਪ (ਹਰਾ & ਗੂੜ੍ਹਾ ਸਲੇਟੀ) – in ਯੂਰਪੀ ਸੰਘ (ਹਰਾ)  –  [Legend]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EU-France.svg/250px-EU-France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EU-France.svg/375px-EU-France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EU-France.svg/500px-EU-France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of ਮੁੱਖਦੀਪੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ (ਗੂੜ੍ਹਾ ਹਰਾ)<p style="text-align:left;margin-left:1.2ex;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">– in <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA" title="ਯੂਰਪ">ਯੂਰਪ</a> (ਹਰਾ & ਗੂੜ੍ਹਾ ਸਲੇਟੀ)<br />– in <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98" title="ਯੂਰਪੀ ਸੰਘ">ਯੂਰਪੀ ਸੰਘ</a> (ਹਰਾ)  –  [<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:EU-France.svg" title="ਤਸਵੀਰ:EU-France.svg">Legend</a>]</p></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:Outre-mer_en_sans_Terre_Adelie.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Territory of the French Republic in the world (excl. Antarctica where sovereignty is suspended)"><img alt="Territory of the French Republic in the world (excl. Antarctica where sovereignty is suspended)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Outre-mer_en_sans_Terre_Adelie.png/250px-Outre-mer_en_sans_Terre_Adelie.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Outre-mer_en_sans_Terre_Adelie.png/375px-Outre-mer_en_sans_Terre_Adelie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Outre-mer_en_sans_Terre_Adelie.png/500px-Outre-mer_en_sans_Terre_Adelie.png 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="622" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:-2px;line-height:1em;"><span style="font-size:11px;">Territory of the <b>French Republic</b> in the world<br />(excl. Antarctica where sovereignty is suspended)</span></p></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ<div class="ib-country-largest">ਅਤੇ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਪੈਰਿਸ">ਪੈਰਿਸ</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਅਧਿਕਾਰਤ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਖੇਤਰੀ ਬੋਲੀਆਂ<br />(ਦਫ਼ਤਰੀ ਅਤੇ<br />ਗ਼ੈਰ-ਦਫ਼ਤਰੀ ਦੋਵੇਂ)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"> </span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਅਲਸਾਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਅਲਸਾਸੀ</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਬਾਸਕੇ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਬਾਸਕੇ</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਬ੍ਰੈਟਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਬ੍ਰੈਟਨ</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਬੂਸ਼ੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਬੂਸ਼ੀ</a> (ਮੈਯੋਟ)<sup><small>2</small></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਕਾਤਲਾਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਕਾਤਾਲਾਨ</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਕਾਰਸਿਕੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਕਾਰਸਿਕੀ</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਕ੍ਰੀਓਲ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਕ੍ਰੀਓਲਾਂ</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਫ਼ਲੈਮੀ ਬੋਲੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਫ਼ਲੈਮੀ</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ-ਪ੍ਰੋਵੌਂਸਾਲ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ-ਪ੍ਰੋਵੌਂਸਾਲ</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਲੋਰੈਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਲੋਰੈਨ</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਨਿਊ ਕੈਲੇਡੋਨੀ ਬੋਲੀਆਂ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਨਿਊ ਕੈਲੇਡੋਨੀ ਬੋਲੀਆਂ</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਆਕਸੀਤਾਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਆਕਸੀਤਾਈ</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਓਈਲ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਓਈਲ</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸ਼ੀਆਮੋਰ ਉੱਪਬੋਲੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਸ਼ੀਆਮੋਰ ਉੱਪਬੋਲੀ</a> (ਮੇਯੋਟ)<sup><small>2</small></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਤਹੀਤੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਤਹੀਤੀ</a><sup><small>2</small></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਵਸਨੀਕੀ ਨਾਮ">ਵਸਨੀਕੀ ਨਾਮ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਸਰਕਾਰ</th><td class="infobox-data">ਇਕਾਤਮਕ ਅਰਧ-ਰਾਸ਼ਟਾਰਪਤੀ-ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ ਗਣਰਾਜ</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765565"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ </div></th><td class="infobox-data">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੋਆ ਓਲਾਂਦ</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ </div></th><td class="infobox-data">ਮਾਨੂਅਲ ਵਾਲ</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਵਿਧਾਨਪਾਲਿਕਾ</th><td class="infobox-data">ਸੰਸਦ</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A8" title="ਉੱਪਰਲਾ ਸਦਨ">ਉੱਪਰਲਾ ਸਦਨ</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">ਸੈਨੇਟ</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹੇਠਲਾ ਸਦਨ">ਹੇਠਲਾ ਸਦਨ</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">ਕੌਮੀ ਸਭਾ</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"> ਬਣਤਰ</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765565"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਆ </div></th><td class="infobox-data">486 (ਕਲੋਵਿਸ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਇਕਰੂਪਤਾ)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• ਪੱਛਮੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਆ </div></th><td class="infobox-data">843 (ਵਰਦੁਨ ਦੀ ਸੰਧੀ)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• ਵਰਤਮਾਨ ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨ </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 ਅਕਤੂਬਰ 1958 (ਪੰਜਵਾਂ ਗਣਰਾਜ)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">ਖੇਤਰ</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• ਕੁੱਲ<sup id="cite_ref-whole_territory_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whole_territory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">674,843 km<sup>2</sup> (260,558 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80" title="ਖੇਤਰਫਲ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ">43ਵਾਂ</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ">ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li2">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_G%C3%A9ographique_National&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Géographique National (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">IGN</a><sup id="cite_ref-IGN_figure_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGN_figure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">551,695 km<sup>2</sup> (213,011 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80" title="ਖੇਤਰਫਲ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ">50<sup>ਵਾਂ</sup></a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li2">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadastre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadastre (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Cadastre</a><sup id="cite_ref-cadastre_figure_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cadastre_figure-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">543,965 km<sup>2</sup> (210,026 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80" title="ਖੇਤਰਫਲ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ">50ਵਾਂ</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">ਆਬਾਦੀ</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal;"> (2014)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• ਕੁੱਲ<sup id="cite_ref-whole_territory_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whole_territory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">66,616,416<sup id="cite_ref-populationINSEE_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-populationINSEE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 ਵਿੱਚ ਆਬਾਦੀ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">19ਵਾਂ</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ">ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">63,129,000<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 ਵਿੱਚ ਆਬਾਦੀ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">22ਵਾਂ</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• ਘਣਤਾ<sup id="cite_ref-metropolitan_France_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metropolitan_France-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">116/km<sup>2</sup> (300.4/sq mi) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਆਬਾਦੀ ਘਣਤਾ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">89ਵਾਂ</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕੁੱਲ ਘਰੇਲੂ ਉਤਪਾਦਨ">ਜੀਡੀਪੀ</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਖਰੀਦ ਸ਼ਕਤੀ ਸਮਾਨਤਾ">ਪੀਪੀਪੀ</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2010 ਅਨੁਮਾਨ</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• ਕੁੱਲ</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$2.146 ਟ੍ਰਿਲੀਅਨ<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$34,092<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕੁੱਲ ਘਰੇਲੂ ਉਤਪਾਦਨ">ਜੀਡੀਪੀ</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(ਨਾਮਾਤਰ)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2010 ਅਨੁਮਾਨ</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• ਕੁੱਲ</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$2.555 ਟ੍ਰਿਲੀਅਨ<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$40,591<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95" title="ਗਿਨੀ ਗੁਣਾਂਕ">ਗਿਨੀ</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2008)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">32.7<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><strong class="error">Error: Invalid Gini value</strong></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਸੂਚਕਾਂਕ">ਐੱਚਡੀਆਈ</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2013)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.884<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><strong class="error">Error: Invalid HDI value</strong></span> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਸੂਚਕਾਂਕ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">20ਵਾਂ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਮੁਦਰਾ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B" title="ਯੂਰੋ">ਯੂਰੋ</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80.%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC.%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80._%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸੀ.ਐੱਫ਼.ਪੀ. ਫ਼ਰੈਂਕ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਸੀ.ਐੱਫ਼.ਪੀ. ਫ਼ਰੈਂਕ</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_4217&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 4217 (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">EUR,<span class="nowrap">    </span>XPF</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਸਮਾਂ ਖੇਤਰ</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਸੰਯੋਜਤ ਵਿਆਪਕ ਸਮਾਂ">UTC</a>+1</span> (CET<sup id="cite_ref-metropolitan_France_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metropolitan_France-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• ਗਰਮੀਆਂ (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8A_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਚਾਨਣ ਬਚਾਊ ਸਮਾਂ">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਸੰਯੋਜਤ ਵਿਆਪਕ ਸਮਾਂ">UTC</a>+2</span> (CEST<sup id="cite_ref-metropolitan_France_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metropolitan_France-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87-_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87-%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%95" title="ਖੱਬੇ- ਅਤੇ ਸੱਜੇ-ਹੱਥ ਟਰੈਫ਼ਕ">ਡਰਾਈਵਿੰਗ ਸਾਈਡ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ਸੱਜੇ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਕਾਲਿੰਗ ਕੋਡ</th><td class="infobox-data">33<sup><small>1</small></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਦੇਸ਼ ਕੋਡ ਉੱਚ-ਪੱਧਰ ਡੋਮੇਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਇੰਟਰਨੈੱਟ ਟੀਐਲਡੀ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.fr<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-num"> <li value="1">ਸਮੁੰਦਰੋਂ-ਪਾਰ ਇਲਾਕਿਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਢਾਣੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਕਾਲ-ਕੋਡ ਹਨ ਭਾਵੇਂ ਇਹ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਟੈਲੀਫ਼ੋਨ ਨੰਬਰ ਵਿਉਂਤ ਦਾ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਹਨ: <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AA" title="ਗੁਆਡਲੂਪ">ਗੁਆਡਲੂਪ</a> +590; <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95" title="ਮਾਰਟੀਨੀਕ">ਮਾਰਟੀਨੀਕ</a> +596; <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗੁਈਆਨਾ">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗੁਈਆਨਾ</a> +594, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%82" title="ਰੇਊਨੀਓਂ">ਰੇਊਨੀਓਂ</a> ਅਤੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਮੈਯੋਟ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਮੈਯੋਟ</a> +262; <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82" title="ਸੇਂਟ ਪੀਏਰ ਅਤੇ ਮੀਕਲੋਂ">ਸੇਂਟ ਪੀਏਰ ਅਤੇ ਮੀਕਲੋਂ</a> +508। ਸਮੁੰਦਰੋਂ-ਪਾਰ ਰਾਜਖੇਤਰ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਟੈਲੀਫ਼ੋਨ ਨੰਬਰ ਵਿਉਂਤ ਦਾ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਹਨ; ਇਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਦੇਸ਼ੀ ਕਾਲ-ਕੋਡ ਇਉਂ ਹਨ: <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਨਿਊ ਕੈਲੇਡੋਨੀਆ">ਨਿਊ ਕੈਲੇਡੋਨੀਆ</a> +687, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਪਾਲੀਨੇਸ਼ੀਆ">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਪਾਲੀਨੇਸ਼ੀਆ</a> +689; <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵਾਲਿਸ ਅਤੇ ਫ਼ੁਤੂਨਾ">ਵਾਲਿਸ ਅਤੇ ਫ਼ੁਤੂਨਾ</a> +681</li><li value="2">ਮੁੱਖ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਸਮੁੰਦਰੋਂ-ਪਾਰ ਇਲਾਕਿਆਂ 'ਚ ਬੋਲੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ</b> (<small><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ</a>:</small> <small></small><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%88_IPA" title="ਮਦਦ:ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਲਈ IPA">[fʁɑ̃s]</a></span><small class="nowrap"> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:Fr-France.oga" title="ਤਸਵੀਰ:Fr-France.oga"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/26px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Fr-France.oga" class="internal" title="Fr-France.oga">ਸੁਣੋ</a>)</small>), ਦਫ਼ਤਰੀ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ <b>ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ</b> (<small><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ</a>: </small><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-c2889832">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.</span></strong> <small></small><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%88_IPA" title="ਮਦਦ:ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਲਈ IPA">[ʁepyblik<span class="wrap"> </span>fʁɑ̃sɛz]</a></span>), <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA" title="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਯੂਰਪ">ਪੱਛਮੀ ਯੂਰਪ</a> ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਖ਼ੁਦਮੁਖ਼ਤਿਆਰ ਦੇਸ਼ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਈ ਸਮੁੰਦਰੋਂ-ਪਾਰ ਵਿਭਾਗ ਅਤੇ ਰਾਜਖੇਤਰ ਸ਼ਾਮਿਲ ਹਨ।<sup id="cite_ref-twelve_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twelve-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ">ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%82-%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ਭੂ-ਮੱਧ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ">ਭੂ-ਮੱਧ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ</a> ਤੋਂ ਲੈ ਕੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਖਾੜੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਖਾੜੀ</a> ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0" title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ">ਉੱਤਰੀ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ</a> ਤੱਕ, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਰਾਈਨ ਦਰਿਆ">ਰਾਈਨ</a> ਤੋਂ ਲੈ ਕੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅੰਧ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ">ਅੰਧ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ</a> ਤੱਕ ਫੈਲਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਅਜਿਹੇ ਤਿੰਨ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ 'ਚੋਂ ਹੈ (ਬਾਕੀ ਦੋ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ਮੋਰਾਕੋ">ਮੋਰਾਕੋ</a> ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਪੇਨ">ਸਪੇਨ</a> ਹਨ) ਜਿਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਤੱਟ ਅੰਧ ਅਤੇ ਭੂ-ਮੱਧ, ਦੋਹਾਂ ਸਮੁੰਦਰਾਂ ਨਾਲ਼ ਲੱਗਦੇ ਹਨ। ਆਪਣੀ ਰੂਪ-ਰੇਖਾ ਕਰਕੇ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਕਈ ਵਾਰ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਵਿੱਚ <i><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-c2889832">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.</span></strong></i> ("<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਛੇਭੁਜ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਛੇਭੁਜ</a>") ਵੀ ਆਖ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। </p><p>ਰਕਬੇ ਪੱਖੋਂ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਦਾ 42ਵਾਂ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਦੇਸ਼ ਹੈ ਪਰ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA" title="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਯੂਰਪ">ਪੱਛਮੀ ਯੂਰਪ</a> ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98" title="ਯੂਰਪੀ ਸੰਘ">ਯੂਰਪੀ ਸੰਘ</a> ਵਿਚਲਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਮੁਲਕ ਹੈ। ਪੂਰੇ ਯੂਰਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਹਦਾ ਦਰਜਾ ਤੀਜਾ ਹੈ। 6.7 ਕਰੋੜ ਨੂੰ ਛੂੰਹਦੀ ਅਬਾਦੀ ਨਾਲ਼ ਇਹ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਦਾ 20ਵਾਂ ਅਤੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਯੂਰਪੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਯੂਰਪੀ</a> ਸੰਘ ਦਾ ਦੂਜਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਅਬਾਦ ਦੇਸ਼ ਹੈ। ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਇੱਕ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਇਕਾਤਮਕ ਮੁਲਕ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਇਕਾਤਮਕ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਅਰਧਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ-ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਅਰਧਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਗਣਰਾਜ">ਗਣਰਾਜ</a> ਹੈ ਜੀਹਦੀ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ">ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਪੈਰਿਸ">ਪੈਰਿਸ</a> ਵਿਖੇ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਅਤੇ ਮੁੱਖ ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰਕ ਅਤੇ ਵਪਾਰਕ ਕੇਂਦਰ ਹੈ। ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦਾ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦਾ ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਮੌਜੂਦਾ ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨ</a>, ਜਿਹਨੂੰ ਲੋਕਮੱਤ ਰਾਹੀਂ 4 ਅਕਤੂਬਰ 1958 ਵਿੱਚ ਕਬੂਲਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ, ਦੇਸ਼ ਨੂੰ ਧਰਮ-ਨਿਰਪੱਖ ਅਤੇ ਲੋਕਰਾਜੀ ਦੱਸਦਾ ਹੈ ਜੀਹਦੀ ਖ਼ੁਦਮੁਖ਼ਤਿਆਰੀ ਦਾ ਸਰੋਤ ਇਹਦੇ ਲੋਕ ਹਨ। ਮੁਲਕ ਦੇ ਆਦਰਸ਼ <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਮਨੁੱਖ ਅਤੇ ਨਾਗਰਿਕ ਦੇ ਹੱਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਐਲਾਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਮਨੁੱਖ ਅਤੇ ਨਾਗਰਿਕ ਦੇ ਹੱਕਾਂ ਦੇ ਐਲਾਨ</a></i> ਵਿੱਚ ਉਲੀਕੇ ਗਏ ਹਨ ਜੋ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਹੱਕਾਂ ਦੇ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲੇ ਦਸਤਾਵੇਜ਼ਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਜਿਹਨੂੰ ਪਿਛੇਤਰੀ 18ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ</a> ਦੇ ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤੀ ਦੌਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਤਿਆਰ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। </p><p>ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਪਿਛੇਤਰਾ ਮੱਧ ਕਾਲ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਪਿਛੇਤਰੇ ਮੱਧ ਕਾਲ</a> ਤੋਂ ਹੀ ਯੂਰਪ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਪ੍ਰਮੁੱਖ ਤਾਕਤ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ 19ਵੀਂ ਅਤੇ ਅਗੇਤਰੀ 20ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਦੇ ਦੂਜੇ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਬਸਤੀਵਾਦੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ">ਬਸਤੀਵਾਦੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ</a> ਸਦਕਾ ਇਹ ਦੁਨਿਆਵੀ ਪ੍ਰਸਿੱਧੀ ਦੇ ਸਿਖਰਾਂ 'ਤੇ ਪੁੱਜ ਗਿਆ।<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਆਪਣੇ ਲੰਮੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਅਤੀਤ</a> ਦੌਰਾਨ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਨੇ ਕਈ ਉੱਘੇ ਕਲਾਕਾਰਾਂ, ਸੋਚਵਾਨਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਜਨਮ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਹੁਣ ਤੱਕ ਵੀ ਇਹ ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ ਦਾ ਵਿਸ਼ਵੀ ਕੇਂਦਰ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਯੂਨੈਸਕੋ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਵਿਰਾਸਤ ਟਿਕਾਣਾ">ਯੂਨੈਸਕੋ ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਵਿਰਾਸਤ ਟਿਕਾਣਿਆਂ</a> ਦੀ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਪੱਖੋਂ ਦੁਨੀਆ 'ਚ ਚੌਥੇ ਦਰਜੇ 'ਤੇ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਹਰ ਵਰ੍ਹੇ ਇੱਥੇ ਲਗਭਗ 8.3 ਕਰੋੜ ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ੀ ਸੈਲਾਨੀ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ – ਜੋ ਕਿਸੇ ਵੀ ਦੇਸ਼ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-tourism.stat_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tourism.stat-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਯੂਰਪ ਅਤੇ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਚੋਖੇ ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰਕ, ਮਾਲੀ, ਫ਼ੌਜੀ ਅਤੇ ਸਿਆਸੀ ਰਸੂਖ਼ ਵਾਲੀ ਮਹਾਨ ਤਾਕਤ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਦੁਨੀਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦਾ ਫ਼ੌਜੀ ਬਜਟ ਪੰਜਵਾਂ,<sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI_Yearbook_2014_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI_Yearbook_2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਅਸਲੇ ਦਾ ਅੰਬਾਰ ਤੀਜਾ<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਅਤੇ ਸਫ਼ਾਰਤੀ ਅਮਲਾ ਦੂਜਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਆਪਣੇ ਸਮੁੰਦਰੋਂ-ਪਾਰ ਖੇਤਰਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਰਾਜਖੇਤਰਾਂ ਸਦਕਾ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਦੀ ਦੂਜੀ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡੀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਨਿਵੇਕਲਾ ਆਰਥਿਕ ਮੰਡਲ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਨਿਵੇਕਲਾ ਆਰਥਿਕ ਮੰਡਲ</a> ਬਣ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel-EEZ_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel-EEZ-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਇੱਕ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਵਿਕਸਿਤ ਦੇਸ਼">ਵਿਕਸਿਤ ਦੇਸ਼</a> ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਨਾਂ-ਮਾਤਰ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ਜੀਡੀਪੀ">ਜੀਡੀਪੀ</a> ਪੱਖੋਂ ਪੰਜਵੇਂ ਅਤੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਖ਼ਰੀਦ ਸ਼ਕਤੀ ਇਕਸਾਰਤਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਖ਼ਰੀਦ ਸ਼ਕਤੀ ਇਕਸਾਰਤਾ</a> ਪੱਖੋਂ ਸੱਤਵੇਂ ਦਰਜੇ 'ਤੇ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-data.worldbank.org_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data.worldbank.org-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਘਰੇਲੂ ਦੌਲਤ ਪੱਖੋਂ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਯੂਰਪ ਦਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਅਮੀਰ ਮੁਲਕ ਹੈ ਜਦਕਿ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਚੌਥੇ ਦਰਜੇ 'ਤੇ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਨਾਗਰਿਕਾਂ ਦੀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਰਹਿਣੀ ਦਾ ਮਿਆਰ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਰਹਿਣੀ ਦਾ ਮਿਆਰ</a> ਬਹੁਤ ਉੱਚਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਸਿੱਖਿਆ">ਸਿੱਖਿਆ</a>, ਸਿਹਤ-ਸੰਭਾਲ, ਜੀਵਨ-ਮਿਆਦ, ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀ ਅਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%95" title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਸੂਚਕ">ਮਨੁੱਖੀ</a> ਵਿਕਾਸ ਦੀਆਂ ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਦਰਜੇਦਾਰੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੀ ਮੋਹਰੀ ਰਹਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ">ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ</a> ਦਾ ਸਥਾਪਕੀ ਮੈਂਬਰ ਹੈ ਜਿੱਥੇ ਇਹ ਉਸਦੇ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ ਕੌਂਸਲ ਦੇ ਪੰਜ ਪੱਕੇ ਮੈਂਬਰਾਂ 'ਚੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਇਲਾਵਾ ਇਹ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%807&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਜੀ7 (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">7 ਦੀ ਢਾਣੀ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9D%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਅੰਧ ਸਮਝੌਤਾ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਨਾਟੋ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਆਰਥਿਕ ਸਹਿਕਾਰਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਆਰਥਿਕ ਸਹਿਕਾਰਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀ</a> (ਓ.ਈ.ਸੀ.ਡੀ.), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਵਪਾਰ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਵਪਾਰ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀ</a> ਅਤੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਲਾ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਕੋਫ਼ੋਨੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਲਾ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਕੋਫ਼ੋਨੀ</a> ਵਰਗੇ ਕਈ ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਅਦਾਰਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਵੀ ਮੈਂਬਰ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-superficy_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-superficy-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਨਿਰੁਕਤੀ"><span id=".E0.A8.A8.E0.A8.BF.E0.A8.B0.E0.A9.81.E0.A8.95.E0.A8.A4.E0.A9.80"></span>ਨਿਰੁਕਤੀ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਨਿਰੁਕਤੀ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ" ਨਾਂ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ਲਾਤੀਨੀ">ਲਾਤੀਨੀ</a> <i><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-c2889832">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.</span></strong></i> ਤੋਂ ਆਇਆ ਹੈ ਜਿਸਦਾ ਮਤਲਬ "<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਲੋਕ">ਫ਼ਰੈਂਕ ਲੋਕਾਂ</a> ਦਾ ਮੁਲਕ" ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਫ਼ਰੈਂਕ ਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਸਰੋਤ ਸੰਬੰਧੀ ਕਈ ਮਨੌਤਾਂ ਹਨ: ਇੱਕ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਇਹ ਨਾਂ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਮੂਲ-ਜਰਮਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਮੂਲ ਜਰਮਨੀ</a> ਸ਼ਬਦ <i>frankon</i> (ਫ਼ਰਾਂਕੋਨ) ਤੋਂ ਲਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ ਜੀਹਦਾ ਤਰਜਮਾ <i>ਬਰਛਾ</i> ਜਾਂ <i>ਨੇਜ਼ਾ</i> ਬਣਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੁੱਟਣ ਵਾਲੀ ਕੁਹਾੜੀ ਨੂੰ francisca (ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸਿਸਕਾ) ਆਖਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਇੱਕ ਹੋਰ ਪੇਸ਼ ਕੀਤੀ ਗਈ ਨਿਰੁਕਤੀ ਮੁਤਾਬਕ ਪੁਰਾਣੀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਜਰਮੇਨੀ ਬੋਲੀਆਂ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਜਰਮੇਨੀ ਬੋਲੀ</a> ਵਿੱਚ Frank ਦਾ ਮਤਲਬ <i>ਅਜ਼ਾਦ</i> ਹੁੰਦਾ ਸੀ ਜੋ <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80" title="ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮੀ">ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮ</a></i> ਤੋਂ ਉਲਟ ਸੀ। </p><p>ਚੈੱਕ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕਾਰ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਡੇਵਿਡ ਗਾਂਸ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਡੇਵਿਡ ਸੋਲੋਮਨ ਗਾਂਸ</a> ਮੁਤਾਬਕ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਨਾਂ Franci (Francio/ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀ/ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਓ) ਤੋਂ ਆਇਆ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਲਗਭਗ 61 ਈਸਾ ਪੂਰਬ 'ਚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸਿਕਾਂਬਰੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਸਿਕਾਂਬਰੀ</a> ਦੇ ਜਰਮੇਨੀ ਰਾਜਿਆਂ 'ਚੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਸੀ ਅਤੇ ਜੀਹਦਾ ਰਾਜਪਾਟ ਰਾਈਨ ਦਰਿਆ ਦੇ ਪੱਛਮੀ ਕੰਢੇ ਨਾਲ ਲੱਗਦੀਆਂ ਜ਼ਮੀਨਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਲੈ ਕੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸਟਰਾਸਬੁਰਗ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਸਟਰਾਸਬੁਰਗ</a> ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਬੈਲਜੀਅਮ">ਬੈਲਜੀਅਮ</a> ਤੱਕ ਫੈਲਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਸੀ<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਜੂਲੀਅਸ ਸੀਜ਼ਰ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੀ <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਗੈਲੀ ਜੰਗ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਗੈਲੀ ਜੰਗ</a> ਉੱਤੇ ਲਿਖੀਆਂ ਕਾਪੀਆਂ</i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਕੋਮਨਤਾਰੀ ਦੇ ਬੈਯੋ ਗਾਲੀਸੋ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਕੋਮਨਤਾਰੀ ਦੇ ਬੈਯੋ ਗਾਲੀਸੋ</a></i>) ਵਿਚਲੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਫ਼ਰੇਦੇਗਾਰ ਦਾ ਰੋਜ਼ਨਾਮਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਫ਼ਰੇਦੇਗਾਰ ਦੇ ਰੋਜ਼ਨਾਮਚੇ</a> 'ਚ ਇਸ ਮੁਲਕ ਦਾ ਜ਼ਿਕਰ ਸਾਫ਼ ਅੱਖਰਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ Francio ਵਜੋਂ ਕੀਤਾ ਸੀ। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਇਤਿਹਾਸ"><span id=".E0.A8.87.E0.A8.A4.E0.A8.BF.E0.A8.B9.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B8"></span>ਇਤਿਹਾਸ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਇਤਿਹਾਸ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤੀ_ਅਤੀਤ"><span id=".E0.A8.B8.E0.A8.BC.E0.A9.81.E0.A8.B0.E0.A9.82.E0.A8.86.E0.A8.A4.E0.A9.80_.E0.A8.85.E0.A8.A4.E0.A9.80.E0.A8.A4"></span>ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤੀ ਅਤੀਤ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤੀ ਅਤੀਤ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:Lascaux2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lascaux2.jpg/220px-Lascaux2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lascaux2.jpg/330px-Lascaux2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lascaux2.jpg/440px-Lascaux2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>ਇਹ ਇੱਕ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਲਾਸਕੋ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਲਾਸਕੋ</a> ਤਸਵੀਰ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਇੱਕ ਘੋੜੇ ਨੂੰ ਦਰਸਾਉਂਦੀ ਹੈ (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਦੋਰਦੋਨੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਦੋਰਦੋਨੀ</a>, ਲਗਭਗ 18,000 ਈ.ਪੂ.</figcaption></figure> <p>ਅਜੋਕੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਜੀਵਨ (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਹੋਮੋ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਹੋਮੋ</a>) ਦੇ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਪੁਰਾਣੇ ਖ਼ੁਰਾ-ਖੋਜ ਲਗਭਗ 18 ਲੱਖ ਸਾਲ ਪੁਰਾਣੇ ਹਨ।<sup id="cite_ref-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਉਸ ਸਮੇਂ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਨੂੰ ਸਖ਼ਤ ਅਤੇ ਬਦਲਵੇਂ ਮੌਸਮ ਦਾ ਸਾਮ੍ਹਣਾ ਕਰਨਾ ਪੈਂਦਾ ਸੀ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਈ ਗਲੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ ਕਾਲ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਸਨ ਜਿਸ ਕਰਕੇ ਮਨੁੱਖਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ ਕਰਕੇ ਅਤੇ ਖ਼ੁਰਾਕ ਬਟੋਰ ਕੇ ਟੱਪਰੀਵਾਸਾਂ ਦੀ ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ ਜਿਊਣੀ ਪੈਂਦੀ ਸੀ।<sup id="cite_ref-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਮੂਹਰਲਾ ਪੁਰਾਪੱਥਰੀ ਕਾਲ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਮੂਹਰਲੇ ਪੁਰਾਪੱਥਰੀ ਕਾਲ</a> ਦੀਆਂ ਕਈ ਸਜੀਆਂ ਹੋਈਆਂ ਗੁਫ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਹਨ ਜਿਹਨਾਂ 'ਚੋਂ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਪ੍ਰਸਿੱਧ ਅਤੇ ਵੱਧ ਸਾਂਭੀ ਹੋਈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਲਾਸਕੋ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਲਾਸਕੋ</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ਲਗਭਗ 18,000 ਈ.ਪੂ.) ਹੈ। </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਆਖ਼ਰੀ ਗਲੇਸ਼ੀਅਰ ਕਾਲ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਆਖ਼ਰੀ ਗਲੇਸ਼ੀਅਰ ਕਾਲ</a> ਦੇ ਅੰਤ ਕੋਲ਼ (10,000 ਈ.ਪੂ.) ਅਬੋ-ਹਵਾ ਨਰਮ ਹੋ ਗਈ<sup id="cite_ref-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਅਤੇ ਤਕਰੀਬਨ 7,000 ਈ.ਪੂ. ਤੋਂ ਪੱਛਮੀ ਯੂਰਪ ਦਾ ਇਹ ਹਿੱਸਾ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਨਵਪੱਥਰੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਨਵਪੱਥਰੀ</a> ਕਾਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਇਹਦੇ ਵਸਨੀਕ ਟਿਕਾਊ ਜੀਵਨ ਬਤੀਤ ਕਰਨ ਲੱਗੇ। ਚੌਥੀ ਅਤੇ ਤੀਜੀ ਹਜ਼ਾਰ-ਸਾਲੀ ਵਾਲ਼ੇ ਅਬਾਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਖੇਤੀਬਾੜੀ ਦੇ ਕਰੜੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਮਗਰੋਂ ਤੀਜੀ ਹਜ਼ਾਰ-ਸਾਲੀ ਦੇ ਅੰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਧਾਤ ਦਾ ਕੰਮ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ: ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਸੋਨਾ, ਤਾਂਬਾ ਅਤੇ ਕਾਂਸੀ ਅਤੇ ਫੇਰ ਲੋਹਾ।<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਵਪੱਥਰੀ ਕਾਲ ਦੇ ਕਈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਵੱਡਪੱਥਰੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਵੱਡਪੱਥਰੀ</a> ਟਿਕਾਣੇ ਹਨ ਜਿਹਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਲਗਭਗ 3,300 ਈ.ਪੂ. ਦਾ ਖ਼ਾਸਾ ਸੰਘਣਾ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਕਾਰਨਕ ਪੱਥਰ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਕਾਰਨਕ ਪੱਥਰ</a> ਟਿਕਾਣਾ ਵੀ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹੈ। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਗੌਲ"><span id=".E0.A8.97.E0.A9.8C.E0.A8.B2"></span>ਗੌਲ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਗੌਲ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>600 ਈ.ਪੂ. ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਫ਼ੋਸੀਆ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਫ਼ੋਸੀਆ</a> ਤੋਂ ਆਏ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਇਓਨੀਆ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਇਓਨੀਆਈ</a> ਯੂਨਾਨੀਆਂ ਨੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%82-%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ਭੂ-ਮੱਧ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ">ਭੂ-ਮੱਧ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ</a> ਦੇ ਕੰਢੇ ਮਸਾਲੀਆ (ਅਜੋਕਾ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%88" title="ਮਾਰਸੇਈ">ਮਾਰਸੇਈ</a>) ਨਾਮਕ ਬਸਤੀ ਸਥਾਪਤ ਕੀਤੀ। ਇਸ ਕਰਕੇ ਇਹ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਪੁਰਾਣਾ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-The_Cambridge_ancient_history_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Cambridge_ancient_history-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orrieux_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orrieux-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਇਸੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਗੇਲੀ ਕੈਲਟੀ ਕਬੀਲੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦੇ ਅਜੋਕੇ ਇਲਾਕੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਆ ਗਏ ਅਤੇ ਤੀਜੀ ਤੋਂ ਪੰਜਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਈ.ਪੂ. ਤੱਕ ਇਹ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦੇ ਬਾਕੀ ਹਿੱਸਿਆਂ 'ਚ ਵੀ ਫੈਲ ਗਏ।<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:MaisonCarr%C3%A9e.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MaisonCarr%C3%A9e.jpeg/220px-MaisonCarr%C3%A9e.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MaisonCarr%C3%A9e.jpeg/330px-MaisonCarr%C3%A9e.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MaisonCarr%C3%A9e.jpeg/440px-MaisonCarr%C3%A9e.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3090" data-file-height="2396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਮੇਜ਼ੋਂ ਕਾਰੇ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਮੇਜ਼ੋਂ ਕਾਰੇ</a> ਨਿਮਾਉਸਸ (ਅਜੋਕਾ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਨੀਮ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਨੀਮ</a>) ਨਾਮਕ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B-%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਗੇਲੋ-ਰੋਮਨੀ ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਗੇਲੋ-ਰੋਮਨੀ</a> ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਮੰਦਰ ਸੀ ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ਰੋਮਨ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ">ਰੋਮਨ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ</a> ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਸ਼ਾਨਦਾਰ ਬਾਕੀ ਬਚਿਆ ਸਮਾਰਕ ਹੈ।</figcaption></figure> <p>ਇਸ ਵੇਲੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਗੌਲ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਗੌਲ</a> ਦੇ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ ਦਾ ਜਨਮ ਹੋਇਆ; ਇਹ ਕੈਲਟੀ ਬਸਤੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਇਲਾਕਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਖਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਜੋ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ਰਾਈਨ">ਰਾਈਨ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅੰਧ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ">ਅੰਧ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87" title="ਪੀਰੇਨੇ">ਪੀਰੇਨੇ</a> ਅਤੇ ਭੂ-ਮੱਧ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ ਵਿਚਕਾਰ ਪੈਂਦੀਆਂ ਸਨ। ਅਜੋਕੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦੀਆਂ ਹੱਦਾਂ ਤਕਰੀਬਨ-ਤਕਰੀਬਨ ਪੁਰਾਣੇ ਗੌਲ ਨਾਲ਼ ਹੀ ਮਿਲਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ ਜਿੱਥੇ ਕੈਲਟੀ <i>ਗੌਲ</i> ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਸਨ। ਗੌਲ ਉਸ ਵੇਲੇ ਇੱਕ ਅਮੀਰ ਮੁਲਕ ਸੀ ਜੀਹਦੇ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਦੱਖਣੀ ਹਿੱਸੇ 'ਤੇ ਡਾਢਾ ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਅਤੇ ਰੋਮਨ ਅਸਰ ਪੈਂਦਾ ਸੀ। ਪਰ 390 ਈ.ਪੂ. ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਗੈਲੀ ਕਬੀਲੇ ਦੇ ਸਰਦਾਰ ਬਰੈਨਸ ਅਤੇ ਉਹਦੇ ਦਸਤਿਆਂ ਨੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AA" title="ਐਲਪ">ਐਲਪ</a> ਰਾਹੀਂ ਇਟਲੀ 'ਤੇ ਕੂਚ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਆਲੀਆ ਦੀ ਲੜਾਈ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਆਲੀਆ ਦੀ ਲੜਾਈ</a> ਵਿੱਚ ਰੋਮਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਹਰਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE" title="ਰੋਮ">ਰੋਮ</a> ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਘੇਰਾ ਪਾ ਕੇ ਉਹਦੇ ਤੋਂ ਫਰੌਤੀ ਲਈ। ਗੈਲੀ ਹੱਲੇ ਨੇ ਰੋਮ ਨੂੰ ਕਮਜ਼ੋਰ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਅਤੇ 345 ਈ.ਪੂ. ਤੱਕ ਗੌਲ ਰੋਮ ਨੂੰ ਦੁੱਖ ਦਿੰਦੇ ਰਹੇ ਜਿਸ ਮਗਰੋਂ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਰੋਮ ਨਾਲ਼ ਅਮਨ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਰਸਮੀ ਇਕਰਾਰਨਾਮਾ ਕਬੂਲ ਕਰ ਲਿਆ। ਇਸ ਦੇ ਬਾਵਜੂਦ ਰੋਮਨ ਅਤੇ ਗੌਲ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਵਿਚਾਲੇ ਅਗਲੀਆਂ ਕਈ ਸਦੀਆਂ ਤੱਕ ਵਿਰੋਧੀ ਖਿੱਚੋਤਾਣ ਚੱਲਦੀ ਰਹੀ ਅਤੇ ਗੌਲ ਲੋਕ ਇਤਾਲੀਆ (ਰੋਮਨ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ) ਵਾਸਤੇ ਖ਼ਤਰਾ ਬਣੇ ਰਹੇ। </p><p>ਲਗਭਗ 125 ਈ.ਪੂ. ਨੂੰ ਦੱਖਣੀ ਗੌਲ 'ਤੇ ਰੋਮਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਕਬਜ਼ਾ ਕਰ ਲਿਆ ਜੋ ਇਸ ਇਲਾਕੇ ਨੂੰ <i><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-c2889832">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.</span></strong></i> ("ਰੋਮਨ ਸੂਬਾ") ਆਖਦੇ ਸਨ ਅਤੇ ਜੋ ਸਮਾਂ ਪੈਣ ਤੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਬੋਲੀ ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਪ੍ਰੋਵੌਂਸ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਪ੍ਰੋਵੌਂਸ</a> ਨਾਂ ਬਣ ਗਿਆ।<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0" title="ਜੂਲੀਅਸ ਸੀਜ਼ਰ">ਜੂਲੀਅਸ ਸੀਜ਼ਰ</a> ਨੇ ਬਾਕੀ ਦੇ ਗੌਲ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਜਿੱਤ ਲਿਆ ਅਤੇ 52 ਈ.ਪੂ. ਵਿੱਚ ਗੈਲੀ ਸਰਦਾਰ ਵਰਸਿੰਜਟੋਰੀ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਕੀਤੀ ਗਈ ਬਗ਼ਾਵਤ 'ਤੇ ਵੀ ਕਾਬੂ ਪਾ ਲਿਆ।<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਔਗਸਟਸ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਔਗਸਟਸ</a> ਵੱਲੋਂ ਗੌਲ ਨੂੰ ਰੋਮਨ ਸੂਬਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੰਡ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ।<sup id="cite_ref-c53_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c53-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਗੈਲੋ-ਰੋਮਨੀ ਕਾਲ ਵੇਲੇ ਕਈ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਵਸਾਏ ਗਏ ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਲੁਗਦੁਨਮ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਲੁਗਦੁਨਮ</a> (ਅਜੋਕਾ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%82" title="ਲਿਓਂ">ਲਿਓਂ</a>), ਜਿਹਨੂੰ ਗੌਲਾਂ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-c53_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c53-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਇਹਨਾਂ ਸ਼ਹਿਰਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਰਿਵਾਇਤੀ ਰੋਮਨ ਤਰੀਕੇ ਨਾਲ਼ ਬਣਾਇਆ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੋਮਨ ਸੱਥ, ਨਾਟਘਰ, ਸਰਕਸ, ਨਾਚਘਰ, ਖੇਡਘਰ ਅਤੇ ਗ਼ੁਸਲਖ਼ਾਨੇ ਆਦਿ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਸਨ। ਗੌਲ ਲੋਕ ਰੋਮਨੀ ਅਬਾਦਕਾਰਾਂ ਨਾਲ਼ ਰਲ਼-ਮਿਲ ਗਏ ਅਤੇ ਆਖ਼ਰਕਾਰ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਰੋਮਨ ਬੋਲੀ (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ਲਾਤੀਨੀ">ਲਾਤੀਨੀ</a>, ਜਿੱਥੋਂ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਬੋਲੀ ਦਾ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਹੋਇਆ) ਅਤੇ ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ ਇਖ਼ਤਿਆਰ ਕਰ ਲਿਆ। ਇਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਧਰਮ ਵੀ ਲਗਭਗ ਇੱਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਨਾਲ਼ ਰਲ-ਮਿਲ ਗਏ ਸਨ। </p><p>250 ਤੋਂ 280 ਈਸਵੀ ਤੱਕ ਰੋਮਨ ਗੌਲਾਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਰਹੱਦਾਂ 'ਤੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਜਾਂਗਲੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਜਾਂਗਲੀਆਂ</a> ਦੇ ਸਿਲਸਿਲੇਵਾਰ ਹੱਲਿਆਂ ਕਰਕੇ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ ਉੱਤੇ ਬੜੀ ਬਿਪਤਾ ਆ ਪਈ।<sup id="cite_ref-c77_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c77-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਫੇਰ ਵੀ ਮਹੌਲ ਚੌਥੀ ਸਦੀ ਦੇ ਮੱਧ ਤੱਕ ਕੁਝ ਸੁਧਰ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ ਜੋ ਰੋਮਨ ਗੌਲ ਵਾਸਤੇ ਮੁੜ-ਵਿਕਾਸ ਅਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਫੁੱਲਤਾ ਵਾਲ਼ਾ ਸੀ।<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 312 ਵਿੱਚ ਸੁਲਤਾਨ ਕਾਂਸਟਨਟਿਨ ਪਹਿਲੇ ਨੇ ਈਸਾਈ ਧਰਮ ਕਬੂਲ ਲਿਆ। ਈਸਾਈ, ਜੋ ਹੁਣ ਤੱਕ ਤਸੀਹੇ ਸਹਿੰਦੇ ਸਨ, ਰੋਮਨ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ ਵਿੱਚ ਬੜੀ ਤੇਜ਼ੀ ਨਾਲ਼ ਫੈਲਣ ਲੱਗੇ।<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਪਰ ਪੰਜਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਦੀ ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ ਤੋਂ ਜਾਂਗਲੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਹੱਲੇ ਫੇਰ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਹੋ ਗਏ<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਅਤੇ ਕਈ ਜਰਮੇਨੀ ਕਬੀਲੇ ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਵੰਡਾਲ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਵੰਡਾਲ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸੂਏਬੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਸੂਏਬੀ</a> ਅਤੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਅਲਾਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਅਲਾਨ</a> ਰਾਈਨ ਪਾਰ ਕਰ ਕੇ ਗੌਲ, ਸਪੇਨ ਅਤੇ ਖਿੰਡ ਰਹੇ ਰੋਮਨ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ ਦੇ ਹੋਰ ਹਿੱਸਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਆ ਕੇ ਵੱਸ ਗਏ।<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ਗਣਰਾਜ_ਅਤੇ_ਸਾਮਰਾਜ_(1792–)"><span id=".E0.A8.97.E0.A8.A3.E0.A8.B0.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.9C_.E0.A8.85.E0.A8.A4.E0.A9.87_.E0.A8.B8.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.AE.E0.A8.B0.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.9C_.281792.E2.80.93.29"></span>ਗਣਰਾਜ ਅਤੇ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ (1792–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਗਣਰਾਜ ਅਤੇ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ (1792–)"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/220px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/330px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/440px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8133" data-file-height="6181" /></a><figcaption>14 ਜੁਲਾਈ 1789 ਨੂੰ ਹੋਈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਬੈਸਟੀਲ ਦੀ ਚੜ੍ਹਾਈ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਬੈਸਟੀਲ ਦੀ ਚੜ੍ਹਾਈ</a> ਨੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ</a> ਦਾ ਅਰੰਭ ਮਿੱਥਿਆ ਸੀ।</figcaption></figure> <p>14 ਜੁਲਾਈ 1789 ਨੂੰ ਹੋਈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਬੈਸਟੀਲ ਦੀ ਚੜ੍ਹਾਈ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਬੈਸਟੀਲ ਦੀ ਚੜ੍ਹਾਈ</a> ਮਗਰੋਂ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80" title="ਨਿਰੋਲ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ">ਨਿਰੋਲ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ</a> ਦਾ ਖ਼ਾਤਮਾ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਇੱਕ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80_(1791-1792)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦੀ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ (1791-1792) (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨਕ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ</a> ਬਣ ਗਿਆ। <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਮਨੁੱਖ ਅਤੇ ਨਾਗਰਿਕ ਦੇ ਹੱਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਐਲਾਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਮਨੁੱਖ ਅਤੇ ਨਾਗਰਿਕ ਦੇ ਹੱਕਾਂ ਦੇ ਐਲਾਨ</a> ਰਾਹੀਂ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦੇ ਨਾਗਰਿਕਾਂ (ਉਸ ਵੇਲੇ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਮਰਦ ਹੀ ਨਾਗਰਿਕ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਸਨ) ਵਾਸਤੇ ਮੂਲ ਹੱਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਸਥਾਪਨਾ ਕੀਤੀ ਗਈ। ਇਸ ਐਲਾਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਦੇ ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਹੱਕ "ਖ਼ਲਾਸੀ, ਜਾਇਦਾਦ, ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਜਬਰ ਦਾ ਟਾਕਰਾ" ਦੱਸੇ ਗਏ। ਇਸ ਐਲਾਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੁਲੀਨਰਾਜੀ ਰਿਆਇਤਾਂ ਦਾ ਖ਼ਾਤਮਾ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਆਖਿਆ ਗਿਆ। ਇਹਦੇ ਨਾਲ਼-ਨਾਲ਼ ਸਾਰੇ ਇਨਸਾਨਾਂ ਵਾਸਤੇ ਅਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਬਰਾਬਰ ਹੱਕ ਅਤੇ ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਦਫ਼ਤਰਾਂ ਤੱਕ ਪਹੁੰਚ ਦਾ ਅਧਾਰ ਜਨਮ ਦੀ ਬਜਾਏ ਯੋਗਤਾ ਮਿੱਥਣ ਦਾ ਐਲਾਨ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ। </p><p>ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਉੱਤੇ ਬੰਧੇਜ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ ਅਤੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਨਾਗਰਿਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਿਧਾਨਕ ਕਾਰਵਾਈ ਵਿੱਚ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਪਾਉਣ ਦਾ ਹੱਕ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ। ਕਥਨੀ ਅਤੇ ਛਾਪੇ ਦੀ ਖੁੱਲ੍ਹ ਦੇ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ ਅਤੇ ਮਨ-ਮੰਨੀਆਂ ਗਿਰਫ਼ਤਾਰੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਗੈਰ-ਕਨੂੰਨੀ ਕਰਾਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ। ਇਸ ਐਲਾਨ ਨੇ ਜਨਤਕ ਖ਼ੁਦਮੁਖ਼ਤਿਆਰੀ ਦੇ ਅਸੂਲਾਂ ਦਾ ਵੀ ਦਾਅਵਾ ਕੀਤਾ ਜੋ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹ ਦੇ ਰੱਬੀ ਹੱਕਾਂ ਵਾਲ਼ੇ ਅਸੂਲਾਂ ਦੇ ਉਲਟ ਸੀ। ਇਹਦੇ ਤੋਂ ਇਲਾਵਾ ਨਾਗਰਿਕ ਬਰਾਬਰੀ ਦਾ ਦਾਅਵਾ ਹੋਇਆ ਜਿਸ ਨਾਲ਼ ਕੁਲੀਨ ਵਰਗ ਅਤੇ ਪਾਦਰੀ ਵਰਗ ਨੂੰ ਮਿਲੀਆਂ ਰਿਆਇਤਾਂ ਦਾ ਅੰਤ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ। </p><p>ਭਾਵੇਂ ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨਕ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹ ਵਜੋਂ ਲੂਈ ਸੋਲ੍ਹਵਾਂ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਪ੍ਰਸਿੱਧ ਸੀ ਪਰ ਉਹਦੀ ਮੰਦਭਾਗੀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਵਾਰੈੱਨ ਦੀ ਉਡਾਰੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਵਾਰੈੱਨ ਦੀ ਉਡਾਰੀ</a> ਨੇ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਅਫ਼ਵਾਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਤੂਲ ਦੇ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਿਹਨਾਂ ਮੁਤਾਬਕ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਸਿਆਸੀ ਨਿਸਤਾਰੇ ਦੀ ਉਮੀਦ ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ੀ ਹਮਲੇ ਨਾਲ਼ ਬੰਨ੍ਹੀ ਹੋਈ ਸੀ। ਉਹਦੀ ਸ਼ਾਖ਼ ਨੂੰ ਇੰਨੀ ਡੂੰਘੀ ਸੱਟ ਵੱਜੀ ਕਿ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਦਾ ਖ਼ਾਤਮਾ ਅਤੇ ਗਣਰਾਜ ਦੀ ਸਥਾਪਨਾ ਦੀ ਸੰਭਵਤਾ ਹੋਰ ਵਧ ਗਈ। </p><p>ਯੂਰਪੀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਪਿਲਨਿਟਸ ਦਾ ਐਲਾਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀਆਂ</a> ਨਿਰੋਲ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਥਾਪਣ ਦੇ ਇਰਾਦੇ ਨਾਲ਼ ਨਵੇਂ ਰਾਜ-ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ ਖਿਲਾਫ਼ ਨਿੱਤਰ ਆਈਆਂ। ਇਸ ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ੀ ਡਰਾਵੇ ਨੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦੇ ਸਿਆਸੀ ਰੌਲ਼ੇ-ਗੌਲ਼ੇ ਨੂੰ ਹੋਰ ਭੜਕਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਨਤੀਜੇ ਵਜੋਂ <a href="/wiki/20_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2" title="20 ਅਪ੍ਰੈਲ">20 ਅਪ੍ਰੈਲ</a> <a href="/wiki/1792" title="1792">1792</a> ਨੂੰ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਪਹਿਲੇ ਮੇਲ ਦੀ ਜੰਗ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਆਸਟਰੀਆ ਵਿਰੁੱਧ ਜੰਗ ਦਾ ਐਲਾਨ</a> ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ। <a href="/w/index.php?title=10_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4_(%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10 ਅਗਸਤ (ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ) (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">10 ਅਗਸਤ 1792 ਦੀ ਬਗ਼ਾਵਤ</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਮੌਕੇ ਅਤੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸਤੰਬਰ ਕਤਲੇਆਮ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਅਗਲੇ ਮਹੀਨੇ</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਵਿੱਚ ਅਵਾਮੀ ਹਿੰਸਾ ਅਤੇ ਵਧੀਕੀਆਂ ਵਾਪਰੀਆਂ। ਇਸ ਖ਼ੂਨ-ਖ਼ਰਾਬੇ ਅਤੇ ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨਕ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਦੀ ਸਿਆਸੀ ਅਸਥਿਰਤਾ ਦੇ ਨਤੀਜੇ ਵਜੋਂ <a href="/wiki/22_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0" title="22 ਸਤੰਬਰ">22 ਸਤੰਬਰ</a> <a href="/wiki/1792" title="1792">1792</a> ਨੂੰ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਪਹਿਲਾ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਗਣਰਾਜ ਦਾ ਐਲਾਨ</a> ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ। </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:Napoleon_in_1806.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Napoleon_in_1806.PNG/170px-Napoleon_in_1806.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Napoleon_in_1806.PNG/255px-Napoleon_in_1806.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Napoleon_in_1806.PNG/340px-Napoleon_in_1806.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨ">ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦਾ ਸਮਰਾਟ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦਾ ਸਮਰਾਟ</a>, ਅਤੇ ਉਹਦੀ <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਮਹਾਨ ਫ਼ੌਜ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਮਹਾਨ ਫ਼ੌਜ</a></i> ਨੇ ਯੂਰਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਵਿਸ਼ਾਲ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ ਕਾਇਮ ਕੀਤਾ। ਉਹਨੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬੀ ਖ਼ਿਆਲਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਫੈਲਾਉਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਦਦ ਕੀਤੀ ਅਤੇ ਉਹਦੇ ਕਨੂੰਨੀ ਸੁਧਾਰਾਂ ਦਾ ਪੂਰੀ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਉੱਤੇ ਅਸਰ ਪਿਆ।</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/1793" title="1793">1793</a> ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦਾ ਲੂਈ ਸੋਲ੍ਹਵਾਂ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਲੂਈ ਸੋਲ੍ਹਵੇਂ</a> ਨੂੰ ਗੱਦਾਰੀ ਦਾ ਦੋਸ਼ੀ ਕਰਾਰ ਦੇ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਉਹਦਾ ਸਿਰ ਕਲਮ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ। ਯੂਰਪੀ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀਆਂ, ਅੰਦਰੂਨੀ ਛਾਪੇਮਾਰ ਲੜਾਈਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਇਨਕਲਾਬਾਂ ਖਿਲਾਫ਼ ਹੋਏ ਇਨਕਲਾਬਾਂ (ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਵੌਂਡੇ ਦੀ ਜੰਗ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਵੌਂਡੇ ਦੀ ਜੰਗ</a> ਜਾਂ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸ਼ੂਆਨਰੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਸ਼ੂਆਨਰੀ</a>) ਨੇ ਇਸ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਕੌਮੀ ਸੰਮੇਲਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਨਵੇਂ ਬਣੇ ਗਣਰਾਜ</a> ਨੂੰ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਮਾਰ ਧਾੜ ਦਾ ਸ਼ਾਸਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਮਾਰ ਧਾੜ ਦੇ ਸ਼ਾਸਨ</a> ਵੱਲ ਧੱਕ ਦਿੱਤਾ। <a href="/wiki/1793" title="1793">1793</a> ਤੋਂ <a href="/wiki/1794" title="1794">1794</a> ਵਿਚਕਾਰ ਲਗਭਗ 16,000 ਤੋਂ 40,000 ਲੋਕ ਫਾਂਸੀ ਚੜ੍ਹਾ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਗਏ। ਪੱਛਮੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/wiki/1793" title="1793">1793</a> ਤੋਂ ਲੈ ਕੇ <a href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</a> ਤੱਕ <i>ਬਲਅ</i> ("ਨੀਲੇ", ਜੋ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ ਦੇ ਹਿਮਾਇਤੀ ਸਨ) ਅਤੇ <i>ਬਲੌਂ</i> ("ਚਿੱਟੇ", ਜੋ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਦੇ ਹਿਮਾਇਤੀ ਸਨ) ਵਿਚਕਾਰ ਚੱਲੀ ਖ਼ਾਨਾਜੰਗੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਤਕਰੀਬਨ 2 ਤੋਂ ਸਾਢੇ 4 ਲੱਖ ਜਾਨਾਂ ਚਲੀਆਂ ਗਈਆਂ।<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hussenet_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussenet-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ੀ ਫ਼ੌਜਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ-ਵਿਰੋਧੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਦਰੜ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ ਦੀ ਹੋਂਦ ਬਰਕਰਾਰ ਰਹੀ। ਸਗੋਂ ਗਣਰਾਜ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਰਹੱਦਾਂ ਹੋਰ ਅਗਾਂਹ ਵਧ ਗਈਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਨਾਲ਼-ਲੱਗਦੇ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੰਗੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ ਥਾਪ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਗਏ। ਜਿਵੇਂ-ਜਿਵੇਂ ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ੀ ਹਮਲੇ ਦਾ ਡਰ ਚੁੱਕਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਸ਼ਾਂਤ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਗਿਆ, ਉਸੇ ਵੇਲੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਥਰਮੀਡੋਰੀ ਕਿਰਿਆ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਥਰਮੀਡੋਰੀ ਕਿਰਿਆ</a> ਨੇ ਰੋਬਸਪੀਅਰ ਦੇ ਰਾਜ ਅਤੇ ਮਾੜ-ਧਾੜ ਨੂੰ ਠੱਲ੍ਹ ਪਾ ਦਿੱਤੀ। ਇਸ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ ਦੇ ਗਰਮਦਲੀ ਪੜਾਅ ਮੌਕੇ ਉਲੀਕੇ ਗਏ ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮੀ ਦੇ ਖ਼ਾਤਮੇ ਅਤੇ ਮਰਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵੋਟ ਪਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਮਿਲੇ ਮੁਕੰਮਲ ਹੱਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਬਾਅਦ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਰਕਾਰਾਂ ਨੇ ਰੱਦ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ। </p><p>ਥੁੜ੍ਹਚਿਰੀ ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਸਕੀਮ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨ ਬੋਨਾਪਾਰਟ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨ ਬੋਨਾਪਾਰਟ</a> ਨੇ <a href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</a> ਵਿੱਚ ਗਣਰਾਜ ਦੀ ਵਾਗਡੋਰ ਆਪਣੇ ਹੱਥ ਕਰ ਲਈ ਜਿਸ ਕਰਕੇ ਉਹ ਪਹਿਲਾ ਤਾਂ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਪਹਿਲੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਸਲਤਨਤ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਸਲਤਨਤ</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804" title="1804">1804</a>-<a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a>/<a href="/wiki/1815" title="1815">1815</a>) ਦਾ ਕਾਂਸਲ ਅਤੇ ਫੇਰ ਸੁਲਤਾਨ ਬਣ ਗਿਆ। ਯੂਰਪੀ ਤਾਕਤਾਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗਣਰਾਜਾਂ ਖ਼ਿਲਾਫ਼ ਚੱਲਦੀਆਂ ਜੰਗਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਜਾਰੀ ਰੱਖਦੇ ਹੋ ਬਦਲਵੇਂ ਯੂਰਪੀ ਮੇਲਾਂ ਨੇ ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਤਨਤ ਉੱਤੇ ਜੰਗ ਦਾ ਐਲਾਨ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ। ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨ ਦੀ ਫ਼ੌਜ ਨੇ ਅੰਦਰੂਨੀ ਯੂਰਪ ਦੇ ਚੋਖੇ ਹਿੱਸੇ ਉੱਤੇ ਕਬਜ਼ਾ ਕਰ ਲਿਆ ਜਦਕਿ ਬੋਨਾਪਾਰਟ ਘਰਾਨੇ ਦੇ ਕਈ ਜੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਨਵੀਆਂ ਥਾਪੀਆਂ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਗੱਦੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਦਿੱਤੀਆਂ ਗਈਆਂ।<sup id="cite_ref-Blanning_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanning-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ਇਹਨਾਂ ਜਿੱਤਾਂ ਨੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਦਸਮੀ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਦਸਮੀ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨੀ ਕੋਡ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨੀ ਕੋਡ</a> ਅਤੇ ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਹੱਕਾਂ ਦੇ ਐਲਾਨ ਵਰਗੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬੀ ਖ਼ਿਆਲਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਸੁਧਾਰਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਦੁਨੀਆਂ-ਭਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਫੈਲਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ। ਤਬਾਹਕਾਰੀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਰੂਸ ਉੱਤੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਹੱਲਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਰੂਸੀ ਮੁਹਿੰਮ</a> ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨ ਨੂੰ ਹਰਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਬੂਰਬੋਂ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਮੁੜ ਥਾਪੀ ਗਈ। ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨੀ ਲੜਾਈਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਤਕਰੀਬਨ ਦਸ ਲੱਖ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਲੋਕ ਮਾਰੇ ਗਏ ਸਨ।<sup id="cite_ref-Blanning_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanning-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:French_Empire_evolution.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/French_Empire_evolution.gif/220px-French_Empire_evolution.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/French_Empire_evolution.gif/330px-French_Empire_evolution.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/French_Empire_evolution.gif/440px-French_Empire_evolution.gif 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਬਸਤੀਵਾਦੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਬਸਤੀਵਾਦੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ</a> ਦੇ ਵਧਾਅ ਅਤੇ ਘਟਾਅ ਦਾ ਤਸਵੀਰੀ ਨਕਸ਼ਾ।</figcaption></figure> <p>ਦੇਸ਼-ਨਿਕਾਲੇ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦੀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8C_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸੌ ਦਿਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਥੁੜ੍ਹਚਿਰੀ ਵਾਪਸੀ</a> ਮਗਰੋਂ ਅੰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨ ਨੂੰ <a href="/wiki/1815" title="1815">1815</a> ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਵਾਟਰਲੂ ਸੀ ਲੜਾਈ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਵਾਟਰਲੂ ਸੀ ਲੜਾਈ</a> ਵਿੱਚ ਹਾਰ ਖਾਣੀ ਪਈ। ਨਵੀਆਂ ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨਕ ਹੱਦਾਂ ਦੇ ਅਧੀਨ ਬੂਰਬੋਂ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਨੂੰ ਦੂਜੀ ਵਾਰ ਮੁੜ ਥਾਪਿਆ ਗਿਆ। <a href="/w/index.php?title=1830&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1830 (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">1830</a> ਦੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਜੁਲਾਈ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਜੁਲਾਈ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ</a> ਰਾਹੀਂ ਬੇਇਤਬਾਰੀ ਬੂਰਬੋਂ ਘਰਾਨੇ ਦਾ ਤਖ਼ਤਾ ਪਲਟ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਅਤੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਜੁਲਾਈ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਜੁਲਾਈ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ</a> ਥਾਪ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ ਜੋ <a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a> ਤੱਕ ਚੱਲੀ। ਇਸ ਮਗਰੋਂ ਯੂਰਪ ਦੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=1848_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1848 ਦੇ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">1848 ਦੇ ਇਨਕਲਾਬਾਂ</a> ਦੇ ਮੱਦੇਨਜ਼ਰ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਦੂਜਾ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਦੂਜੇ ਗਣਰਾਜ</a> ਦਾ ਐਲਾਨ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ। ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ ਵੇਲੇ ਥੋੜ੍ਹੇ ਚਿਰ ਵਾਸਤੇ ਹੋਂਦ 'ਚ ਆਏ ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮੀ ਦੇ ਖ਼ਾਤਮੇ ਅਤੇ ਮੁਕੰਮਲ ਵੋਟ-ਅਧਿਕਾਰ ਨੂੰ <a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a> ਵਿੱਚ ਮੁੜ-ਉਲੀਕਿਆ ਗਿਆ। </p><p><a href="/wiki/1852" title="1852">1852</a> ਵਿੱਚ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ ਦੇ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨ ਤੀਜਾ">ਲੂਈ-ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨ ਬੋਨਾਪਾਰਟ</a> ਜੋ ਪਹਿਲੇ ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨ ਦਾ ਭਤੀਜਾ ਸੀ, ਨੂੰ ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨ ਤੀਜੇ ਵਜੋਂ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਦੂਜੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਸਲਤਨਤ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਦੂਜੀ ਸਲਤਨਤ</a> ਦਾ ਸੁਲਤਾਨ ਐਲਾਨ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ। ਇਹਨੇ ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦੇ ਦਖ਼ਲ ਕਈ ਗੁਣਾ ਵਧਾ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਖ਼ਾਸ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਕਰੀਮੀਆਈ ਜੰਗ">ਕਰੀਮੀਆ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B" title="ਮੈਕਸੀਕੋ">ਮੈਕਸੀਕੋ</a> ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਇਟਲੀ">ਇਟਲੀ</a> ਵਿੱਚ। <a href="/wiki/1870" title="1870">1870</a> ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ-ਪਰੂਸ਼ੀਆ ਜੰਗ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ-ਪਰੂਸ਼ੀਆ ਜੰਗ</a> 'ਚ ਖਾਧੀ ਹਾਰ ਮਗਰੋਂ ਨਪੋਲੀਅਨ ਤੀਜੇ ਨੂੰ ਗੱਦੀ ਤੋਂ ਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਇਹਦੀ ਥਾਂ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਤੀਜਾ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਤੀਜਾ ਗਣਰਾਜ</a> ਥਾਪਿਆ ਗਿਆ। </p><p>ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਕੋਲ਼, ਕਈ ਰੂਪਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ, 17ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਦੀ ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ ਤੋਂ ਹੀ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਬਸਤੀਵਾਦੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ">ਬਸਤੀਨੁਮਾ ਮਿਲਖਾਂ</a> ਸਨ। 19ਵੀਂ ਅਤੇ 20ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਹਦਾ ਦੁਨੀਆਂ-ਭਰ ਵਿਚਲਾ ਬਸਤੀਵਾਦੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ ਬਹੁਤ ਫੈਲ ਗਿਆ ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ">ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ</a> ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦੂਜੇ ਦਰਜੇ 'ਤੇ ਸੀ। <a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a> ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a> ਵਿਚਕਾਰ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ">ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ</a> ਨੂੰ ਮਿਲਾ ਕੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਖ਼ੁਦਮੁਖ਼ਤਿਆਰੀ ਹੇਠਲਾ ਕੁੱਲ ਰਕਬਾ ਲਗਭਗ 1.3 ਕਰੋੜ ਵਰਗ ਕਿੱਲੋਮੀਟਰ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਪੁੱਜ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ ਜੋ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਦੀ ਜ਼ਮੀਨ ਦਾ 8.6% ਸੀ। </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg/170px-De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg/255px-De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg/340px-De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਸ਼ਾਰਲ ਡ ਗੋਲ">ਸ਼ਾਰਲ ਡ ਗੋਲ</a> ਨੇ 20ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਖ ਵਾਕਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਹਿਮ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਲਿਆ: ਉਹ ਪਹਿਲੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ ਦਾ ਸੂਰਮਾ ਅਤੇ ਦੂਜੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ ਮੌਕੇ ਅਜ਼ਾਦ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦਾ ਆਗੂ ਸੀ। ਫੇਰ ਉਹ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ ਬਣ ਗਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਬਸਤੀਵਾਦ ਦੇ ਖ਼ਾਤਮੇ ਨੂੰ ਅੰਜਾਮ ਦਿੱਤਾ, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਮੁੱਖ ਤਾਕਤ ਵਜੋਂ ਉਭਾਰਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਮਈ 1968 ਦੀ ਬਗ਼ਾਵਤ ਨੂੰ ਕਾਬੂ 'ਚ ਕੀਤਾ।</figcaption></figure> <p>ਜਦੋਂ ਪਹਿਲੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਹੋਈ ਉਦੋਂ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਤੀਹਰੇ ਗੰਢਜੋੜ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਤੀਹਰੇ ਗੰਢਜੋੜ</a> ਦਾ ਮੈਂਬਰ ਸੀ। ਉੱਤਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦਾ ਛੋਟਾ ਜਿਹਾ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਮੱਲ ਲਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਪਰ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਅਤੇ ਉਸਦੇ ਸਾਥੀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਤਾਕਤਾਂ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਤਾਕਤਾਂ</a> ਖ਼ਿਲਾਫ਼ ਜੇਤੂ ਸਾਬਤ ਹੋਏ ਭਾਵੇਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੀਆਂ ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਸਮਾਨ ਦੀ ਕੀਮਤ 'ਤੇ। ਪਹਿਲੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ ਵਿੱਚ 14 ਲੱਖ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਫ਼ੌਜੀ ਹਲਾਕ ਹੋ ਗਏ ਭਾਵ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਅਬਾਦੀ ਦਾ 4% ਹਿੱਸਾ<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a>-<a href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</a> ਦੌਰਾਨ ਜ਼ਬਰੀ ਭਰਤੀ ਕੀਤੇ ਗਿਆਂ ਦਾ 27 ਤੋਂ 30 ਫ਼ੀਸਦੀ ਹਿੱਸਾ।<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ਦੋ ਸੰਸਾਰੀ ਜੰਗਾਂ ਦੇ ਵਿਚਕਾਰਲੇ ਵਰ੍ਹਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਵੇਲਾ ਬੜੀ ਤਿੱਖੀ ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਖਿੱਚੋਤਾਣ ਵਾਲ਼ਾ ਸੀ। ਇਸ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਲੋਕ-ਪਿਆਰੀ ਮੋਰਚਾ ਸਰਕਾਰ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਕਈ ਸਮਾਜਕ ਸੁਧਾਰ (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸਲਾਨਾ ਛੁੱਟੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਸਲਾਨਾ ਛੁੱਟੀ</a>, ਮਜ਼ਦੂਰੀ ਦੇ ਸਮੇਂ 'ਚ ਕਮੀ, ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਦਫ਼ਤਰਾਂ 'ਚ ਜ਼ਨਾਨੀਆਂ ਦੀ ਭਰਤੀ) ਕੀਤੇ ਗਏ। <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a> ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਨਾਜ਼ੀ ਜਰਮਨੀ">ਨਾਜ਼ੀ ਜਰਮਨੀ</a> ਨੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ 'ਤੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦੀ ਲੜਾਈ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਹੱਲਾ ਬੋਲ</a> ਕੇ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਮੱਲ ਲਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਨੂੰ ਦੋ ਹਿੱਸਿਆਂ 'ਚ ਵੰਡ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ: ਉੱਤਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਜਰਮਨੀ ਦੇ ਕਬਜ਼ੇ ਹੇਠਲਾ ਮੰਡਲ ਅਤੇ ਦੱਖਣ ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਵਿਸ਼ੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਵਿਸ਼ੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ</a> ਜੋ ਜਰਮਨੀ ਦਾ ਸਾਥ ਦੇਣ ਲਈ ਥਾਪਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਇੱਕ ਨਵਾਂ ਹਾਕਮਨਾ ਸ਼ਾਸਨ ਸੀ।<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a> ਤੋਂ <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a> ਤੱਕ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਯਹੂਦੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਜਰਮਨੀ ਅਤੇ ਪੋਲੈਂਡ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਣੀਆਂ ਮੌਤ ਦੀਆਂ ਛਾਉਣੀਆਂ ਵੱਲ ਘੱਲ ਗਿਆ ਜਿੱਥੇ 76,000 ਯਹੂਦੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਕਤਲੇਆਮ ਹੋਇਆ। <a href="/wiki/6_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8" title="6 ਜੂਨ">6 ਜੂਨ</a>, <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a> ਨੂੰ ਇਤਿਹਾਦੀ ਫ਼ੌਜਾਂ ਨੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80_%27%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਨਾਰਮੰਡੀ 'ਤੇ ਹੱਲਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਨਾਰਮੰਡੀ</a> 'ਤੇ ਅਤੇ ਅਗਸਤ ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਡਰਾਗੂਨ ਕਾਰਵਾਈ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਦੱਖਣੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ</a> 'ਤੇ ਹੱਲਾ ਬੋਲ ਦਿੱਤਾ। ਅਗਲੇ ਸਾਲ ਇਤਿਹਾਦੀ ਫ਼ੌਜਾਂ ਅਤੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਟਾਕਰਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਟਾਕਰੇ</a> ਨੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਤਾਕਤਾਂ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਤਾਕਤਾਂ</a> 'ਤੇ ਜਿੱਤ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਕਰ ਲਈ ਅਤੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਖ਼ੁਦਮੁਖ਼ਤਿਆਰੀ ਬਹਾਲ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤੀ। </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਚੌਥਾ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਚੌਥੇ ਗਣਰਾਜ</a> ਦੀ ਸਥਾਪਨਾ ਦੂਜੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ ਮਗਰੋਂ ਹੋਈ ਜਿਸ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਸ਼ਾਨਦਾਰ ਆਰਥਿਕ ਵਿਕਾਸ (<i>ਲੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਟਰੌਂਟ ਗਲੋਰੀਅਜ਼ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਟਰੌਂਟ ਗਲੋਰੀਅਜ਼</a></i>) ਹੋਇਆ। <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a> ਵਿੱਚ ਵੋਟਾਂ ਪਾਉਣ ਦਾ ਹੱਕ ਇਸਤਰੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਦੇ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ। ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B" title="ਨਾਟੋ">ਨਾਟੋ</a> (<a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>) ਦੇ ਬਾਨੀ ਮੈਂਬਰਾਂ 'ਚੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਸੀ। ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਨੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਪਹਿਲੀ ਇੰਡੋਚੀਨ ਜੰਗ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਇੰਡੋਚੀਨ ਉੱਤੇ ਮੁੜ ਕਬਜ਼ਾ</a> ਕਰਨਾ ਚਾਹਿਆ ਪਰ <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a> ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਵੀਅਤ ਮਿਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਵੀਅਤ ਮਿਨ</a> ਵੱਲੋਂ ਹਾਰ ਖਾਣੀ ਪਈ। ਬੱਸ ਕੁਝ ਕੁ ਮਹੀਨਿਆਂ ਮਗਰੋਂ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਨੂੰ ਅਲਜੀਰੀਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਹੋਰ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਬਸਤੀਵਾਦ-ਵਿਰੋਧੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਬਸਤੀਵਾਦ-ਵਿਰੋਧੀ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਅਲਜੀਰੀਆਈ ਜੰਗ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਟਾਕਰੇ</a> ਦਾ ਸਾਮ੍ਹਣਾ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ। <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਅਲਜੀਰੀਆ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਅਲਜੀਰੀਆ</a>, ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਸ ਵੇਲੇ ਦਸ ਲੱਖ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਯੂਰਪੀ ਅਬਾਦਕਾਰ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਸਨ, ਉੱਤੇ ਕਬਜ਼ਾ ਬਰਕਰਾਰ ਰੱਖਿਆ ਜਾਵੇ ਜਾਂ ਨਾ, ਦੀ ਬਹਿਸ ਨੇ<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਦੇਸ਼ ਨੂੰ ਬਰਬਾਦ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਤਕਰੀਬਨ-ਤਕਰੀਬਨ ਖ਼ਾਨਾਜੰਗੀ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਹੋ ਗਈ ਸੀ। </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:Big_european_flag_at_Strasbourg_(France)_-_Europe_Day_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Big_european_flag_at_Strasbourg_%28France%29_-_Europe_Day_2009.jpg/220px-Big_european_flag_at_Strasbourg_%28France%29_-_Europe_Day_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Big_european_flag_at_Strasbourg_%28France%29_-_Europe_Day_2009.jpg/330px-Big_european_flag_at_Strasbourg_%28France%29_-_Europe_Day_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Big_european_flag_at_Strasbourg_%28France%29_-_Europe_Day_2009.jpg/440px-Big_european_flag_at_Strasbourg_%28France%29_-_Europe_Day_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਯੂਰਪ ਦਿਹਾੜਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਯੂਰਪ ਦਿਹਾੜੇ</a> ਮੌਕੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸਟਰਾਸਬੁਰਗ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਸਟਰਾਸਬੁਰਗ</a> ਵਿਖੇ ਤੈਨਾਤ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98" title="ਯੂਰਪੀ ਸੰਘ">ਯੂਰਪੀ ਸੰਘ</a> ਦਾ ਝੰਡਾ।</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a> ਵਿੱਚ ਕਮਜ਼ੋਰ ਅਤੇ ਡਾਂਵੇਂ-ਡੋਲ ਚੌਥੇ ਗਣਰਾਜ ਮਗਰੋਂ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਪੰਜਵਾਂ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਪੰਜਵਾਂ ਗਣਰਾਜ</a> ਆਇਆ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਮਜ਼ਬੂਤ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ ਸੀ।<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ ਅਹੁਦੇ ਨੂੰ ਮਜ਼ਬੂਤ ਕਰਨ ਵੇਲੇ ਸ਼ਾਰਲ ਡ ਗੋਲ ਜੰਗ ਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਤਮ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਚੁੱਕੇ ਕਦਮਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ਼-ਨਾਲ਼ ਦੇਸ਼ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਇਕੱਠਿਆਂ ਰੱਖਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਫ਼ਲ ਰਿਹਾ। ਅਲਜੀਰੀ ਜੰਗ ਦਾ ਅੰਤ <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a> ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਏਵੀਆਂ ਇਕਰਾਰਨਾਮਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਏਵੀਆਂ ਇਕਰਾਰਨਾਮੇ</a> ਨਾਲ਼ ਹੋਇਆ ਜਿਸ ਸਦਕਾ ਅਲਜੀਰੀਆ ਨੂੰ ਅਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਹੋ ਗਈ। ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੀਆਂ ਬਸਤੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਿਲਸਿਲੇਵਾਰ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਦਿੱਤੀ। ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦੇ ਅਜੋਕੇ ਸਮੁੰਦਰੋਂ-ਪਾਰ ਵਿਭਾਗ ਅਤੇ ਰਾਜਖੇਤਰ ਇਸ ਬਸਤੀਵਾਦੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ ਦੀ ਰਹਿੰਦ-ਖੂੰਹਦ ਹਨ। </p><p><a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a> ਦੇ ਮੁਜ਼ਾਹਰਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਲੜੀ ਦੀ ਗੂੰਜ ਸਦਕਾ ਮਈ <a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a> ਦੀ ਬਗ਼ਾਵਤ ਦਾ ਡਾਢਾ ਸਮਾਜਕ ਅਸਰ ਪਿਆ। ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਸਨੂੰ ਇੱਕ ਅਹਿਮ ਪਲ ਗਿਣਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਜਦੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਰੂੜ੍ਹੀਵਾਦੀ ਨੈਤਿਕ ਆਦਰਸ਼ (ਧਰਮ, ਵਤਨਪ੍ਰਸਤੀ, ਅਹੁਦਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਆਦਰ) ਦੀ ਥਾਂ ਵਧੇਰੇ ਅਜ਼ਾਦ-ਖ਼ਿਆਲੀ ਸਦਾਚਾਰੀ ਆਦਰਸ਼ ਨੇ ਲੈ ਲਈ। </p><p>ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਯੂਰਪੀ ਸੰਘ ਦੇ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਜੀਆਂ 'ਚੋਂ ਮੋਹਰੀ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਮਾਲੀ ਏਕਤਾ ਦੀ ਤਾਕਤ ਦਾ ਲਾਭ ਚੁੱਕਦਿਆਂ ਹੋਇਆਂ ਯੂਰਪੀ ਸੰਘ ਦੇ ਸਿਆਸੀ ਅਤੇ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਅਕ ਢਾਂਚੇ ਨੂੰ ਵਧੇਰੇ ਇੱਕਰੂਪੀ ਅਤੇ ਯੋਗ ਬਣਾਉਣਾ ਲੋਚਦੇ ਹਨ।<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਭੂਗੋਲ"><span id=".E0.A8.AD.E0.A9.82.E0.A8.97.E0.A9.8B.E0.A8.B2"></span>ਭੂਗੋਲ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਭੂਗੋਲ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:France_cities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/France_cities.png/350px-France_cities.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/France_cities.png/525px-France_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/France_cities.png/700px-France_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption>ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਧਰਾਤਲੀ ਨਕਸ਼ਾ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ 1 ਲੱਖ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਅਬਾਦੀ ਵਾਲ਼ੇ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਦਰਸਾਏ ਗਏ ਹਨ।</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ">ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ</a> ਮੁੱਖ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ 41° ਅਤੇ 51° ਉ ਵਿਥਕਾਰਾਂ ਅੰਦਰ ਅਤੇ 6° ਪ ਅਤੇ 10° ਪੂ ਲੰਬਕਾਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਅੰਦਰ-ਅੰਦਰ ਯੂਰਪ ਦੇ ਪੱਛਮੀ ਸਿਰੇ 'ਚ ਪੈਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਕਰਕੇ ਇਹ ਉੱਤਰੀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸੰਜਮੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਸੰਜਮੀ</a> ਮੰਡਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਥਿਤ ਹੈ। </p><p>ਉੱਤਰ-ਪੂਰਬ ਤੋਂ ਦੱਖਣ-ਪੱਛਮ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹੋਏ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਰਹੱਦਾਂ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਬੈਲਜੀਅਮ">ਬੈਲਜੀਅਮ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਲਕਸਮਬਰਗ">ਲਕਸਮਬਰਗ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਰਮਨੀ">ਜਰਮਨੀ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਸਵਿਟਜ਼ਰਲੈਂਡ">ਸਵਿਟਜ਼ਰਲੈਂਡ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਇਟਲੀ">ਇਟਲੀ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B" title="ਮੋਨਾਕੋ">ਮੋਨਾਕੋ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਪੇਨ">ਸਪੇਨ</a> ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅੰਡੋਰਾ">ਅੰਡੋਰਾ</a> ਨਾਲ਼ ਲੱਗਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗੁਈਆਨਾ">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗੁਈਆਨਾ</a> ਨਾਮਕ ਸਮੁੰਦਰੋਂ-ਪਾਰ ਇਲਾਕੇ ਕਰਕੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦੀਆਂ ਹੱਦਾਂ ਪੱਛਮ ਵੱਲ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਸੂਰੀਨਾਮ">ਸੂਰੀਨਾਮ</a> ਅਤੇ ਪੂਰਬ ਤੇ ਦੱਖਣ ਵੱਲ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬ੍ਰਾਜ਼ੀਲ">ਬ੍ਰਾਜ਼ੀਲ</a> ਨਾਲ਼ ਲੱਗਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਇਸ ਇਲਾਕੇ ਨੂੰ ਗਣਰਾਜ ਦਾ ਅਟੁੱਟ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਗਿਣਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-France_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਾਰਸਿਕਾ">ਕਾਰਸਿਕਾ</a> ਅਤੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਮੁੱਖ-ਭੋਂ ਮਿਲਾ ਕੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ">ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ</a> ਬਣਦਾ ਹੈ; <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AA" title="ਗੁਆਡਲੂਪ">ਗੁਆਡਲੂਪ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95" title="ਮਾਰਟੀਨੀਕ">ਮਾਰਟੀਨੀਕ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%82" title="ਰੇਊਨੀਓਂ">ਰੇਊਨੀਓਂ</a> ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4" title="ਮੈਯੋਤ">ਮੈਯੋਤ</a> ਨੂੰ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗੁਈਆਨਾ ਸਮੇਤ ਸਮੁੰਦਰੋਂ-ਪਾਰ ਖੇਤਰ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਦੋ ਸਮੁੱਚੀਆਂ ਢਾਣੀਆਂ, ਹੋਰ ਕਈ ਸਮੁੰਦਰੋਂ-ਪਾਰ ਇਕੱਠਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਅੰਟਾਰਕਟਿਕਾ ਵਿਚਲੇ ਇੱਕ ਰਾਜਖੇਤਰ; ਇਹਨਾਂ ਸਾਰਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਮਿਲਾ ਕੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ ਬਣਦਾ ਹੈ। </p><p>ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦੇ ਯੂਰਪੀ ਇਲਾਕੇ ਦਾ ਰਕਬਾ 547,030 ਵਰਗ ਕਿ.ਮੀ. (211,209 ਵਰਗ ਮੀਲ) ਹੈ,<sup id="cite_ref-France_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਜੋ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98" title="ਯੂਰਪੀ ਸੰਘ">ਯੂਰਪੀ ਸੰਘ</a> ਦੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਜੀਆਂ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-superficy_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-superficy-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਈ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਰ ਦੀਆਂ ਜ਼ਮੀਨਾਂ ਹਨ, ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ ਉੱਤਰ ਅਤੇ ਪੱਛਮ ਵਿੱਚ ਤੱਟੀ ਮੈਦਾਨਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਦੱਖਣ-ਪੂਰਬ ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AA" title="ਐਲਪ">ਐਲਪ</a> ਪਹਾੜਾਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਲੜੀਆਂ, ਮੱਧ-ਦੱਖਣ ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਪਠਾਰ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਪਠਾਰ</a> ਅਤੇ ਦੱਖਣ-ਪੱਛਮ ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਪੀਰਨੇ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਪੀਰਨੇ</a> ਪਹਾੜ। </p><p>ਸਮੁੰਦਰ ਤਲ ਤੋਂ 4810.45 ਮੀਟਰ (15,782 ਫੁੱਟ) ਦੀ ਉਚਾਈ 'ਤੇ<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਅਤੇ ਇਟਲੀ ਦੀ ਸਰਹੱਦ 'ਤੇ ਪੈਂਦੇ ਐਲਪ ਪਹਾੜਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਮੋਂ ਬਲਾਂ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਮੋਂ ਬਲਾਂ</a> ਨਾਮਕ ਚੋਟੀ ਪੱਛਮੀ ਯੂਰਪ ਦਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਉੱਚਾ ਬਿੰਦੂ ਹੈ। ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਈ ਦਰਿਆ ਵਗਦੇ ਹਨ ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸੈਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਸੈਨ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ਲੋਆਰ">ਲੋਆਰ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਗਾਰੋਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਗਾਰੋਨ</a> ਅਤੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਰੋਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਰੋਨ</a> ਜੋ ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਪਠਾਰ ਨੂੰ ਐਲਪ ਪਹਾੜਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਅੱਡ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਜੋ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਕਾਮਾਰਗ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਕਾਮਾਰਗ</a> ਵਿਖੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%82-%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ਭੂ-ਮੱਧ ਸਾਗਰ">ਭੂ-ਮੱਧ ਸਾਗਰ</a> ਵਿੱਚ ਡਿੱਗਦੇ ਹਨ। ਕਾਰਸਿਕਾ ਜਾਂ ਕੋਰਸ ਭੂ-ਮੱਧ ਸਾਗਰ ਦੇ ਤੱਟ ਤੋਂ ਪਰ੍ਹੇ ਪੈਂਦਾ ਹੈ। </p><p>ਸਮੁੰਦਰੋਂ-ਪਾਰ ਵਿਭਾਗ ਅਤੇ ਇਲਾਕੇ (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਆਡੇਲੀ ਲੈਂਡ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਆਡੇਲੀ ਲੈਂਡ</a> ਤੋਂ ਛੁੱਟ) ਮਿਲਾ ਕੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦਾ ਕੁੱਲ ਰਕਬਾ 674,843 ਵਰਗ ਕਿ.ਮੀ. (260,558 ਵਰਗ ਮੀਲ) ਬਣਦਾ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਧਰਤੀ ਦੇ ਕੁੱਲ ਜ਼ਮੀਨੀ ਰਕਬੇ ਦਾ 0.45% ਹੈ। ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦਾ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਨਿਵੇਕਲਾ ਆਰਥਿਕ ਮੰਡਲ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਨਿਵੇਕਲਾ ਆਰਥਿਕ ਮੰਡਲ</a> (ਈ.ਈ.ਜ਼ੈੱਡ) ਦੁਨੀਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਦੂਜਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਹੈ,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਜੀਹਦਾ ਕੁੱਲ ਰਕਬਾ 11,035,000 ਵਰਗ ਕਿੱਲੋਮੀਟਰ (4,260,637 ਵਰਗ ਮੀਲ) ਹੈ ਭਾਵ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਦੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਨਿਵੇਕਲੇ ਆਰਥਿਕ ਮੰਡਲਾਂ ਦੇ ਰਕਬੇ ਦਾ 8% ਜੋ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ (11,351,000 ਵਰਗ ਕਿ.ਮੀ. ਜਾਂ 4,382,646 ਵਰਗ ਮੀਲ) ਤੋਂ ਪਿੱਛੇ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ਪੌਣਪਾਣੀ"><span id=".E0.A8.AA.E0.A9.8C.E0.A8.A3.E0.A8.AA.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.A3.E0.A9.80"></span>ਪੌਣਪਾਣੀ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਪੌਣਪਾਣੀ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ਉੱਤਰ ਅਤੇ ਉੱਤਰ-ਪੱਛਮ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਬੋ-ਹਵਾ ਸੰਜਮੀ ਹੈ ਜਦਕਿ ਸਮੁੰਦਰੀ ਅਸਰ, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਵਿਥਕਾਰ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਵਿਥਕਾਰ</a> ਅਤੇ ਉਚਾਈ ਦਾ ਮੇਲ ਬਾਕੀ ਦੇ ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਹੁ-ਭਾਂਤੀ ਪੌਣਪਾਣੀ ਪੈਦਾ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-climate_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਦੱਖਣ ਵੱਲ ਪੈਂਦੇ ਬਹੁਤੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਵਿੱਚ <a 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data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>ਫ਼੍ਰਾਂਸ ਦੇ 27 ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਕੀ ਖੇਤਰ</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r648841">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r627788">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">ਵਿਕੀਮੀਡੀਆ ਕਾਮਨਜ਼ ਉੱਤੇ <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:France" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:France">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ</a></span> ਨਾਲ ਸਬੰਧਤ ਮੀਡੀਆ ਹੈ।</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਹਵਾਲੇ"><span id=".E0.A8.B9.E0.A8.B5.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B2.E0.A9.87"></span>ਹਵਾਲੇ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਹਵਾਲੇ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r636460">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ਖੇਤਰੀ ਬੋਲੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਲੰਮੇ ਨਾਂ: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alemannic_German_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alemannic German ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Alemannic German</a>: <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-c2889832">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.</span></strong>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਬਾਸਕੇ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਬਾਸਕੇ</a>: <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-c2889832">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.</span></strong><i>;</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਬ੍ਰੈਟਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਬ੍ਰੈਟਨ</a>: <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-c2889832">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.</span></strong>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਾਤਾਲਾਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ">ਕਾਤਾਲਾਨ</a>: <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-c2889832">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.</span></strong>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਕਾਰਸਿਕੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਕਾਰਸਿਕੀ</a>: <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-c2889832">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.</span></strong>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਡੱਚ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ">ਡੱਚ</a>: <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-c2889832">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.</span></strong>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West-Flemish_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West-Flemish ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">West-Flemish</a>: <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-c2889832">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.</span></strong>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਆਰਪੀਤਾਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਆਰਪੀਤਾਈ</a>: <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-c2889832">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.</span></strong>;</li> <li><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-c2889832">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.</span></strong>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਨੌਰਮਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਨੌਰਮਨ</a>: <i>Républyique fraunceise</i>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਓਕਸੀਤਾਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਓਕਸੀਤਾਈ</a>: <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-c2889832">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.</span></strong>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਪਿਕਾਰਡ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਪਿਕਾਰਡ</a>: <i>République franchoèse</i></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ)</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r765793">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMinistère_de_la_culture_et_de_la_communication_–_Délégation_générale_à_la_langue_française_et_aux_langues_de_France" class="citation web cs1">Ministère de la culture et de la communication – Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/dglf/lang-reg/methodes-apprentissage/1langreg.htm">"DGLF – Langues régionales et " trans-régionales " de France"</a>. Culture.gouv.fr<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DGLF+%E2%80%93+Langues+r%C3%A9gionales+et+%22+trans-r%C3%A9gionales+%22+de+France&rft.pub=Culture.gouv.fr&rft.au=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+culture+et+de+la+communication+%E2%80%93+D%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+%C3%A0+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+et+aux+langues+de+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.gouv.fr%2Fculture%2Fdglf%2Flang-reg%2Fmethodes-apprentissage%2F1langreg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whole_territory-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-whole_territory_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-whole_territory_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ ਦੀ ਕੁੱਲ ਜਮੀਨ, ਸਮੁੰਦਰੋਂ-ਪਾਰ ਰਾਜਖੇਤਰ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਭਾਗ ਮਿਲਾ ਕੇ ਪਰ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅੰਟਾਰਕਟਿਕਾ">ਅੰਟਾਰਕਟਿਕਾ</a> ਵਿਚਲੀ ਆਡੇਲੀ ਲੈਂਡ ਛੱਡ ਕੇ ਜਿੱਥੇ 1959 ਦੀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਅੰਟਾਰਕਟਿਕ ਸੰਧੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਅੰਟਾਰਕਟਿਕ ਸੰਧੀ</a> ਮਗਰੋਂ ਖ਼ੁਦਮੁਖ਼ਤਿਆਰੀ ਮੁਅੱਤਲ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ ਹੈ।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IGN_figure-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IGN_figure_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ)</span> ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਕੌਮੀ ਭੂਗੋਲਕ ਸੰਸਥਾ ਦੇ ਅੰਕੜੇ।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cadastre_figure-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cadastre_figure_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਜਮੀਨੀ ਇੰਦਰਾਜ ਦੇ ਅੰਕੜੇ ਜਿਹਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ 1 ਕਿ.ਮੀ.² (0.386 ਵਰਗ ਮੀਲ ਜਾਂ 247 ਏਕੜ) ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਰਕਬੇ ਵਾਲੀਆਂ ਝੀਲਾਂ, ਟੋਭੇ ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਗਲੇਸ਼ੀਅਰ">ਗਲੇਸ਼ੀਅਰ</a> ਅਤੇ ਦਰਿਆਵਾਂ ਦੇ ਦਹਾਨੇ ਗਿਣੇ ਨਹੀਂ ਗਏ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFINSEE" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=INSEE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INSEE (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">INSEE</a>, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਸਰਕਾਰ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=bilan-demo&page=donnees-detaillees/bilan-demo/pop_age2.htm">"Population totale par sexe et âge au 1er janvier 2011, France métropolitaine"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+totale+par+sexe+et+%C3%A2ge+au+1er+janvier+2011%2C+France+m%C3%A9tropolitaine&rft.aulast=INSEE&rft.aufirst=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8+%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Fdetail.asp%3Freg_id%3D0%26ref_id%3Dbilan-demo%26page%3Ddonnees-detaillees%2Fbilan-demo%2Fpop_age2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:Cite_web" title="ਫਰਮਾ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:CS1_errors#bad_paramlink" title="ਮਦਦ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-populationINSEE-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-populationINSEE_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFINSEE" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=INSEE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INSEE (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">INSEE</a>, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਸਰਕਾਰ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=NATnon02145">"Évolution de la population jusqu'en 2014 - champs France hors Mayotte"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89volution+de+la+population+jusqu%27en+2014+-+champs+France+hors+Mayotte&rft.aulast=INSEE&rft.aufirst=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8+%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Ftableau.asp%3Fref_id%3DNATnon02145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:Cite_web" title="ਫਰਮਾ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:CS1_errors#bad_paramlink" title="ਮਦਦ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="ਮਦਦ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> (ਮੇਯੋਟ ਤੋਂ ਛੁੱਟ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਵਿਭਾਗ: 65,821,000 ਵਸਨੀਕ)<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFINSEE" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=INSEE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INSEE (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">INSEE</a>, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਸਰਕਾਰ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?ref_id=populegalescom">"Populations légales dans les collectivités d'outre-mer et Mayotte"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Populations+l%C3%A9gales+dans+les+collectivit%C3%A9s+d%27outre-mer+et+Mayotte&rft.aulast=INSEE&rft.aufirst=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8+%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Fdetail.asp%3Fref_id%3Dpopulegalescom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:Cite_web" title="ਫਰਮਾ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:CS1_errors#bad_paramlink" title="ਮਦਦ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="ਮਦਦ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> (Mਮੇਯੋਟ: 212,645 ਵਸਨੀਕ - ਸਮੁੰਦਰੋਂ-ਪਾਰ ਢਾਣੀਆਂ: 337,191 - ਨਿਊ ਕੈਲੇਡੋਨੀਆ: 245,580)<br />ਕੁੱਲ (ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਵਿਭਾਗ+ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਸਮੁੰਦਰੋਂ-ਪਾਰ ਢਾਣੀਆਂ+ਨਿਊ ਕੈਲੇਡੋਨੀਆ): 66,616,416 ਵਸਨੀਕ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metropolitan_France-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-metropolitan_France_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-metropolitan_France_8-1">8.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-metropolitan_France_8-2">8.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">ਸਿਰਫ਼ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ">ਮਹਾਂਨਗਰੀ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ</a>।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_9-1">9.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_9-2">9.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_9-3">9.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=85&pr.y=6&sy=2008&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=132&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=">"France"</a>. International Monetary Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2010%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D85%26pr.y%3D6%26sy%3D2008%26ey%3D2015%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D132%26s%3DNGDP_R%252CNGDP_RPCH%252CNGDP%252CNGDPD%252CNGDPRPC%252CNGDPPC%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html">"CIA World Factbook"</a>. CIA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html">the original</a> on 13 ਜੂਨ 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2172.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:Cite_web" title="ਫਰਮਾ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="ਮਦਦ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121150504/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 ਨਵੰਬਰ 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2010&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2FHDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:Cite_web" title="ਫਰਮਾ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="ਮਦਦ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਾਂਤ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ ਵਿਚਲੇ ਰਾਜਖੇਤਰਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਛੁੱਟ ਸਾਰਾ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਾਂਤ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ ਵਿਚਲੇ ਰਾਜਖੇਤਰਾਂ 'ਚ।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.fr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".fr (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">.fr</a> ਤੋਂ ਇਲਾਵਾ, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦੇ ਸਮੁੰਦਰੋਂ-ਪਾਰ ਵਿਭਾਗਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਰਾਜਖੇਤਰਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੋਰ ਕਈ ਇੰਟਰਨੈੱਟ ਟੀਐੱਲਡੀਆਂ ਵਰਤੀਆਂ ਜਾਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=.re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".re (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">.re</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=.mq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".mq (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">.mq</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=.gp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".gp (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">.gp</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=.tf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".tf (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">.tf</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=.nc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".nc (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">.nc</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=.pf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".pf (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">.pf</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=.wf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".wf (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">.wf</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=.pm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".pm (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">.pm</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=.gf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".gf (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">.gf</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=.yt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".yt (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">.yt</a>। ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ <a href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".eu (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">.eu</a> ਵੀ ਵਰਤਦਾ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਯੂਰਪੀ ਸੰਘ ਦੇ ਹੋਰ ਮੈਂਬਰਾਂ ਨਾਲ਼ ਸਾਂਝੀ ਹੈ। ਕਾਤਾਲਾਨ ਬੋਲਣ ਵਾਲ਼ੇ ਇਲਾਕਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=.cat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".cat (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">.cat</a> ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFHargreaves,_Alan_G.2005" class="citation book cs1">Hargreaves, Alan G., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&pg=PA1"><i>Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4/9780739108215" title="ਖ਼ਾਸ:ਕਿਤਾਬ ਸਰੋਤ/9780739108215"><bdi>9780739108215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory%2C+Empire%2C+and+Postcolonialism%3A+Legacies+of+French+Colonialism&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780739108215&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUX8aeX_Lbi4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tourism.stat-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tourism.stat_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718115306/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights13_en_lr.pdf">"UNWTO Highlights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations World Tourism Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights13_en_lr.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 ਜੁਲਾਈ 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNWTO+Highlights&rft.pub=United+Nations+World+Tourism+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net%2Fsites%2Fall%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Funwto_highlights13_en_lr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:Cite_web" title="ਫਰਮਾ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="ਮਦਦ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091031190936/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html">"Great Powers – Encarta. MSN. 2008"</a>. Webcitation.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html">the original</a> on 31 ਅਕਤੂਬਰ 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Powers+%E2%80%93+Encarta.+MSN.+2008&rft.pub=Webcitation.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761590309%2FGreat_Powers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:Cite_web" title="ਫਰਮਾ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="ਮਦਦ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIPRI_Yearbook_2014-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI_Yearbook_2014_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104033821/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476">"http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476"</a>. Sipri.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476">the original</a> on 4 ਜਨਵਰੀ 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.sipri.org%2Fproduct_info%3Fc_product_id%3D476&rft.pub=Sipri.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.sipri.org%2Fproduct_info%3Fc_product_id%3D476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:Cite_web" title="ਫਰਮਾ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|title=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="ਮਦਦ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="ਮਦਦ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html">"Status of World Nuclear Forces"</a>. Federation of American Scientists - Fas.org. 26 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2013</span>. <q>France has around 290 active warheads 2013 ਤੱਕ <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&action=edit">[update]</a></sup></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+World+Nuclear+Forces&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists+-+Fas.org&rft.date=2013-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fprograms%2Fssp%2Fnukes%2Fnuclearweapons%2Fnukestatus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:Cite_web" title="ਫਰਮਾ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|quote=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="ਮਦਦ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ministry_158/embassies-and-consulates_2052/bilateral-embassies_1580.html">"France-Diplomatie"</a>. Diplomatie.gouv.fr<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France-Diplomatie&rft.pub=Diplomatie.gouv.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Fen%2Fministry_158%2Fembassies-and-consulates_2052%2Fbilateral-embassies_1580.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel-EEZ-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel-EEZ_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/water-water-everywhere-france-eyes-massive-expansion-of-its-oceans-a-551807.html">"Water, Water Everywhere: France Eyes Massive Expansion of its Oceans"</a>. Spiegel.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water%2C+Water+Everywhere%3A+France+Eyes+Massive+Expansion+of+its+Oceans&rft.pub=Spiegel.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fworld%2Fwater-water-everywhere-france-eyes-massive-expansion-of-its-oceans-a-551807.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-data.worldbank.org-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-data.worldbank.org_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2012+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc">"GDP, PPP (current international $) | Data | Table"</a>. Data.worldbank.org. 1943-09-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP%2C+PPP+%28current+international+%24%29+%26%23124%3B+Data+%26%23124%3B+Table&rft.pub=Data.worldbank.org&rft.date=1943-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD%3Forder%3Dwbapi_data_value_2012%2Bwbapi_data_value%2Bwbapi_data_value-last%26sort%3Ddesc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thewisebuck.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/credit_suisse_global_wealth_report1.pdf">Credit Suisse 2010's Global Wealth Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427015348/http://thewisebuck.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/credit_suisse_global_wealth_report1.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-04-27 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Wayback Machine</a>. "In euro and USD terms, the total wealth of French households is very sizeable. Although it has just 1% of the world's adults, France ranks fourth among nations in aggregate household wealth – behind China and just ahead of Germany. Europe as a whole accounts for 35% of the individuals in the global top 1%, but France itself contributes a quarter of the European contingent."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/whr/2000/media_centre/press_release/en/">"World Health Organization Assesses the World's Health Systems"</a>. Who.int. 8 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Health+Organization+Assesses+the+World%27s+Health+Systems&rft.pub=Who.int&rft.date=2010-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwhr%2F2000%2Fmedia_centre%2Fpress_release%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf">"World Population Prospects – The 2006 Revision"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+%E2%80%93+The+2006+Revision&rft.pub=UN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fwpp2006%2FWPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-superficy-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-superficy_27-0">26.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-superficy_27-1">26.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/france/index_en.htm">France</a> on Europa Official Site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml">"History of France"</a>. Discoverfrance.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+France&rft.pub=Discoverfrance.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverfrance.net%2FFrance%2FHistory%2FDF_history.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFTarassukBlair1982" class="citation book cs1">Tarassuk, Leonid; Blair, Claude (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ"><i>The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_%26_Schuster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon & Schuster (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4/0-671-42257-X" title="ਖ਼ਾਸ:ਕਿਤਾਬ ਸਰੋਤ/0-671-42257-X"><bdi>0-671-42257-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Encyclopedia+of+Arms+and+Weapons%3A+the+most+comprehensive+reference+work+ever+published+on+arms+and+armor+from+prehistoric+times+to+the+present+with+over+1%2C250+illustrations&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-671-42257-X&rft.aulast=Tarassuk&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft.au=Blair%2C+Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DUJbyPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Solomon Ganz, <i>Tzemach David</i>, part 2, Warsaw 1859, p. 9b (Hebrew); Polish name of book: <i>Cemahc Dawid</i>; cf. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, <i>Fredegar and the History of France</i>, University of Manchester, n.d. pp. 536-538</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17_31-0">30.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17_31-1">30.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17_31-2">30.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17_31-3">30.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. « Histoire », Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17 <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4/2020108798" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2-02-010879-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpentier et al 2000, pp. 20–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Cambridge_ancient_history-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Cambridge_ancient_history_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754"><i>The Cambridge ancient history</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. 2000. p. 754. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4/978-0-521-08691-2" title="ਖ਼ਾਸ:ਕਿਤਾਬ ਸਰੋਤ/978-0-521-08691-2"><bdi>978-0-521-08691-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+ancient+history&rft.pages=754&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08691-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn1TmVvMwmo4C%26pg%3DRA1-PA754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orrieux-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Orrieux_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFClaude_Orrieux1999" class="citation book cs1">Claude Orrieux (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62"><i>A history of ancient Greece</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4/978-0-631-20309-4" title="ਖ਼ਾਸ:ਕਿਤਾਬ ਸਰੋਤ/978-0-631-20309-4"><bdi>978-0-631-20309-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+ancient+Greece&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20309-4&rft.au=Claude+Orrieux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db8cA8hymTw8C%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpentier et al 2000, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76"><i>Life magazine, 13 July 1953, p. 76</i></a>. Google Books. 13 July 1953<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+magazine%2C+13+July+1953%2C+p.+76&rft.pub=Google+Books&rft.date=1953-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DZEIEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpentier et al 2000, p.44-45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c53-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-c53_38-0">37.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-c53_38-1">37.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpentier et al 2000, pp. 53–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c77-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-c77_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpentier et al 2000, pp. 76–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpentier et al 2000, pp. 79–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpentier et al 2000, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpentier et al 2000, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpentier et al 2000, pp. 84–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Censer, Jack R. and Hunt, Lynn. <i>Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution.</i> University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Doyle, William. <i>The Oxford History of The French Revolution.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. pp 191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Linton" class="citation news cs1">Dr Linton, Marisa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117152123/http://www.port.ac.uk/special/france1815to2003/chapter1/interviews/filetodownload%2C20545%2Cen.pdf">"The Terror in the French Revolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kingston University</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.port.ac.uk/special/france1815to2003/chapter1/interviews/filetodownload,20545,en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kingston+University&rft.atitle=The+Terror+in+the+French+Revolution&rft.aulast=Dr+Linton&rft.aufirst=Marisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.port.ac.uk%2Fspecial%2Ffrance1815to2003%2Fchapter1%2Finterviews%2Ffiletodownload%2C20545%2Cen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:Cite_news" title="ਫਰਮਾ:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="ਮਦਦ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hussenet-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hussenet_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Hussenet (dir.), <i>« Détruisez la Vendée ! » Regards croisés sur les victimes et</i> destructions de la guerre de Vendée<i>, La Roche-sur-Yon, Centre vendéen de recherches historiques, 2007</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanning-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Blanning_48-0">47.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Blanning_48-1">47.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFBlanning1998" class="citation news cs1">Blanning, Tim (April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171824/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5001329960">"Napoleon and German identity"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. Vol. 48. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5001329960">the original</a> on 2012-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Napoleon+and+German+identity&rft.volume=48&rft.date=1998-04&rft.aulast=Blanning&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FgoogleScholar.qst%3FdocId%3D5001329960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm">"France's oldest WWI veteran dies"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. London. 20 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=France%27s+oldest+WWI+veteran+dies&rft.date=2008-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7199127.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cz/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25">Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History</a></i>". ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4/1851094202" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1851094202</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7ORlIpHKLEC&pg=PA368">Vichy France and the Jews</a></i>". Michael Robert Marrus, Robert O. Paxton (1995). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford University Press (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4/0804724997" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8047-2499-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFKimmelman2009" class="citation news cs1">Kimmelman, Michael (4 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html?_r=1">"In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+France%2C+a+War+of+Memories+Over+Memories+of+War&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft.aulast=Kimmelman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F05%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F05abroad.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm">From Fourth to Fifth Republic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm">Archived</a> 2008-05-23 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Wayback Machine</a>. – <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Sunderland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Sunderland (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">University of Sunderland</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html">"Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council"</a>. Elysee.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+by+the+Franco-German+Defense+and+Security+Council&rft.pub=Elysee.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elysee.fr%2Felysee%2Fanglais%2Fspeeches_and_documents%2F2004%2Fdeclaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-France-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-France_55-0">54.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-France_55-1">54.1</a></sup></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="pa" dir="ltr">ਹਵਾਲੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਗ਼ਲਤੀ:Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>France</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html">"Mont Blanc shrinks by 45 cm (17.72 in) in two years"</a>. <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 6 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Mont+Blanc+shrinks+by+45+cm+%2817.72+in%29+in+two+years&rft.date=2009-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fenvironment%2Fmont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.developpementdurable.com/economie/2010/07/A2769/mediterranee-la-france-prend-le-controle-en-creant-une-zone-economique-exclusive.html">Méditerranée: la France prend le contrôle en créant une zone économique exclusive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430124908/http://www.developpementdurable.com/economie/2010/07/A2769/mediterranee-la-france-prend-le-controle-en-creant-une-zone-economique-exclusive.html">Archived</a> 2011-04-30 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">According to a different calculation cited by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pew_Research_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pew Research Center (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Pew Research Center</a>, the EEZ of France would be 10,084,201 km<sup>2</sup> (3,893,532 sq mi), still behind the US (12,174,629 km<sup>2</sup> or 4,700,651 sq mi), and still ahead of Australia (8,980,568 km<sup>2</sup> or 3,467,417 sq mi) and Russia (7,566,673 km<sup>2</sup> or 2,921,509 sq mi).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-climate-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-climate_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France) (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106121611/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/discovering-france_2005/france-from-to-z_1978/country_2004/geography_4405/geography_1507.html">"Discovering France: Geography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/discovering-france_2005/france-from-to-z_1978/country_2004/geography_4405/geography_1507.html">the original</a> on 6 ਜਨਵਰੀ 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+France%3A+Geography&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Fen%2Ffrance_159%2Fdiscovering-france_2005%2Ffrance-from-to-z_1978%2Fcountry_2004%2Fgeography_4405%2Fgeography_1507.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:Cite_web" title="ਫਰਮਾ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="ਮਦਦ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਪਗਨੋਟ"><span id=".E0.A8.AA.E0.A8.97.E0.A8.A8.E0.A9.8B.E0.A8.9F"></span>ਪਗਨੋਟ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਪਗਨੋਟ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r636460"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-twelve-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-twelve_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗੁਈਆਨਾ">ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਗੁਈਆਨਾ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ">ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ</a> 'ਚ ਪੈਂਦਾ ਹੈ; <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AA" title="ਗੁਆਡਲੂਪ">ਗੁਆਡਲੂਪ</a> ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95" title="ਮਾਰਟੀਨੀਕ">ਮਾਰਟੀਨੀਕ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਕੈਰੀਬੀਅਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਕੈਰੀਬੀਅਨ</a> 'ਚ; ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%82" title="ਰੇਊਨੀਓਂ">ਰੇਊਨੀਓਂ</a> ਅਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ਮੇਯੋਟ">ਮੇਯੋਟ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0" title="ਹਿੰਦ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ">ਹਿੰਦ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ</a> 'ਚ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ">ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ</a> ਦੇ ਤੱਟ ਤੋਂ ਪਰ੍ਹੇ ਸਥਿਤ ਹਨ। ਪੰਜੋ ਦੇ ਪੰਜਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਗਣਰਾਜ ਦਾ ਅਟੁੱਟ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r627784">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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