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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Byrjun</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Heiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Heiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Saga </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Saga-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Sýna/fela Saga undirkafla </button> <ul id="toc-Saga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forsögulegur_tími" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forsögulegur_tími"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Forsögulegur tími </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forsögulegur_tími-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miðaldir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miðaldir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Miðaldir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miðaldir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Árnýöld" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Árnýöld"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Árnýöld </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Árnýöld-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samband_við_Skotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samband_við_Skotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Samband við Skotland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samband_við_Skotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nútíminn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nútíminn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Nútíminn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nútíminn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landfræði" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landfræði"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Landfræði </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landfræði-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stjórnmál" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stjórnmál"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Stjórnmál </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stjórnmál-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efnahagslíf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efnahagslíf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Efnahagslíf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efnahagslíf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Íbúar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Íbúar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Íbúar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Íbúar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Sýna/fela Íbúar undirkafla </button> <ul id="toc-Íbúar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tungumál" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tungumál"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Tungumál </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tungumál-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borgir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borgir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Borgir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borgir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Menning </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Menning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Sýna/fela Menning undirkafla </button> <ul id="toc-Menning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Matargerð" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matargerð"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Matargerð </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matargerð-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verkfræði" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verkfræði"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Verkfræði </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verkfræði-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vísindi_og_heimspeki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vísindi_og_heimspeki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Vísindi og heimspeki </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vísindi_og_heimspeki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bókmenntir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bókmenntir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Bókmenntir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bókmenntir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tónlist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tónlist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Tónlist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tónlist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tilvísanir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tilvísanir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Tilvísanir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tilvísanir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heimildir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heimildir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Heimildir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heimildir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenglar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenglar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Tenglar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenglar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Efni" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Efnisyfirlit" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Sýna/fela efnisyfirlit" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Sýna/fela efnisyfirlit </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">England</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Fara á grein á öðru tungumáli. Til staðar á 243 tungumálum" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-243" aria-hidden="true" > 243 tungumál </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Англызтәыла – abkasíska" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Англызтәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkasíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggr%C3%A9h" title="Inggréh – akkíska" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Inggréh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="akkíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Англие – adýge" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Англие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adýge" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland – afríkanska" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Engeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afríkanska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – svissnesk þýska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="svissnesk þýska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ኢንግላንድ – amharíska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢንግላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra – aragonska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englaland" title="Englaland – fornenska" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Englaland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="fornenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingilan" title="Ingilan – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ingilan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="इंग्लैंड – angíka" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इंग्लैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angíka" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Úrvalsgrein"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="إنجلترا – arabíska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجلترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%DD%A3%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="النݣليز – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="النݣليز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="انجلترا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انجلترا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ইংলেণ্ড – assamska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইংলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamska" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – astúríska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astúríska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engla" title="Engla – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Engla" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="इंग्लैण्ड – avadí" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इंग्लैण्ड" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadí" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlispampa" title="Inlispampa – aímara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Inlispampa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aímara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngilt%C9%99r%C9%99" title="İngiltərə – aserska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İngiltərə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="اینگیلیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینگیلیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – baskír" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baskír" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris – balíska" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongl%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Onglėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Onglėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggeris" title="Inggeris – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Inggeris" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Англія – hvítrússneska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Англія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="hvítrússneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ангельшчына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ангельшчына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – búlgarska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgarska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="इंग्लैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इंग्लैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အိန်းကလန်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အိန်းကလန်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ইংল্যান্ড – bengalska" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইংল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalska" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro-Saoz" title="Bro-Saoz – bretónska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bro-Saoz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretónska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleska" title="Engleska – bosníska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Engleska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggeris" title="Inggeris – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Inggeris" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Англи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Англи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra – katalónska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalónska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%ACng-g%C3%A1ik-l%C3%A0ng" title="Ĭng-gáik-làng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĭng-gáik-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Ингалс – tsjetsjenska" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ингалс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tsjetsjenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera – kebúanó" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="kebúanó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ئینگلتەرا – miðkúrdíska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینگلتەرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="miðkúrdíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilterra" title="Inghilterra – korsíska" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglie" title="Anglie – tékkneska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anglie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tékkneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Англи – sjúvas" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Англи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="sjúvas" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloegr" title="Lloegr – velska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – þýska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="þýska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ng%C4%B1ltere" title="İngıltere – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İngıltere" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelska" title="Engelska – lágsorbneska" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Engelska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="lágsorbneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="इङ्ल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इङ्ल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%8E%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%AD%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="އިނގިރޭސިވިލާތް – dívehí" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިނގިރޭސިވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="dívehí" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αγγλία – gríska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gríska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilt%C3%A8ra" title="Inghiltèra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Inghiltèra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – enska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="enska" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglio" title="Anglio – esperantó" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anglio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – spænska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spænska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglismaa" title="Inglismaa – eistneska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inglismaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="eistneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalaterra" title="Ingalaterra – baskneska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingalaterra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalaterra" title="Ingalaterra – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ingalaterra" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انگلستان – persneska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englanti" title="Englanti – finnska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Englanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%BCsmaa" title="Inglüsmaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Inglüsmaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peretania" title="Peretania – fídjeyska" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Peretania" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fídjeyska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongland" title="Ongland – færeyska" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ongland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færeyska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angleterre" title="Angleterre – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Angleterre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angllet%C3%A8rra" title="Anglletèrra – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Anglletèrra" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingelun" title="Ingelun – norðurfrísneska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ingelun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="norðurfrísneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingletiere" title="Ingletiere – fríúlska" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ingletiere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="fríúlska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingel%C3%A2n" title="Ingelân – vesturfrísneska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ingelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vesturfrísneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasana" title="Sasana – írska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="írska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langl%C3%A9t%C3%A8" title="Langlétè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Langlétè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasainn" title="Sasainn – skosk gelíska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sasainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skosk gelíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – galisíska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="اينگيليس – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="اينگيليس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingyat%C3%A9rra" title="Ingyatérra – gvaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ingyatérra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="इंग्लंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इंग्लंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enggeleti" title="Enggeleti – gorontaló" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Enggeleti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontaló" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – gotneska" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostyn" title="Sostyn – manska" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sostyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingila" title="Ingila – hása" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ingila" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hása" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBEnelani" title="ʻEnelani – havaíska" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻEnelani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="havaíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="אנגליה – hebreska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreska" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="इंग्लैण्ड – hindí" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंग्लैण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindí" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleska" title="Engleska – króatíska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Engleska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="króatíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jend%C5%BAelska" title="Jendźelska – hásorbneska" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jendźelska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="hásorbneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglet%C3%A8" title="Angletè – haítíska" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Angletè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haítíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – ungverska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungverska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Անգլիա – armenska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգլիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Անգլիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անգլիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris – indónesíska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indónesíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera – ílokó" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ílokó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Ингалсехье – ingús" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ингалсехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingús" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – ídó" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ídó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilterra" title="Inghilterra – ítalska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ítalska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="イングランド – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イングランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingglan" title="Ingglan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ingglan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris – javanska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ინგლისი – georgíska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინგლისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliya" title="Angliya – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Angliya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legliz" title="Legliz – kabíle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Legliz" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabíle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%8Bg%C9%A9l%C9%A9t%C9%9B%C9%9Br%C9%A9" title="Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nggi%CC%B1lan" title="Nggi̱lan – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nggi̱lan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngeretha" title="Ngeretha – kíkújú" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ngeretha" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kíkújú" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – kasakska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F" title="អង់គ្លេស – kmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អង់គ្លេស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" title="잉글랜드 – kóreska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉글랜드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kóreska" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اِنگلِستان – kasmírska" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنگلِستان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kasmírska" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Englistan" title="Înglistan – kúrdíska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Înglistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kúrdíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Sows" title="Pow Sows – kornbreska" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Sows" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornbreska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – kirgiska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – latína" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latína" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – ladínska" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladínska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – lúxemborgíska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lúxemborgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – lesgíska" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeland" title="Ingeland – limbúrgíska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ingeland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbúrgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilt%C3%A6ra" title="Inghiltæra – lígúríska" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Inghiltæra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lígúríska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nghiltiera" title="Nghiltiera – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Nghiltiera" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilt%C3%A8ra" title="Inghiltèra – lombardíska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Inghiltèra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C9%9Blandi" title="Ingɛlandi – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ingɛlandi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດອັງກິດ – laó" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອັງກິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laó" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglija" title="Anglija – litháíska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litháíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglija" title="Anglija – lettneska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anglija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="इङ्ल्यान्ड – maítílí" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इङ्ल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maítílí" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angletera" title="Angletera – malagasíska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Angletera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingarangi" title="Ingarangi – maorí" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ingarangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maorí" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggirih" title="Inggirih – mínangkabá" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Inggirih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="mínangkabá" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Англија – makedónska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Англија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedónska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇംഗ്ലണ്ട് – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇംഗ്ലണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Англи – mongólska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Англи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongólska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯏꯪꯂꯦꯟ – manípúrí" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯪꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manípúrí" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglet%C9%9B%C9%9Br%C3%A3" title="Angletɛɛrã – mossí" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Angletɛɛrã" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="mossí" class="interlanguage-link-target">Moore</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="इंग्लंड – maratí" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंग्लंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratí" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – malaíska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingilterra" title="Ingilterra – maltneska" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ingilterra" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra – mirandesíska" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အင်္ဂလန်နိုင်ငံ – búrmneska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်္ဂလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="búrmneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="انگلیس – masanderaní" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="انگلیس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="masanderaní" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngreterra" title="Ngreterra – napólíska" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ngreterra" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napólíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – lágþýska; lágsaxneska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lágþýska; lágsaxneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelaand_(regio)" title="Engelaand (regio) – lágsaxneska" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Engelaand (regio)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="lágsaxneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4" title="बेलायत – nepalska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेलायत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalska" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris – nías" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="nías" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland – hollenska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Engeland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – nýnorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nýnorska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – norskt bókmál" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bókmál" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angli%C3%A9t%C3%A8rre" title="Angliétèrre – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Angliétèrre" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng%C3%AAlan%C3%AA" title="Engêlanê – norðursótó" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Engêlanê" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="norðursótó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Anglatèrra – oksítaníska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anglatèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksítaníska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingilaandi" title="Ingilaandi – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ingilaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ଇଂଲଣ୍ଡ – óría" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଂଲଣ୍ଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="óría" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Англис – ossetíska" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Англис" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਇੰਗਲੈਂਡ – púnjabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੰਗਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="púnjabí" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera – papíamentó" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papíamentó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguelti%C3%A8re" title="Ingueltière – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ingueltière" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – pólska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pólska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anghilt%C3%A8ra" title="Anghiltèra – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Anghiltèra" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انگلستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انگلستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انګلستان – pastú" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انګلستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastú" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – portúgalska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portúgalska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlispampa" title="Inlispampa – kvesjúa" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inlispampa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kvesjúa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engalterra" title="Engalterra – rómanska" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Engalterra" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="rómanska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – rúmenska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rúmenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – arúmenska" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arúmenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – rússneska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rússneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Анґлія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Анґлія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D" title="इङ्ग्लेण्ड् – sanskrít" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इङ्ग्लेण्ड्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrít" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ – santalí" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalí" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilterra" title="Inghilterra – sardínska" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardínska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nglaterra" title="Nglaterra – sikileyska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nglaterra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sikileyska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingland" title="Ingland – skoska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ingland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skoska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="انگلينڊ – sindí" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انگلينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindí" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engl%C3%A1nda" title="Englánda – norðursamíska" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Englánda" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="norðursamíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleska" title="Engleska – serbókróatíska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Engleska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbókróatíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းဢိင်ႇၵလႅၼ်ႇ – sjan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢိင်ႇၵလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="sjan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="එංගලන්තය – singalíska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එංගලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicko" title="Anglicko – slóvakíska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anglicko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slóvakíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglija" title="Anglija – slóvenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anglija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slóvenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Egelani" title="'Egelani – samóska" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="'Egelani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samóska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%8Bland" title="Eŋland – enaresamíska" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Eŋland" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="enaresamíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingiriiska" title="Ingiriiska – sómalska" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ingiriiska" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="sómalska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Енглеска – serbneska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енглеска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngilandi" title="Ngilandi – svatí" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Ngilandi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="svatí" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelane" title="Engelane – suðursótó" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Engelane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="suðursótó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84nglound" title="Änglound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Änglound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris – súndanska" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="súndanska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – sænska" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sænska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uingereza" title="Uingereza – svahílí" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uingereza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahílí" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a href="https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%81%EA%A0%8B%EA%A0%9F%EA%A0%A6%EA%A0%98%EA%A0%86%EA%A0%92" title="ꠁꠋꠟꠦꠘ꠆ꠒ – Sylheti" lang="syl" hreflang="syl" data-title="ꠁꠋꠟꠦꠘ꠆ꠒ" data-language-autonym="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ" data-language-local-name="Sylheti" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngland" title="Yngland – slesíska" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Yngland" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="slesíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="இங்கிலாந்து – tamílska" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இங்கிலாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamílska" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="ఇంగ్లాండు – telúgú" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇంగ్లాండు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telúgú" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – tetúm" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetúm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ингилистон – tadsjikska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ингилистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ประเทศอังกฤษ – taílenska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taílenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angli%C3%BDa" title="Angliýa – túrkmenska" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Angliýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="túrkmenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingilt%C9%99r%C9%99" title="Ingiltərə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ingiltərə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIngilani" title="ʻIngilani – tongverska" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻIngilani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongverska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglan" title="Inglan – tokpisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Inglan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tokpisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiltere" title="İngiltere – tyrkneska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiltere" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – tatarska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngyiresi" title="Ngyiresi – tví" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ngyiresi" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="tví" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – túvínska" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="túvínska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – údmúrt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="údmúrt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئەنگلىيە – úígúr" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەنگلىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="úígúr" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Англія – úkraínska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="úkraínska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انگلستان – úrdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انگلستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="úrdú" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliya" title="Angliya – úsbekska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Angliya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="úsbekska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghiltera" title="Inghiltera – feneyska" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inghiltera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="feneyska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglii" title="Anglii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Anglii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anh" title="Anh – víetnamska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="víetnamska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iengeland" title="Iengeland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Iengeland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingl%C3%A4n" title="Linglän – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Linglän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglutere" title="Inglutere – vallónska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Inglutere" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallónska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – varaí" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaí" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰 – wu-kínverska" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="英格兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kínverska" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENgilani" title="ENgilani – sósa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ENgilani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="sósa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ინგლისი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინგლისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="ענגלאנד – jiddíska" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ענגלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80g%E1%BA%B9%CC%80%E1%BA%B9%CC%81s%C3%AC" title="Ilẹ̀gẹ̀ẹ́sì – jórúba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀gẹ̀ẹ́sì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jórúba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iengeland" title="Iengeland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Iengeland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰 – kínverska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英格兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kínverska" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="英格蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="英格蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng-l%C3%A2n" title="Eng-lân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Eng-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="英格蘭 – kantónska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英格蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantónska" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INgilandi" title="INgilandi – súlú" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INgilandi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="súlú" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Breyta tungumálatenglum" class="wbc-editpage">Breyta tenglum</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nafnrými"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.infobox{float:right}}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .infobox{float:none}}.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar,.mw-parser-output .infobox th,.mw-parser-output .infobox td{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}</style> <table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em; font-size:88%;"> <tbody><tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;" colspan="2">England </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Flag_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fáni Englands"><img alt="Fáni Englands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/100px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/150px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/200px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> </td> <td width="50%" style="text-align:center; vertical-align: middle;max-width:50% !important;"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Royal_arms_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skjaldarmerki Englands"><img alt="Skjaldarmerki Englands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/85px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/128px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/170px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A1ni_Englands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fáni Englands (síða er ekki enn til)">Fáni</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center" width="50%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skjaldarmerki_Englands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skjaldarmerki Englands (síða er ekki enn til)">Skjaldarmerki</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kj%C3%B6ror%C3%B0" title="Kjörorð">Kjörorð</a>: Dieu et mon droit (<a href="/wiki/Franska" title="Franska">franska</a>) Guð og réttur minn </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0s%C3%B6ngur" title="Þjóðsöngur">Þjóðsöngur</a>: <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background: #fff; color:inherit; padding: 0em 0 0em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kort sem sýnir staðsetningu Englands"><img alt="Staðsetning Englands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/250px-England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/375px-England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/500px-England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fu%C3%B0borg" title="Höfuðborg">Höfuðborg</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Opinbert_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Opinbert tungumál">Opinbert tungumál</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Enska" title="Enska">enska</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6nd_eftir_stj%C3%B3rnarfari" title="Lönd eftir stjórnarfari">Stjórnarfar</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingbundin_konungsstj%C3%B3rn" title="Þingbundin konungsstjórn">Þingbundin konungsstjórn</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bretakonungur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretakonungur">Konungur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_3._Bretakonungur" title="Karl 3. Bretakonungur">Karl 3.</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td><a href="/wiki/Fors%C3%A6tisr%C3%A1%C3%B0herra_Bretlands" title="Forsætisráðherra Bretlands">Forsætisráðherra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td class="infobox-data">Sameining </td> <td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> • Stofnun</td> <td>12. júlí 927  </td></tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td> • Sameining við Skotland</td> <td>1. maí 1707  </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Flatarm%C3%A1l" title="Flatarmál">Flatarmál</a>  • Samtals </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"> 130.279 km² </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mannfj%C3%B6ldi" title="Mannfjöldi">Mannfjöldi</a>  • Samtals (2019)  • <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%A9ttleiki_bygg%C3%B0ar" title="Þéttleiki byggðar">Þéttleiki byggðar</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"> 56.286.961 432/km² </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Gjaldmi%C3%B0ill" title="Gjaldmiðill">Gjaldmiðill</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Sterlingspund" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterlingspund">Sterlingspund</a> (£) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADmabelti" title="Tímabelti">Tímabelti</a> </td> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/UTC" title="UTC">UTC</a> (+1 <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pskur_sumart%C3%ADmi" title="Evrópskur sumartími">á sumrin</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0arl%C3%A9n" title="Þjóðarlén">Þjóðarlén</a> </td> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/.uk" title=".uk">.uk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Landsn%C3%BAmer" title="Landsnúmer">Landsnúmer</a> </td> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Listi_yfir_landsn%C3%BAmer" title="Listi yfir landsnúmer">+44</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> England (borið fram /ˈɪŋglənd/ á <a href="/wiki/Enska" title="Enska">ensku</a>) er land sem er hluti af <a href="/wiki/Bretland" title="Bretland">Bretlandi</a>. Íbúar Englands eru yfir 83% af íbúum Bretlands. England á landamæri að <a href="/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland">Skotlandi</a> í norðri, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> í vestri og strönd við <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ursj%C3%B3r" title="Norðursjór">Norðursjó</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Drlandshaf" title="Írlandshaf">Írlandshaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keltahaf" title="Keltahaf">Keltahaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol-sund" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol-sund">Bristol-sund</a> og <a href="/wiki/Ermarsund" title="Ermarsund">Ermarsund</a>. Landið nær yfir 5/8 hluta af <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B3ra-Bretland" title="Stóra-Bretland">Stóra-Bretlandi</a> auk yfir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eyjar_Englands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eyjar Englands (síða er ekki enn til)">100 minni eyja</a>, þar á meðal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilly-eyjar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scilly-eyjar (síða er ekki enn til)">Scilly-eyjar</a> og <a href="/wiki/Wight-eyja" class="mw-redirect" title="Wight-eyja">Wight-eyju</a>. Menn settust að á Englandi á <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%AD%C3%B0fornstein%C3%B6ld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Síðfornsteinöld (síða er ekki enn til)">síðfornsteinöld</a>, en nafnið er fengið frá <a href="/wiki/Englar" title="Englar">Englum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanir" title="Germanir">germönskum</a> ættflokki sem settist þar að á <a href="/wiki/5._%C3%B6ldin" title="5. öldin">5.</a> og <a href="/wiki/6._%C3%B6ldin" title="6. öldin">6. öld</a> og drógu nafn sitt af skaganum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angeln&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angeln (síða er ekki enn til)">Angeln</a> í Norður-Þýskalandi. England var sameinað í eitt ríki á 10. öld og hefur haft mikil menningarleg og efnahagsleg áhrif um víða veröld síðan á <a href="/wiki/Landafundat%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Landafundatímabilið">landafundatímabilinu</a> sem hófst á 15. öld.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enska" title="Enska">Ensk tunga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ensk_l%C3%B6g&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ensk lög (síða er ekki enn til)">ensk lög</a> og <a href="/wiki/Enska_biskupakirkjan" title="Enska biskupakirkjan">enska biskupakirkjan</a> hafa orðið undirstaða <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9ttarkerfi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Réttarkerfi (síða er ekki enn til)">réttarkerfis</a> margra landa og enskt <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Þingræði">þingræði</a> hefur verið tekið upp víða.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0nbyltingin" title="Iðnbyltingin">Iðnbyltingin</a> hófst á Englandi seint á 18. öld og England varð fyrsta iðvædda samfélag heims.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Á Englandi eru tveir elstu háskólar hins enskumælandi heims: <a href="/wiki/Oxford-h%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li" title="Oxford-háskóli">Oxford-háskóli</a> (stofnaður 1096) og <a href="/wiki/Cambridge-h%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li" title="Cambridge-háskóli">Cambridge-háskóli</a> (stofnaður 1209), sem teljast báðir með fremstu háskólum heims.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_England" title="Konungsríkið England">Konungsríkið England</a> innlimaði <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> árið 1535 en hætti að vera til sem sjálfstætt ríki árið 1707 þegar það sameinaðist <a href="/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland">Skotlandi</a> með <a href="/wiki/Bresku_sambandsl%C3%B6gin_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Bresku sambandslögin 1707">bresku sambandslögunum</a> þegar sameinaða konungsríkið <a href="/wiki/Bretland" title="Bretland">Bretland</a> var stofnað.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Árið 1801 sameinaðist þetta ríki <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Drland" title="Írland">Írlandi</a> með <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bresku_sambandsl%C3%B6gin_1801&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bresku sambandslögin 1801 (síða er ekki enn til)">nýjum sambandslögum</a> og til varð sameinað konungsríki Bretlands og Írlands. Árið 1922 sagði <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Drska_fr%C3%ADr%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Írska fríríkið">Írska fríríkið</a> sig frá þessu ríki og eftir stóð þá sameinað konungsríki Bretlands og Norður-Írlands.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Landslag á Englandi er að mestu flatt með lágum hæðadrögum, aðallega í <a href="/wiki/Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Midlands">Midlands</a> og <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%B0ur-England" class="mw-redirect" title="Suður-England">Suður-Englandi</a>. Flest fjöllin eru í norðurhlutanum, í <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> og <a href="/wiki/Penn%C3%ADnafj%C3%B6ll" title="Pennínafjöll">Pennínafjöllum</a>, en líka í vestri í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dartmoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dartmoor (síða er ekki enn til)">Dartmoor</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shropshire_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shropshire Hills (síða er ekki enn til)">Shropshire Hills</a>. Höfuðborg landsins er <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> sem er stærsta þéttbýli Bretlands með 14,2 milljón íbúa árið 2021. Íbúar Englands eru 56,3 milljónir, eða 84% af íbúum Bretlands.<a href="#cite_note-ONS-pop-ests-June2018-7">[7]</a> Langflestir búa í og við London, í <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%B0austur-England" title="Suðaustur-England">Suðaustur-Englandi</a> og borgum í <a href="/wiki/Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Midlands">Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0vestur-England" title="Norðvestur-England">Norðvestur-Englandi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> þar sem stórar iðnaðarborgir byggðust upp á 19. öld.<a href="#cite_note-2011census-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heiti">Heiti</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Breyti hluta: Heiti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Heiti">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> Heitið England kemur úr <a href="/wiki/Fornenska" title="Fornenska">fornensku</a>, Englaland, sem merkir „land Engla“.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Þessir <a href="/wiki/Englar" title="Englar">Englar</a> voru <a href="/wiki/Germanir" title="Germanir">germanskur</a> ættflokkur sem settist þar að á <a href="/wiki/5._%C3%B6ldin" title="5. öldin">5.</a> og <a href="/wiki/6._%C3%B6ldin" title="6. öldin">6. öld</a> og er talinn hafa komið frá skaganum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angeln&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angeln (síða er ekki enn til)">Angeln</a>, sem í dag er hluti af <a href="/wiki/Danm%C3%B6rk" title="Danmörk">Danmörku</a> og <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland" title="Þýskaland">Norður-Þýskalandi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A9sv%C3%ADk" class="mw-redirect" title="Slésvík">Slésvík-</a><a href="/wiki/Holtsetaland" title="Holtsetaland">Holtsetalandi</a>). Elsta heimildin um landið er úr handriti með þýðingu á <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirkjusaga_Englendinga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirkjusaga Englendinga (síða er ekki enn til)">Kirkjusögu Englendinga</a> eftir <a href="/wiki/Beda_prestur" title="Beda prestur">Beda prest</a>, þar sem það kemur fyrir sem Engla londe. Hugtakið merkti landið þar sem Englendingar búa, og náði því líka yfir það sem síðar varð suðausturhluti Skotlands, en var þá hluti <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ymbraland" title="Norðymbraland">Norðymbralands</a> og byggt Englendingum. Í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kr%C3%B3nika_Engilsaxa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krónika Engilsaxa (síða er ekki enn til)">Króniku Engilsaxa</a> segir að <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3msdagsb%C3%B3kin" title="Dómsdagsbókin">Dómsdagsbókin</a> hafi náð yfir allt England, í merkingunni enska konungsríkið, en nokkrum árum síðar stendur þar að <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_3.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malcolm 3. (síða er ekki enn til)">Malcolm 3.</a> hafi farið frá Skotlandi inn í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lothian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lothian (síða er ekki enn til)">Lothian</a> í Englalandi, sem þá er eldri merkingin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolyneaux20156–7-10">[10]</a> Samkvæmt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford Dictionary (síða er ekki enn til)">Oxford Dictionary</a> kom nútímastafsetning orðsins fyrst fyrir árið 1538. Elstu heimildir um Engla eru í <a href="/w/index.php?title=German%C3%ADa_(Tacitus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanía (Tacitus) (síða er ekki enn til)">Germaníu</a> <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus">Tacitusar</a> frá 1. öld þar sem latneska heitið Anglii kemur fyrir.<a href="#cite_note-Fordham-11">[11]</a> Uppruni ættbálkaheitisins er umdeildur. Stungið hefur verið upp á því að það sé dregið ýmist af orðinu öng („beygja“ eða „krókur“) eða angr („mjór“) og vísi þá annað hvort til skagans við mynni árinnar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slien (síða er ekki enn til)">Slien</a> eða þess hve árósinn er þröngur.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Ekki er vitað af hverju þetta nafn varð að landaheiti, frekar en önnur ættbálkaheiti (til dæmis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxar (síða er ekki enn til)">Saxar</a>), en hugsanlega var það til að greina Saxa á Englandi frá Söxum á meginlandinu.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Í <a href="/wiki/Skosk_gel%C3%ADska" title="Skosk gelíska">skoskri gelísku</a> heitir landið hins vegar eftir Söxum, Sasunn.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Velska heitið yfir ensku er líka dregið af Söxum, Saesneg. Í skáldamáli hefur England líka verið nefnt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loegria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loegria (síða er ekki enn til)">Loegria</a> (dregið af velska heitinu Lloegr) og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albion (síða er ekki enn til)">Albion</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> sem upphaflega náði yfir allt Stóra-Bretland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saga">Saga</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Breyti hluta: Saga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Saga">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1744436">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Aðalgrein: <a href="/wiki/Saga_Englands" title="Saga Englands">Saga Englands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forsögulegur_tími">Forsögulegur tími</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Breyti hluta: Forsögulegur tími" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Forsögulegur tími">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> Bein- og tinnusteinstól hafa fundist í <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> sem sýna að <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> bjó á Englandi fyrir 700.000 árum. Þá tengdist England meginlandi <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Evrópa">Evrópu</a> um <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landbr%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landbrú (síða er ekki enn til)">landbrú</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ermarsund" title="Ermarsund">Ermarsundið</a> var á sem að lágu <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ever%C3%A1" title="Þverá">þverárnar</a> <a href="/wiki/Thames" title="Thames">Thames</a> og <a href="/wiki/Signa_(%C3%A1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signa (á)">Signa</a>. Á síðustu <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ds%C3%B6ld" title="Ísöld">ísöld</a> eyddist byggð á þessu svæði. England var síðan ekki byggt aftur fyrr en fyrir 13.000 árum. Þeir íbúar tóku síðar upp <a href="/wiki/Keltar" title="Keltar">keltneska</a> menningu. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg/220px-Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg/330px-Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg/440px-Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> er stórt mannvirki frá <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BDstein%C3%B6ld" title="Nýsteinöld">nýsteinöld</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Maiden_Castle,_Dorchester..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Maiden_Castle%2C_Dorchester..jpg/220px-Maiden_Castle%2C_Dorchester..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Maiden_Castle%2C_Dorchester..jpg/330px-Maiden_Castle%2C_Dorchester..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Maiden_Castle%2C_Dorchester..jpg/440px-Maiden_Castle%2C_Dorchester..jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Veggir hæðavirkisins <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maiden_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maiden Castle (síða er ekki enn til)">Maiden Castle</a> í Dorset.</figcaption></figure> Elstu merki um menn á því svæði sem nú er þekkt sem England eru leifar af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homo antecessor (síða er ekki enn til)">Homo antecessor</a> frá um 780.000 árum. Elstu bein frummanna sem fundist hafa í Englandi eru 500.000 ára gömul.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Vitað er að nútímamenn bjuggu á svæðinu á <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%AD%C3%B0fornstein%C3%B6ld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Síðfornsteinöld (síða er ekki enn til)">síðfornsteinöld</a>, þótt elstu merki um fasta búsetu séu aðeins um 6000 ára gömul.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Eftir <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD%C3%B0asta_%C3%ADs%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Síðasta ísöld">síðustu ísöld</a> voru einungis stór spendýr eins og <a href="/wiki/Mamm%C3%BAtur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammútur">mammútar</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsundur" title="Vísundur">vísundar</a> og <a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%B0nashyrningur" title="Loðnashyrningur">loðnashyrningar</a> eftir. Fyrir um 11.000 árum, þegar ísbreiðurnar hörfuðu, fluttust menn aftur inn á svæðið. Erfðarannsóknir benda til þess að þeir hafi komið frá norðurhluta <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dber%C3%ADuskagi" title="Íberíuskagi">Íberíuskaga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenheimer2006173-20">[20]</a> Sjávarborð var lægra en í dag og Bretland tengdist Írlandi og Evrópu með landbrúm.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Seinna hækkaði sjávarborð svo Bretland og Írland skildust að fyrir um 10.000 árum og Bretland skildist frá meginlandi Evrópu tvö þúsund árum síðar. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bikarmenningin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bikarmenningin (síða er ekki enn til)">Bikarmenningin</a> barst til Bretlands um 2500 f.o.t. með drykkjarílátum úr leir og pottum sem notaðir voru til að bræða kopargrýti.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Á þessum tíma voru stór steinmannvirki, eins og <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> og <a href="/wiki/Avebury" title="Avebury">Avebury</a>, reist. Með því að bræða saman tin og kopar, sem nóg var af í landinu, var hægt að framleiða <a href="/wiki/Brons" title="Brons">brons</a>. Seinna hófst <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rn" title="Járn">járnbræðsla</a> sem leiddi til gerðar betri <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%B3gur" title="Plógur">plóga</a> og sterkari <a href="/wiki/Vopn" title="Vopn">vopna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keltar" title="Keltar">Keltnesk menning</a>, afkomandi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallstatt-menningin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallstatt-menningin (síða er ekki enn til)">Hallstatt-menningarinnar</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_T%C3%A8ne-menningin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Tène-menningin (síða er ekki enn til)">La Téne-menningarinnar</a>, barst til Bretlands frá Mið-Evrópu. Keltneska málið <a href="/wiki/Breska" title="Breska">breska</a> var töluð í landinu á þessum tíma. Samfélagið skiptist í ættbálka. Í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geographia (síða er ekki enn til)">Geographia</a> áætlar <a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%A1d%C3%ADus_Pt%C3%B3lm%C3%A6os" title="Kládíus Ptólmæos">Kládíus Ptólmæos</a> að þeir hafi verið um 20 talsins. Eldri skiptingar eru óþekktar því Bretar skildu engar ritaðar heimildir eftir sig. Líkt og aðrar þjóðir við jaðar <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3maveldi" title="Rómaveldi">Rómaveldis</a> höfðu Bretar lengi stundað viðskipti við Rómverja. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAl%C3%ADus_Sesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Júlíus Sesar">Júlíus Sesar</a> reyndi tvisvar að gera innrás 55 f.Kr., og tókst að koma rómverskum leppkonungi til valda hjá <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinovantes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinovantes (síða er ekki enn til)">Trinovantes-ættbálknum</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg/220px-Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg/330px-Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg/440px-Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3ad%C3%ADkea" title="Bóadíkea">Bóadíkea</a> leiddi uppreisn gegn Rómaveldi.</figcaption></figure> Rómverjar réðust fyrst inn í Bretland árið 43 e.Kr., í valdatíð <a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%A1d%C3%ADus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kládíus">Kládíusar</a> keisara. Í kjölfarið <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1m_R%C3%B3mverja_%C3%A1_Bretlandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernám Rómverja á Bretlandi">lögðu þeir undir sig meginhluta landsins</a>. Landið var gert að rómverska skattlandinu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Britann%C3%ADa_(r%C3%B3mverskt_skattland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britannía (rómverskt skattland) (síða er ekki enn til)">Britanníu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Þekktasti ættbálkurinn sem veitti þeim mótspyrnu voru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catuvellauni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catuvellauni (síða er ekki enn til)">Catuvellauni</a> undir forystu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caratacus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caratacus (síða er ekki enn til)">Caratacusar</a>. Síðar leiddi <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3ad%C3%ADkea" title="Bóadíkea">Bóadíkea</a>, drottning <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Dkenar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Íkenar (síða er ekki enn til)">Íkena</a>, uppreisn sem lauk með því að hún framdi sjálfsmorð eftir ósigur í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Watling_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrustan við Watling Street (síða er ekki enn til)">orrustunni við Watling Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Höfundur einnar bókar um rómverska Bretland hefur áætlað að Rómverjar hafi drepið milli 100 og 250.000 manns, af um 2 milljónum íbúa.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Á þessum tíma varð <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C3%ADsk-r%C3%B3mversk_menning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grísk-rómversk menning (síða er ekki enn til)">grísk-rómversk menning</a> ríkjandi með <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3marr%C3%A9ttur" title="Rómarréttur">rómverskum lögum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B3mversk_byggingalist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rómversk byggingalist (síða er ekki enn til)">rómverskri byggingalist</a>, vatnsveitum, holræsum, skipulegum landbúnaði og silki.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Á 3. öld dó keisarinn <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eboracum (síða er ekki enn til)">Eboracum</a> (nú <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>), þar sem <a href="/wiki/Konstant%C3%ADnus_mikli" title="Konstantínus mikli">Konstantínus mikli</a> var lýstur keisari einni öld síðar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERankov199416-30">[30]</a> Það er umdeilt hvenær kristni barst fyrst til Englands. Það hefur ekki verið seinna en á 4. öld, og líklega mun fyrr. Samkvæmt <a href="/wiki/Beda_prestur" title="Beda prestur">Beda presti</a> voru trúboðar sendir frá Róm af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elev%C3%BEer%C3%ADus_p%C3%A1fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elevþeríus páfi (síða er ekki enn til)">Elevþeríusi páfa</a> að beiðni höfðingjans <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%BAs%C3%ADus_af_Bretlandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lúsíus af Bretlandi (síða er ekki enn til)">Lúsíusar af Bretland</a> árið 180, til að skera úr um deilur um austræna og vestræna kirkjusiði sem ollu ósætti innan kirkjunnar. Til eru hefðir sem tengjast <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glastonbury (síða er ekki enn til)">Glastonbury</a> sem snúast um komu <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3sef_fr%C3%A1_Ar%C3%ADma%C3%BEeu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jósef frá Arímaþeu (síða er ekki enn til)">Jósefs frá Arímaþeu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2008143-31">[31]</a> Um 410 hafði rómverskum herdeildum í Bretlandi fækkað vegna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hnignun_R%C3%B3maveldis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hnignun Rómaveldis (síða er ekki enn til)">hnignunar Rómaveldis</a>. Þær voru sendar annað til að berjast á landamærasvæðum eða taka þátt í borgarastyrjöldum.<a href="#cite_note-james_anglosaxons-32">[32]</a> Keltnesk klausturlífi blómstruðu: <a href="/wiki/Heilagur_Patrekur" title="Heilagur Patrekur">Heilagur Patrekur</a> (Írland á 5. öld) og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brendan_s%C3%A6fari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brendan sæfari (síða er ekki enn til)">Brendan sæfari</a> (6. öld), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comgall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comgall (síða er ekki enn til)">Comgall</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heilagur_Dav%C3%AD%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heilagur Davíð (síða er ekki enn til)">heilagur Davíð</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiden (síða er ekki enn til)">Aiden</a> og <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B3lumkilli" title="Kólumkilli">Kólumkilli</a>. Kristni varð á þessum tíma fyrir áhrifum frá fornri keltneskri menningu. Klaustrin voru miðstöðvar kirkjusókna, og klausturleiðtogar voru eins og ættbálkahöfðingjar til forna.<a href="#cite_note-Lehane-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miðaldir">Miðaldir</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Breyti hluta: Miðaldir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Miðaldir">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Sutton_Hoo_replica_(face).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sutton_Hoo_replica_%28face%29.jpg/220px-Sutton_Hoo_replica_%28face%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sutton_Hoo_replica_%28face%29.jpg/330px-Sutton_Hoo_replica_%28face%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sutton_Hoo_replica_%28face%29.jpg/440px-Sutton_Hoo_replica_%28face%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Endurgerð af spangarhjálmi frá <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sutton_Hoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sutton Hoo (síða er ekki enn til)">Sutton Hoo</a> í Austur-Anglíu.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3maveldi" title="Rómaveldi">Rómverski herinn</a> hvarf frá Bretlandi sem leiddi til innrása heiðinna sjóræningja frá norðvesturhluta meginlands Evrópu, sérstaklega <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxar (síða er ekki enn til)">Saxa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Englar_(Germanar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Englar (Germanar) (síða er ekki enn til)">Engla</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3tar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jótar (síða er ekki enn til)">Jóta</a> og <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%ADsland" title="Frísland">Fríslendinga</a> sem höfðu lengi stundað strandhögg þar. Þessir hópar tóku að setjast að í Bretlandi á 5. og 6. öld, fyrst í austurhluta landsins.<a href="#cite_note-james_anglosaxons-32">[32]</a> Framrás þeirra stöðvaðist um tíma eftir sigur Breta í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Badon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrustan við Badon (síða er ekki enn til)">orrustunni við Badon</a>, en hélt svo áfram. <a href="/wiki/Engilsaxar" title="Engilsaxar">Engilsaxar</a> lögðu undir sig frjósamt láglendið á Englandi og Bretar hrökkluðust inn á sífellt minni svæði í vesturhluta landsins undir lok 6. aldar. Samtímaheimildir frá þessum tíma eru mjög fáar og það er því stundum kallað <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrku_aldirnar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myrku aldirnar (síða er ekki enn til)">myrku aldirnar</a>. Sagnfræðingar deila því um umfang og eðli landnáms Engilsaxa; en almennt er talið að það hafi verið mest í suðri og austri, en minna í norðri og vestri, þar sem keltnesk mál voru áfram töluð, jafnvel á landsvæðum sem Engilsaxar réðu yfir.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Härke,_Heinrich_2011-39">[39]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Engilsaxnesk_hei%C3%B0ni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engilsaxnesk heiðni (síða er ekki enn til)">Engilsaxnesk heiðni</a> tók við af rómverskri kristni sem ríkjandi trúarbrögð, en rómverskir trúboðar undir forystu <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81g%C3%BAst%C3%ADnus_fr%C3%A1_Kantaraborg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ágústínus frá Kantaraborg (síða er ekki enn til)">Ágústínusar frá Kantaraborg</a> tóku aftur að boða kristni þar frá 597.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Afleiðingin varð deilur milli keltneskrar og rómverskrar kristni sem lauk með sigri þeirrar síðarnefndu á <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirkju%C3%BEingi%C3%B0_%C3%AD_Whitby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirkjuþingið í Whitby (síða er ekki enn til)">kirkjuþinginu í Whitby</a> árið 664, sem að nafninu til snerist um klippingu presta og dagsetningu páskahátíðarinnar.<a href="#cite_note-Lehane-33">[33]</a> Landnám Saxa virðist hafa skipst í mikinn fjölda smáríkja, en á 7. öld höfðu þau runnið saman í um tylft konungsríkja eins og <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ymbraland" title="Norðymbraland">Norðymbraland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mers%C3%ADa" title="Mersía">Mersíu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_Austur-Angl%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konungsríkið Austur-Anglía (síða er ekki enn til)">Austur-Anglíu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_Essex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konungsríkið Essex (síða er ekki enn til)">Essex</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_Kent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konungsríkið Kent (síða er ekki enn til)">Kent</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_Sussex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konungsríkið Sussex (síða er ekki enn til)">Sussex</a>. Næstu aldirnar héldu þessar sameiningar áfram.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby20004-41">[41]</a> Á 7. öld tókust Norðymbraland og Mersía á um yfirráð yfir landi og á 8. öld náði Mersía undirtökunum í þeim átökum. Fyrsti einvaldurinn sem notaði nafnbótina „<a href="/wiki/Listi_yfir_einvalda_Englands" class="mw-redirect" title="Listi yfir einvalda Englands">Englandskonungur</a>“ var <a href="/wiki/Offa_af_Mers%C3%ADu" title="Offa af Mersíu">Offa af Mersíu</a> árið 774 þó svo að listar hefjist oft á <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egbert_af_Wessex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egbert af Wessex (síða er ekki enn til)">Egbert af Wessex</a> árið <a href="/wiki/829" title="829">829</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon196023-42">[42]</a> Snemma á 9. öld tók Wessex við sem valdamesta ríkið í Englandi. Seinna á þeirri öld hófust innrásir <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADkinga%C3%B6ld" title="Víkingaöld">Víkinga</a> sem lögðu undir sig norður- og austurhluta Englands og hertóku konungsríkin Norðymbraland, Mersíu og Austur-Anglíu. Eina saxneska ríkið sem lifði þetta umrót af var Wessex undir stjórn <a href="/wiki/Alfre%C3%B0_mikli" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfreð mikli">Alfreðs mikla</a>. Það stækkaði síðan smátt og smátt með því að ná undir sig löndum frá <a href="/wiki/Danal%C3%B6g" title="Danalög">Danalögum</a>. Með því móti varð England til sem eitt konungsríki, fyrst undir stjórn <a href="/wiki/A%C3%B0alsteinn_Englandskonungur" title="Aðalsteinn Englandskonungur">Aðalsteins</a> árið 927 og síðan eftir landvinninga <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1tr%C3%A1%C3%B0ur_Englandskonungur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Játráður Englandskonungur (síða er ekki enn til)">Játráðs</a> 953. Árásum víkinga fjölgaði aftur seint á 10. öld og enduðu með því að <a href="/wiki/Sveinn_tj%C3%BAguskegg" title="Sveinn tjúguskegg">Sveinn tjúguskegg</a> lagði England undir sig 1013, og sonur hans, <a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%BAtur_r%C3%ADki" title="Knútur ríki">Knútur ríki</a>, árið 1016. Knútur stofnaði skammlíft <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nor%C3%B0ursj%C3%A1varveldi%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norðursjávarveldið (síða er ekki enn til)">Norðursjávarveldi</a> sem náði líka yfir Danmörku og Noreg. Innlend konungsætt náði aftur völdum þegar <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1tvar%C3%B0ur_g%C3%B3%C3%B0i" title="Játvarður góði">Játvarður góði</a> tók við völdum 1042. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt.jpg/170px-King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt.jpg/255px-King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt.jpg/340px-King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Hinrik 5. í orrustunni við Agincourt sem lauk með enskum sigri yfir stærri frönsku herliði í hundrað ára stríðinu.</figcaption></figure> Deilur um eftirmann Játvarðs leiddu til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Innr%C3%A1s_Normanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Innrás Normanna (síða er ekki enn til)">innrásar Normanna</a> árið 1066 undir forystu <a href="/wiki/Vilhj%C3%A1lmur_sigurs%C3%A6li" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilhjálmur sigursæli">Vilhjálms sigursæla</a> hertoga af Normandí.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Normannar" title="Normannar">Normannar</a> voru sjálfir ættaðir frá Norðurlöndunum og höfðu sest að í Normandí í Frakklandi á 9. og 10. öld.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Með hernámi Normanna var nær allri ensku yfirstéttinni skipt út fyrir nýjan frönskumælandi aðal, sem hafði mikil og varanleg áhrif á þróun enskrar tungu.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantagenet-%C3%A6tt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plantagenet-ætt (síða er ekki enn til)">Plantagenet-ætt</a> frá Anjou í Frakklandi erfði ensku krúnuna, undir forystu <a href="/wiki/Hinrik_2._Englandskonungur" title="Hinrik 2. Englandskonungur">Hinriks 2.</a>. England varð þar með hluti af ört stækkandi ríki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angev%C3%ADnar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angevínar (síða er ekki enn til)">Angevína</a>, sem ríktu meðal annars yfir <a href="/wiki/Akvitan%C3%ADa" title="Akvitanía">Akvitaníu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bartlett_p124-46">[46]</a> Plantagenet-ætt hélt völdum í þrjár aldir. Meðal frægustu konunga af þeirri ætt má nefna <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADkhar%C3%B0ur_lj%C3%B3nshjarta" title="Ríkharður ljónshjarta">Ríkharð ljónshjarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1tvar%C3%B0ur_1._Englandskonungur" class="mw-redirect" title="Játvarður 1. Englandskonungur">Játvarð 1.</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1tvar%C3%B0ur_3._Englandskonungur" class="mw-redirect" title="Játvarður 3. Englandskonungur">Játvarð 3.</a> og <a href="/wiki/Hinrik_5._Englandskonungur" title="Hinrik 5. Englandskonungur">Hinrik 5.</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bartlett_p124-46">[46]</a> Á þessum tíma urðu miklar breytingar á verslun og lagasetningu, meðal annars með undirritun <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> sem takmarkaði völd konungs og tryggði réttindi frjálsborinna manna. Kaþólsk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klausturl%C3%ADfi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klausturlífi (síða er ekki enn til)">klausturlífi</a> blómstruðu og háskólarnir í Oxford og Cambridge voru stofnaðir með stuðningi konungs. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Furstad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furstadæmið Wales (síða er ekki enn til)">Furstadæmið Wales</a> varð að léni Plantagenet-ættar á 13. öld<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> og páfi veitti konungi titilinn <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1var%C3%B0ur_%C3%8Drlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lávarður Írlands (síða er ekki enn til)">lávarður Írlands</a>. Á 14. öld gerðu bæði Plantagenet-ætt og <a href="/wiki/Valois-%C3%A6tt" title="Valois-ætt">Valois-ætt</a> tilkall til þess að erfa krúnuna í Frakklandi frá <a href="/wiki/Kapetingar" title="Kapetingar">Kapetingum</a>. Í kjölfarið hófst <a href="/wiki/Hundra%C3%B0_%C3%A1ra_str%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Hundrað ára stríðið">hundrað ára stríðið</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler1967208-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Svarti_dau%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Svarti dauði">Svarti dauði</a> barst til Englands árið 1348 og er talið að um helmingur íbúa hafi látist.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Frá 1453 til 1487 stóð <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3sastr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Rósastríðið">rósastríðið</a> yfir, borgarastyrjöld milli tveggja greina konungsfjölskyldunnar: <a href="/w/index.php?title=York-%C3%A6tt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="York-ætt (síða er ekki enn til)">York-ættar</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster-%C3%A6tt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lancaster-ætt (síða er ekki enn til)">Lancaster-ættar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrofton2007111-50">[50]</a> Að lokum missti York-ætt krúnuna til velskrar aðalsættar, <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BAdor%C3%A6tt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Túdorætt (síða er ekki enn til)">Túdorættar</a>, sem voru grein af Lancaster-ætt undir forystu <a href="/wiki/Hinrik_7._Englandskonungur" title="Hinrik 7. Englandskonungur">Hinriks Tudor</a> sem gerði innrás í England með velskum og bretónskum málaliðum og vann sigur í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Bosworth_Field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrustan við Bosworth Field (síða er ekki enn til)">orrustunni við Bosworth Field</a>. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADkhar%C3%B0ur_3._Englandskonungur" title="Ríkharður 3. Englandskonungur">Ríkharður 3. Englandskonungur</a> af York-ætt féll í bardaganum.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Árnýöld">Árnýöld</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Breyti hluta: Árnýöld" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Árnýöld">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1859034/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_(1497-8-1543)_-_Henry_VIII_(1491-1547)_-_RCIN_404438_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_%281497-8-1543%29_-_Henry_VIII_%281491-1547%29_-_RCIN_404438_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/142px-After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_%281497-8-1543%29_-_Henry_VIII_%281491-1547%29_-_RCIN_404438_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_%281497-8-1543%29_-_Henry_VIII_%281491-1547%29_-_RCIN_404438_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/213px-After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_%281497-8-1543%29_-_Henry_VIII_%281491-1547%29_-_RCIN_404438_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_%281497-8-1543%29_-_Henry_VIII_%281491-1547%29_-_RCIN_404438_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/284px-After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_%281497-8-1543%29_-_Henry_VIII_%281491-1547%29_-_RCIN_404438_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left"><a href="/wiki/Hinrik_8." title="Hinrik 8.">Hinrik 8.</a> (1491–1547)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament_Robes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament_Robes.jpg/250px-Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament_Robes.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament_Robes.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament_Robes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="1548" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left"><a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADsabet_1." title="Elísabet 1.">Elísabet 1.</a> (1558–1603)</div></div></div></div></div> Á <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BAdort%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Túdortímabilið (síða er ekki enn til)">Túdortímabilinu</a> barst <a href="/wiki/Endurreisnin" title="Endurreisnin">endurreisnin</a> til Englands með ítölskum hirðmönnum sem kynntu fyrir ensku hirðinni listræn viðmið og heimspeki klassískrar fornaldar.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enski_flotinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Enski flotinn">Enski flotinn</a> varð til og könnun <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BDi_heimurinn" title="Nýi heimurinn">Nýja heimsins</a> hófst fyrir alvöru.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinrik_8." title="Hinrik 8.">Hinrik 8.</a> sleit sambandið við kaþólsku kirkjuna í Róm með <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drottnunarl%C3%B6gin_1534&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drottnunarlögin 1534 (síða er ekki enn til)">Drottnunarlögunum</a> árið 1534 þar sem hann lýsti því yfir að konungur væri æðsti ráðamaður <a href="/wiki/Enska_kirkjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Enska kirkjan">ensku kirkjunnar</a>. Ólíkt meginstraumi <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3tm%C3%A6lendatr%C3%BA" title="Mótmælendatrú">mótmælendatrúar</a> í Evrópu, voru ástæður <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enska_si%C3%B0b%C3%B3tin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enska siðbótin (síða er ekki enn til)">ensku siðbótarinnar</a> pólitískar fremur en trúarlegar. Hinrik felldi líka Wales (heimaland Túdorættarinnar) saman við England með <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%B6g_um_l%C3%B6g_%C3%AD_Wales_1535-1542&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lög um lög í Wales 1535-1542 (síða er ekki enn til)">lögum um lög í Wales</a>. Í valdatíð dætra Hinriks, <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_1._Englandsdrottning" title="María 1. Englandsdrottning">Maríu 1.</a> og <a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADsabet_1." title="Elísabet 1.">Elísabetar 1.</a>, urðu mikil trúarleg átök í landinu. Sú fyrrnefnda færði landið nær kaþólsku kirkjunni, meðan sú síðari sleit það aftur frá henni og kom á <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biskupakirkja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biskupakirkja (síða er ekki enn til)">biskupakirkju</a> með valdi. <a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADsabetart%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Elísabetartímabilið">Elísabetartímabilið</a> er oft nefnt sem dæmi um <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gull%C3%B6ld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gullöld (síða er ekki enn til)">gullöld</a> í enskri sögu. Á þeim tíma náði <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enska_endurreisnin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enska endurreisnin (síða er ekki enn til)">enska endurreisnin</a> hátindi sínum og myndlist, ljóðlist, tónlist og bókmenntir blómstruðu.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Tímabilið er þekktast fyrir leikhúslíf og fræg leikskáld. Á þessum tíma var stjórn Englands vel skipulögð og áhrifarík vegna hinna miklu umbóta Túdorættarinnar.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> England átti í harðri samkeppni við <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A6nska_heimsveldi%C3%B0" title="Spænska heimsveldið">spænska heimsveldið</a> sem hófst þegar fyrsta enska nýlendan í Ameríku var stofnuð af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Raleigh (síða er ekki enn til)">Walter Raleigh</a> í <a href="/wiki/Virgin%C3%ADa" title="Virginía">Virginíu</a> og nefnd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke-n%C3%BDlendan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roanoke-nýlendan (síða er ekki enn til)">Roanoke-nýlendan</a>. Nýlendustofnunin mistókst og er síðan þekkt sem týnda nýlendan eftir að hún fannst yfirgefin þegar birgðaskip kom þangað.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Með stofnun <a href="/wiki/Breska_Austur-Ind%C3%ADaf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0" title="Breska Austur-Indíafélagið">Breska Austur-Indíafélagsins</a> hóf England líka samkeppni við <a href="/wiki/Hollenska_heimsveldi%C3%B0" title="Hollenska heimsveldið">hollenska heimsveldið</a> og <a href="/wiki/Franska_heimsveldi%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Franska heimsveldið">franska heimsveldið</a> í <a href="/wiki/Austur-Ind%C3%ADur" title="Austur-Indíur">Austur-Indíum</a>. Á Elísabetartímabilinu átti England í stríðsátökum við Spán sem sendi <a href="/wiki/Flotinn_%C3%B3sigrandi" title="Flotinn ósigrandi">flotann ósigrandi</a> árið 1588 til að endurreisa kaþólska trú í Englandi. Lélegt skipulag og óhagstætt veður, auk árása enskra skipa undir stjórn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Howard,_jarl_af_Nottingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Howard, jarl af Nottingham (síða er ekki enn til)">Charles Howard</a>, urðu til þess að innrásin mistókst. Spánn hugðist endurtaka leikinn 1596 og 1597 en í bæði skiptin hröktu óveður skipin af leið. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samband_við_Skotland">Samband við Skotland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Breyti hluta: Samband við Skotland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Samband við Skotland">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> Yfirstjórn Stóra-Bretlands breyttist varanlega árið 1603 þegar <a href="/wiki/Jakob_6._Skotakonungur" title="Jakob 6. Skotakonungur">Jakob 6. Skotakonungur</a> erfði ensku krúnuna. Þá gengu England og Skotland í <a href="/wiki/Konungssamband" title="Konungssamband">konungssamband</a> en voru áfram tvö ríki.<a href="#cite_note-Britons-58">[58]</a> Jakob tók að kalla sig „konung Stóra-Bretlands“ þótt enginn grundvöllur væri fyrir þeim titli í enskum lögum.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Jakob lét gefa út <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakobsbibl%C3%ADan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakobsbiblían (síða er ekki enn til)">Jakobsbiblíuna</a>, sem einu lögmætu útgáfu <a href="/wiki/Bibl%C3%ADan" title="Biblían">Biblíunnar</a> á ensku árið 1611. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Charles_II_of_England.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_II_of_England.jpeg/170px-Charles_II_of_England.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_II_of_England.jpeg/255px-Charles_II_of_England.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_II_of_England.jpeg/340px-Charles_II_of_England.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Konungsvaldið var endurreist í Englandi þegar Karl 2. tók við völdum.</figcaption></figure> Í valdatíð sonar Jakobs, <a href="/wiki/Karl_1._Englandskonungur" title="Karl 1. Englandskonungur">Karls 1.</a>, braust út <a href="/wiki/Enska_borgarastyrj%C3%B6ldin" title="Enska borgarastyrjöldin">borgarastríð</a> milli stuðningsmanna konungs annars vegar og <a href="/wiki/Langa_%C3%BEingi%C3%B0" title="Langa þingið">langa þingsins</a> hins vegar. Konungssinnar og þingsinnar voru þekktir sem „<a href="/wiki/Kavaler" title="Kavaler">kavalerar</a>“ og „<a href="/wiki/Hnatth%C3%B6f%C3%B0i" title="Hnatthöfði">hnatthöfðar</a>“. Þeir skiptust eftir landfræðilegum, pólitískum, trúarlegum og samfélagslegum átakalínum. Átök brutust líka út í öðrum ríkjum Bretlandseyja og urðu þekkt sem <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%ADr%C3%ADkjastr%C3%AD%C3%B0in" title="Þríríkjastríðin">þríríkjastríðin</a> þar sem þau áttu sér stað í konungsríkjunum þremur, Írlandi, Skotlandi og Englandi. Þingsinnar báru á endanum sigur úr býtum og Karl var tekinn af lífi. Leiðtogi þingliðsins, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, varð lávarður ríkisins árið 1653 og <a href="/wiki/Enska_samveldi%C3%B0" title="Enska samveldið">enska samveldið</a> tók við af konungsveldinu.<a href="#cite_note-Ocromwell-60">[60]</a> Þegar Cromwell lést og sonur hans, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cromwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Cromwell (síða er ekki enn til)">Richard Cromwell</a>, sagði af sér sem lávarður, var <a href="/wiki/Karl_2._Englandskonungur" title="Karl 2. Englandskonungur">Karl 2.</a> boðaður aftur og krýndur konungur árið 1660. Það markar upphaf <a href="/wiki/St%C3%BAartendurreisnin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stúartendurreisnin">Stúartendurreisnarinnar</a> þar sem leikhúsin voru opnuð á ný og listirnar blómstruðu.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Eftir <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BDrlega_byltingin" title="Dýrlega byltingin">dýrlegu byltinguna</a> 1688 var <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingbundin_konungsstj%C3%B3rn" title="Þingbundin konungsstjórn">þingbundin konungsstjórn</a> fest í lög með <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9ttindaskr%C3%A1in_1689&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Réttindaskráin 1689 (síða er ekki enn til)">réttindaskrá</a>, þar sem konungi var gert að ríkja með þinginu. Aðeins þingið gat lagt fram ný lög og konungur mátti hvorki leysa upp þing, boða nýja skatta eða kveða menn í herinn án samþykkis þingsins.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Frá þeim tíma hefur enginn konungur komið inn í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ne%C3%B0ri_deild_breska_%C3%BEingsins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neðri deild breska þingsins (síða er ekki enn til)">neðri deild breska þingsins</a> meðan á þingi stendur. Tákn þess er athöfn sem fer fram árlega þar sem dyrum þingsins er skellt framan í fulltrúa konungs.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Vísindi tóku miklum framförum eftir stofnun <a href="/wiki/Konunglega_breska_v%C3%ADsindaf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0" title="Konunglega breska vísindafélagið">Konunglega breska vísindafélagsins</a> árið 1660. Árið 1666 varð <a href="/wiki/Lund%C3%BAnabruninn_mikli" title="Lundúnabruninn mikli">Lundúnabruninn mikli</a> til þess að stór hluti miðborgar London eyðilagðist og var endurbyggður skömmu síðar.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Margar stórbyggingar voru hannaðar af arkitektinum <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>. Tveir flokkar komu fram á þinginu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor%C3%ADar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toríar (síða er ekki enn til)">Toríar</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viggar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viggar (síða er ekki enn til)">Viggar</a>. Toríar studdu upphaflega hinn kaþólska <a href="/wiki/Jakob_2._Englandskonungur" title="Jakob 2. Englandskonungur">Jakob 2.</a>, en sumir þeirra gengu í lið með Viggum í dýrlegu byltingunni og buðu <a href="/wiki/Vilhj%C3%A1lmur_2._Englandskonungur" title="Vilhjálmur 2. Englandskonungur">Vilhjálmi af Óraníu</a> krúnuna. Andstæðingar Vilhjálms voru kallaðir <a href="/wiki/Jakob%C3%ADtar" title="Jakobítar">Jakobítar</a> og þeir nutu einkum fylgis í norðurhluta landsins og Skotlandi. Undir stjórn <a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%BAart%C3%A6tt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stúartætt (síða er ekki enn til)">Stúartættar</a> þandist verslunarveldi Englendinga út um allan heim og hagsæld jókst. Stærsti kaupskipafloti Evrópu varð til í Bretlandi.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Þing Englands og Skotlands samþykktu hvert í sínu lagi að sameina löndin tvö og stofna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konungsr%C3%ADki_St%C3%B3ra-Bretlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konungsríki Stóra-Bretlands (síða er ekki enn til)">Konungsríki Stóra-Bretlands</a> árið 1707.<a href="#cite_note-unionwithscotland-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britons-58">[58]</a> Ýmsar stofnanir, löggjöf og kirkjuskipan, voru áfram aðskilin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nútíminn">Nútíminn</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Breyti hluta: Nútíminn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Nútíminn">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg/220px-CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg/330px-CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg/440px-CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1143" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames-%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thames-á (síða er ekki enn til)">Thames-á</a> á <a href="/wiki/Georgst%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Georgstímabilið">Georgstímabilinu</a> frá svölum á Somerset House í átt að Saint Paul's (um 1750).</figcaption></figure> Eftir að Konungsríkið Stóra-Bretland var stofnað áttu <a href="/wiki/Konunglega_breska_v%C3%ADsindaf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0" title="Konunglega breska vísindafélagið">Konunglega breska vísindafélagið</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skoska_uppl%C3%BDsingin" title="Skoska upplýsingin">skoska upplýsingin</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enska_uppl%C3%BDsingin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enska upplýsingin (síða er ekki enn til)">enska upplýsingin</a> þátt í nýjungum í visindum og verkfræði, meðan mikill vöxtur í <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Er%C3%ADhyrningsverslunin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þríhyrningsverslunin (síða er ekki enn til)">þríhyrningsversluninni</a> á Atlantshafi sem naut verndar <a href="/wiki/Konunglegi_breski_sj%C3%B3herinn" title="Konunglegi breski sjóherinn">konunglega breska sjóhersins</a> skapaði undirstöður undir <a href="/wiki/Breska_heimsveldi%C3%B0" title="Breska heimsveldið">breska heimsveldið</a>. Í Englandi hófst <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0nbyltingin" title="Iðnbyltingin">iðnbyltingin</a> sem olli miklum efnahagslegum, samfélagslegum og menningarlegum breytingum á ensku samfélagi. Á þeim tíma iðnvæddist landbúnaðurinn, iðnaðarframleiðslan og námavinnsla, auk þess sem nýir innviðir fyrir vöruflutninga og fólksflutninga stóðu undir útþenslu og þróun iðnfyrirtækja.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Árið 1761 var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridgewater-skur%C3%B0urinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridgewater-skurðurinn (síða er ekki enn til)">Bridgewater-skurðurinn</a> opnaður í Norðvestur-Englandi og markaði upphaf skurðatímabilsins í Bretlandi.<a href="#cite_note-Briton20015-68">[68]</a> Árið 1825 hóf fyrsta varanlega farþegalestin starfsemi: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stockton-_og_Darlington-lestin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stockton- og Darlington-lestin (síða er ekki enn til)">Stockton- og Darlington-lestin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Briton20015-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Turner,_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(1822).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg/250px-Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg/330px-Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg/500px-Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Trafalgar" title="Orrustan við Trafalgar">Orrustan við Trafalgar</a> var sjóorrusta milli breska sjóhersins og sameinaðs spænsks og fransks flota í Napóleonsstyrjöldunum.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> Vegna <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0nbyltingin" title="Iðnbyltingin">iðnbyltingarinnar</a> fluttust margir verkamenn frá sveitum Englands í ört vaxandi þéttbýliskjarna til að vinna í verksmiðjum, til dæmis í <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> og <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, sem voru nefndar „verkstæði heimsins“ og „vöruhúsaborgin“.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Manchester var fyrsta iðnaðarborg heimsins.<a href="#cite_note-Industrial_city-71">[71]</a> Þegar <a href="/wiki/Franska_byltingin" title="Franska byltingin">franska byltingin</a> hófst hélst stöðugleiki í Englandi. <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_yngri" title="William Pitt yngri">William Pitt yngri</a> var forsætisráðherra í valdatíð <a href="/wiki/Georg_3._Bretakonungur" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg 3. Bretakonungur">Georgs 3.</a> Staðgengilsstjórn <a href="/wiki/Georg_4." title="Georg 4.">Georgs 4.</a> var þekkt fyrir framfarir í listum og arkitektúr.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Í <a href="/wiki/Nap%C3%B3leonsstyrjaldirnar" title="Napóleonsstyrjaldirnar">Napóleonsstyrjöldunum</a> hugðist Napóleon gera innrás í Bretland úr suðaustri, en það gerðist þó aldrei og <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> vann sigur á her Napóleons á sjó, meðan <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Wellesley">Arthur Wellesley</a> vann sigur á landi. Sigur Breta í <a href="/wiki/Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Trafalgar" title="Orrustan við Trafalgar">orrustunni við Trafalgar</a> staðfesti yfirburði breska sjóhersins.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Á <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nap%C3%B3leonst%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napóleonstímabilið (síða er ekki enn til)">Napóleonstímabilinu</a> varð til bresk sjálfsmynd og hugmynd um <a href="/wiki/Bretar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretar">Breta</a> sem sameinaða þjóð Englendinga, Skota og Wales-búa.<a href="#cite_note-Colley1-74">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Frith_A_Private_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frith_A_Private_View.jpg/220px-Frith_A_Private_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frith_A_Private_View.jpg/330px-Frith_A_Private_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frith_A_Private_View.jpg/440px-Frith_A_Private_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viktor%C3%ADut%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Viktoríutímabilið">Viktoríutímabilið</a> er oft nefnt em dæmi um <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gull%C3%B6ld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gullöld (síða er ekki enn til)">gullöld</a>. Málverk eftir <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Powell_Frith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Powell Frith (síða er ekki enn til)">William Powell Frith</a> sem á að sýna menningarmun.</figcaption></figure> London varð stærsta og fjölmennasta þéttbýlissvæði heims á <a href="/wiki/Viktor%C3%ADut%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Viktoríutímabilið">Viktoríutímabilinu</a> og verslun, her og floti breska heimsveldisins nutu mikillar virðingar.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Á þessum tíma urðu miklar tækniframfarir sem leiddu til aukinnar velsældar.<a href="#cite_note-:17-76">[76]</a> Róttækar stjórnmálahreyfingar eins og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartistar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chartistar (síða er ekki enn til)">Chartistar</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BAffragettur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Súffragettur (síða er ekki enn til)">súffragettur</a> áttu þátt í að hraða lagalegum umbótum sem leiddu til almenns kosningaréttar.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Hynes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Hynes (síða er ekki enn til)">Samuel Hynes</a> lýsti <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1tvar%C3%B0st%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Játvarðstímabilið">Játvarðstímabilinu</a> sem þægilegum tíma þar sem konur gengu með <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myndahattur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myndahattur (síða er ekki enn til)">myndahatta</a> og kusu ekki, ríkt fólk skammaðist sín ekki fyrir að sýna ríkidæmi sitt, og <a href="/wiki/Heimsveldi_%C3%BEar_sem_s%C3%B3lin_sest_aldrei" title="Heimsveldi þar sem sólin sest aldrei">sólin settist aldrei á breska fánann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Breytingar á valdajafnvægi í Austur- og Mið-Evrópu leiddu til <a href="/wiki/Fyrri_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ldin" title="Fyrri heimsstyrjöldin">fyrri heimsstyrjaldar</a> þar sem hundruð þúsunda enskra hermanna börðust fyrir Bretland sem hluti af <a href="/wiki/Bandamenn_(fyrri_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ld)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandamenn (fyrri heimsstyrjöld)">Bandamönnum</a> Tveimur áratugum síðar var Bretland enn hluti af <a href="/wiki/Bandamenn_(s%C3%AD%C3%B0ari_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ld)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandamenn (síðari heimsstyrjöld)">Bandamönnum</a> í <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD%C3%B0ari_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Síðari heimsstyrjöld">síðari heimsstyrjöld</a>. Undir lok <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eykjustustr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Þykjustustríðið">þykjustustríðsins</a> varð <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> forsætisráðherra. Margar enskar borgir urðu fyrir miklu tjóni í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leifturstr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leifturstríðið (síða er ekki enn til)">loftárásum Þjóðverja</a>. Eftir stríðið hófst hröð <a href="/wiki/Afn%C3%BDlenduv%C3%A6%C3%B0ing" class="mw-redirect" title="Afnýlenduvæðing">afnýlenduvæðing</a> <a href="/wiki/Breska_heimsveldi%C3%B0" title="Breska heimsveldið">breska heimsveldisins</a> og tækniþróun olli miklum breytingum á daglegu lífi fólks. Bílar urðu helsti samgöngumátinn og <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Eotuhreyfill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þotuhreyfill (síða er ekki enn til)">þotuhreyfillinn</a> (önnur ensk uppfinning) leiddi til þess að flugferðir urðu hagkvæmari.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Búseta fólks í Englandi breyttist með tilkomu bifreiða og heilsugæslan <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Health Service (síða er ekki enn til)">National Health Service</a> hóf að veita almenningi ókeypis heilbrigðisþjónustu árið 1948. Þessi þróun leiddi til breytinga á sveitarfélögum í Englandi um miðja 20. öld.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Frá og með 20. öld hafa miklir fólksflutningar orðið til Englands, aðallega frá öðrum hlutum <a href="/wiki/Bretlandseyjar" title="Bretlandseyjar">Bretlandseyja</a>, en líka frá öðrum <a href="/wiki/Breska_samveldi%C3%B0" title="Breska samveldið">samveldislöndum</a>, sérstaklega <a href="/wiki/Indlandsskagi" title="Indlandsskagi">Indlandsskaga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Frá 8. áratug 20. aldar hefur störfum fækkað í iðnaði og fjölgað í <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Ej%C3%B3nustugeirinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þjónustugeirinn (síða er ekki enn til)">þjónustugeiranum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thatcher-82">[82]</a> England varð hluti af <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pska_efnahagssv%C3%A6%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Evrópska efnahagssvæðið">evrópska efnahagssvæðinu</a> sem síðar varð <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pusambandi%C3%B0" title="Evrópusambandið">Evrópusambandið</a>. Frá lokum 20. aldar breyttist stjórn Bretlands þannig að aukin völd færðust til endurreistra þinga Skotlands, Wales og Norður-Írlands.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=England_og_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="England og Wales (síða er ekki enn til)">England og Wales</a> er þó áfram til sem sérstakt lögsagnarumdæmi innan Bretlands.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Wales-84">[84]</a> Aukin valddreifing hefur leitt til meiri áherslu á sérstaka enska sjálfsmynd.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Ekkert sérstakt þing eða stjórn Englands er til, og hugmyndum um slíka sérstjórn hefur verið hafnað í þjóðaratkvæðagreiðslum.<a href="#cite_note-refreject-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landfræði">Landfræði</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Breyti hluta: Landfræði" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Landfræði">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> England nær yfir tvo þriðju hluta <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B3ra-Bretland" title="Stóra-Bretland">Stóra-Bretlands</a> með eyjum, eins og <a href="/wiki/Wighteyja" title="Wighteyja">Wighteyju</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilly-eyjar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scilly-eyjar (síða er ekki enn til)">Scilly-eyjum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland">Skotland</a> liggur að landinu í norðri og <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> í vestri. England er nær <a href="/wiki/Meginland_Evr%C3%B3pu" title="Meginland Evrópu">meginlandi Evrópu</a> en aðrir hlutar Bretlands. <a href="/wiki/Ermarsund" title="Ermarsund">Ermarsund</a> greinir England að meginlandinu og er 52 <a href="/wiki/K%C3%ADl%C3%B3metri" title="Kílómetri">km</a> að breidd þar sem það er grennst.<a href="#cite_note-Engchannel-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ermarsundsg%C3%B6ngin" title="Ermarsundsgöngin">Ermarsundsgöngin</a> skammt frá <a href="/w/index.php?title=Folkestone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folkestone (síða er ekki enn til)">Folkestone</a> tengja England beint við <a href="/wiki/Frakkland" title="Frakkland">Frakklandi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> England á líka strönd að <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ursj%C3%B3r" title="Norðursjór">Norðursjó</a> og <a href="/wiki/Atlantshaf" title="Atlantshaf">Atlantshafi</a>. Helstu hafnarborgir landsins, London, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> og <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, liggja við árnar <a href="/wiki/Thames" title="Thames">Thames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey">Mersey</a> og <a href="/wiki/Tyne-%C3%A1" title="Tyne-á">Tyne-á</a>. Lengsta áin sem rennur um England er <a href="/wiki/Severn" title="Severn">Severn</a>, 354 km að lengd.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Hún rennur út í <a href="/wiki/Bristolsund" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristolsund">Bristolsund</a> og er þekkt fyrir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Severn-r%C3%B6stin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Severn-röstin (síða er ekki enn til)">Severn-röstina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sj%C3%A1varfallar%C3%B6st&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjávarfallaröst (síða er ekki enn til)">sjávarfallaröst</a> sem getur myndað 2 metra brimöldur.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Lengsta áin sem aðeins rennur um England er þó Thames sem er 346 km að lengd.<a href="#cite_note-Thames-91">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Malvern_Hills_-_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Malvern_Hills_-_England.jpg/220px-Malvern_Hills_-_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Malvern_Hills_-_England.jpg/330px-Malvern_Hills_-_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Malvern_Hills_-_England.jpg/440px-Malvern_Hills_-_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3656" data-file-height="2119" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malvern-h%C3%A6%C3%B0ir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malvern-hæðir (síða er ekki enn til)">Malvern-hæðir</a> í ensku sýslunum <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> og <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a> eru skilgreindar sem svæði einstakrar náttúrufegurðar.</figcaption></figure> Í Englandi eru mörg vötn. Stærsta stöðuvatn landsins er <a href="/wiki/Windermere" title="Windermere">Windermere</a> í vatnasvæðinu <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-metoffice_nw-92">[92]</a> Landslag í Englandi einkennist aðallega af lágum hæðardrögum, en í norðri er landið fjalllendara. Þar eru <a href="/wiki/Penn%C3%ADnafj%C3%B6ll" title="Pennínafjöll">Pennínafjöll</a>, sem eru fjallgarður sem liggur frá austri til vesturs, <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%BAmbr%C3%ADufj%C3%B6ll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kúmbríufjöll (síða er ekki enn til)">Kúmbríufjöll</a> í Lake District og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheviot-h%C3%A6%C3%B0ir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheviot-hæðir (síða er ekki enn til)">Cheviot-hæðir</a> við landamæri Englands og Skotlands. Hæsti tindur Englands er <a href="/wiki/Scafell_Pike" title="Scafell Pike">Scafell Pike</a>, 978 metrar á hæð.<a href="#cite_note-metoffice_nw-92">[92]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shropshire-h%C3%A6%C3%B0ir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shropshire-hæðir (síða er ekki enn til)">Shropshire-hæðir</a> liggja að landamærum Wales, og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dartmoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dartmoor (síða er ekki enn til)">Dartmoor</a> og <a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a> eru heiðarlönd í suðvestri. Í <a href="/wiki/Austur-Angl%C3%ADa" title="Austur-Anglía">Austur-Anglíu</a> er flatt undirlendi notað sem beitiland. Þetta svæði er kallað <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fens (síða er ekki enn til)">Fens</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tees%E2%80%93Exe-l%C3%ADnan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tees–Exe-línan (síða er ekki enn til)">Tees–Exe-línan</a> er stundum notuð til að greina norður- og vesturhlutann, með eldra bergi og meira hálendi; frá suður- og austurhlutanum sem einkennist af meira flatlendi og setbergi.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Elstu fjöll landsins eru <a href="/wiki/Penn%C3%ADnafj%C3%B6ll" title="Pennínafjöll">Pennínafjöll</a> sem eru stundum kölluð „hryggjarsúla landsins“ og eru frá lokum <a href="/wiki/Fornl%C3%ADfs%C3%B6ld" title="Fornlífsöld">fornlífsaldar</a> frá því fyrir um 300 milljón árum..<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Þau eru meðal annars mynduð úr <a href="/wiki/Sandsteinn" title="Sandsteinn">sandsteini</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kalksteinn" title="Kalksteinn">kalksteini</a> og þar er líka að finna <a href="/wiki/Kol" title="Kol">kolalög</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">Karstlandslag</a> er að finna í <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> og <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>. Við fjöllin eru mýrlendi og frjósamir dalir þar sem árnar skera sig inn í þau. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire_Dales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yorkshire Dales (síða er ekki enn til)">Yorkshire Dales</a> og <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak District">Peak District</a> eru tveir þjóðgarðar í Pennínafjöllum. Í suðvestri eru heiðarlöndin Dartmoor og Exmoor sem liggja á granítklöpp og þar sem milt úthafsloftslag er ríkjandi. Bæði heiðarlöndin eru þjóðgarðar.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ensku_l%C3%A1gl%C3%B6ndin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ensku láglöndin (síða er ekki enn til)">Ensku láglöndin</a> eru í mið- og suðurhluta landsins og einkennast af grónum hæðardrögum, eins og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotswold-h%C3%A6%C3%B0ir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cotswold-hæðir (síða er ekki enn til)">Cotswold-hæðum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiltern-h%C3%A6%C3%B0ir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiltern-hæðir (síða er ekki enn til)">Chiltern-hæðum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Downs (síða er ekki enn til)">North Downs</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Downs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Downs (síða er ekki enn til)">South Downs</a>. Við ströndina eru hvítir kalksteinsklettar, eins og við <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>. Þar eru líka sléttur eins og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salisbury-sl%C3%A9ttan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salisbury-sléttan (síða er ekki enn til)">Salisbury-sléttan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Somerset-flatlendi%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somerset-flatlendið (síða er ekki enn til)">Somerset-flatlendið</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Su%C3%B0urstrandarsl%C3%A9ttan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suðurstrandarsléttan (síða er ekki enn til)">Suðurstrandarsléttan</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenin_(Englandi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenin (Englandi) (síða er ekki enn til)">Fenin</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stjórnmál">Stjórnmál</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Breyti hluta: Stjórnmál" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Stjórnmál">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg/250px-Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg/330px-Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg/500px-Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Westminster-h%C3%B6ll" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster-höll">Westminster-höll</a> er samkomustaður <a href="/wiki/Breska_%C3%BEingi%C3%B0" title="Breska þingið">breska þingsins</a>.</figcaption></figure> England er hluti af Bretlandi, þar sem er <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingbundi%C3%B0_konungsvald" class="mw-redirect" title="Þingbundið konungsvald">þingbundið konungsvald</a> með <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Þingræði">þingræðiskerfi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> England hefur ekki haft sína eigin ríkisstjórn síðan 1707 en með <a href="/wiki/Sambandsl%C3%B6gin_1707" title="Sambandslögin 1707">sambandslögunum</a> sameinuðust <a href="/wiki/Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_Skotland" title="Konungsríkið Skotland">konungsríkið Skotland</a> og <a href="/wiki/Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_England" title="Konungsríkið England">konungsríkið England</a> í <a href="/wiki/Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_St%C3%B3ra-Bretland" title="Konungsríkið Stóra-Bretland">konungsríkið Stóra-Bretland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unionwithscotland-66">[66]</a> Fyrir sambandið var landinu stjórnað af <a href="/wiki/Listi_yfir_%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0h%C3%B6f%C3%B0ingja_Englands" title="Listi yfir þjóðhöfðingja Englands">konungi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Enska_%C3%BEingi%C3%B0" title="Enska þingið">þinginu</a>. Í dag fer <a href="/wiki/Breska_%C3%BEingi%C3%B0" title="Breska þingið">breska þingið</a> með stjórn Englands, en önnur lönd Bretlands hafa sínar eigin ríkisstjórnir og þing sem starfa í umboði þess.<a href="#cite_note-Devolution-97">[97]</a> Í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulltr%C3%BAadeild_breska_%C3%BEingsins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fulltrúadeild breska þingsins (síða er ekki enn til)">fulltrúadeild breska þingsins</a> sitja 532 fulltrúar einmenningskjördæma á Englandi, af 650 þingmönnum deildarinnar.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Eftir <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Eingkosningar_%C3%AD_Bretlandi_2019&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þingkosningar í Bretlandi 2019 (síða er ekki enn til)">þingkosningar í Bretlandi 2019</a> voru fulltrúar úr <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dhaldsflokkurinn_(Bretlandi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Íhaldsflokkurinn (Bretlandi)">Íhaldsflokknum</a> 345, 179 úr <a href="/wiki/Verkamannaflokkurinn_(Bretlandi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verkamannaflokkurinn (Bretlandi)">Verkamannaflokknum</a>, sjö úr <a href="/wiki/Frj%C3%A1lslyndi_flokkurinn_(Bretlandi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frjálslyndi flokkurinn (Bretlandi)">Frjálslynda flokknum</a>, einn úr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C3%A6ningjaflokkur_Englands_og_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Græningjaflokkur Englands og Wales (síða er ekki enn til)">Græningjum</a>, og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forseti_fulltr%C3%BAadeildar_breska_%C3%BEingsins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forseti fulltrúadeildar breska þingsins (síða er ekki enn til)">forseti fulltrúadeildar breska þingsins</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lindsay_Hoyle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lindsay Hoyle (síða er ekki enn til)">Lindsay Hoyle</a>. Eftir að breska þingið fól þingum annarra landa Bretlands að fara með stjórn að hluta í Skotlandi, Wales og Norður-Írlandi, hefur verið rætt um að koma á líku fyrirkomulagi í Englandi. Upphaflega var rætt um að hvert <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9ru%C3%B0_Englands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Héruð Englands (síða er ekki enn til)">hérað</a> fengi eigin þing, en þegar tillögunni var hafnað af <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0austur-England" title="Norðaustur-England">Norðaustur-Englandi</a> í þjóðaratkvæðagreiðslu árið 2004, var hætt við það.<a href="#cite_note-refreject-86">[86]</a> Eitt vandamál er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spurningin_um_Vestur-Lothian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spurningin um Vestur-Lothian (síða er ekki enn til)">spurningin um Vestur-Lothian</a> þar sem þingmenn úr Skotlandi og Wales geta kosið um löggjöf sem snertir eingöngu England, meðan enskir þingmenn geta ekki kosið um mál sem hin þingin fást við.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Þetta hefur verið sett í samhengi við það að England er eina land Bretlands þar sem ekki eru ókeypis lyfseðlar og skráningargjöld í háskóla<a href="#cite_note-msnmoney-100">[100]</a> og hefur leitt til vaxandi enskrar þjóðernishyggju.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Sumir hafa því stungið upp á stofnun sérstaks ensks þings<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> meðan aðrir hafa mælt með því að aðeins enskir þingmenn fái að kjósa um löggjöf sem eingöngu varðar England.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efnahagslíf">Efnahagslíf</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Breyti hluta: Efnahagslíf" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Efnahagslíf">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:City_of_London_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/City_of_London_Skyline.jpg/350px-City_of_London_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/City_of_London_Skyline.jpg/525px-City_of_London_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/City_of_London_Skyline.jpg/700px-City_of_London_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lund%C3%BAnaborg" title="Lundúnaborg">Lundúnaborg</a> er miðstöð heimsefnahags.</figcaption></figure> England er eitt af stærstu efnahagskerfum <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Evrópa">Evrópu</a> og fimmta stærsta í heimi. Hagkerfi Englands notar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Engilsaxneskt_hagl%C3%ADkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engilsaxneskt haglíkan (síða er ekki enn til)">engilsaxneskt haglíkan</a>. Það er eitt af fjórum hagkerfum á Bretlandi, og 100 af 500 stærstum fyrirtækjum í Evrópu eru með höfuðstöðvar í <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Sem hluti Bretlands er England aðalmiðstöð fyrir efnahagsmál heimsins. England er eitt iðnvæddu landa í heimi. Aðaliðnaðasvæði eru efna- og lyfjaiðnaðir og tækniiðnaðir eins og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geimverkfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geimverkfræði (síða er ekki enn til)">geimverkfræði</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vopn" title="Vopn">vopnaiðnaður</a> og framleiðslu <a href="/wiki/Hugb%C3%BAna%C3%B0ur" title="Hugbúnaður">hugbúnaða</a>. London flytur út aðallega iðnaðarvörur and flytja inn efni eins og jarðolía, te, ull, hrásykur, timbur, smjör, málmur og kjöt. Í fyrra flutti út England meira en 30.000 <a href="/wiki/Tonn" title="Tonn">tonn</a> nautakjöta eiga 75.000.000 <a href="/wiki/Breskt_pund" title="Breskt pund">breskra punda</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frakkland" title="Frakkland">Frakkland</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtal%C3%ADa" title="Ítalía">Ítalía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grikkland" title="Grikkland">Grikkland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belg%C3%ADa" title="Belgía">Belgía</a> og <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A1nn" title="Spánn">Spánn</a> eru aðalinnflytjendur nautakjöta frá Englandi. Seðlabanki Bretlands sem setur vaxtaprósentur og kemur á peningamálastefnu er <a href="/wiki/Englandsbanki" title="Englandsbanki">Englandsbanki</a> í London. <a href="/wiki/Kauph%C3%B6llin_%C3%AD_London" title="Kauphöllin í London">Kauphöllin í London</a> er líka í borginni og er aðalkauphöllin í Bretlandi og er stærsta í Evrópu. London er alheimsleiðtogi í fjármáli, börgin er stærsta fjármálamiðstöð í Evrópu. Hefðbundnir framleiðslu- og þungaiðnaðir hafa hnignað undanfarið á Englandi eins og annars staðar á Bretlandi. Um leið hafa <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Ej%C3%B3nustugrein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þjónustugrein (síða er ekki enn til)">þjónustugreinar</a> orðið öllu meira mikilvægar. Til dæmis er <a href="/wiki/Fer%C3%B0a%C3%BEj%C3%B3nusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferðaþjónusta">ferðaþjónusta</a> sjötti stærsti iðnaðurinn á Bretlandi og gaf hagkerfinu 76 milljónir breskra punda. Árið <a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a> ræður hún 1.800.000 stöðugildi fólks eða 6,1% vinnandi íbúa. Aðalmiðstöð fyrir ferðamenn er London og börgin laðar að milljónum ferðamanna árlega. Embættislegi gjaldmiðill Bretlands er <a href="/wiki/Breskt_pund" title="Breskt pund">breskt pund</a> (stundum sterlingspund eða GBP, e. pound sterling). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Íbúar">Íbúar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Breyti hluta: Íbúar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Íbúar">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:England_counties_population_(crop).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kort af Englandi þar sem sýslurnar eru litaðar með missterkum bláum lit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/England_counties_population_%28crop%29.png/220px-England_counties_population_%28crop%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/England_counties_population_%28crop%29.png/330px-England_counties_population_%28crop%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/England_counties_population_%28crop%29.png/440px-England_counties_population_%28crop%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1321" /></a><figcaption>Borgar- og sveitasýslur eftir mannfjölda.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:England_and_Wales_population_cartogram_districts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/England_and_Wales_population_cartogram_districts.svg/220px-England_and_Wales_population_cartogram_districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/England_and_Wales_population_cartogram_districts.svg/330px-England_and_Wales_population_cartogram_districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/England_and_Wales_population_cartogram_districts.svg/440px-England_and_Wales_population_cartogram_districts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>Íbúafjöldi Englands og Wales eftir stjórnsýslueiningum.</figcaption></figure> England er langfjölmennasta land Bretlands, með yfir 56 milljón íbúa, sem eru 84% af heildarfjöldanum.<a href="#cite_note-2011census-8">[8]</a>: 12 <a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Ef England væri sérstakt ríki væri það 25. fjölmennasta ríki heims miðað við árið 2005.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Englendingar" title="Englendingar">Englendingar</a> eru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bresk_%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bresk þjóð (síða er ekki enn til)">bresk þjóð</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-106">[106]</a> Sumar erfðarannsóknir benda til þess að 75-95% þeirra séu afkomendur landnema frá forsögulegum tíma sem fluttust þangað upprunalega frá <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dber%C3%ADuskagi" title="Íberíuskagi">Íberíuskaga</a>, með um 5% framlagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Englar_(%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Englar (þjóð) (síða er ekki enn til)">Engla</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxar (síða er ekki enn til)">Saxa</a>, auk þó nokkurs framlags frá <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0url%C3%B6nd" class="mw-redirect" title="Norðurlönd">Norðurlöndunum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenheimer2006378-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Aðrar rannsóknir meta framlag germanskra þjóða sem allt að 50%.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Ýmis menningarsamfélög hafa orðið áhrifamikil á Englandi í gegnum söguna: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fors%C3%B6gulegt_Bretland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forsögulegt Bretland (síða er ekki enn til)">forsöguleg samfélög</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretar_(s%C3%B6guleg_%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bretar (söguleg þjóð) (síða er ekki enn til)">Bretar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3maveldi" title="Rómaveldi">Rómaveldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engilsaxar" title="Engilsaxar">Engilsaxar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADkingar" title="Víkingar">Víkingar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gelar" title="Gelar">Gelar</a> og <a href="/wiki/Normannar" title="Normannar">Normannar</a>. Samfélög brottfluttra Englendinga er víða að finna í fyrrum löndum breska heimsveldisins, sérstaklega í <a href="/wiki/Bandar%C3%ADkin" title="Bandaríkin">Bandaríkjunum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81stral%C3%ADa" title="Ástralía">Ástralíu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%B0ur-Afr%C3%ADka" title="Suður-Afríka">Suður-Afríku</a> og <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BDja-Sj%C3%A1land" title="Nýja-Sjáland">Nýja-Sjálandi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Frá lokum 20. aldar hafa margir Englendingar flust til Spánar.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Þegar <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3msdagsb%C3%B3kin" title="Dómsdagsbókin">Dómsdagsbókin</a> var samin árið 1086 var íbúafjöldi Englands tvær milljónir. Um 10% bjuggu þá í þéttbýli.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Árið 1801 var íbúafjöldinn 8,3 milljónir og árið 1901 var hann orðinn 30,5 milljónir.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Efnahagslegur vöxtur í <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%B0austur-England" title="Suðaustur-England">Suðaustur-Englandi</a> hefur gert það að áfangastað fyrir fólksflutninga annars staðar að í Bretlandi.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-106">[106]</a> Þó nokkur fjöldi Íra hefur líka flust til Englands.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Hlutfall íbúa af evrópskum uppruna er 87,5%. Þar á meðal eru íbúar af þýskum<a href="#cite_note-migra-121">[121]</a> og pólskum uppruna.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-106">[106]</a> Innflytjendur hafa flust til Englands lengra að síðan á 6. áratugnum. Um 6% íbúa Englands tilheyra fjölskyldum sem komu upprunalega frá <a href="/wiki/Indlandsskagi" title="Indlandsskagi">Indlandsskaga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indland" title="Indland">Indlandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> og <a href="/wiki/Bangladess" title="Bangladess">Bangladess</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-migra-121">[121]</a> Um 0,7% íbúa eru af kínverskum uppruna.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-migra-121">[121]</a> 2,9% íbúa eru þeldökkir af afrískum og karabískum uppruna, sérstaklega frá fyrrum breskum nýlendum þar.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-migra-121">[121]</a> Árið 2007 tilheyrðu 22% skólabarna í Englandi minnihlutaþjóðarbrotum<a href="#cite_note-Paton-122">[122]</a> og árið 2011 var fjöldi þeirra 26,5%.<a href="#cite_note-Shepherd-123">[123]</a> Um helmingur fólksfjölgunar milli 1991 og 2001 var vegna aðflutnings.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Deilur um þennan aðflutning eru áberandi í enskum stjórnmálum.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Í könnun innanríkisráðuneytisins árið 2009 sögðust 80% aðspurðra vilja takmarka aðflutning fólks.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagstofa_Bretlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hagstofa Bretlands (síða er ekki enn til)">Hagstofa Bretlands</a> áætlar að íbúum muni fjölga um 9 milljónir milli 2014 og 2039.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kornbretar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kornbretar (síða er ekki enn til)">Kornbretar</a> eru eina þjóðarbrotið sem er upprunnið á Englandi, sem er viðurkennt af ríkisstjórn Bretlands samkvæmt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammasamkomulag_um_vernd_%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0arbrota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rammasamkomulag um vernd þjóðarbrota (síða er ekki enn til)">Rammasamkomulagi um vernd þjóðarbrota</a> frá 2014.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tungumál">Tungumál</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Breyti hluta: Tungumál" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Tungumál">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1744436" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Aðalgrein: <a href="/wiki/Enska" title="Enska">Enska</a></div> Enska varð til á Englandi og er aðaltungumál Englands í dag. Enska er vesturgermanskt <a href="/wiki/Ind%C3%B3evr%C3%B3psk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Indóevrópsk tungumál">indóevrópskt</a> tungumál og er skylt <a href="/wiki/Skoska" title="Skoska">skosku</a> og <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%ADsneska" title="Frísneska">frísnesku</a>. Í sögu málsins er tímabilið fram til ársins <a href="/wiki/1066" title="1066">1066</a> nefnt <a href="/wiki/Fornenska" title="Fornenska">fornenska</a> en frá árinu 1066 til <a href="/wiki/15._%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="15. öld">15. aldar</a> er talað um <a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0enska" title="Miðenska">miðensku</a> og frá 15. öld um nútímaensku. Allt frá árinu 1066 hefur enska orðið fyrir miklum áhrifum frá latínu og frönsku, ekki síst orðaforðinn sem er nú að verulegu leyti af latneskum rótum líkt og í <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3m%C3%B6nsk_m%C3%A1l" class="mw-redirect" title="Rómönsk mál">rómönsku málunum</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borgir">Borgir</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Breyti hluta: Borgir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Borgir">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> er stærsta borg Bretlands og er líka <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fu%C3%B0borg" title="Höfuðborg">höfuðborg</a> landsins. Þær eru stærsta þéttbýli á landinu. <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> er önnur stærsta borgin. Aðrar stórar borgir eru <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> og <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>. Stærsta höfnin er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poole (síða er ekki enn til)">Poole</a> á suðströndinni. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Röð </th> <th>Þéttbýli </th> <th>Fólksfjöldi (manntal 2011) </th> <th>Staðir </th> <th>Stærri þéttbýlisstaðir </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9E%C3%A9ttb%C3%BDli_St%C3%B3r-Lund%C3%BAnasv%C3%A6%C3%B0isins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þéttbýli Stór-Lundúnasvæðisins (síða er ekki enn til)">Þéttbýli Stór-Lundúnasvæðisins</a> </td> <td>9.787.426 </td> <td>67 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/St%C3%B3r-Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Stór-Manchester">Stór-Manchester</a> </td> <td>2.553.379 </td> <td>57 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salford" title="Salford">Salford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldham" title="Oldham">Oldham</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9E%C3%A9ttb%C3%BDli_Vestur-Mi%C3%B0h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0anna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þéttbýli Vestur-Miðhéraðanna (síða er ekki enn til)">Þéttbýli Vestur-Miðhéraðanna</a> </td> <td>2.440.986 </td> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dudley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dudley (síða er ekki enn til)">Dudley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walsall" title="Walsall">Walsall</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9E%C3%A9ttb%C3%BDli_Vestur-Yorkshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þéttbýli Vestur-Yorkshire (síða er ekki enn til)">Þéttbýli Vestur-Yorkshire</a> </td> <td>1.777.934 </td> <td>26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9E%C3%A9ttb%C3%BDli%C3%B0_Liverpool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þéttbýlið Liverpool (síða er ekki enn til)">Þéttbýlið Liverpool</a> </td> <td>864.122 </td> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Helens_(Merseyside)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Helens (Merseyside) (síða er ekki enn til)">St Helens</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bootle (síða er ekki enn til)">Bootle</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huyton-with-Roby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huyton-with-Roby (síða er ekki enn til)">Huyton-with-Roby</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9E%C3%A9ttb%C3%BDli%C3%B0_South-Hampshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þéttbýlið South-Hampshire (síða er ekki enn til)">Þéttbýlið South-Hampshire</a> </td> <td>855.569 </td> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyneside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyneside (síða er ekki enn til)">Tyneside</a> </td> <td>774.891 </td> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Shields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Shields (síða er ekki enn til)">North Shields</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Shields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Shields (síða er ekki enn til)">South Shields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jarrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jarrow (síða er ekki enn til)">Jarrow</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9E%C3%A9ttb%C3%BDli%C3%B0_Nottingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þéttbýlið Nottingham (síða er ekki enn til)">Þéttbýlið Nottingham</a> </td> <td>729.977 </td> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beeston_(Nottinghamshire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beeston (Nottinghamshire) (síða er ekki enn til)">Beeston</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stapleford_(Nottinghamshire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stapleford (Nottinghamshire) (síða er ekki enn til)">Stapleford</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlton,_Nottinghamshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlton, Nottinghamshire (síða er ekki enn til)">Carlton</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Eaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Long Eaton (síða er ekki enn til)">Long Eaton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9E%C3%A9ttb%C3%BDli%C3%B0_Sheffield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þéttbýlið Sheffield (síða er ekki enn til)">Þéttbýlið Sheffield</a> </td> <td>685.368 </td> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapeltown_(Su%C3%B0ur-Yorkshire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapeltown (Suður-Yorkshire) (síða er ekki enn til)">Chapeltown</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosborough&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosborough (síða er ekki enn til)">Mosborough</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Highlane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Highlane (síða er ekki enn til)">Highlane</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9E%C3%A9ttb%C3%BDli%C3%B0_Bristol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þéttbýlið Bristol (síða er ekki enn til)">Þéttbýlið Bristol</a> </td> <td>617.280 </td> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingswood,_South_Gloucestershire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingswood, South Gloucestershire (síða er ekki enn til)">Kingswood</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangotsfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangotsfield (síða er ekki enn til)">Mangotsfield</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoke_Gifford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoke Gifford (síða er ekki enn til)">Stoke Gifford</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Menning">Menning</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Breyti hluta: Menning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Menning">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1744436" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Aðalgrein: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ensk_menning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ensk menning (síða er ekki enn til)">Ensk menning</a></div> Ensk menning er breið og fjölbreytileg. Englendingar hafa spilað inn í þróun <a href="/wiki/List" title="List">lista</a> og <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsindi" title="Vísindi">vísindanna</a>. Margir mikilvægir vísindamenn og heimspekingar fæddust á Englandi eða hafa búið á Englandi, til dæmis <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(heimspekingur)" title="Francis Bacon (heimspekingur)">Francis Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (fæddur á <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BDja-Sj%C3%A1land" title="Nýja-Sjáland">Nýja-Sjálandi</a>), <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> og hagfræðingar svo sem <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a> og <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> skrifaði mest af ritverkum sínum í <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matargerð">Matargerð</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Breyti hluta: Matargerð" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Matargerð">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> Mörg lönd telja að ensk matargerð sé gróf og einföld. Ensk matargerð umbreyttist á sjötta áratuginum undir áhrifum frá <a href="/wiki/Indland" title="Indland">Indlandi</a> og <a href="/wiki/K%C3%ADna" title="Kína">Kína</a> sem fylgdu innflytjendum. Dæmi af hefðbundnum enskum mat eru: <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:English_Breakfast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/English_Breakfast.jpg/180px-English_Breakfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/English_Breakfast.jpg/270px-English_Breakfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/English_Breakfast.jpg/360px-English_Breakfast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Enskur morgunverður</figcaption></figure> <table style="background:transparent;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td style="width:;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eplabaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eplabaka (síða er ekki enn til)">Eplabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bj%C3%BAgu_og_stappa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bjúgu og stappa (síða er ekki enn til)">Bjúgu og stappa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bedfordshire_clanger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bedfordshire clanger (síða er ekki enn til)">Bedfordshire clanger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bubble_and_Squeak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bubble and Squeak (síða er ekki enn til)">Bubble and Squeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornbresk_kj%C3%B6tbaka" title="Kornbresk kjötbaka">Kornbresk kjötbaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%BAsta%C3%B0arbaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bústaðarbaka (síða er ekki enn til)">Bústaðarbaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devonshire_rj%C3%B3mat%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devonshire rjómaté (síða er ekki enn til)">Devonshire rjómaté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiskur_og_franskar" title="Fiskur og franskar">Fiskur og franskar</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width:1.25em;"> </td> <td style="width:;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enskur_morgunver%C3%B0ur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enskur morgunverður (síða er ekki enn til)">Enskur morgunverður</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kj%C3%B6ts%C3%B3sa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kjötsósa (síða er ekki enn til)">Kjötsósur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hlaupa%C3%A1ll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hlaupaáll (síða er ekki enn til)">Hlaupaáll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancashire_gr%C3%BDta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lancashire grýta (síða er ekki enn til)">Lancashire grýta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincolnshire_bj%C3%BAga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lincolnshire bjúga (síða er ekki enn til)">Lincolnshire bjúgu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kj%C3%B6tbaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kjötbaka (síða er ekki enn til)">Kjötbökur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baka_og_stappa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baka og stappa (síða er ekki enn til)">Baka og stappa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploughmans_h%C3%A1degisver%C3%B0ur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ploughmans hádegisverður (síða er ekki enn til)">Ploughmans hádegisverður</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width:1.25em;"> </td> <td style="width:;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sv%C3%ADnabaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svínabaka (síða er ekki enn til)">Svínabökur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scouse (síða er ekki enn til)">Scouse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smalabaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smalabaka (síða er ekki enn til)">Smalabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_Dick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spotted Dick (síða er ekki enn til)">Spotted Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BDrnabaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nýrnabaka (síða er ekki enn til)">Nýrnabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunnudagssteik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunnudagssteik (síða er ekki enn til)">Sunnudagssteikur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toad_in_the_hole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toad in the hole (síða er ekki enn til)">Toad in the hole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire_pudding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yorkshire pudding (síða er ekki enn til)">Yorkshire pudding</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width:1.25em;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verkfræði">Verkfræði</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Breyti hluta: Verkfræði" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Verkfræði">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> England er fæðingarstaður <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0nbyltingin" title="Iðnbyltingin">Iðnbyltingarinnar</a> og margir uppfinningamenn bjuggu á Englandi á <a href="/wiki/18._%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="18. öld">18.</a> og <a href="/wiki/19._%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="19. öld">19. öld</a>. Frægir verkfræðingar eru til dæmis <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Dalton (síða er ekki enn til)">John Dalton</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Dyson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Dyson (síða er ekki enn til)">James Dyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stephenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Stephenson (síða er ekki enn til)">Robert Stephenson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Swan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Swan (síða er ekki enn til)">Joseph Swan</a> og <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vísindi_og_heimspeki">Vísindi og heimspeki</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Breyti hluta: Vísindi og heimspeki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Vísindi og heimspeki">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg/220px-Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg/330px-Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.</figcaption></figure> Meðal mikilhæfra vísindamanna frá Englandi má nefna <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Priestley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Priestley (síða er ekki enn til)">Joseph Priestley</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. J. Thomson (síða er ekki enn til)">J. J. Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Lister (síða er ekki enn til)">Joseph Lister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a> og <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>. Enskir heimspekingar áttu ríkan þátt í að móta vestræna heimspeki. Þar má nefna <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_af_Ockham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William af Ockham (síða er ekki enn til)">William af Ockham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(heimspekingur)" title="Francis Bacon (heimspekingur)">Francis Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/G.E._Moore" title="G.E. Moore">G.E. Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/A.J._Ayer" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J. Ayer">A.J. Ayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.L._Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="J.L. Austin">J.L. Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/G.E.M._Anscombe" title="G.E.M. Anscombe">G.E.M. Anscombe</a> og <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bókmenntir">Bókmenntir</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Breyti hluta: Bókmenntir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Bókmenntir">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:CHANDOS3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CHANDOS3.jpg/170px-CHANDOS3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CHANDOS3.jpg/255px-CHANDOS3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CHANDOS3.jpg/340px-CHANDOS3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Leikskáld <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.</figcaption></figure> Saga enskra bókmennta er rótgróin. Margir <a href="/wiki/Rith%C3%B6fundur" title="Rithöfundur">rithöfundar</a> eru frá Englandi til dæmis leikskáldin <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Jonson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Jonson (síða er ekki enn til)">Ben Jonson</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Webster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Webster (síða er ekki enn til)">John Webster</a>, til viðbótar rithöfundarnir <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Fielding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Fielding (síða er ekki enn til)">Henry Fielding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Makepeace_Thackeray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Makepeace Thackeray (síða er ekki enn til)">William Makepeace Thackeray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=D.H._Lawrence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D.H. Lawrence (síða er ekki enn til)">D.H. Lawrence</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=E.M._Forster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E.M. Forster (síða er ekki enn til)">E.M. Forster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> og <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a>. <a href="/wiki/J.K._Rowling" class="mw-redirect" title="J.K. Rowling">J.K. Rowling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enid_Blyton" title="Enid Blyton">Enid Blyton</a> og <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> eru rithöfundar sem hafa orðið frægir á <a href="/wiki/20._%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="20. öld">20. öld</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tónlist">Tónlist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Breyti hluta: Tónlist" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Tónlist">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> Tónskáld frá Englandi eru ekki eins fræg og rithöfundarnir þaðan. Flytjendur eins og <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADtlarnir" title="Bítlarnir">Bítlarnir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen" title="Queen">Queen</a> og <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a> eru meðal þeirra sem hafa selt mest af plötum í heiminum. England er einnig fæðingarstaður margra <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3nlistarstefna" title="Tónlistarstefna">tónlistarstefna</a> til dæmis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Har%C3%B0rokk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harðrokk (síða er ekki enn til)">harðrokks</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eungarokk" title="Þungarokk">þungarokks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Britpop">Britpops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glamrokk" class="mw-redirect" title="Glamrokk">glamrokks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frams%C3%A6ki%C3%B0_rokk" title="Framsækið rokk">framsækins rokks</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6nk" title="Pönk">pönks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotneskt_rokk" title="Gotneskt rokk">gotnesks rokks</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triphop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triphop (síða er ekki enn til)">triphops</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tilvísanir">Tilvísanir</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Breyti hluta: Tilvísanir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Tilvísanir">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1744314">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1870430">.mw-parser-output .citation a.new{color:black}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .citation a.new{color:white}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .citation a.new{color:white}}.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1898326">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516162153/http://www.britainusa.com/sections/index_nt1.asp?i=41105&L1=41105&L2=41105&D=0">„England – Culture“</a>. britainusa.com. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britainusa.com/sections/index_nt1.asp?i=41105&L1=41105&L2=41105&D=0">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 16 maí 2008. Sótt 1 febrúar 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=England+%E2%80%93+Culture&rft.pub=britainusa.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britainusa.com%2Fsections%2Findex_nt1.asp%3Fi%3D41105%26L1%3D41105%26L2%3D41105%26D%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1038758.stm">„Country profile: United Kingdom“</a>. BBC News. news.bbc.co.uk. 26 október 2009. Sótt 1 febrúar 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Country+profile%3A+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2009-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1038758.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080427080826/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_warming/older/Industrial_Revolution.html">„Industrial Revolution“</a>. Ace.mmu.ac.uk. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_Warming/Older/Industrial_Revolution.html">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 27 apríl 2008. Sótt 1 febrúar 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industrial+Revolution&rft.pub=Ace.mmu.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ace.mmu.ac.uk%2Feae%2FGlobal_Warming%2FOlder%2FIndustrial_Revolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings">"2022-2023 Best Global Universities Rankings"</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._News_%26_World_Report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. News & World Report (síða er ekki enn til)">U.S. News & World Report</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFBurns" class="citation book cs1">Burns, William E. A Brief History of Great Britain. bls. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fjf4YynnC90C&pg=PT21#v=onepage">xxi</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Great+Britain&rft.pages=xxi&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny">„Acts of Union 1707“</a>. parliament.uk. Sótt 27 janúar 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parliament.uk&rft.atitle=Acts+of+Union+1707&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2Flegislativescrutiny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFPhelan2016" class="citation web cs1">Phelan, Kate (4 október 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/ireland/articles/the-partition-of-ireland-a-short-history/">„The Partition Of Ireland: A Short History“</a>. Culture Trip. Sótt 20 maí 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Trip&rft.atitle=The+Partition+Of+Ireland%3A+A+Short+History&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Phelan&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Feurope%2Fireland%2Farticles%2Fthe-partition-of-ireland-a-short-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONS-pop-ests-June2018-7"><a href="#cite_ref-ONS-pop-ests-June2018_7-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFPark2020" class="citation web cs1">Park, Neil (24 júní 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/latest#population-growth-in-england-wales-scotland-and-northern-ireland">„Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland“</a>. www.ons.gov.uk. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom) (síða er ekki enn til)">Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Population+estimates+for+UK%2C+England+and+Wales%2C+Scotland+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fbulletins%2Fannualmidyearpopulationestimates%2Flatest%23population-growth-in-england-wales-scotland-and-northern-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011census-8">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-2011census_8-0">8,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011census_8-1">8,1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_270487.pdf">2011 Census – Population and household estimates for England and Wales, March 2011</a>. Accessed 31 May 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=England">„England“</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. Sótt 21 júlí 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DEngland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolyneaux20156–7-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolyneaux20156–7_10-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMolyneaux2015">Molyneaux 2015</a>, bls. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fordham-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Fordham_11-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916075339/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/tacitus-germanygord.html">„Germania“</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/tacitus-germanygord.html">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 16. september 2008. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germania&rft.pub=Tacitus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fbasis%2Ftacitus-germanygord.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> Pyles, Thomas and John Algeo 1993. Origins and development of the English language. 4th edition. (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich). </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> Barber, Charles, Joan C. Beal and Philip A. Shaw 2009. Other Indo-European languages have derivities of the PIE Sten or Lepto or Dol-ə'kho as root words for narrow. The English language. A historical introduction. Second edition of Barber (1993). Cambridge: University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrystal2004">Crystal 2004</a>, bls. 26–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFForbes1848" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, John (1848). The Principles of Gaelic Grammar. Edinburgh: Oliver, Boyd and Tweeddale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Gaelic+Grammar&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Oliver%2C+Boyd+and+Tweeddale&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster1988">Foster 1988</a>, bls. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.co.uk/the-timeline-of-britain/boxgrove.htm">„500,000 BC – Boxgrove“</a>. Current Archaeology. Current Publishing. 24 maí 2007. Sótt 20. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Current+Archaeology&rft.atitle=500%2C000+BC+%E2%80%93+Boxgrove&rft.date=2007-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.co.uk%2Fthe-timeline-of-britain%2Fboxgrove.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505012542/http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~sgs04rh/SWRivers/Palaeolithic%20Archaeology%20Teaching%20Resource%20Box_Lifestyles_Basic.pdf">„Palaeolithic Archaeology Teaching Resource Box“</a> (PDF). Palaeolithic Rivers of South-West Britain Project (2006). Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~sgs04rh/SWRivers/Palaeolithic%20Archaeology%20Teaching%20Resource%20Box_Lifestyles_Basic.pdf">upprunalegu</a> (PDF) geymt þann 5 maí 2021. Sótt 20. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palaeolithic+Archaeology+Teaching+Resource+Box&rft.pub=Palaeolithic+Rivers+of+South-West+Britain+Project+%282006%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.personal.rdg.ac.uk%2F~sgs04rh%2FSWRivers%2FPalaeolithic%2520Archaeology%2520Teaching%2520Resource%2520Box_Lifestyles_Basic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305032854/http://www.geo-east.org.uk/special_projects/eco_culture.htm">„Chalk east“</a>. A Geo East Project. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo-east.org.uk/special_projects/eco_culture.htm">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 5. mars 2011. Sótt 20. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chalk+east&rft.pub=A+Geo+East+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo-east.org.uk%2Fspecial_projects%2Feco_culture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenheimer2006173-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOppenheimer2006173_20-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFOppenheimer2006">Oppenheimer 2006</a>, bls. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/tertiaryrivers/tectonics.html">„Tertiary Rivers: Tectonic and structural background“</a>. University of Cambridge. Sótt 9. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tertiary+Rivers%3A+Tectonic+and+structural+background&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Ftertiaryrivers%2Ftectonics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tp.revistas.csic.es/index.php/tp/article/viewFile/5/5">„Function and significance of Bell Beaker pottery according to data from residue analyses“</a>. Sótt 21. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Function+and+significance+of+Bell+Beaker+pottery+according+to+data+from+residue+analyses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftp.revistas.csic.es%2Findex.php%2Ftp%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F5%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFReid1994" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Struan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bn88JPk_Fr0C&q=inventions+in+trade">Inventions and Trade. P.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-921921-30-1" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-921921-30-1"><bdi>978-0-921921-30-1</bdi></a>. Sótt 23. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventions+and+Trade.+P.8&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-921921-30-1&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Struan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbn88JPk_Fr0C%26q%3Dinventions%2Bin%2Btrade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFBurke2000" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Jason (2. desember 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031022061846/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0%2C6903%2C406152%2C00.html">„Dig uncovers Boudicca's brutal streak“</a>. The Observer. London. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,406152,00.html">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 22 október 2003. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Dig+uncovers+Boudicca%27s+brutal+streak&rft.date=2000-12-02&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Fuk_news%2Fstory%2F0%2C6903%2C406152%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Tac.+Ann.+14.37&redirect=true">„Cornelius Tacitus, The Annals“</a>. Alfred John Church, William Jackson Brudribh, Ed. Sótt 22. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cornelius+Tacitus%2C+The+Annals&rft.pub=Alfred+John+Church%2C+William+Jackson+Brudribh%2C+Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DTac.%2BAnn.%2B14.37%26redirect%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2016" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2016). Pax Romana: War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World. Hachette UK. bls. 276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pax+Romana%3A+War%2C+Peace+and+Conquest+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFBedoyere" class="citation web cs1">Bedoyere, Guy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012351/http://heritage-key.com/publication/architecture-roman-britain">„Architecture in Roman Britain“</a>. Heritage Key. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heritage-key.com/publication/architecture-roman-britain">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 3 júlí 2009. Sótt 23. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Key&rft.atitle=Architecture+in+Roman+Britain&rft.aulast=Bedoyere&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheritage-key.com%2Fpublication%2Farchitecture-roman-britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFPhilip1860" class="citation book cs1">Philip, Robert (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bylBAAAAIAAJ&q=roman+law+after+roman+invasion+of+britain&pg=PA276">The History of Progress in Great Britain</a>. 2. bindi. Sótt 23. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Progress+in+Great+Britain&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Philip&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbylBAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Droman%2Blaw%2Bafter%2Broman%2Binvasion%2Bof%2Bbritain%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFReesShuteKelly2003" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Bob; Shute, Paul; Kelly, Nigel (9 janúar 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1qiFEQ1tAHQC&q=roman+occupation+brought+to+britain+a+sewage+system&pg=PT119">Medicine through time</a>. Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-435-30841-4" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-435-30841-4"><bdi>978-0-435-30841-4</bdi></a>. Sótt 24. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicine+through+time&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2003-01-09&rft.isbn=978-0-435-30841-4&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Shute%2C+Paul&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1qiFEQ1tAHQC%26q%3Droman%2Boccupation%2Bbrought%2Bto%2Bbritain%2Ba%2Bsewage%2Bsystem%26pg%3DPT119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERankov199416-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERankov199416_30-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRankov1994">Rankov 1994</a>, bls. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2008143-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2008143_31-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2008">Wright 2008</a>, bls. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-james_anglosaxons-32">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-james_anglosaxons_32-0">32,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-james_anglosaxons_32-1">32,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFJames" class="citation web cs1">James, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/overview_anglo_saxons_01.shtml">„Overview: Anglo-Saxons, 410 to 800“</a>. BBC. Sótt 3. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview%3A+Anglo-Saxons%2C+410+to+800&rft.pub=BBC&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fanglo_saxons%2Foverview_anglo_saxons_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehane-33">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Lehane_33-0">33,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lehane_33-1">33,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFLehane1968" class="citation book cs1">Lehane, Brendan (1968). Early Christian Christianity. John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Christianity&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Lehane&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFDark2003" class="citation web cs1">Dark, Ken R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601080017/https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/GCMS/RMS-2003-03_K._R._Dark%2C_Large-scale_population_movements_into_and_from_Britan_south_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall_in_the_fourth_to_sixth_centuries_AD.pdf">„Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD“</a> (PDF). Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/GCMS/RMS-2003-03_K._R._Dark%2C_Large-scale_population_movements_into_and_from_Britan_south_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall_in_the_fourth_to_sixth_centuries_AD.pdf">upprunalegu</a> (PDF) geymt þann 1 júní 2021. Sótt 20 júní 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Large-scale+population+movements+into+and+from+Britain+south+of+Hadrian%27s+Wall+in+the+fourth+to+sixth+centuries+AD&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dark&rft.aufirst=Ken+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reading.ac.uk%2Fweb%2Ffiles%2FGCMS%2FRMS-2003-03_K._R._Dark%252C_Large-scale_population_movements_into_and_from_Britan_south_of_Hadrian%2527s_Wall_in_the_fourth_to_sixth_centuries_AD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2015" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Toby F. (2015). The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England. Boydell and Brewer Press. bls. 174–178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cruciform+Brooch+and+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Toby+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFCoates" class="citation web cs1">Coates, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ul.qucosa.de/api/qucosa%3A31804/attachment/ATT-0/">„Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English“</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celtic+whispers%3A+revisiting+the+problems+of+the+relation+between+Brittonic+and+Old+English&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ful.qucosa.de%2Fapi%2Fqucosa%253A31804%2Fattachment%2FATT-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFKortlandt2018" class="citation web cs1">Kortlandt, Frederik (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art320e.pdf">„Relative Chronology“</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relative+Chronology&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Kortlandt&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kortlandt.nl%2Fpublications%2Fart320e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFFox" class="citation web cs1">Fox, Bethany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html">„The P-Celtic Place Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland“</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+P-Celtic+Place+Names+of+North-East+England+and+South-East+Scotland&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heroicage.org%2Fissues%2F10%2Ffox.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Härke,_Heinrich_2011-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Härke,_Heinrich_2011_39-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFHärke2011" class="citation journal cs1">Härke, Heinrich (2011). „Anglo-Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis“. Medieval Archaeology. 55 (1): 1–28. <a href="/wiki/DOI-n%C3%BAmer" title="DOI-númer">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F174581711X13103897378311">10.1179/174581711X13103897378311</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(au%C3%B0kenni)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (auðkenni) (síða er ekki enn til)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162331501">162331501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Anglo-Saxon+Immigration+and+Ethnogenesis&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F174581711X13103897378311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162331501%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4rke&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.picturesofengland.com/history/england-history-p4.html">„The Christian Tradition“</a>. PicturesofEngland.com. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PicturesofEngland.com&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Tradition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.picturesofengland.com%2Fhistory%2Fengland-history-p4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby20004-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby20004_41-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, bls. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon196023-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon196023_42-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyon1960">Lyon 1960</a>, bls. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/overview_normans_01.shtml">„Overview: The Normans, 1066–1154“</a>. BBC. Sótt 3. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview%3A+The+Normans%2C+1066%E2%80%931154&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fnormans%2Foverview_normans_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrouch2006">Crouch 2006</a>, bls. 2–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/mid/7254446.stm">„Norman invasion word impact study“</a>. BBC News. 20 febrúar 2008. Sótt 3. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Norman+invasion+word+impact+study&rft.date=2008-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2Fmid%2F7254446.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartlett_p124-46">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett_p124_46-0">46,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett_p124_46-1">46,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartlett1999">Bartlett 1999</a>, bls. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624181028/http://www.royal.gov.uk/OutPut/Page61.asp">„Edward I (r. 1272–1307)“</a>. Royal.gov.uk. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/OutPut/Page61.asp">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 24 júní 2008. Sótt 21. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Edward+I+%28r.+1272%E2%80%931307%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FOutPut%2FPage61.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler1967208-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler1967208_48-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFowler1967">Fowler 1967</a>, bls. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFZiegler2003">Ziegler 2003</a>, bls. 230; <a href="#CITEREFGoldberg1996">Goldberg 1996</a>, bls. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrofton2007111-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrofton2007111_50-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrofton2007">Crofton 2007</a>, bls. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080710093939/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page50.asp">„Richard III (r. 1483–1485)“</a>. Royal.gov.uk. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page50.asp">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 10 júlí 2008. Sótt 21. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Richard+III+%28r.+1483%E2%80%931485%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2Foutput%2FPage50.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFHay1988" class="citation book cs1">Hay, Denys (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzm2Vu9h-CYC&q=italian+influence+on+the+english+renaissance&pg=PA165">Renaissance essays</a>. bls. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-907628-96-5" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-907628-96-5"><bdi>978-0-907628-96-5</bdi></a>. Sótt 26. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+essays&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-907628-96-5&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Denys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djzm2Vu9h-CYC%26q%3Ditalian%2Binfluence%2Bon%2Bthe%2Benglish%2Brenaissance%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118040146/http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two">„Royal Navy History, Tudor Period and the Birth of a Regular Navy“</a>. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 18. janúar 2012. Sótt 24. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Navy+History%2C+Tudor+Period+and+the+Birth+of+a+Regular+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal-navy.org%2Flib%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Goldwin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RdOTQUDgH54C&q=england+under+the+tudors+by+goldwin+smith">England Under the Tudors</a>. bls. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-60620-939-4" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-60620-939-4"><bdi>978-1-60620-939-4</bdi></a>. Sótt 26. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+Under+the+Tudors&rft.pages=176&rft.isbn=978-1-60620-939-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Goldwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRdOTQUDgH54C%26q%3Dengland%2Bunder%2Bthe%2Btudors%2Bby%2Bgoldwin%2Bsmith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> Lewis, English Literature in the Sixteenth Century (Oxford, 1954) p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/TUDparliament.htm">„Tudor Parliaments“</a>. Spartacus Educational (enska). Sótt 4 apríl 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=Tudor+Parliaments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FTUDparliament.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFOrdahl2007" class="citation book cs1">Ordahl, Karen (25 febrúar 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8cr4Vgt9ekC&q=roanoke+colony">Roanak:the abandoned colony</a>. Rowman & Littlefield publishers Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-7425-5263-0" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-7425-5263-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-5263-0</bdi></a>. Sótt 24. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roanak%3Athe+abandoned+colony&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+publishers+Inc&rft.date=2007-02-25&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5263-0&rft.aulast=Ordahl&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW8cr4Vgt9ekC%26q%3Droanoke%2Bcolony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britons-58">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Britons_58-0">58,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britons_58-1">58,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFColley1992">Colley 1992</a>, bls. 12.; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609075346/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/01_background.html">„Making the Act of Union“</a>. Parliament.uk. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/01_background.html">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 9 júní 2008. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+the+Act+of+Union&rft.pub=Parliament.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Factofunion%2F01_background.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFHay" class="citation web cs1">Hay, Denys. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325061737/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_089/89_055_066.pdf">„The term "Great Britain" in the Middle Ages“</a> (PDF). ads.ahds.ac.uk. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_089/89_055_066.pdf">upprunalegu</a> (PDF) geymt þann 25. mars 2009. Sótt 19 febrúar 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+term+%22Great+Britain%22+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=ads.ahds.ac.uk&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Denys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fads.ahds.ac.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fadsdata%2FPSAS_2002%2Fpdf%2Fvol_089%2F89_055_066.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocromwell-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocromwell_60-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143822/Oliver-Cromwell">„Oliver Cromwell (English statesman)“</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. britannica.com. 2009. Sótt 8 ágúst 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Oliver+Cromwell+%28English+statesman%29&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F143822%2FOliver-Cromwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> Lyndsey Bakewell, "Changing scenes and flying machines: re-examination of spectacle and the spectacular in Restoration theatre, 1660–1714" (PhD. Diss. Loughborough University, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212175057/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5c52/dfd2b876951f2d9ca982a2aa2460f52c228f.pdf">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFAdlerPouwels2007" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Philip J.; Pouwels, Randall L. (27 nóvember 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mPoqfoiIp4sC&q=with+the+restoration+it+was+not+constitutionally+established+that+king+and+parliament+should+rule+together&pg=PA340">World Civilization</a>. bls. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-495-50262-3" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-495-50262-3"><bdi>978-0-495-50262-3</bdi></a>. Sótt 24. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Civilization&rft.pages=340&rft.date=2007-11-27&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50262-3&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft.au=Pouwels%2C+Randall+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPoqfoiIp4sC%26q%3Dwith%2Bthe%2Brestoration%2Bit%2Bwas%2Bnot%2Bconstitutionally%2Bestablished%2Bthat%2Bking%2Band%2Bparliament%2Bshould%2Brule%2Btogether%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/guides/newsid_81000/81909.stm">"Democracy Live: Black Rod"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 6 August 2008; </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/great_fire_02.shtml">„London's Burning: The Great Fire“</a>. BBC News. Sótt 25. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=London%27s+Burning%3A+The+Great+Fire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fcivil_war_revolution%2Fgreat_fire_02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/the-stuarts">„The History Press | The Stuarts“</a>. www.thehistorypress.co.uk (enska). Sótt 11 apríl 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thehistorypress.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+History+Press+%7C+The+Stuarts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistorypress.co.uk%2Fthe-stuarts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unionwithscotland-66">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-unionwithscotland_66-0">66,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unionwithscotland_66-1">66,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621165514/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/08_02_great.html">„The first Parliament of Great Britain“</a>. Parliament.uk. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/08_02_great.html">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 21 júní 2008. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+first+Parliament+of+Great+Britain&rft.pub=Parliament.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Factofunion%2F08_02_great.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFHudson,_Pat" class="citation web cs1">Hudson, Pat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml">„The Workshop of the World“</a>. BBC. Sótt 10. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Workshop+of+the+World&rft.pub=BBC&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fvictorians%2Fworkshop_of_the_world_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briton20015-68">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Briton20015_68-0">68,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briton20015_68-1">68,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFOffice_for_National_Statistics2000">Office for National Statistics 2000</a>, bls. 5; <a href="#CITEREFMcNeilNevell2000">McNeil & Nevell 2000</a>, bls. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728203458/http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/Napoleonic%20Wars.aspx">„Department of History – Napoleonic Wars“</a>. 28. júlí 2014. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/Napoleonic%20Wars.aspx">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 28. júlí 2014. Sótt 8. apríl 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+History+%E2%80%93+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.date=2014-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westpoint.edu%2Fhistory%2FSitePages%2FNapoleonic%2520Wars.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcNeilNevell2000">McNeil & Nevell 2000</a>, bls. 9.; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFBirmingham_City_Council" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham_City_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birmingham City Council (síða er ekki enn til)">Birmingham City Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426080011/http://www.visitbirmingham.com/arts_and_culture/heritage/">„Heritage“</a>. visitbirmingham.com. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitbirmingham.com/arts_and_culture/heritage/">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 26 apríl 2012. Sótt 4 október 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage&rft.pub=visitbirmingham.com&rft.au=Birmingham+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitbirmingham.com%2Farts_and_culture%2Fheritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Industrial_city-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Industrial_city_71-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309184810/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/energyhall/page84.asp">„Manchester – the first industrial city“</a>. Entry on Sciencemuseum website. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/energyhall/page84.asp">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 9. mars 2012. Sótt 17. mars 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+%E2%80%93+the+first+industrial+city&rft.pub=Entry+on+Sciencemuseum+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemuseum.org.uk%2Fon-line%2Fenergyhall%2Fpage84.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417084322/https://www.mayfairoffice.co.uk/members-home/British-Architectural-Styles/British-Architectural-Styles-Regency">„Regency | British Architectural Dates and Styles | Property | UK | Mayfair Office“</a>. www.mayfairoffice.co.uk. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayfairoffice.co.uk/members-home/British-Architectural-Styles/British-Architectural-Styles-Regency">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 17 apríl 2021. Sótt 8 apríl 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mayfairoffice.co.uk&rft.atitle=Regency+%7C+British+Architectural+Dates+and+Styles+%7C+Property+%7C+UK+%7C+Mayfair+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayfairoffice.co.uk%2Fmembers-home%2FBritish-Architectural-Styles%2FBritish-Architectural-Styles-Regency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> Bennet, Geoffrey (2004). The Battle of Trafalgar. England: Pen & Sword Books Limited, CPI UK, South Yorkshire. </li> <li id="cite_note-Colley1-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Colley1_74-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFColley1992">Colley 1992</a>, bls. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFHaggard2001" class="citation book cs1">Haggard, Robert F. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=53VUwDw_UYMC&q=prestige+of+the+british+empire+in+victorian+times&pg=PA13">The persistence of Victorian liberalism:The Politics of Social Reform in Britain, 1870–1900</a>. bls. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-313-31305-9" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-313-31305-9"><bdi>978-0-313-31305-9</bdi></a>. Sótt 26. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+persistence+of+Victorian+liberalism%3AThe+Politics+of+Social+Reform+in+Britain%2C+1870%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31305-9&rft.aulast=Haggard&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D53VUwDw_UYMC%26q%3Dprestige%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bbritish%2Bempire%2Bin%2Bvictorian%2Btimes%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-76"><a href="#cite_ref-:17_76-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFAtterbury2011" class="citation web cs1">Atterbury, Paul (17 febrúar 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/victorian_technology_01.shtml">„Victorian Technology“</a>. BBC History. Sótt 13 október 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+History&rft.atitle=Victorian+Technology&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Atterbury&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fvictorians%2Fvictorian_technology_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFCrawford,_Elizabeth" class="citation web cs1">Crawford, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/abolition_women_article_01.shtml#five">„Women: From Abolition to the Vote“</a>. BBC. Sótt 10. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women%3A+From+Abolition+to+the+Vote&rft.pub=BBC&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fabolition%2Fabolition_women_article_01.shtml%23five&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/manorhouse/edwardianlife/introduction.html">„Manor House. Edwardian Life | PBS“</a>. www.pbs.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=Manor+House.+Edwardian+Life+%26%23124%3B+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fmanorhouse%2Fedwardianlife%2Fintroduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFGolley,_John1996" class="citation news cs1">Golley, John (10 ágúst 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaries-air-commodore-sir-frank-whittle-1309015.html">„Obituaries: Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle“</a>. The Independent. London. Sótt 2. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituaries%3A+Air+Commodore+Sir+Frank+Whittle&rft.date=1996-08-10&rft.au=Golley%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituaries-air-commodore-sir-frank-whittle-1309015.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarkSteedMarshall1973">Clark, Steed & Marshall 1973</a>, bls. 1; <a href="#CITEREFWilsonGame2002">Wilson & Game 2002</a>, bls. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFGallagher2006">Gallagher 2006</a>, bls. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thatcher-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Thatcher_82-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFReitan2003">Reitan 2003</a>, bls. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFKeating1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Keating_(political_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Keating (political scientist) (síða er ekki enn til)">Keating, Michael</a> (1 janúar 1998). „Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom“. Publius: The Journal of Federalism. 28 (1): 217. <a href="/wiki/DOI-n%C3%BAmer" title="DOI-númer">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.pubjof.a029948">10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publius%3A+The+Journal+of+Federalism&rft.atitle=Reforging+the+Union%3A+Devolution+and+Constitutional+Change+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=217&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.pubjof.a029948&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Wales-84"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Wales_84-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/guide/ch11_part2_coming_of_the_tudor.shtml">„The coming of the Tudors and the Act of Union“</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC Wales (síða er ekki enn til)">BBC Wales</a>. BBC News. 2009. Sótt 9. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Wales&rft.atitle=The+coming+of+the+Tudors+and+the+Act+of+Union&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fhistory%2Fsites%2Fthemes%2Fguide%2Fch11_part2_coming_of_the_tudor.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennyEnglishHayton2008">Kenny, English & Hayton 2008</a>, bls. 3; <a href="#CITEREFWard2004">Ward 2004</a>, bls. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-refreject-86">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-refreject_86-0">86,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-refreject_86-1">86,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFShermanAndrew_Norfolk2004" class="citation news cs1">Sherman, Jill; Andrew Norfolk (5 nóvember 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525121618/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article503255.ece">„Prescott's dream in tatters as North East rejects assembly“</a>. The Times. London. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article503255.ece">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 25 maí 2010. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Prescott%27s+dream+in+tatters+as+North+East+rejects+assembly&rft.date=2004-11-05&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft.au=Andrew+Norfolk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle503255.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engchannel-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Engchannel_87-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187921/English-Channel">„English Channel“</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. britannica.com. 2009. Sótt 15 ágúst 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=English+Channel&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F187921%2FEnglish-Channel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081116055538/http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcAboutUs/ukm/history.htm">„History“</a>. EuroTunnel.com. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcAboutUs/ukm/history.htm">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 16 nóvember 2008. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=EuroTunnel.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurotunnel.com%2FukcP3Main%2FukcCorporate%2FukcAboutUs%2Fukm%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/west/severn-river/">„The River Severn“</a>. BBC. Sótt 5. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+River+Severn&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fengland%2Fsevenwonders%2Fwest%2Fsevern-river%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122125420/http://environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/recreation/31439.aspx">„Severn Bore and Trent Aegir“</a>. Environment Agency. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/recreation/31439.aspx">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 22 nóvember 2010. Sótt 5. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Severn+Bore+and+Trent+Aegir&rft.pub=Environment+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment-agency.gov.uk%2Fhomeandleisure%2Frecreation%2F31439.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thames-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Thames_91-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-home/related-139-94056-articles-reviews/River+Thames-London+(England)/related.do">„River Thames and London (England)“</a>. London Evening Standard. London. Sótt 17 ágúst 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=River+Thames+and+London+%28England%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislondon.co.uk%2Fstandard-home%2Frelated-139-94056-articles-reviews%2FRiver%2BThames-London%2B%28England%29%2Frelated.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Link rot">óvirkur tengill</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-metoffice_nw-92">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-metoffice_nw_92-0">92,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-metoffice_nw_92-1">92,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003213/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/nw/">„North West England & Isle of Man: climate“</a>. Met Office. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/nw/">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 5 júní 2011. Sótt 5. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+West+England+%26+Isle+of+Man%3A+climate&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fclimate%2Fuk%2Fnw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=tees+exe+line+england+lowland+upland&pg=PA100">World Regional Geography</a>. Joseph J. Hobbs. 13. mars 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-495-38950-7" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-495-38950-7"><bdi>978-0-495-38950-7</bdi></a>. Sótt 6. desember 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Regional+Geography&rft.pub=Joseph+J.+Hobbs&rft.date=2008-03-13&rft.isbn=978-0-495-38950-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyAgGHnENHjoC%26q%3Dtees%2Bexe%2Bline%2Bengland%2Blowland%2Bupland%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summitpost.org/area/range/220026/pennines.html">„Pennines“</a>. Smmit Post. Sótt 8. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pennines&rft.pub=Smmit+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.summitpost.org%2Farea%2Frange%2F220026%2Fpennines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027162402/http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/aboutus">„National Parks – About us“</a>. nationalparks.gov.uk. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/aboutus">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 27 október 2010. Sótt 5. desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Parks+%E2%80%93+About+us&rft.pub=nationalparks.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalparks.gov.uk%2Faboutus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/">"United Kingdom"</a> CIA The World Factbook]. Retrieved 13 April 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-Devolution-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Devolution_97-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFCabinet_Office2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Office (síða er ekki enn til)">Cabinet Office</a> (26. mars 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/devolution.aspx">„Devolution in the United Kingdom“</a>. cabinetoffice.gov.uk. Sótt 16 ágúst 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devolution+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=cabinetoffice.gov.uk&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft.au=Cabinet+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabinetoffice.gov.uk%2Fdevolution.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/mps/">„Lists of MPs“</a>. Parliament.uk. Sótt 21 maí 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lists+of+MPs&rft.pub=Parliament.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fmps-lords-and-offices%2Fmps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7702326.stm">„West Lothian question“</a>. BBC News. 31 október 2008. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=West+Lothian+question&rft.date=2008-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F7702326.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-msnmoney-100"><a href="#cite_ref-msnmoney_100-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417222726/http://money.uk.msn.com/consumer/article.aspx?cp-documentid=6543296">„Are Scottish people better off?“</a>. MSN Money. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.uk.msn.com/consumer/article.aspx?cp-documentid=6543296">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 17 apríl 2008. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+Scottish+people+better+off%3F&rft.pub=MSN+Money&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.uk.msn.com%2Fconsumer%2Farticle.aspx%3Fcp-documentid%3D6543296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/596703.stm">„English nationalism "threat to UK"“</a>. BBC News. 9 janúar 2000. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=English+nationalism+%22threat+to+UK%22&rft.date=2000-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F596703.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2008" class="citation news cs1">Davidson, Lorraine (3 júní 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529115803/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article4061785.ece">„Gordon Brown pressed on English parliament“</a>. The Times. London. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article4061785.ece">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 29 maí 2010. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Gordon+Brown+pressed+on+English+parliament&rft.date=2008-06-03&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Lorraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Farticle4061785.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFGrice2008" class="citation news cs1">Grice, Andrew (1 júlí 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/english-votes-for-english-laws-plan-by-tories-857647.html">„English votes for English laws' plan by Tories“</a>. The Independent. London. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=English+votes+for+English+laws%27+plan+by+Tories&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft.aulast=Grice&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fenglish-votes-for-english-laws-plan-by-tories-857647.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFOffice_for_National_Statistics2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_for_National_Statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office for National Statistics (síða er ekki enn til)">Office for National Statistics</a> (8 ágúst 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland/mid-2011-and-mid-2012/index.html">„Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland – current datasets“</a>. statistics.gov.uk. Sótt 5 október 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+estimates+for+UK%2C+England+and+Wales%2C+Scotland+and+Northern+Ireland+%E2%80%93+current+datasets&rft.pub=statistics.gov.uk&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft.au=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fpop-estimate%2Fpopulation-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland%2Fmid-2011-and-mid-2012%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (síða er ekki enn til)">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090807035831/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm">„World Population Prospects: Analytical Report for the 2004“</a>. United Nations. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 7 ágúst 2009. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects%3A+Analytical+Report+for+the+2004&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.au=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2FWPP2004%2FWPP2004_Volume3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnicityengl-106">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicityengl_106-0">106,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicityengl_106-1">106,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicityengl_106-2">106,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicityengl_106-3">106,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicityengl_106-4">106,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicityengl_106-5">106,5</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFOffice_for_National_Statistics2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_for_National_Statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office for National Statistics (síða er ekki enn til)">Office for National Statistics</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html">„Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales 2011“</a>. Statistics.gov.uk. Sótt 5 október 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+National+Identity+in+England+and+Wales+2011&rft.pub=Statistics.gov.uk&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frpt-ethnicity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenheimer2006378-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOppenheimer2006378_107-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFOppenheimer2006">Oppenheimer 2006</a>, bls. 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516142837/http://www.eitb24.com/new/en/B24_38277/life/GENETIC-STUDY-British-and-Irish-descendant-of-the-Basques/">„British and Irish, descendant of the Basques?“</a>. Eitb24.com. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eitb24.com/new/en/B24_38277/life/GENETIC-STUDY-British-and-Irish-descendant-of-the-Basques/">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 16 maí 2011. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+and+Irish%2C+descendant+of+the+Basques%3F&rft.pub=Eitb24.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eitb24.com%2Fnew%2Fen%2FB24_38277%2Flife%2FGENETIC-STUDY-British-and-Irish-descendant-of-the-Basques%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer2006a" class="citation news cs1">Oppenheimer, Stephen (10 október 2006a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715070548/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/3348004/What-does-being-British-mean-Ask-the-Spanish.html">„What does being British mean? Ask the Spanish“</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/3348004/What-does-being-British-mean-Ask-the-Spanish.html">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 15 júlí 2009. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=What+does+being+British+mean%3F+Ask+the+Spanish&rft.date=2006-10-10&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fscienceandtechnology%2F3348004%2FWhat-does-being-British-mean-Ask-the-Spanish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFWade2007" class="citation news cs1">Wade, Nicholas (6. mars 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/06/science/06brits.html">„A United Kingdom? Maybe“</a>. The New York Times. Sótt 8 ágúst 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+United+Kingdom%3F+Maybe&rft.date=2007-03-06&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F06%2Fscience%2F06brits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFThomasStumpfHärke2006" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, M.G.; Stumpf, M.P.; Härke, H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1635457">„Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England“</a>. Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 273 (1601): 2651–7. <a href="/wiki/DOI-n%C3%BAmer" title="DOI-númer">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2006.3627">10.1098/rspb.2006.3627</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(au%C3%B0kenni)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (auðkenni) (síða er ekki enn til)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1635457">1635457</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(au%C3%B0kenni)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (auðkenni) (síða er ekki enn til)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17002951">17002951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+an+apartheid-like+social+structure+in+early+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.volume=273&rft.issue=1601&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2651-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1635457%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17002951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2006.3627&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=M.G.&rft.au=Stumpf%2C+M.P.&rft.au=H%C3%A4rke%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1635457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090522193002/http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba68/feat1.shtml">„Roman Britons after 410“</a>. Britarch.ac.uk. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba68/feat1.shtml">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 22 maí 2009. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Britons+after+410&rft.pub=Britarch.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britarch.ac.uk%2Fba%2Fba68%2Ffeat1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFCameron1994" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Keith (mars 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D3GPUqysfoAC&q=Anglo-Saxon%20Origins%3A%20The%20Reality%20of%20the%20Myth&pg=PA3">Anglo-Saxon Origins: The Reality of the Myth</a>. Malcolm Todd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-871516-85-2" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-871516-85-2"><bdi>978-1-871516-85-2</bdi></a>. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Origins%3A+The+Reality+of+the+Myth&rft.pub=Malcolm+Todd&rft.date=1994-03&rft.isbn=978-1-871516-85-2&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD3GPUqysfoAC%26q%3DAnglo-Saxon%2520Origins%253A%2520The%2520Reality%2520of%2520the%2520Myth%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/conquest/after_viking/legacy_vikings_01.shtml">„Legacy of the Vikings“</a>. BBC News. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Legacy+of+the+Vikings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Ftrail%2Fconquest%2Fafter_viking%2Flegacy_vikings_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112123723/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4021/is_/ai_80408799">„Shifting Identities – statistical data on ethnic identities in the US“</a>. Bnet. 2001. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4021/is_/ai_80408799">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 12 janúar 2016. Sótt 29 júlí 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shifting+Identities+%E2%80%93+statistical+data+on+ethnic+identities+in+the+US&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m4021%2Fis_%2Fai_80408799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091101151108/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000">„Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories“</a>. Statistics Canada. 2 apríl 2008. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 1 nóvember 2009. Sótt 29 júlí 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+origins%2C+2006+counts%2C+for+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus06%2Fdata%2Fhighlights%2Fethnic%2Fpages%2FPage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo%3DPR%26Code%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26Table%3D2%26StartRec%3D1%26Sort%3D3%26Display%3DAll%26CSDFilter%3D5000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFCentre_for_Population_and_Urban_Research,_Monash_University" class="citation web cs1">Centre for Population and Urban Research, Monash University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124226/http://elecpress.monash.edu.au/pnp/free/pnpv7n4/v7n4_3price.pdf">„Australian Population: Ethnic Origins“</a> (PDF). Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elecpress.monash.edu.au/pnp/free/pnpv7n4/v7n4_3price.pdf">upprunalegu</a> (PDF) geymt þann 19 júlí 2011. Sótt 29 júlí 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Population%3A+Ethnic+Origins&rft.au=Centre+for+Population+and+Urban+Research%2C+Monash+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felecpress.monash.edu.au%2Fpnp%2Ffree%2Fpnpv7n4%2Fv7n4_3price.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822074242/http://www.galeon.com/typepad/">„Inmigración británica en Chile“</a>. Galeon.com. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galeon.com/typepad/">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 22 ágúst 2009. Sótt 29 júlí 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inmigraci%C3%B3n+brit%C3%A1nica+en+Chile&rft.pub=Galeon.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galeon.com%2Ftypepad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFBurke2005" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Jason (9 október 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/09/spain.spain">„An Englishman's home is his casa as thousands go south“</a>. The Guardian. London. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=An+Englishman%27s+home+is+his+casa+as+thousands+go+south&rft.date=2005-10-09&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Foct%2F09%2Fspain.spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFTravisSarah_Knapton2007" class="citation news cs1">Travis, Alan; Sarah Knapton (16 nóvember 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/nov/16/emigration">„Record numbers leave the country for life abroad“</a>. The Guardian. London. Sótt 8 ágúst 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Record+numbers+leave+the+country+for+life+abroad&rft.date=2007-11-16&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Sarah+Knapton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2007%2Fnov%2F16%2Femigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Wisconsin" class="citation web cs1">University of Wisconsin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111025121640/http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/123%2013%20Society.htm">„Medieval English society“</a>. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/123%2013%20Society.htm">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 25 október 2011. Sótt 14 ágúst 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medieval+English+society&rft.au=University+of+Wisconsin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.wisc.edu%2Fsommerville%2F123%2F123%252013%2520Society.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/fertility-analysis/focus-on-people-and-migration/december-2005/focus-on-people-and-migration---focus-on-people-and-migration---chapter-1.pdf">„Chapter 1 – The UK population: past, present and future“</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/fertility-analysis/focus-on-people-and-migration/december-2005/index.html">Focus on People and Migration</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_for_National_Statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office for National Statistics (síða er ekki enn til)">Office for National Statistics</a>. 7. desember 2005. Sótt 16 febrúar 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Focus+on+People+and+Migration&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2005-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Ffertility-analysis%2Ffocus-on-people-and-migration%2Fdecember-2005%2Ffocus-on-people-and-migration---focus-on-people-and-migration---chapter-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1224611.stm">„One in four Britons claim Irish roots“</a>. BBC News. 16. mars 2001. Sótt 26 nóvember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=One+in+four+Britons+claim+Irish+roots&rft.date=2001-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F1224611.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-migra-121">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-migra_121-0">121,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-migra_121-1">121,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-migra_121-2">121,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-migra_121-3">121,3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4218740.stm">„British Immigration Map Revealed“</a>. BBC News. 7. september 2005. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=British+Immigration+Map+Revealed&rft.date=2005-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F4218740.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paton-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Paton_122-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFPaton2007" class="citation news cs1">Paton, Graeme (1 október 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html">„One fifth of children from ethnic minorities“</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html">Afrit</a> af uppruna á 10 janúar 2022. Sótt 14 ágúst 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=One+fifth+of+children+from+ethnic+minorities&rft.date=2007-10-01&rft.aulast=Paton&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1564365%2FOne-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shepherd-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd_123-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2011" class="citation news cs1">Shepherd, Jessica (22 júní 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/jun/22/quarter-state-school-pupils-from-ethnic-minority">„Almost a quarter of state school pupils are from an ethnic minority“</a>. The Guardian. London. Sótt 17 janúar 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Almost+a+quarter+of+state+school+pupils+are+from+an+ethnic+minority&rft.date=2011-06-22&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2011%2Fjun%2F22%2Fquarter-state-school-pupils-from-ethnic-minority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFLeppard2005" class="citation news cs1">Leppard, David (10 apríl 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080211185641/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece">„Immigration rise increases segregation in British cities“</a>. The Times. London. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 11 febrúar 2008. Sótt 8 ágúst 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Immigration+rise+increases+segregation+in+British+cities&rft.date=2005-04-10&rft.aulast=Leppard&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle379434.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/821775/immigration-debate-hots-up-in-england">„Immigration debate hots up in England“</a>. The Independent News Service. 26 nóvember 2008. Sótt 14 ágúst 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration+debate+hots+up+in+England&rft.pub=The+Independent+News+Service&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F821775%2Fimmigration-debate-hots-up-in-england&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFMilland2009" class="citation news cs1">Milland, Gabriel (23 júlí 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/115745/80-say-cap-immigration">„80% say cap immigration“</a>. Daily Express. London. Sótt 5. september 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Express&rft.atitle=80%25+say+cap+immigration&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.aulast=Milland&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.express.co.uk%2Fposts%2Fview%2F115745%2F80-say-cap-immigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/bulletins/nationalpopulationprojections/2015-10-29">National Population Projections: 2014-based Statistical Bulletin</a> (Report). Office for National Statistics. 29 október 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=National+Population+Projections%3A+2014-based+Statistical+Bulletin&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationprojections%2Fbulletins%2Fnationalpopulationprojections%2F2015-10-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-128"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_128-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140424100108/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cornish-people-formally-declared-a-national-minority-along-with-scots-welsh-and-irish-9278725.html">„Cornish people formally declared a national minority along with Scots, Welsh and Irish“</a>. The Independent. 23 apríl 2014. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cornish-people-formally-declared-a-national-minority-along-with-scots-welsh-and-irish-9278725.html">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 24 apríl 2014. Sótt 23 apríl 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Cornish+people+formally+declared+a+national+minority+along+with+Scots%2C+Welsh+and+Irish&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fcornish-people-formally-declared-a-national-minority-along-with-scots-welsh-and-irish-9278725.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1744436" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heimildir">Heimildir</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Breyti hluta: Heimildir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Heimildir">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFColley1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_Colley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda Colley (síða er ekki enn til)">Colley, Linda</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britonsforgingna0000coll">Britons: Forging the Nation, 1701–1837</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-300-05737-9" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-300-05737-9"><bdi>978-0-300-05737-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britons%3A+Forging+the+Nation%2C+1701%E2%80%931837&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05737-9&rft.aulast=Colley&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritonsforgingna0000coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFCrofton2007" class="citation book cs1">Crofton, Ian (2007). The Kings and Queens of England. Quercus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-84724-065-1" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-84724-065-1"><bdi>978-1-84724-065-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kings+and+Queens+of+England&rft.pub=Quercus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84724-065-1&rft.aulast=Crofton&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFCrouch2006" class="citation book cs1">Crouch, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781852855956">Normans: The History of a Dynasty</a>. Hambledon Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-85285-595-6" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-85285-595-6"><bdi>978-1-85285-595-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normans%3A+The+History+of+a+Dynasty&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-595-6&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781852855956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Crystal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Crystal (síða er ekki enn til)">Crystal, David</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storiesofenglish00crys">The Stories of English</a>. The Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-58567-601-9" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-58567-601-9"><bdi>978-1-58567-601-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stories+of+English&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-601-9&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoriesofenglish00crys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFFowler1967" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Kenneth (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofplantagenet0000fowl">The Age of Plantagenet and Valois: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1328–1498</a>. Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-236-30832-3" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-236-30832-3"><bdi>978-0-236-30832-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Plantagenet+and+Valois%3A+The+Struggle+for+Supremacy%2C+1328%E2%80%931498&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-236-30832-3&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofplantagenet0000fowl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2006" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Michael (2006). The United Kingdom Today. London: Franklin Watts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-7496-6488-6" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-7496-6488-6"><bdi>978-0-7496-6488-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Kingdom+Today&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Franklin+Watts&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7496-6488-6&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Goldberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremy Goldberg (síða er ekki enn til)">Goldberg, Jeremy</a> (1996). „Introduction“. Í Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley (ritstjóri). The Black Death in England. Stamford: Paul Watkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-871615-56-2" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-871615-56-2"><bdi>978-1-871615-56-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Black+Death+in+England&rft.place=Stamford&rft.pub=Paul+Watkins&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-871615-56-2&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFKirby2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, D.P. (2000). The earliest English kings. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-415-24210-3" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-415-24210-3"><bdi>978-0-415-24210-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+earliest+English+kings&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24210-3&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=D.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFMolyneaux2015" class="citation book cs1">Molyneaux, George (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formationofengli0000moly">The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-19-871791-1" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-19-871791-1"><bdi>978-0-19-871791-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+English+Kingdom+in+the+Tenth+Century&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871791-1&rft.aulast=Molyneaux&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformationofengli0000moly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFRankov1994" class="citation book cs1">Rankov, Boris (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/praetorianguard0000rank">The Praetorian Guard</a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-85532-361-2" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-85532-361-2"><bdi>978-1-85532-361-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Praetorian+Guard&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-361-2&rft.aulast=Rankov&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpraetorianguard0000rank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFReitan2003" class="citation book cs1">Reitan, Earl Aaron (2003). The Thatcher Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-7425-2203-9" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-7425-2203-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-2203-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thatcher+Revolution&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2203-9&rft.aulast=Reitan&rft.aufirst=Earl+Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Oppenheimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Oppenheimer (síða er ekki enn til)">Oppenheimer, Stephen</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780786718900">Origins of the British</a>. Carroll & Graf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-7867-1890-0" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-7867-1890-0"><bdi>978-0-7867-1890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+British&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1890-0&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780786718900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2008" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Kevin J (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christiantravelp0000wrig">The Christian Travel Planner</a>. Thomas Nelson Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-4016-0374-8" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-4016-0374-8"><bdi>978-1-4016-0374-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Travel+Planner&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+Inc&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4016-0374-8&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristiantravelp0000wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite id="CITEREFZiegler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Ziegler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Ziegler (síða er ekki enn til)">Ziegler, Philip</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackdeath00unse">The Black Death</a> (New. útgáfa). Sutton: Sutton Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-7509-3202-8" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-7509-3202-8"><bdi>978-0-7509-3202-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Death&rft.place=Sutton&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3202-8&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackdeath00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenglar">Tenglar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=England&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Breyti hluta: Tenglar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Tenglar">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1870427">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .side-box{background-color:#0f0f0f;color:white}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .side-box{background-color:#0f0f0f;color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1795920">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wiktionary-logo-is.png/35px-Wiktionary-logo-is.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wiktionary-logo-is.png/52px-Wiktionary-logo-is.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wiktionary-logo-is.png/70px-Wiktionary-logo-is.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="155" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikior%C3%B0ab%C3%B3kin" title="Wikiorðabókin">Wikiorðabókin</a> er með skilgreiningu á orðinu <a href="https://is.wiktionary.org/wiki/England" class="extiw" title="wikt:England">England</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/">Office for National Statistics</a> - Hagstofa Bretlands.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitengland.com/">Visit England</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305164945/https://www.visitengland.com/">Geymt</a> 5 mars 2023 í <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — Vefur frá Ferðamálaráði Bretlands.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/">Opinber vefur ríkisstjórnar Bretlands</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/england/">Fréttir frá Englandi á vef BBC</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/natural-england">Natural England</a> — náttúrufræðistofnun Englands.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/">English Heritage</a> — félag um enskan menningararf.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1898326" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=14634">„Hversu gamalt er England og hvernig myndaðist það?“</a>. <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsindavefurinn" title="Vísindavefurinn">Vísindavefurinn</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=V%C3%ADsindavefurinn&rft.atitle=Hversu+gamalt+er+England+og+hvernig+mynda%C3%B0ist+%C3%BEa%C3%B0%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visindavefur.is%2Fsvar.php%3Fid%3D14634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1750840">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Lönd í [[Evrópa|Evrópu]]" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1750839">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-skoða"><a href="/wiki/Sni%C3%B0:Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Snið:Evrópa"><abbr title="Skoða þetta snið" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-ræða"><a href="/wiki/Sni%C3%B0aspjall:Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Sniðaspjall:Evrópa"><abbr title="Ræða þetta snið" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-breyta"><a class="external text" href="https://is.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sni%C3%B0:Evr%C3%B3pa&action=edit"><abbr title="Breyta þessu sniði" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lönd í <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Evrópa">Evrópu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Norður-Evrópa">Norður-Evrópa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Danm%C3%B6rk" title="Danmörk">Danmörk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eistland" title="Eistland">Eistland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland">Finnland</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dsland" title="Ísland">Ísland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Noregur" title="Noregur">Noregur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%AD%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Svíþjóð">Svíþjóð</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austur-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Austur-Evrópa">Austur-Evrópa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Armen%C3%ADa" title="Armenía">Armenía</a> 1 · <a href="/wiki/Aserba%C3%ADsjan" title="Aserbaísjan">Aserbaísjan</a> 1 · <a href="/wiki/Georg%C3%ADa" title="Georgía">Georgía</a> 1 · <a href="/wiki/Hv%C3%ADta-R%C3%BAssland" title="Hvíta-Rússland">Hvíta-Rússland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan">Kasakstan</a> (að hluta) · <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAssland" title="Rússland">Rússland</a> (að hluta) · <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Akra%C3%ADna" title="Úkraína">Úkraína</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Mið-Evrópa">Mið-Evrópa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Austurr%C3%ADki" title="Austurríki">Austurríki</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lettland" title="Lettland">Lettland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lit%C3%A1en" title="Litáen">Litáen</a> · <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3lland" title="Pólland">Pólland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%B3vak%C3%ADa" title="Slóvakía">Slóvakía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sviss" title="Sviss">Sviss</a> · <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9kkland" title="Tékkland">Tékkland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ungverjaland" title="Ungverjaland">Ungverjaland</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland" title="Þýskaland">Þýskaland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestur-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Vestur-Evrópa">Vestur-Evrópa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Belg%C3%ADa" title="Belgía">Belgía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bretland" title="Bretland">Bretland</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland">Skotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-%C3%8Drland" title="Norður-Írland">Norður-Írland</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Frakkland" title="Frakkland">Frakkland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Drska_l%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0" title="Írska lýðveldið">Írland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> · <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAxemborg" title="Lúxemborg">Lúxemborg</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%B0austur-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Suðaustur-Evrópa">Suðaustur-Evrópa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alban%C3%ADa" title="Albanía">Albanía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bosn%C3%ADa_og_Herseg%C3%B3v%C3%ADna" title="Bosnía og Hersegóvína">Bosnía og Hersegóvína</a> · <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAlgar%C3%ADa" title="Búlgaría">Búlgaría</a> · <a href="/wiki/Grikkland" title="Grikkland">Grikkland</a> · <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B3sov%C3%B3" title="Kósovó">Kósovó</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3at%C3%ADa" title="Króatía">Króatía</a> · <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BDpur" title="Kýpur">Kýpur</a> 1 · <a href="/wiki/Mold%C3%B3va" title="Moldóva">Moldóva</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-Maked%C3%B3n%C3%ADa" title="Norður-Makedónía">Norður-Makedónía</a> · <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAmen%C3%ADa" title="Rúmenía">Rúmenía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Serb%C3%ADa" title="Serbía">Serbía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%B3ven%C3%ADa" title="Slóvenía">Slóvenía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Svartfjallaland" title="Svartfjallaland">Svartfjallaland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tyrkland" title="Tyrkland">Tyrkland</a> (að hluta)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%B0ur-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Suður-Evrópa">Suður-Evrópa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtal%C3%ADa" title="Ítalía">Ítalía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> · <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3nak%C3%B3" title="Mónakó">Mónakó</a> · <a href="/wiki/Port%C3%BAgal" title="Portúgal">Portúgal</a> · <a href="/wiki/San_Mar%C3%ADn%C3%B3" title="San Marínó">San Marínó</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A1nn" title="Spánn">Spánn</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vat%C3%ADkani%C3%B0" title="Vatíkanið">Vatíkanið</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Undir yfirráðum annarra ríkja: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81landseyjar" title="Álandseyjar">Álandseyjar</a> · <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A6reyjar" title="Færeyjar">Færeyjar</a> · <a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADbraltar" title="Gíbraltar">Gíbraltar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> · <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6n_(%C3%8Drlandshafi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mön (Írlandshafi)">Mön</a> · <a href="/wiki/Svalbar%C3%B0i" title="Svalbarði">Svalbarði</a> 1 Oft talin landfræðilega til Asíu en skilgreind sem Evrópulönd af menningarlegum ástæðum.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Sótt frá „<a dir="ltr" href="https://is.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England&oldid=1895759">https://is.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England&oldid=1895759</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:Flokkar" 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