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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No-fault_evictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No-fault_evictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>No-fault evictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No-fault_evictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Just-cause_evictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Just-cause_evictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Just-cause evictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Just-cause_evictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Just-cause evictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Just-cause_evictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renoviction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renoviction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Renoviction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renoviction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real_estate_mobbing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real_estate_mobbing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Real estate mobbing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real_estate_mobbing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Countries-sublist" 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_those_being_evicted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_those_being_evicted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Impacts on those being evicted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_those_being_evicted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="إخلاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إخلاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эвікцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эвікцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desnonament" title="Desnonament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desnonament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwangsr%C3%A4umung" title="Zwangsräumung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zwangsräumung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desahucio" title="Desahucio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desahucio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldomigo" title="Eldomigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eldomigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etxegabetze" title="Etxegabetze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Etxegabetze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desafiuzamento" title="Desafiuzamento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Desafiuzamento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delo%C5%BEacija" title="Deložacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Deložacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfratto" title="Sfratto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sfratto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಉಚ್ಚಾಟನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಚ್ಚಾಟನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эвикция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эвикция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uithuiszetting" title="Uithuiszetting – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uithuiszetting" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksmisja" title="Eksmisja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eksmisja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_despejo" title="Ação de despejo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ação de despejo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эвикция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эвикция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eviction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C3%A4kning" title="Vräkning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vräkning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Евікція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Евікція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Removal of a tenant from rental property by the landlord</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Evicted" redirects here. 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.sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/150px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/225px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg 1.5x, 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title="Adverse possession">Adverse possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_(property_law)" title="Accession (property law)">Accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost,_mislaid,_and_abandoned_property" title="Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property">Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_trove" title="Treasure trove">Treasure trove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailment" title="Bailment">Bailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License" title="License">License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">Alienation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estates in land</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">Fee simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee_tail" title="Fee tail">Fee tail</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Life_estate" title="Life estate">Life estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeasible_estate" title="Defeasible estate">Defeasible estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_interest" title="Future interest">Future interest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remainder_(law)" title="Remainder (law)">remainder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_estate" title="Concurrent estate">Concurrent estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">Leasehold estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">Condominiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Conveyancing" title="Conveyancing">Conveyancing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bona_fide_purchaser" title="Bona fide purchaser"><i>Bona fide</i> purchaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrens_title" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Strata_title" title="Strata title">Strata title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeds_registration" title="Deeds registration">Deeds registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estoppel_by_deed" title="Estoppel by deed">Estoppel by deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitclaim" title="Quitclaim">Quitclaim deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_law" title="Mortgage law">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_conversion" title="Equitable conversion">Equitable conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_title" title="Quiet title">Action to quiet title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">Escheat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Future_interest" title="Future interest">Future use</a> control</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">Restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_against_perpetuities" title="Rule against perpetuities">Rule against perpetuities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_in_Shelley%27s_Case" title="Rule in Shelley's Case">Rule in <i>Shelley's Case</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_worthier_title" title="Doctrine of worthier title">Doctrine of worthier title</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Nonpossessory_interest_in_land" title="Nonpossessory interest in land">Nonpossessory interest</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lien" title="Lien">Lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">Easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(real_property)" title="Profit (real property)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">Usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_servitude" title="Equitable servitude">Equitable servitude</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixture_(property_law)" title="Fixture (property law)">Fixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_(law)" title="Waste (law)">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(law)" title="Partition (law)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practicing_without_a_license" title="Practicing without a license">Practicing without a license</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_and_subjacent_support" title="Lateral and subjacent support">Lateral and subjacent support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assignment_(law)" title="Assignment (law)">Assignment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemo_dat_quod_non_habet" title="Nemo dat quod non habet">Nemo dat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quicquid_plantatur_solo,_solo_cedit" title="Quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit">Quicquid plantatur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_property_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict of property laws">Conflict of property laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackacre" title="Blackacre">Blackacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_deposit" title="Security 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sat_ud_%28Henningsen%29.jpg/220px-Sat_ud_%28Henningsen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sat_ud_%28Henningsen%29.jpg/330px-Sat_ud_%28Henningsen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sat_ud_%28Henningsen%29.jpg/440px-Sat_ud_%28Henningsen%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4627" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erik_Henningsen" title="Erik Henningsen">Erik Henningsen</a>'s painting <i>Eviction</i> held by the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Denmark" title="National Gallery of Denmark">National Gallery of Denmark</a>.1892</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Eviction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Irish_Eviction.jpg/250px-Irish_Eviction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Irish_Eviction.jpg/330px-Irish_Eviction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Irish_Eviction.jpg/500px-Irish_Eviction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">RIC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hussars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussars">Hussars</a> at an eviction-Ireland 1888</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Side_Eviction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/East_Side_Eviction.jpg/250px-East_Side_Eviction.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/East_Side_Eviction.jpg/375px-East_Side_Eviction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/East_Side_Eviction.jpg/500px-East_Side_Eviction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>Two men with children, being evicted, stand with their possessions on the sidewalk, circa 1910, on the <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Eviction</b> is the removal of a <a href="/wiki/Tenement_(law)" title="Tenement (law)">tenant</a> from <a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">rental property</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlord</a>. In some jurisdictions it may also involve the removal of persons from premises that were <a href="/wiki/Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure">foreclosed</a> by a mortgagee (often, the prior owners who defaulted on a mortgage). </p><p>Depending on the laws of the <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>, eviction may also be known as <b>unlawful detainer</b>, <b>summary possession</b>, <b>summary dispossess</b>, <b>summary process</b>, <b>forcible detainer</b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Ejectment" title="Ejectment">ejectment</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Repossession" title="Repossession">repossession</a></b>, among other terms. Nevertheless, the term <i>eviction</i> is the most commonly used in communications between the landlord and tenant. Depending on the jurisdiction involved, before a tenant can be evicted, a <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlord</a> must win an eviction <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> or prevail in another step in the legal process. It should be borne in mind that <i>eviction</i>, as with <i><a href="/wiki/Ejectment" title="Ejectment">ejectment</a></i> and certain other related terms, has precise meanings only in certain historical contexts (e.g., under the English <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> of past centuries), or with respect to specific <a href="/wiki/Jurisdictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurisdictions">jurisdictions</a>. In present-day practice and procedure, there has come to be a wide variation in the content of these terms from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The legal aspects, procedures, and provisions for eviction, by whatever name, vary even between countries or states with similar legal structures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_eviction_process">The eviction process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The eviction process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eviction_process_bc_canada.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Eviction_process_bc_canada.JPG/220px-Eviction_process_bc_canada.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Eviction_process_bc_canada.JPG/330px-Eviction_process_bc_canada.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Eviction_process_bc_canada.JPG/440px-Eviction_process_bc_canada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">Flow Diagram</a> of the Eviction Process in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia, Canada">British Columbia, Canada</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most jurisdictions do not permit the landlord to evict a tenant without first taking legal action to do so (commonly referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Self-help_(law)" title="Self-help (law)">self-help</a>" eviction; such actions include changing locks, removing items from the premises, or terminating utility services). Such evictions are generally illegal at any time during the process (including after a landlord wins an eviction suit); a tenant facing such measures may sue the landlord. However, self-help evictions may be permitted in some jurisdictions when commercial tenants are involved, as opposed to residential tenants.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notice">Notice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to filing a suit in court for eviction, generally the landlord must provide written notice to the tenant (commonly called a <i>notice to quit</i> or <i>notice to vacate</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The residential and commercial ordinances created jurisdictions preventing landlords from taking any action that may force a tenant out of their premises. These actions include, but are not limited to, force and threats, removing essential services, demolishing the property, or interfering with entrance locks.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawsuit_and_trial">Lawsuit and trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lawsuit and trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the tenant remains in possession of the property after the notice to vacate has expired, the landlord can then <a href="/wiki/Summons" title="Summons">serve</a> the tenant with a <a href="/wiki/Complaint" title="Complaint">lawsuit</a>. </p><p>Depending on the jurisdiction, the tenant may be required to submit a <a href="/wiki/Answer_(law)" title="Answer (law)">written response</a> by a specified date, after which time another date is set for the <a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">trial</a>. Other jurisdictions may simply require the tenant to appear in court on a specified date. Eviction cases are often expedited since the issue is time-sensitive (the landlord loses rental income while the tenant remains in possession). A jury trial may be requested by either party, however until the late 2000s that was very uncommon.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the defendants in eviction case do not show up for court. In many major cities, including Milwaukee, as many as 70% of defendants are no-shows.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the courts in some urban areas only 10% of defendants showed up.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_from_the_property">Removal from the property</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Removal from the property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As mentioned above, most jurisdictions do not allow a landlord to evict a tenant without legal action being taken first, even if the landlord is successful in court. </p><p>Instead, the landlord would have to obtain a <i><a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writ</a> of possession</i> or <i>warrant of removal</i> from the court and present it to the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Police_officer" title="Police officer">law enforcement officer</a>. The officer then posts a notice for the tenant on the property that the officer will remove the tenant and any other people on the property, though some jurisdictions will not enforce the writ if, on that day, inclement weather is taking place.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the removal of the tenant also comes the removal of their personal belongings. If the tenant leaves behind anything of value, there is a custom (but no law in some jurisdictions) for the landlord to hold onto their left-behind belongings for 30 days. After these 30 days the landlord is able to sell the left-behind property, usually in an auction, to satisfy any overdue rent arrears.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="No-fault_evictions">No-fault evictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: No-fault evictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A no-fault eviction occurs when a landlord seeks to regain possession of a rented property under laws that do not require him to allege any fault on the part of the tenant such as failure to pay rent, disturbance to neighbors or other tenants in the building, or violation of lease terms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In many jurisdictions, a <a href="/wiki/Tenancy_at_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenancy at will">tenancy at will</a>, as opposed to a term lease tenancy, may be ended at any time with a minimum of thirty days' notice to tenant, although some jurisdictions require longer notice periods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> and the re-population of urban centers by wealthier residents takes place, no-fault evictions are used as a tool to displace tenants in cities with <a href="/wiki/Rent_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent control">rent control</a>. In California, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Act" title="Ellis Act">Ellis Act</a> allows eviction of rent-controlled tenants if the landlord intends to no longer rent any portion of an apartment building (i.e., landlords cannot be compelled to rent). The Ellis Act has been applied to rentals in San Francisco,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santa Monica and Los Angeles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Just-cause_evictions">Just-cause evictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Just-cause evictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Just_cause_eviction" title="Just cause eviction">Just cause eviction</a></div> <p><b>Just cause eviction</b>, also known as <b>good cause eviction</b>, describes laws that aim to provide tenants protection from unreasonable evictions, rent hikes, and non-renewal of lease agreements. These laws allow <a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">tenants</a> to challenge evictions in court when they are not considered to be legitimate evictions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, landlords oppose just-cause eviction laws due to concerns over profit, <a href="/wiki/Housing" title="Housing">housing</a> stock,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and court cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renoviction">Renoviction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Renoviction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renoviction is a term used when a tenant is evicted to renovate a property.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A landlord may perform a renoviction to raise the cost of rent for other prospective tenants.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some jurisdictions, such as Ontario, evicted tenants have the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_first_refusal" title="Right of first refusal">right of first refusal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Real_estate_mobbing">Real estate mobbing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Real estate mobbing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Real estate mobbing</b>, also known as <b>property mobbing</b>, is the use of <a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">mobbing</a> (group bullying) techniques by real estate <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculators</a> to constructively or forcibly evict a resident from their dwelling. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> has recognized real estate mobbing as a worldwide cause of forced eviction.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Real estate mobbing is acknowledged as a problem in Europe and particularly in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countries">Countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">Eviction in the United States</a></div> <p>In the United States of America, rules for evictions and the eviction process are determined by state, local county, and city rules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the tenant is on a fixed term tenancy and their lease is coming to an end, a landlord will be required to give them a valid notice to vacate. The period of this notice varies from state to state. If the tenant will not cooperate with the parameters of an eviction notice, application is made to the Tenancy Tribunal for possession of the property. </p><p>A landlord cannot legally evict a tenant without obtaining a Possession Order and a Warrant of Possession. A Warrant of Possession directs the police to evict a tenant from the property. The police then contact the agent to arrange a time to go to the property, see the tenants off the premises, change the locks and formally take possession. The eviction must always be carried out by the police; the landlord cannot evict tenants themselves. Taking the law into own hands and failing to act according to the relevant legislation in jurisdiction will carry penalties for a landlord.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 29, 2020, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Scott Morrison</a> revealed that state and territories governments will be moving to put a moratorium on evictions of persons as a result of financial distress caused by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. The government said these measures were set to last for at least six months.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cambodia#Forced_evictions" title="Human rights in Cambodia">Human rights in Cambodia § Forced evictions</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Cambodia&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> Human rights activists are increasingly worried that forced evictions in Cambodia are spiralling out of control. An <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> report shows how,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contrary to Cambodia's obligations under <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international human rights law</a>, those affected by evictions have had no opportunity for genuine participation and consultation beforehand. Information on planned evictions and on <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">resettlement</a> packages has been incomplete and inaccurate, undermining the rights of those affected to information, and to participate in decisions which affect the exercise of their human rights, in particular the right to adequate housing. The lack of legal protection from forced eviction, and lack of regulation of existing standards has left an accountability gap which increases the vulnerability of marginalized people, particularly those living in poverty, to human rights abuses including forced evictions.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Forced_evictions_in_China" title="Forced evictions in China">Forced evictions in China</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forced_evictions_in_China&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Forced_evictions_in_China" title="Forced evictions in China">Forced eviction in the People's Republic of China</a> refers to the practice of involuntary land requisitions from the citizenry, typically in order to make room for development projects. In some instances, government authorities work with private developers to seize land from villagers, with compensation below the market price. In many cases, they are also offered alternative housing instead of or on top of monetary compensation. Forced evictions are particularly common in rural areas, and are a major source of unrest and public protest.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By some estimates, up to 65 percent of the 180,000 annual <a href="/wiki/Mass_conflicts_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass conflicts in China">mass conflicts in China</a> stem from grievances over forced evictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Forced_evictions_in_China_Landesa_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forced_evictions_in_China_Landesa-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forced_evictions_in_China_CFR_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forced_evictions_in_China_CFR-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some citizens who resist or protest the evictions have reportedly been subjected to harassment, beatings, or detention.<sup id="cite_ref-Forced_evictions_in_China_CECCproperty_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forced_evictions_in_China_CECCproperty-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The rate of forced evictions has grown significantly since the 1990s, as city and county-level governments have increasingly come to rely on land sales as an important source of revenue. In 2011, the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> reported that 40 percent of local government revenue comes from land sales.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guan Qingyou, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>, estimated that land sales accounted for 74 percent of local government income in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Indonesia#Forced_evictions" title="Homelessness in Indonesia">Homelessness in Indonesia § Forced evictions</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homelessness_in_Indonesia&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> One cause of homelessness in Indonesia is forced evictions. According to researchers, between the years 2000 and 2005 over 92,000 people were forcefully evicted from their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria#Forced_evictions" title="Human rights in Nigeria">Human rights in Nigeria § Forced evictions</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Nigeria&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Forced evictions are an integral aspect of human rights violation. They comprise the forceful removal of persons without their assent and against their will on a temporary or permanent basis from their homeland, normal place of abode without clear preparations for adequate compensation and relocation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increases the problems of displacement of individuals and homelessness in countries.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governments at different levels continue to forcefully evict people without adequate compensation in some African countries including Nigeria<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is estimated to have the largest urban slum population in sub Saharan Africa in terms of size and percentage of the total population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Centre_on_Housing_Rights_and_Evictions" title="Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions">Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions</a> (COHRE) has labelled Nigeria as a consistent violator of housing rights.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nigerian government forcefully evicted over 2 million people between 2000 and 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Lagos State alone, between 2003 and 2015, communities in Makoko Yaba, Ijora East, Ijora Badiya, PURA-NPA Bar Beach, Ikota Housing Estate, Ogudu Ori-Oke, Mosafejo in Oshodi, Agric-Owutu, Ageologo-Mile 12, and Mile 2 <a href="/wiki/Okokomaiko" title="Okokomaiko">Okokomaiko</a> have been forcefully evicted under the guise of development.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between July and September 2000, at least 50,000 people in <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a> were evicted without prior notices or adequate alternative accommodation. The evictions were done to move communities/settlements who government claimed had distorted the Abuja Development Master Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos State</a>, Nigeria, the forced evictions are done with the major purpose of reclaiming the land and building luxury apartments as the population of the country continue to soar creating housing deficits.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this breeds discrimination and inequality as the new buildings do not fulfill any housing need for the general populace.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2016, the Lagos State Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development after a notice of 72hrs forcefully evicted residents of <a href="/wiki/Makoko" title="Makoko">Makoko</a>, a waterfront community made up of six villages - Oko Agbon, Adogbo, Migbewhe, Yanshiwhe, Sogunro and Apollo without a court order.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rendered an estimated 30,000 people homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Makoko is one of the nine communities targeted in the $200 Million <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>-funded Lagos Metropolitan Development and Governance Project (LMDGP) of the Lagos State government for urbanization, waste management, drainage and water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community which has been in existent for more than 100yrs is said to have started as a settlement of fishermen from <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> and the Republic of Benin.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least 266 structures in Badia East community, Lagos State which were being used as homes and businesses were pulled down in February 2013, by the State government. The Resettlement Action Plan which was agreed to in April 2013 did not have clear-cut remedies for adequate resettlement of the displaced persons.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badia is one of the communities slated for urbanization through upgrading from being a slum in the $200 million World Bank-funded Lagos Metropolitan Development and Governance Project (LMDGP). The project specifies minimal involuntary resettlement and where absolutely necessary such must have been discussed and agreed on with the residents including adequate notice, compensation and well spelt-out resettlement plans.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2016 and 2017, Otodo-Gbame an ancestral fishing community and Ilubrin community were forcefully sacked from their homes with fatalities after 12 days of written eviction notice.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 March 2017, despite a January 2017 court injunction, Itedo, a waterfront community of more than 35,000 persons was forcefully evicted early in the morning while some were still asleep.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, a UN Special Rapporteur on right to adequate housing asked that Nigerian government declares a nationwide moratorium on forced evictions.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> On 20 January 2020 residents of <a href="/wiki/Tarkwa_Bay_Beach" title="Tarkwa Bay Beach">Tarkwa Bay</a>, a waterfront community was forcefully evicted by security personnel in what has been termed a gross violation of human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil theft through the pipelines along the beach is the reason given by government authorities for the forced evictions.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_those_being_evicted">Impacts on those being evicted</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Impacts on those being evicted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are sometimes communication problems for when the actual eviction date is decided upon, leaving some evictees thoroughly underprepared with nothing packed when the sheriff comes.<sup id="cite_ref-What_Happens_to_People_Who_Get_Evicted_Over_and_Over_and_Over_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_Happens_to_People_Who_Get_Evicted_Over_and_Over_and_Over-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can lead to a <a href="/wiki/Skinner_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Skinner box">Skinner box</a>–like experience as evictees sometimes try "riding" the eviction out.<sup id="cite_ref-What_Happens_to_People_Who_Get_Evicted_Over_and_Over_and_Over_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_Happens_to_People_Who_Get_Evicted_Over_and_Over_and_Over-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This is sometimes caused by <a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">denial</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-What_Happens_to_People_Who_Get_Evicted_Over_and_Over_and_Over_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_Happens_to_People_Who_Get_Evicted_Over_and_Over_and_Over-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evictees<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> experience higher rates of: <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD), and even <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Study_warns_of_enormous_impact_of_evictions_on_mental_health_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Study_warns_of_enormous_impact_of_evictions_on_mental_health-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Hidden_Health_Crisis_of_Eviction_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hidden_Health_Crisis_of_Eviction-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of eviction can take a long time (potentially months) and this can leave the evictee in a heightened state of stress, which makes them more susceptible to stress illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-What_Happens_to_People_Who_Get_Evicted_Over_and_Over_and_Over_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_Happens_to_People_Who_Get_Evicted_Over_and_Over_and_Over-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Study_warns_of_enormous_impact_of_evictions_on_mental_health_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Study_warns_of_enormous_impact_of_evictions_on_mental_health-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after years have passed, studies show that evictees are less happy, optimistic and energetic than those who haven't been evicted.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being evicted can increase rates of job loss.<sup id="cite_ref-What_Happens_to_People_Who_Get_Evicted_Over_and_Over_and_Over_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_Happens_to_People_Who_Get_Evicted_Over_and_Over_and_Over-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person is 15% more likely to be laid off after experiencing eviction.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can lead to a cycle where the eviction makes it difficult to work but not working can lead to eviction. Evictions can remain on a tenant's record for up to seven years in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and landlords are allowed to reject tenants due to previous evictions.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evictions are a leading cause of <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homelessness</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evictees often end up moving into poorer quality housing, like overcrowded homes.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Hidden_Health_Crisis_of_Eviction_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hidden_Health_Crisis_of_Eviction-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-What_Happens_to_People_Who_Get_Evicted_Over_and_Over_and_Over_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_Happens_to_People_Who_Get_Evicted_Over_and_Over_and_Over-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study that looked at Milwaukee, Wisconsin found that renters who had been involuntarily moved from a prior residence were 25% more likely to experience long-term housing problems than their peers who had only moved voluntarily.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Accumulation by dispossession">Accumulation by dispossession</a> – Policies to centralize wealth and power</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cure_or_quit" title="Cure or quit">Cure or quit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejectment" title="Ejectment">Ejectment</a> – Common law term</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_evictions_in_China" title="Forced evictions in China">Forced evictions in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure">Foreclosure</a> – Legal process where a lender recoups an unpaid loan by forcing the borrower to sell the collateral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcible_entry" title="Forcible entry">Forcible entry</a> – entering a building or other enclosed real property by force when normal means of entry are blocked<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">Lease</a> – Contractual agreement in which an asset's owner lets someone else use it in exchange for payment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a> – Movement of a large group of people from one region to another</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_title" title="Quiet title">Quiet title</a> – Lawsuit over ownership of real property</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retaliatory_eviction" class="mw-redirect" title="Retaliatory eviction">Retaliatory eviction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soldal_v._Cook_County" title="Soldal v. Cook County">Soldal v. Cook County</a> – United States Supreme Court case<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Registry" title="The Registry">The Registry</a> – risk management tool used by landlords to screen prospective renters<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_eviction_and_harassment" title="Unlawful eviction and harassment">Unlawful eviction and harassment</a> – A criminal offence in the UK</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.ali-cle.org/thumbs/datastorage/lacidoirep/articles/PREL1607_Compton_thumb.pdf#page=2">"The Evolving Use of License Agreements in Real Estate-Related Transactions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolving+Use+of+License+Agreements+in+Real+Estate-Related+Transactions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.ali-cle.org%2Fthumbs%2Fdatastorage%2Flacidoirep%2Farticles%2FPREL1607_Compton_thumb.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEviction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJanuary_2008" class="citation web cs1">January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawjournalnewsletters.com/sites/lawjournalnewsletters/2008/01/31/using-a-license-agreement-instead-of-a-lease/">"Using a License Agreement Instead of a Lease"</a>. <i>LawJournalNewsletters.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consumer+Financial+Protection+Bureau&rft.atitle=How+long+can+information%2C+like+eviction+actions+and+lawsuits%2C+stay+on+my+tenant+screening+record%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consumerfinance.gov%2Fask-cfpb%2Fhow-long-can-information-like-eviction-actions-and-lawsuits-stay-on-my-tenant-screening-record-en-2104%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEviction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimble2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Megan_Kimble" title="Megan Kimble">Kimble, Megan</a> (2020-12-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texasobserver.org/evictions-texas-housing/">"How Evictions Haunt Tenants for Years"</a>. <i>The Texas Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Texas+Observer&rft.atitle=How+Evictions+Haunt+Tenants+for+Years&rft.date=2020-12-09&rft.aulast=Kimble&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasobserver.org%2Fevictions-texas-housing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEviction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/the-pandemic-will-likely-make-americas-eviction-crisis-even-worse">"The pandemic will likely make America's eviction crisis even worse"</a>. <i>PBS NewsHour</i>. 2020-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=The+pandemic+will+likely+make+America%27s+eviction+crisis+even+worse&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Feconomy%2Fthe-pandemic-will-likely-make-americas-eviction-crisis-even-worse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEviction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGross" class="citation web cs1">Gross, Terry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/04/12/601783346/first-ever-evictions-database-shows-were-in-the-middle-of-a-housing-crisis">"First-Ever Evictions Database Shows: 'We're In the Middle Of A Housing Crisis'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=First-Ever+Evictions+Database+Shows%3A+%27We%27re+In+the+Middle+Of+A+Housing+Crisis%27&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F04%2F12%2F601783346%2Ffirst-ever-evictions-database-shows-were-in-the-middle-of-a-housing-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEviction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDesmondGershensonKiviat2015" class="citation journal cs1">Desmond, Matthew; Gershenson, Carl; Kiviat, Barbara (2015). "Forced Relocation and Residential Instability among Urban Renters". <i>Social Service Review</i>. <b>89</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F681091">10.1086/681091</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7961">0037-7961</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142660055">142660055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Service+Review&rft.atitle=Forced+Relocation+and+Residential+Instability+among+Urban+Renters&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E262&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142660055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0037-7961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F681091&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Gershenson%2C+Carl&rft.au=Kiviat%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEviction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/eviction" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/eviction">eviction</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctnla.org/tenants-rights-good-cause-eviction">Good Cause Eviction (CT)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100920120828/http://ctnla.org/tenants-rights-good-cause-eviction">Archived</a> 2010-09-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.american-apartment-owners-association.org/property-management/rent-magazine-articles/fighting-tenants-who-fight-eviction/">Fighting Tenants Who Fight Eviction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070112043010/http://www.oag.state.ny.us/realestate/tenants_rights_guide.html">New York State housing rights guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2009/0309fireside.html">Renters in the Crosshairs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dollars_%26_Sense" title="Dollars & Sense">Dollars & Sense</a>, March/April 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rentlaw.com/">The National Landlord Tenant Guide to Eviction All 50 States</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160711023010/http://www.dca.ca.gov/publications/landlordbook/index.shtml">California Consumer Dept Guide</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Real estate in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_property" title="Commercial property">Commercial property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial building">Commercial building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Real_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate Real Estate">Corporate Real Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">Extraterrestrial real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_real_estate" title="International real estate">International real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lease_administration" title="Lease administration">Lease administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_real_estate" title="Niche real estate">Niche real estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_real_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden real estate">Garden real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_real_estate" title="Healthcare real estate">Healthcare real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacation_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacation property">Vacation property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">Arable land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf_property" title="Golf property">Golf property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_real_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury real estate">Luxury real estate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-plan_property" title="Off-plan property">Off-plan property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_equity_real_estate" title="Private equity real estate">Private equity real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_owned" title="Real estate owned">Real estate owned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Residential property">Residential property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_management" title="Property management">Property management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investing" title="Real estate investing">Real estate investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flipping" title="Flipping">Real estate flipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relocation_service" title="Relocation service">Relocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Law</a> and regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession" title="Adverse possession">Adverse possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_of_title" title="Chain of title">Chain of title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closing_(real_estate)" title="Closing (real estate)">Closing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_estate" title="Concurrent estate">Concurrent estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_sale" title="Conditional sale">Conditional sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyancing" title="Conveyancing">Conveyancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encumbrance" title="Encumbrance">Encumbrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure">Foreclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_cause_eviction" title="Just cause eviction">Just cause eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Land law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_registration" title="Land registration">Land registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">Leasehold estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">Lease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_abstract" title="Property abstract">Property abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_transaction" title="Real estate transaction">Real estate transaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_contract" title="Real estate contract">Real estate contract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">Real property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_regulation" title="Rent regulation">Rent regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severance_(land)" title="Severance (land)">Severance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrens_title" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics, financing<br />and valuation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset-based_lending" title="Asset-based lending">Asset-based lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalization_rate" title="Capitalization rate">Capitalization rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_gross_income" title="Effective gross income">Effective gross income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_rent_multiplier" title="Gross rent multiplier">Gross rent multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_money_loan" title="Hard money loan">Hard money loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_and_best_use" title="Highest and best use">Highest and best use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_equity_loan" title="Home equity loan">Home equity loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_rating_for_real_estate" title="Investment rating for real estate">Investment rating for real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_insurance" title="Mortgage insurance">Mortgage insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">Mortgage loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_derivative" title="Real estate derivative">Real estate derivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_economics" title="Real estate economics">Real estate economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate bubble">Real estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_valuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate valuation">Real estate valuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remortgage" title="Remortgage">Remortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rental_value" title="Rental value">Rental value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_appraisal" title="Real estate appraisal">Appraiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyer agent">Buyer agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer_broker" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyer broker">Buyer broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Surveyor" title="Chartered Surveyor">Chartered Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_buyer_agent" title="Exclusive buyer agent">Exclusive buyer agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_banking" title="Land banking">Land banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">Landlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_company" title="Moving company">Moving company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_manager" title="Property manager">Property manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_agent" title="Real estate agent">Real estate broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investment_club" title="Real estate investment club">Real estate investment club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust" title="Real estate investment trust">Real estate investment trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_property_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Real property administrator">Real property administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">Tenant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Real_estate_companies" title="Category:Real estate companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtering_(housing)" title="Filtering (housing)">Filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_real_estate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate real estate education">Graduate real estate education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Green belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Real_estate_indices" title="Category:Real estate indices">Indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Real_estate_industry_trade_groups" title="Category:Real estate industry trade groups">Industry trade groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_real_estate_investment_firms" title="List of real estate investment firms">Investment firms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_banking" title="Land banking">Land banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_in_real_estate" title="Category:Businesspeople in real estate">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_cycle" title="Property cycle">Property cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_trends" title="Real estate trends">Real estate trends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_real_estate_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate real estate programs">Undergraduate real estate programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_housing_markets_by_real_estate_prices" class="mw-redirect" title="List of housing markets by real estate prices">List of housing markets by real estate prices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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