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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misspellings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misspellings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Misspellings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misspellings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_English_misspellings_in_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_English_misspellings_in_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Notable English misspellings in history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_English_misspellings_in_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_spelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_spelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>English spelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_spelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="تسطير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسطير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0u-j%C4%AB" title="Tàu-jī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tàu-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87" title="हिज्जे – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिज्जे" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagbaybay" title="Pagbaybay – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagbaybay" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Буквуване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Буквуване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literumado" title="Literumado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Literumado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7" title="املا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="املا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comp%C3%A9tences_orthographiques" title="Compétences orthographiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Compétences orthographiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%EC%9E%90" title="철자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="वर्तनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्तनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejaan" title="Ejaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ejaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafsetning" title="Stafsetning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stafsetning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compitazione" title="Compitazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Compitazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91" title="כתיב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתיב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejaan" title="Ejaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ejaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စာလုံးပေါင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာလုံးပေါင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling" title="Spelling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spelling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87" title="हिज्जे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिज्जे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B4%E3%82%8A%E5%AD%97" title="綴り字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="綴り字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stava" title="Stava – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stava" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6-%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C" title="ਸ਼ਬਦ-ਜੋੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਬਦ-ਜੋੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografia" title="Ortografia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ortografia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisownia" title="Pisownia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pisownia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Правописание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Правописание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A" title="صورتخطي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صورتخطي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavning" title="Stavning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stavning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagbaybay" title="Pagbaybay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagbaybay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Имло – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Имло" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mla" title="İmla – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İmla" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Правопис – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Правопис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7" title="املا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="املا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B2%E5%AD%97" title="串字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="串字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%AF%AB" title="拼寫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拼寫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Set of conventions to represent words in writing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spelling_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Spelling (disambiguation)">Spelling (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border: 1px solid #9999CC"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Reading_(process)" title="Category:Reading (process)">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none;padding-top:0;font-size:175%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Book.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Big_Book.svg/250px-Big_Book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Learning_to_read" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning to read">Learning to read</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reading_readiness" title="Reading readiness">Reading readiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocabulary_development" title="Vocabulary development">Vocabulary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocabulary_learning" title="Vocabulary learning">Vocabulary learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Scientific theories and models</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-route_hypothesis_to_reading_aloud" title="Dual-route hypothesis to reading aloud">Dual route theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_view_of_reading" title="Simple view of reading">Simple view of reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_reading" title="Science of reading">Science of reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough%27s_Reading_Rope" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough's Reading Rope">Scarborough's Reading Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading#The_active_view_of_reading_model" title="Reading">The active view of reading model</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Cognitive processes</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reading_comprehension" title="Reading comprehension">Comprehension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonemic_awareness" title="Phonemic awareness">Phonemic awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_awareness" title="Phonological awareness">Phonological awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subvocalization" title="Subvocalization">Subvocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_recognition" title="Word recognition">Word recognition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Reading#Teaching_reading" title="Reading">Reading instruction</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_phonics" title="Analytic phonics">Analytic phonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_reader" title="Basal reader">Basal reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept-Oriented_Reading_Instruction" title="Concept-Oriented Reading Instruction">Concept-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_listening_and_thinking_activity" title="Directed listening and thinking activity">Directed listening and thinking activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_reading" title="Guided reading">Guided reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_reading" title="Independent reading">Independent reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_circle" title="Literature circle">Literature circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonics" title="Phonics">Phonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_teaching" title="Reciprocal teaching">Reciprocal teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_Word_Inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured Word Inquiry">Structured word inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_silent_reading" title="Sustained silent reading">Sustained silent reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_phonics" title="Synthetic phonics">Synthetic phonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_language" title="Whole language">Whole language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Reading rate</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluency" title="Fluency">Fluency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_reading" title="Slow reading">Slow reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_reading" title="Speed reading">Speed reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_per_minute#Reading_and_comprehension" title="Words per minute">Words per minute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Readability" title="Readability">Readability</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_readability_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic readability assessment">Automatic assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legibility" title="Legibility">Legibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readability_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Readability test">Readability test</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Reading differences and disabilities</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">Dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlexia" title="Hyperlexia">Hyperlexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_disability" title="Reading disability">Reading disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_for_special_needs" title="Reading for special needs">Reading for special needs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_principle" title="Alphabetic principle">Alphabetic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolch_word_list" title="Dolch word list">Dolch word list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">Morpheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">Phoneme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sight_word" title="Sight word">Sight word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">Written language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">Literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_reading" title="Critical reading">Critical reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_reading" title="Close reading">Close reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distant_reading" title="Distant reading">Distant reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_literacy" title="Family literacy">Family literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_illiteracy" title="Functional illiteracy">Functional illiteracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Great books">Great books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reading"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Spelling</b> is a set of conventions for <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> regarding how <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> should correspond to the sounds of <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spelling is one of the elements of <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, and highly standardized spelling is a <a href="/wiki/Prescriptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescriptive">prescriptive</a> element. </p><p>Spellings originated as <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcriptions</a> of the sounds of <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_principle" title="Alphabetic principle">alphabetic principle</a>. Fully <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic orthography</a> is usually only approximated, due to factors including changes in pronunciation over time, and the borrowing of vocabulary from other languages without adapting its spelling. <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">Homophones</a> may be spelled differently on purpose in order to disambiguate words that would otherwise have identical spellings. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards_and_conventions">Standards and conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Standards and conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standardization of spelling is connected with the development of writing and the establishment of modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard dialects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Languages with established orthography are those languages that enjoy an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official status</a> and a degree of institutional support in a country. Therefore, normative spelling is a relatively recent development linked to the compiling of dictionaries (in many languages, special <b>spelling dictionaries</b>, also called <b>orthographic dictionaries</b>, are compiled, showing prescribed spelling of words but not their meanings), the founding of national academies and other institutions of language maintenance, including widespread <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, and often does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional languages</a>. </p><p>In countries or regions where there is an authoritative <a href="/wiki/Language_academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Language academy">language academy</a>, such as France, the Netherlands, and the German-speaking areas, reforms have occasionally been introduced (not always successfully) so that spelling better matches the changing pronunciation. </p><p>Examples are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1996" title="German orthography reform of 1996">German orthography reform of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement_of_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990">Portuguese spelling reform of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_French_orthography#Rectifications_of_1990" title="Reforms of French orthography">French <i>rectifications orthographiques</i></a> of 1990.</li></ul> <p>There have occasionally been <a href="/wiki/English-language_spelling_reform" title="English-language spelling reform">English-language spelling reform</a> proposals, at least since the 16th century, but they have made little impact apart from a few spellings preferred by <a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Noah Webster</a> having contributed to <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">American and British English spelling differences</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methodology">Methodology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methodology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Learning">Learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Learning proper spelling by rote is a traditional element of elementary education, and divergence from standard spelling is often perceived as an indicator of low intelligence, <a href="/wiki/Illiteracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiteracy">illiteracy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">lower class</a> standing.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spelling_test" title="Spelling test">Spelling tests</a> are commonly used to assess a student's mastery of the words in the spelling lessons the student has received so far. They can also be an effective practice method. <a href="/wiki/Spelling_bee" title="Spelling bee">Spelling bees</a> are competitions to determine the best speller of a group. Prominent spelling bees are sometimes even televised, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Spelling_Bee" class="mw-redirect" title="National Spelling Bee">National Spelling Bee</a> in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deliberate_Alteration">Deliberate Alteration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deliberate Alteration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sensational_spelling" title="Sensational spelling">Sensational spelling</a></div> <p>Divergent spelling is a popular advertising technique, used to attract attention or to render a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> "suggestive" rather than "merely descriptive", or to evade copyright restrictions. The pastry chains <a href="/wiki/Dunkin%27_Donuts" title="Dunkin' Donuts">Dunkin' Donuts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krispy_Kreme" title="Krispy Kreme">Krispy Kreme</a>, for example, employ non-standard spellings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misspellings">Misspellings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Misspellings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonly_misspelled_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonly misspelled words">Commonly misspelled words</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misspelling.purchase.arp.500pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Misspelling.purchase.arp.500pix.jpg/220px-Misspelling.purchase.arp.500pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Misspelling.purchase.arp.500pix.jpg/330px-Misspelling.purchase.arp.500pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Misspelling.purchase.arp.500pix.jpg/440px-Misspelling.purchase.arp.500pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>A misspelling of the word "purchased" on a service station sign</figcaption></figure> <p>While some words admit multiple spellings, some spellings are not considered standard. These are commonly called "<b>misspellings</b>". A misspelled word can be a series of letters that represents no correctly spelled word of the same language at all (such as "leik" for "like") or a correct spelling of another word (such as writing "here" when one means "hear", or "no" when one means "know"). Misspellings of the latter type are called "<a href="/wiki/Typographical_error#Atomic_typos" title="Typographical error">atomic typos</a>", and they can easily make their way into printed material because they are not caught by simple computer <a href="/wiki/Spell_checker" title="Spell checker">spell checkers</a>. Deliberate misspellings that emphasize the pronunciation of a <a href="/wiki/Regional_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional dialect">regional dialect</a> are part of <a href="/wiki/Eye_dialect" title="Eye dialect">eye dialect</a> (such as writing "'Murica'" instead of "America", or "helluva" instead of "hell of a"). </p><p>Misspellings may be due to accidental <a href="/wiki/Typo" class="mw-redirect" title="Typo">typing errors</a> (e.g. the transposition error <i><a href="/wiki/Teh" title="Teh">teh</a></i> for <i>the</i>), lack of knowledge of the normative spelling, or lack of concern over spelling rules at all. Whether or not a word is misspelled may depend on context and the orthographic conventions adopted, as is the case with American/British English distinctions. Misspelling can also be a matter of opinion when variant spellings are accepted by some and not by others. For example, "miniscule" (for "minuscule") is a misspelling to many,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and yet it is listed as an acceptable variant in some dictionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A well-known internet scam involves the registration of <a href="/wiki/Domain_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">domain names</a> that are deliberate misspellings of well-known corporate names to mislead or defraud. The practice is commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Typosquatting" title="Typosquatting">typosquatting</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_English_misspellings_in_history">Notable English misspellings in history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable English misspellings in history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab,_Alabama" title="Arab, Alabama">Arab, Alabama</a> – This town in north Alabama was named Arad, after its founder, Arad Thompson, but the name was misspelled on a US Post Office map as "Arab", and the misspelled name stuck.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> – accidental misspelling of <a href="/wiki/Googol" title="Googol">googol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Google's vice president, as quoted on a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Money_Programme" title="The Money Programme">The Money Programme</a></i> documentary, January 2006, the founders – noted for their poor spelling – registered Google as a trademark and web address before someone pointed out that it was not correct.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grampian_Mountains" title="Grampian Mountains">Grampian Mountains</a>, Scotland: the name arose from a medieval manuscript copyist's error in copying <i>Mons Graupius</i> in Tacitus' <i>Agricola</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovaltine" title="Ovaltine">Ovaltine</a>, a popular bedtime drink in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, came about because someone misspelled the original name <i>Ovomaltine</i> on the trademark documentation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Referer – common misspelling of the word referrer. It is so common that it made it into the official specification of HTTP – the communication protocol of the World Wide Web – and has, therefore, become the standard industry spelling when discussing <a href="/wiki/HTTP_referer" title="HTTP referer">HTTP referers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequim,_Washington" title="Sequim, Washington">Sequim, Washington</a> – "In 1879 the first post office was built and named 'Seguin' for the surrounding area. [...] In 1907, due to a Postal Official's error in reading an official report, the post office was titled 'Seguim' for approximately a month. With the next report, the Official read the letter 'g' as a 'q', and the post office here became known as 'Sequim.' The name change did not worry the residents enough to protest. It has been known as Sequim ever since."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to some, the name of <a href="/wiki/Quartzsite,_Arizona" title="Quartzsite, Arizona">Quartzsite</a>, a mining town in Arizona, was spelled wrongly. It should be Quartzite, after the mineral <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">Zenith</a> – Arabic <i>zamt</i> was misread; in Latin letters, at the time, the letter <i>i</i> was never dotted, so "m" looked like "ni".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English orthography has a broad degree of standardization. However, there are several ways to spell almost every sound, and most letters have several variants of pronunciation depending on their position in the word and context. Therefore, some spelling mistakes are common even among native speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is mainly due to large number of words that were borrowed from other languages with no successful attempts of complete spelling reform.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most spelling rules usually do not reflect phonetic changes that have taken place since the end of the 15th century (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Portuguese spelling is not strictly phonematic. It is associated with an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a> and the emergence of numerous regional and dialect variants. In 2009 the global reform of the Portuguese language was initiated to eliminate 98% of inconsistencies in spelling between various countries.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The orthography of the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic language</a> is based on the etymological principle, like English; thus the Icelanders themselves experience difficulties in writing.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern Icelandic alphabet is based on the standard introduced by the Danish philologist Rasmus Rask. </p><p>The fundamental principles of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography</a> are phonological and etymological, that is why there are several letters with identical phonemes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning from the 17th century, various options for orthographic reforms were suggested that would create a one-to-one correspondence between grapheme and phoneme, but all of them were rejected. Most modern proposals to reform spelling are limited to the removal of homophone letters that are preserved for etymological reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many languages, types of misspelling arise from features of those languages which are not present in English: for example, </p> <ul><li>In German, the rules for initial capitalisation, the use of ß, and the splitting of words at line breaks,</li> <li>In Japanese, the choice between kanji, hiragana and katakana, and the choice of katakana for the many words borrowed from English and other foreign languages,</li> <li>In Welsh (and other Celtic languages), errors in the application of the mutation system for initial consonants (<i>camdreigladau</i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">Dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_dialect" title="Eye dialect">Eye dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">Official script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic spelling">Phonetic spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronunciation spelling">Pronunciation spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">Register (sociolinguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_checker" title="Spell checker">Spell checker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_bee" title="Spelling bee">Spelling bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_pronunciation" title="Spelling pronunciation">Spelling pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_reform" title="Spelling reform">Spelling reform</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_spelling">English spelling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: English spelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">American and British English spelling differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks" title="English terms with diacritical marks">English terms with diacritical marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_spelling_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="English spelling reform">English spelling reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">Pronunciation respelling for English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonly_misspelled_English_words" title="Commonly misspelled English words">Commonly misspelled English words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_commonly_misused_English_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:List of commonly misused English words">Frequently misused words</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages_2">Other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><div class="plainlinks selfreference" style="display:inline; font-style: italic;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthographies_by_language" title="Category:Orthographies by language">List of language orthographies</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul_orthography" title="Hangul orthography">Hangul orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin spelling and pronunciation">Latin spelling and pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">Russian orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulmas, F. (1996), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems, Oxford:Blackwell</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUlrich_Ammon2004" class="citation cs2">Ulrich Ammon (2004), "Standard variety", <i>Sociolinguistics</i>, vol. 1, Walter de Gruyter, pp. <span class="nowrap">273–</span>283, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014189-4"><bdi>978-3-11-014189-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Standard+variety&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E283&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014189-4&rft.au=Ulrich+Ammon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrantišek_Trávníček1940" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">František Trávníček (1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_CY_AAAAIAAJ"><i>Nástroj myšlení a dorozumělní: hrst úvah o spisovné češtině</i></a> (in Czech), F. Borový, p. 206</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C3%A1stroj+my%C5%A1len%C3%AD+a+dorozum%C4%9Bln%C3%AD%3A+hrst+%C3%BAvah+o+spisovn%C3%A9+%C4%8De%C5%A1tin%C4%9B&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=F.+Borov%C3%BD&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Franti%C5%A1ek+Tr%C3%A1vn%C3%AD%C4%8Dek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_CY_AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitalcentury.com/1992.html">1992: Gaffe with an 'e' at the end, by Paul Mickle / The Trentonian</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/miniscule">"minuscule"</a>, <i>Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary</i>; states that this spelling is "widely regarded as an error"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/69/M0316900.html">"minuscule"</a>, <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=minuscule*1+0&dict=a">"minuscule"</a>, <i>Cambridge Dictionary of American English</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rivkinradler.com/rivkinradler/Publications/newformat/200409Lewis.shtml">"Typosquatters Act May Apply to Misspelling Domain Names to Mislead Surfers"</a>, Shari Claire Lewis, <i>New York Law Journal</i>, September 15, 2004,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOldfieldMitchinson2009" class="citation web cs1">Oldfield, Molly; Mitchinson, John (15 Apr 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100129180426/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/qi/5157798/QI-Quite-Interesting-facts-about-100.html">"QI: Quite Interesting facts about 100"</a>. <i>Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/qi/5157798/QI-Quite-Interesting-facts-about-100.html">the original</a> on Jan 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=QI%3A+Quite+Interesting+facts+about+100&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft.aulast=Oldfield&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft.au=Mitchinson%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fqi%2F5157798%2FQI-Quite-Interesting-facts-about-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100303012138/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/REFERER">"Define Referer"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=English+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FEnglish-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unitedlanguagegroup.com/blog/brazilian-portuguese-spelling-reform">"Then and Now: The Brazilian Portuguese Spelling Reform"</a>. <i>unitedlanguagegroup.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unitedlanguagegroup.com&rft.atitle=Then+and+Now%3A+The+Brazilian+Portuguese+Spelling+Reform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitedlanguagegroup.com%2Fblog%2Fbrazilian-portuguese-spelling-reform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/23596/1/BarattanGegnMalvillum_SteinunnRutFridriksdottir.pdf">"Baráttan gegn málvillum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>skemman.is</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skemman.is&rft.atitle=Bar%C3%A1ttan+gegn+m%C3%A1lvillum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskemman.is%2Fbitstream%2F1946%2F23596%2F1%2FBarattanGegnMalvillum_SteinunnRutFridriksdottir.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinvisindi.is/bitstream/handle/20.500.11815/393/Hanna%20%C3%93lad%C3%B3ttir_08092017.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Skólamálfræði Hver er hún og hver ætti hún að vera?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>opinvisindi.is</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opinvisindi.is&rft.atitle=Sk%C3%B3lam%C3%A1lfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i+Hver+er+h%C3%BAn+og+hver+%C3%A6tti+h%C3%BAn+a%C3%B0+vera%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinvisindi.is%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.11815%2F393%2FHanna%2520%25C3%2593lad%25C3%25B3ttir_08092017.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.donquijote.org/spanish-language/alphabet/">"SPANISH ALPHABET"</a>. <i>donquijote.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=donquijote.org&rft.atitle=SPANISH+ALPHABET&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.donquijote.org%2Fspanish-language%2Falphabet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/some-spanish-homophones-3080303">"Spanish Homophones and Homographs"</a>. <i>thoughtco.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thoughtco.com&rft.atitle=Spanish+Homophones+and+Homographs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fsome-spanish-homophones-3080303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenryBeesonStarkRapcsak2007" class="citation journal cs1">Henry ML, Beeson PM, Stark AJ, Rapcsak SZ (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2362101">"The role of left perisylvian cortical regions in spelling"</a>. <i>Brain Lang</i>. <b>100</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bandl.2006.06.011">10.1016/j.bandl.2006.06.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2362101">2362101</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16890279">16890279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Lang&rft.atitle=The+role+of+left+perisylvian+cortical+regions+in+spelling&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2362101%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16890279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bandl.2006.06.011&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=ML&rft.au=Beeson%2C+PM&rft.au=Stark%2C+AJ&rft.au=Rapcsak%2C+SZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2362101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeeson_PM2004" class="citation journal cs1">Beeson PM (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomasland.metapress.com/content/d4amxy9yqdftyur0/?p=653f80ab0e4e4123b3d039e56fa5cd14&o=0">"Remediation of written language"</a>. <i>Top Stroke Rehabil</i>. <b>11</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1310%2FD4AM-XY9Y-QDFT-YUR0">10.1310/D4AM-XY9Y-QDFT-YUR0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14872398">14872398</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7128937">7128937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Top+Stroke+Rehabil&rft.atitle=Remediation+of+written+language&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7128937%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14872398&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1310%2FD4AM-XY9Y-QDFT-YUR0&rft.au=Beeson+PM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomasland.metapress.com%2Fcontent%2Fd4amxy9yqdftyur0%2F%3Fp%3D653f80ab0e4e4123b3d039e56fa5cd14%26o%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spelling" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Spelling">Spelling</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spelling" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:spelling">spelling</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Ford, O.T. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103141950/http://the-stewardship.org/research/blte.htm">BASIC LINGUISTICS OF ENGLISH</a></i>. The Stewardship Project. (Concept of spelling)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtopronounce.com/">"Pronunciation guide with multilingual talking dictionary"</a>. <i>.howtopronounce.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=.howtopronounce.com&rft.atitle=Pronunciation+guide+with+multilingual+talking+dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtopronounce.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpelling" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lexicography194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lexicography" title="Template:Lexicography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lexicography" title="Template talk:Lexicography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lexicography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lexicography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lexicography194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">Lexicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_book" title="Phrase book">Phrase book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">Thesaurus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_learner%27s_dictionary" title="Advanced learner's dictionary">Advanced learner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagram_dictionary" title="Anagram dictionary">Anagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_dictionary" title="Bilingual dictionary">Bilingual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_dictionary" title="Conceptual dictionary">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defining_vocabulary" title="Defining vocabulary">Defining vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_dictionary" title="Electronic dictionary">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_dictionary" title="Encyclopedic dictionary">Encyclopedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymological_dictionary" title="Etymological dictionary">Etymological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_dictionary" title="Explanatory dictionary">Explanatory</a></li> <li>Field <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-field_dictionary" title="Multi-field dictionary">Multi-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-field_dictionary" title="Single-field dictionary">Single-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-field_dictionary" title="Sub-field dictionary">Sub-field</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_dictionary" title="Historical dictionary">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom_dictionary" title="Idiom dictionary">Idiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language-for-specific-purposes_dictionary" title="Language-for-specific-purposes dictionary">Language-for-specific-purposes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_dictionary" title="Machine-readable dictionary">Machine-readable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_dictionary" title="Medical dictionary">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolingual_learner%27s_dictionary" title="Monolingual learner's dictionary">Monolingual learner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_dictionary" title="Picture dictionary">Picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_dictionary" title="Reverse dictionary">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyme_dictionary" title="Rhyme dictionary">Rhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyming_dictionary" title="Rhyming dictionary">Rhyming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_dictionary" title="Specialized dictionary">Specialized</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Standards_and_conventions">Spelling dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_dictionary" title="Visual dictionary">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">International scientific vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lexicographers" title="List of lexicographers">List of lexicographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_dictionaries" 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