Storms and cyclones

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field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/seasonal-climate-outlook/seasonal-climate-outlook">Seasonal climate outlooks</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate-and-weather/climate-summaries-0">Climate summaries</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate-and-weather/sea-surface-temperature-update">Sea Surface Temperature Update</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate-and-weather/regional-climatologies">Regional climatologies</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/rainfall/southwest-pacific-tropical-cyclone-outlook">Southwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Outlook</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate-and-weather/island-climate-update">Island Climate Update</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/el-nino-and-la-nina">El Niño and La Niña</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate/information-and-resources/nz-temperature-record">NZ temperature record</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/climate-and-weather/niwa-can-help-you-leverage-updated-climate-projections">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2022_PHOTO_COMP_Skyline_Hookcropped.jpg?h=034a5371&itok=5geu_pYl" width="614" height="409" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> NIWA can help you leverage updated climate projections </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-page-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item">Service</div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">29 August 2024</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">NIWA is using updated climate projections to help New Zealanders better understand climate-related risks.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-8937e95a8976cd04f401b7da5380a493645b5ef5df2de60c7db0a75ed73e4033"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-d643858ca814431792387d8001841038cc9ed80f0d0c0b5005553caedb5dcad6"> 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Our science prevents property damage and saves lives.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/hazards"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-1c16b652da77f9585128a9b02cbf973ba6e713d6493255e7d79b8b299a11fec7"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-6b0c82ed502aae0ad990030499dd5aa117fee71607507b6d27b369394472050f"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children view-display-id-entity_view_1 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href="/hazards/geological-hazards" hreflang="en">Geological hazards</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-grouped-links field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/hazards?pt=10">Research</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/future-coasts-aotearoa">Future Coasts Aotearoa</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/identifying-rip-currents-using-artificial-intelligence">Identifying rip currents using AI</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/riskscape-software">Riskscape software</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/ma-te-haumaru-o-nga-puna-wai-o-rakaihautu-ka-ora-mo-ake-tonu">Mā te haumaru ō te wai: Aotearoa flood resilience</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/research-projects/responding-to-and-preparing-for-extreme-weather-events">Responding to and preparing for extreme weather events</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate-and-weather/forecasting-weather-systems">Forecasting weather systems</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/tsunami-generated-underwater-volcanoes">Tsunami generated by underwater volcanoes</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/weather-hazards/river-flow-forecasting">River flow forecasting</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/our-services?subtree%5Btopic%5D=198">Tools & services</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/coastal-hazards/extreme-coastal-flood-maps-aotearoa-new-zealand">Extreme coastal flood maps for Aotearoa New Zealand</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/physical-hazards-affecting-coastal-margins-and-continental-shelf/storm-tide-red-alert-days-2024">Storm-tide red-alert days 2024</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/tide-forecaster">Tide forecaster</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/sea-level-rise">Sea-level rise</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://shiny.niwa.co.nz/drought-forecast/">Drought dashboard</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate-and-weather/serious-games-tool-engage-people">Serious games as a tool to engage people</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/news/tonga-eruption-confirmed-largest-ever-recorded">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2022_10_3D_MODEL_HTHH_parsonskingDSC00900-web.jpg?h=f3f0a9e5&itok=gsi2rTI3" width="614" height="409" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Tonga eruption confirmed as largest ever recorded </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-page-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item">Media release</div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">21 November 2022</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">A New Zealand-led team has completed the fullest investigation to date into January’s eruption of the underwater Tongan volcano.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-6015c1432b95dd4e528115752940cfe79e341c6d7ffcb60940b083497c0e8781"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-ca9249874dd4e3dc8e32558169f043cc695ef2b1bf9f599a4f6a10e77d809286"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="site__header__menu__item--primary"> <a href="/coasts-and-oceans" title="NIWA aims to provide the knowledge needed for the sound environmental management of our marine resources." class="site__header__menu__link--primary">Coasts & Oceans</a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--75-25"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div> <div class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="menu-link-content__heading">Coasts & Oceans</h1> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="menu-link-content__description">NIWA aims to provide the knowledge needed for the sound environmental management of our marine resources.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/coasts-and-oceans"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-df2e6e0885362ed91f6aa26c83c5d9fdda5f4feecf6457d13dc00897fcb8185f"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-1f6a0d1814042eb59d2e7f5c294fc2b25fd4fe2b10f093377b72347c3da583ab"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-51f672e0214b6fa8f4240883d96af509fd5188d13401eb7f4d612e456d5e0201"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-f64d9a407120e4ff48dbcefdd7076d72fa85e9ff2eb787e7bd86af3639701639"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-32bc629e948a8d90dbd2a7f8c6622ce43ce99d7da266ee023293d5189de17484"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-related-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/fisheries" hreflang="en">Fisheries</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/aquaculture" hreflang="en">Aquaculture</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/oceans" hreflang="en">Oceans</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/coasts" hreflang="en">Coasts</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/coasts/estuaries" hreflang="en">Estuaries</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/antarctica" hreflang="en">Antarctica</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-grouped-links field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/research">Research</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/antarctica?pt=10#filters">Antarctica</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/aquaculture?pt=10#filters">Aquaculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts?pt=10#filters">Coasts </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/research?subtree%5Btopic%5D=6145&subtree%5Bsubtopic%5D=158&created=All">Estuaries</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries?pt=10#filters">Fisheries </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/oceans?pt=10#filters">Oceans</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/our-services">Tools & Services</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/aquaculture?pt=13#filters">Aquaculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts?pt=13#filters">Coasts</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/our-services?subtree%5Btopic%5D=6145&subtree%5Bsubtopic%5D=158">Estuaries</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries?pt=13#filters">Fisheries</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/oceans?pt=13#filters">Oceans</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/vessels/niwa-vessels">NIWA Vessels</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/coasts-and-oceans?pt=27">Frequently visited</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/aquaculture/yellowtail-kingfish">Kingfish aquaculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/node/113711">Future Coasts Aotearoa</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/marine-biosecurity">Marine biosecurity</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries/ross-sea-toothfish-fishery">The Ross Sea toothfish fishery</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries/recreational-fishing">Recreational Fishing</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/marine-identification-guides-and-fact-sheets">Marine identification guides</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/vessels/voyages">Voyages</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/edna-research-and-services">eDNA research and services</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/vessels/kaharoa-ii">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2024-06/kaharoa_II_a25_2024-03-22%2017-50-53_JN_fx%20%28Custom%29.jpeg?h=cf677393&itok=3HCaj-r9" width="614" height="409" alt="Kaharoa II" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Kaharoa II </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-page-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item">Facility</div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">14 May 2024</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">Kaharoa II sets the standard of excellence for marine research vessels</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-3082ea09f7af6175fb21c90af2c66e7d9acf966f7931760c90b9d16d11cc3a77"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-6f20f28bfb8d20a0e0307b9c20a02880a930f4890906f28ca61e3c0b9c33c18e"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="site__header__menu__item--primary"> <a href="/freshwater" title="We provide public information on river, lake, and groundwater conditions across New Zealand including water quantity and quality." class="site__header__menu__link--primary" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/114353">Freshwater</a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--75-25"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div> <div class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="menu-link-content__heading">Freshwater</h1> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="menu-link-content__description">We provide public information on river, lake, and groundwater conditions across New Zealand including water quantity and quality.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/freshwater"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-ce233703a2e4d8b8f3beb657ccf1f549c69363dc11b32667805f3fd74077fc7b"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-70e777f855a99bc4d9b88b01d37bb2a008d9c62106b7ce611ecb8dcc7d782813"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-103555cf1466d8c47a9f53d24850c3f5a09fd8725e8c24fc5623881e65d6197b"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-0cff24d43787b323ecc3b2a3feb76741c543bab6797700d33f3c74c414634acc"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-be4bb702a4d576df2c5171f80f040f524631edcf1684bf2b44a1f0fa6afc7626"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-related-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/ecological-monitoring" hreflang="en">Ecological monitoring</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/ecotoxicology" hreflang="en">Ecotoxicology</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-fish" hreflang="en">Freshwater fish</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-invertebrates" hreflang="en">Freshwater invertebrates</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-quality" hreflang="en">Freshwater quality</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-restoration" hreflang="en">Freshwater restoration</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-grouped-links field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater?pt=10">Research</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/investigating-ecological-impacts-on-freshwater-insects-from-led-streetlight-conversions">Investigating ecological impacts on freshwater insects from LED streetlights</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/effective-mitigation-systems-to-manage-contaminant-losses">Effective mitigation systems to manage contaminant losses</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/te-kuwaha/research-projects/cultural-keystone-species-co-management-and-restoration-of-our-freshwater-taonga-species">Cultural Keystone Species</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/freshwater-bioremediation-using-native-mussels-focussed-on-shallow-eutrophic-lakes">Freshwater bioremediation using native mussels</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/hauraki-integrated-land-water-modelling">Hauraki Integrated Land-Water Modelling</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/snow-and-ice-network">Snow and Ice Network</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater?pt=13">Services</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/climate-change-freshwater-impacts-assessments">Climate change freshwater impacts assessments</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/our-science/freshwater/our-services/specialist-analytical-services">Specialist analytical services</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/flow-assessment-and-management">Flow assessment and management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/freshwater-data-online">Freshwater databases online</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/freshwater-species-and-habitat-management">Freshwater species and habitat management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/stormwater-management">Stormwater management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/catchment-modelling">Catchment modelling</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/water-quality-monitoring-and-advice">Water quality monitoring and advice</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater?pt=13">Tools & Resources</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/riparian-buffer-design-guide">Riparian Buffer Design Guide</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/restoration-tools/constructed-wetland-guidelines">Constructed wetland guidelines</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-update/freshwater-update-80-march-2019/the-new-zealand-water-model-nzwam-%E2%80%93-a-new-water-modelling-approach">The New Zealand Water Model (NZWaM) </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/tools/biosecurity">Biosecurity tools</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/environmental-flow-tools">Environmental flow tools</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/fish-passage-assessment-tool">Fish Passage Assessment Tool</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/environmental-flow-tools/new-zealand-streamflow-depletion-model">New Zealand streamflow depletion model</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/catchment-modelling/clues-catchment-land-use-for-environmental-sustainability-model">CLUES – Catchment Land Use for Environmental Sustainability model</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater/freshwater-programme-overview">Programmes</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/freshwater-species-ecology-and-management">Freshwater species ecology and management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/Hydrological-observations-and-predictions">Hydrological observations and predictions</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/environmental-flows">Environmental flows</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/causes-and-effects-of-water-quality-degradation">Causes and effects of water quality degradation</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater-biosecurity">Freshwater biosecurity</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/mitigation-systems">Mitigation systems</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/freshwater/freshwater-invertebrate-identification-and-e-guides">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2023-02/Mayfly-image-NIWA.jpg?h=999433cf&itok=sCEv1D1n" width="614" height="409" alt="Image of mayflies [from NIWA Benthic Macroinvertebrates Field Identification Guide]" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Freshwater invertebrate identification and e-guides </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-page-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item">Education Resource</div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">06 February 2023</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">Downloadable and printable guides on identification of common freshwater invertebrates found in New Zealand waterways and lakes.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 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class="menu-link-content__heading">Te Kūwaha</h1> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="menu-link-content__description">Working together with hapū, iwi, Māori communities and Māori business to deliver tailored science.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/te-kuwaha-and-maori"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-9e953d85e5b92a6f47a98cb19ae636b3738a0567b1587264ce956573c6c1733a"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children 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field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">19 January 2023</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">NIWA’s Te Kūwaha Graduate Internship programme has been established to help support and create tangible pathways for the next generation of Māori researchers. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-ee032b1cae969e147572e4ef28a95f2ce8a35b8414d085550eb71f9d0d63f233"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-4b139599e0d381cd4866a896521875249f512d91d34d8a278227384e63264bde"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="site__header__menu__item--primary"> <a href="/pacific" title="We provide applied science and environmental 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class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-ca896907ad1e4442dce6b9759fe3b77c221c3b0c0bcee1515ea66aab2f0fbbed"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-777932b944a6ec699ba40df72a29747d7fac66c163f03e6ecccc8e2444aca58c"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-related-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/pacific/pacific-rim-partnerships" hreflang="en">Pacific Rim partnerships</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-grouped-links field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a 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field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">30 January 2023</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">NIWA will be determining the impact of fisheries on the aquatic environment. This will inform an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management and the development methods to mitigate this impact.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-b9c8f531382ec592b7ec2d46830bdde8f3e40949499bd555e56ee8d5a86aae6b"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-5bbf3ba29ce5ad443060d5b6dc9cdd40077d4f213dd5d35a6217f79f2ba3d675"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-niwa-secondarymenublock-menu" id="block-niwa-secondarymenublock"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-niwa-secondarymenublock-menu">Secondary menu</h2> <ul class="site__header__menu__list--secondary"> <li data-disable-flyout="0" class="site__header__menu__item--secondary"> <a href="/about-niwa" title="Decision makers at all levels are seeking evidence-based analysis and advice from environmental experts. 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</h1> </div> <div class="page__summary"> <p class="page__summary__text">Common questions about storms and cyclones in New Zealand.</p> </div> <nav class="page__title-banner__icon-menu"> <a href="/hazards" class="field-group-link icon-menu__button" title="Hazards" hreflang="en"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 576 512"> <path d="M238.5 127.7c-5.5-9.7-5.5-21.6 0-31.4l27-48C271.1 38.2 281.8 32 293.4 32h53.3c11.6 0 22.2 6.2 27.9 16.3l27 48c5.5 9.7 5.5 21.6 0 31.4l-27 48c-5.7 10.1-16.3 16.3-27.9 16.3H293.4c-11.6 0-22.2-6.2-27.9-16.3l-27-48zM293.4 64l-27 48 27 48 53.3 0 27-48-27-48-53.3 0zM32 118.6L32 448c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H393.4L32 118.6zm-32 0C0 90.1 34.5 75.8 54.6 96L416 457.4c20.2 20.2 5.9 54.6-22.6 54.6H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V118.6zM432.3 406.5c-10.1-5.7-16.3-16.3-16.3-27.9V325.4c0-11.6 6.2-22.2 16.3-27.9l48-27c9.7-5.5 21.6-5.5 31.4 0l48 27c10.1 5.7 16.3 16.3 16.3 27.9v53.3c0 11.6-6.2 22.2-16.3 27.9l-48 27c-9.7 5.5-21.6 5.5-31.4 0l-48-27zm63.7-.9l48-27V325.4l-48-27-48 27v53.3l48 27zM128 64a32 32 0 1 1 64 0 32 32 0 1 1 -64 0zM352 256a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64z"></path> </svg> </a> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="page__title-banner__breadcrumb"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol> <li class="breadcrumb__item breadcrumb__item--mobile-hidden"> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb__item"> <a href="/atmosphere">Atmosphere</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb__item breadcrumb__item--mobile-hidden"> Storms and cyclones </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </header> <div class="node node--type-page node--view-mode-full ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="body-content"> <div class="body-content__main"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"> <p class="has-lede-font-size">Common questions about storms and cyclones in New Zealand:</p> <div class="wp-block-aab-group-accordion aagb_accordion_8fd46e88-5680-4d64-b58b-1872de269f33"> <div class="wp-block-aab-accordion-item aagb__accordion_container"><div class="aagb__accordion_head aab_right_icon" tabindex="0" data-active="false"><div class="aagb__accordion_heading aab_right_icon"><h4 class="aagb__accordion_title" style="margin:0">What is a storm?</h4></div><div class="aagb__accordion_icon"><span class="aagb__icon dashicons dashicons-plus-alt2"></span></div></div><div class="aagb__accordion_body " role="region"> <p>Storms are associated with periods of strong often damaging winds, heavy flood-producing rainfall, thunder and lightning, heavy snowfall or blizzard conditions.</p> <p></p> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-aab-accordion-item aagb__accordion_container"><div class="aagb__accordion_head aab_right_icon" tabindex="0" data-active="false"><div class="aagb__accordion_heading aab_right_icon"><h4 class="aagb__accordion_title" style="margin:0">How is a storm classified?</h4></div><div class="aagb__accordion_icon"><span class="aagb__icon dashicons dashicons-plus-alt2"></span></div></div><div class="aagb__accordion_body " role="region"> <p>They are classified by how strong the winds are or by how heavy the rainfall, lightning or snow are.</p> <p></p> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-aab-accordion-item aagb__accordion_container"><div class="aagb__accordion_head aab_right_icon" tabindex="0" data-active="false"><div class="aagb__accordion_heading aab_right_icon"><h4 class="aagb__accordion_title" style="margin:0">How do scientists predict storms?</h4></div><div class="aagb__accordion_icon"><span class="aagb__icon dashicons dashicons-plus-alt2"></span></div></div><div class="aagb__accordion_body " role="region"> <p>To predict storms in New Zealand, scientists note the position of a storm on satellite photographs and use computers to follow and calculate its progression.</p> <p></p> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-aab-accordion-item aagb__accordion_container"><div class="aagb__accordion_head aab_right_icon" tabindex="0" data-active="false"><div class="aagb__accordion_heading aab_right_icon"><h4 class="aagb__accordion_title" style="margin:0">What is the most effective way to inform people that a storm is coming?</h4></div><div class="aagb__accordion_icon"><span class="aagb__icon dashicons dashicons-plus-alt2"></span></div></div><div class="aagb__accordion_body " role="region"> <p>The most effective way to notify people that a serious storm is coming is with radio and TV broadcasts.</p> <p></p> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-aab-accordion-item aagb__accordion_container"><div class="aagb__accordion_head aab_right_icon" tabindex="0" data-active="false"><div class="aagb__accordion_heading aab_right_icon"><h4 class="aagb__accordion_title" style="margin:0">What were the worst storms to hit New Zealand in the last 50 years?</h4></div><div class="aagb__accordion_icon"><span class="aagb__icon dashicons dashicons-plus-alt2"></span></div></div><div class="aagb__accordion_body " role="region"> <p>The worst storms to affect New Zealand in the last 50 years were Cyclone Bola in March 1988, causing more than 200 million dollars of damage, and the Wahine storm (Tropical Cyclone Gisele) in 1968 in which 51 people lost their lives.</p> <p></p> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-aab-accordion-item aagb__accordion_container"><div class="aagb__accordion_head aab_right_icon" tabindex="0" data-active="false"><div class="aagb__accordion_heading aab_right_icon"><h4 class="aagb__accordion_title" style="margin:0">What were the worst storma to hit New Zealand in the last 10 years?</h4></div><div class="aagb__accordion_icon"><span class="aagb__icon dashicons dashicons-plus-alt2"></span></div></div><div class="aagb__accordion_body " role="region"> <p>In the last 10 years, the worst storms have been Cyclone Fergus in December 1996, which brought over 300 mm of rain in 24 hours to Coromandel, and Cyclone Drena in January 1997, in which one man was electrocuted when he grabbed a fallen powerline as he climbed up a bank. The early warning of Cyclone Fergus during the Christmas holiday season allowed people to evacuate from beachside campsites, preventing loss of life. These images on the right show how massive Fergus (left) and Drena (right) were. </p> <p></p> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-aab-accordion-item aagb__accordion_container"><div class="aagb__accordion_head aab_right_icon" tabindex="0" data-active="false"><div class="aagb__accordion_heading aab_right_icon"><h4 class="aagb__accordion_title" style="margin:0">What are tropical cyclones?</h4></div><div class="aagb__accordion_icon"><span class="aagb__icon dashicons dashicons-plus-alt2"></span></div></div><div class="aagb__accordion_body " role="region"> <p>Tropical cyclones are revolving storms that begin in the tropics. Storms of this type are called hurricanes in the North Atlantic and eastern Pacific and typhoons in South East Asia and China. They are called tropical cyclones in the southwest Pacific and Indian Ocean region. In the southern hemisphere storms rotate clockwise (see pictures above). </p> <p>Tropical cyclones form near the equator and gain their energy from the heat that is released when water vapour condenses into rain. They are about 500 km across and may have a central region with relatively little cloud and light winds called the eye. </p> <p>Tropical cyclones weaken as they move towards New Zealand because the cooler seas provide less heat. The worst cyclones tend to occur from December to April. In autumn the sea surface temperatures remain high, allowing the tropical cyclones to retain their intensity, and the chance of meeting a cold air front from the Antarctic increases as autumn progresses.</p> <p>A front is where the two air masses meet. A cold front occurs when the cold air is advancing and pushing away the warm air. If the warm air is advancing, it rises over the cold air which is denser and forms a warm front. A stationary front forms if neither air mass is advancing. As the atmosphere tries to even out the pressure difference, wind is created, blowing from high pressure to low pressure. 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