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id="toc-Post-WWII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-WWII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Post-WWII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-WWII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Spread products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Manufacturing process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manufacturing_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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<ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Processing_contaminants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing_contaminants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Processing contaminants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing_contaminants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amount_of_fat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amount_of_fat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Amount of fat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amount_of_fat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saturated_fat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturated_fat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Saturated fat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturated_fat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsaturated_fat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsaturated_fat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Unsaturated fat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsaturated_fat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trans_fat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trans_fat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Trans fat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trans_fat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cholesterol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cholesterol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Cholesterol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cholesterol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_sterol_esters_and_stanol_esters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_sterol_esters_and_stanol_esters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Plant sterol esters and stanol esters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_sterol_esters_and_stanol_esters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_acceptance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_acceptance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Market acceptance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_acceptance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>National standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle National standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-National_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legal issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Margarine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarien" title="Margarien – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Margarien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="سمن نباتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سمن نباتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarina" title="Margarina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Margarina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarin" title="Margarin – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Margarin" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Маргарын – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маргарын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Маргарын – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маргарын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Маргарин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маргарин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarina" title="Margarina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Margarina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margar%C3%ADn" title="Margarín – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Margarín" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjar%C3%AEn" title="Marjarîn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marjarîn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Margarine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Margarine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margariin" title="Margariin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Margariin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Μαργαρίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαργαρίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarina" title="Margarina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Margarina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarino" title="Margarino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Margarino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarina" title="Margarina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Margarina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مارگارین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارگارین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Margarine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Margarine" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margair%C3%ADn" title="Margairín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Margairín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarina" title="Margarina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Margarina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="માર્જરિન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માર્જરિન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%B0" title="마가린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마가린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Մարգարին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարգարին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="मार्जरीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्जरीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarin" title="Margarin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Margarin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarino" title="Margarino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Margarino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarin" title="Margarin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Margarin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smj%C3%B6rl%C3%ADki" title="Smjörlíki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Smjörlíki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarina" title="Margarina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Margarina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מרגרינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרגרינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarin" title="Margarin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Margarin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C(%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86)" title="ಮಾರ್ಗರೀನ್‌(ಕೃತಕ ಬೆಣ್ಣೆ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾರ್ಗರೀನ್‌(ಕೃತಕ ಬೆಣ್ಣೆ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მარგარინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარგარინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Маргарин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маргарин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjarini" title="Marjarini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Marjarini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margar%C4%ABns" title="Margarīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Margarīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarinas" title="Margarinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Margarinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarin" title="Margarin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Margarin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Маргарин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маргарин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjerin" title="Marjerin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Marjerin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Margarine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="マーガリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーガリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarin" title="Margarin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Margarin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarin" title="Margarin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Margarin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarin" title="Margarin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Margarin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaryna" title="Margaryna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Margaryna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarina" title="Margarina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Margarina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarin%C4%83" title="Margarină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Margarină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Маргарин – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Маргарин" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Маргарин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маргарин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarina" title="Margarina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Margarina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="මාජරින් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාජරින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Margarine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margar%C3%ADn" title="Margarín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Margarín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarina" title="Margarina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Margarina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Маргарин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маргарин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarin" title="Margarin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Margarin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margariini" title="Margariini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Margariini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarin" title="Margarin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Margarin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarina" title="Margarina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Margarina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="เนยเทียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนยเทียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Маргарин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Маргарин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarin" title="Margarin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Margarin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Маргарин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маргарин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C6%A1_th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Bơ thực vật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bơ thực vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarina" title="Margarina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Margarina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E6%B7%87%E6%B7%8B" title="瑪淇淋 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瑪淇淋" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><span>Margarine</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Margarine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Margarine.jpg/250px-Margarine.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Margarine.jpg/375px-Margarine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Margarine.jpg/500px-Margarine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Margarine in a tub</div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">Marge, oleo, oleomargarine, buttery spread</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spread_(food)" title="Spread (food)">Spread</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data country-name"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data author"><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_M%C3%A8ge-Mouri%C3%A8s" title="Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès">Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Main ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient">Vegetable oils</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Margarine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Margarine">Media: Margarine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Margarine</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <small>also</small> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b2\/En-us-margarine.ogg\/En-us-margarine.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-margarine.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/En-us-margarine.ogg/En-us-margarine.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-margarine.ogg" title="File:En-us-margarine.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Spread_(food)" title="Spread (food)">spread</a> used for flavoring, baking, and cooking. It is most often used as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>. Although originally made from animal fats, most margarine consumed today is made from <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a>. The spread was originally named <i>oleomargarine</i> from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for <i>oleum</i> (olive oil) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>margarite</i> ("pearl", indicating luster). The name was later shortened to <i>margarine</i>, <sup id="cite_ref-rupp_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rupp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or sometimes <i>oleo</i> (particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Margarine consists of a water-in-fat emulsion, with tiny droplets of water dispersed uniformly throughout a fat <a href="/wiki/Phase_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase (chemistry)">phase</a> in a stable solid form.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajah_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajah-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While butter is made by concentrating the <a href="/wiki/Butterfat" title="Butterfat">butterfat</a> of milk through centrifugation, modern margarine is made through a more intensive processing of refined <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> and water. </p><p>Per US federal regulation, products must have a minimum fat content of 80% (with a maximum of 16% water) to be labeled as such in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-fda2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Larson_2023_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson_2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the term is used informally to describe vegetable-oil-based spreads with lower fat content.<sup id="cite_ref-fda2017_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Margarine can be used as an ingredient in other food products, such as pastries, doughnuts, cakes, and cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invention_and_early_distribution">Invention and early distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Invention and early distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/butter-vs-margarine">“Butter vs. Margarine”</a>, <i>Distillations</i> Podcast, <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Margarine has its roots in the discovery by French chemist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a> in 1813 of <a href="/wiki/Heptadecanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptadecanoic acid">margaric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Food_Industries_Manual_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Food_Industries_Manual-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists at the time regarded margaric acid, like <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">stearic acid</a>, as one of the three <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> that, in combination, form most animal fats. In 1853, the German structural chemist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Heintz" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Heintz">Wilhelm Heinrich Heintz</a> analyzed margaric acid as simply a combination of stearic acid and the previously unknown <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> issued a challenge to create a butter-substitute from <a href="/wiki/Beef_tallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Beef tallow">beef tallow</a> for the armed forces and lower classes, <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_M%C3%A8ge-Mouri%C3%A8s" title="Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès">Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès</a> invented margarine in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-rupp_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rupp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mège-Mouriès patented the product, which he named "oleomargarine", and expanded his initial manufacturing operation from France, but had little commercial success. In 1871, he sold the patent to the Dutch company <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Johannes_Jurgens" title="Antonius Johannes Jurgens"> Jurgens</a>, which subsequently became part of <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rupp_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rupp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year a German pharmacist, Benedict Klein from <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, founded the first margarine factory in Germany, producing the brands Overstolz and Botteram.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margarine-Boterfabriek_Joh._Jurgens,_Osch,_Rotterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Margarine-Boterfabriek_Joh._Jurgens%2C_Osch%2C_Rotterdam.jpg/250px-Margarine-Boterfabriek_Joh._Jurgens%2C_Osch%2C_Rotterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Margarine-Boterfabriek_Joh._Jurgens%2C_Osch%2C_Rotterdam.jpg/330px-Margarine-Boterfabriek_Joh._Jurgens%2C_Osch%2C_Rotterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Margarine-Boterfabriek_Joh._Jurgens%2C_Osch%2C_Rotterdam.jpg/500px-Margarine-Boterfabriek_Joh._Jurgens%2C_Osch%2C_Rotterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Dutch margarine advertising, 1893</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swift_oleomargarine_newspaper_ad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Swift_oleomargarine_newspaper_ad.png/220px-Swift_oleomargarine_newspaper_ad.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Swift_oleomargarine_newspaper_ad.png/330px-Swift_oleomargarine_newspaper_ad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Swift_oleomargarine_newspaper_ad.png/440px-Swift_oleomargarine_newspaper_ad.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>Newspaper ad for an American oleomargarine product, 1919. Product made by the American company <a href="/wiki/Swift_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Swift & Company">Swift & Company</a> from by-products of the animal processing business.</figcaption></figure> <p>The principal raw material in the original formulation of margarine was beef-fat.<sup id="cite_ref-rupp_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rupp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1871, Henry W. Bradley of <a href="/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton, New York</a>, received US Patent 110626<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a process of creating margarine that combined vegetable oils (primarily <a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">cottonseed oil</a>) with animal fats.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1874, the first commercial cargo arrived in the UK. <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late-19th century, some 37 companies were manufacturing margarine in the US, in opposition to the butter industry, which protested and lobbied for government intervention, eventually leading to the 1886 Margarine Act imposing prohibitive taxes and fees against margarine manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-rupp_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rupp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortages in beef-fat supply, combined with advances by <a href="/wiki/James_F._Boyce" title="James F. Boyce">James F. Boyce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a> of plant materials, soon accelerated the use of Bradley's method, and between 1900 and 1920, commercial oleomargarine was produced from a combination of animal fats and hardened and unhardened vegetable oils.<sup id="cite_ref-marketing_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marketing-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_States#World_War_II" title="Rationing in the United States"> United States</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom#Second_World_War" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom"> United Kingdom</a>, among other countries, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, led to a reduction in supply of animal fat and butter, and, by 1945, "original" margarine had almost completely disappeared from the market.<sup id="cite_ref-marketing_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marketing-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, problems with supply, coupled with changes in legislation, caused margarine manufacturers to switch almost completely to vegetable oils and fats by 1950, and the margarine industry was ready for an era of product development.<sup id="cite_ref-marketing_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marketing-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_debate">Color debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Color debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delrich_E-Z_Color_Pak_Margarine,_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Delrich_E-Z_Color_Pak_Margarine%2C_1948.jpg/220px-Delrich_E-Z_Color_Pak_Margarine%2C_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Delrich_E-Z_Color_Pak_Margarine%2C_1948.jpg/330px-Delrich_E-Z_Color_Pak_Margarine%2C_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Delrich_E-Z_Color_Pak_Margarine%2C_1948.jpg/440px-Delrich_E-Z_Color_Pak_Margarine%2C_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3380" data-file-height="4553" /></a><figcaption>A 1948 advertisement for margarine with instructions for mixing the color inside a sealed bag.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carotene" title="Carotene">Carotene</a> in the milk of grass-fed cows gives butter produced from such milk a slightly yellow color. However, being a synthetic product, margarine has a white color resembling <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a>, which many people found unappetizing. Around the late 1880s, manufacturers began coloring margarine yellow to improve sales.<sup id="cite_ref-rupp_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rupp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dairy firms, especially in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, became alarmed at the potential threat to their business, and succeeded in getting legislation passed to prohibit the coloring of the stark white margarine by 1902. In response, margarine companies distributed margarine together with a packet of yellow <a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">food coloring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rupp_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rupp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The product was placed in a bowl and the coloring mixed in manually, taking some time and effort, especially if the mixing needed to be done by hand—typically the case at the time since <a href="/wiki/Mixer_(appliance)" title="Mixer (appliance)">domestic electric mixers</a> were rarely used before the 1920s. It was therefore not unusual for the final product to be served as a light and dark yellow, or even white, striped product. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, butter and margarine were both in short supply and subject to <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_States#World_War_II" title="Rationing in the United States">rationing</a> in the United States, but butter required more points, causing margarine to gain popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-rupp_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rupp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, the W. E. Dennison Company received US Patent 2553513<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a method to place a capsule of yellow dye inside a plastic package of margarine. After purchase, the capsule was broken by pressing on the outside of the package, and the package was kneaded to distribute the dye. </p><p>The artificial coloring laws began being repealed around 1955, and margarine could once again be sold colored like butter in most states. The final hold out was Wisconsin, which finally repealed its restrictions in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-rupp_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rupp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal_butter">Coal butter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coal butter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the 1930s and 1940s, Arthur Imhausen developed and implemented an industrial process in Germany for producing edible fats by <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_oxidation" title="Paraffin oxidation">oxidizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">synthetic paraffin wax</a> made from coal.<sup id="cite_ref-Imha1943_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imha1943-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The products were <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractionally distilled</a> and the edible fats were obtained from the <span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">9</sub></span></span></span>–<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">16</sub></span></span></span> fraction<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were reacted with <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> such as that synthesized from propylene.<sup id="cite_ref-Chem1946_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chem1946-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margarine made from them was found to be nutritious and of agreeable taste, and it was incorporated into diets contributing as much as 700 calories per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Maie2016_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maie2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ihde1964_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ihde1964-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process required at least 60 kilograms of coal per kilogram of synthetic butter.<sup id="cite_ref-Chem1946_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chem1946-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That industrial process was discontinued after WWII due to its inefficiency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-WWII">Post-WWII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-WWII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Second World War and immediate post-war years amid <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom#Second_World_War" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">rationing in the United Kingdom</a>, only two types of margarine were available: a premium brand and a budget brand with <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">whale oil</a> being used in its manufacture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With the end of rationing in 1955, the market was opened to the forces of <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a>, and brand marketing became prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-marketing_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marketing-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The competition among the major producers was given further impetus with the beginning of commercial television advertising in 1955 and, throughout the 1950s and 1960s, competing companies vied with each other to produce the margarine that tasted most like butter.<sup id="cite_ref-marketing_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marketing-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_products">Spread products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spread products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1960s, the introduction of two lower-fat blends of butter oil and vegetable oils in Scandinavia, called <i>Lätt & Lagom</i> and <i>Bregott</i>, clouded the issue of what should be called "margarine" and began the debate that led to the introduction of the term "spread".<sup id="cite_ref-Rajah_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajah-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, an 80% fat product called <i>Krona</i>, made by churning a blend of dairy cream and vegetable oils, was introduced in Europe and, in 1982, a blend of cream and vegetable oils called <a href="/wiki/Clover_(spread)" title="Clover (spread)">Clover</a> was introduced in the UK by the <a href="/wiki/Milk_Marketing_Board" title="Milk Marketing Board">Milk Marketing Board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajah_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajah-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vegetable oil and cream spread <a href="/wiki/I_Can%27t_Believe_It%27s_Not_Butter!" title="I Can't Believe It's Not Butter!">I Can't Believe It's Not Butter!</a> was introduced into the United States in 1981, and in the United Kingdom and Canada in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-rollout1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rollout1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, products with less than 80% fat can be labeled spreads, but they can not be called margarine.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson_2023_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson_2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the word margarine is less popular with consumers, manufacturers developed some products to have slightly less than the minimum amount of fat, so that they can legally avoid labeling their products as margarine.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson_2023_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson_2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, margarine spreads had many developments to improve their consumer appeal. Most brands phased out the use of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenated_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogenated oil">hydrogenated oils</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">trans fat</a> free. Many brands launched refrigerator-stable margarine spreads that contain only one-third of the fat and calorie content of traditional spreads. Other varieties of spreads include those with added <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a>, low or no salt, added <a href="/wiki/Phytosterol" title="Phytosterol">plant sterols</a> (claimed to reduce <a href="/wiki/Blood_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cholesterol">blood cholesterol</a>), <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, or certified <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a> oils. In the early 21st century, manufacturers provided margarines in plastic squeeze bottles to ease dispensing and offered pink margarine as a novelty.<sup id="cite_ref-rupp_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rupp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing_process">Manufacturing process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Manufacturing process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swift%27s_Premium_Oleomargarine_(20107649).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Swift%27s_Premium_Oleomargarine_%2820107649%29.jpg/220px-Swift%27s_Premium_Oleomargarine_%2820107649%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Swift%27s_Premium_Oleomargarine_%2820107649%29.jpg/330px-Swift%27s_Premium_Oleomargarine_%2820107649%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Swift%27s_Premium_Oleomargarine_%2820107649%29.jpg/440px-Swift%27s_Premium_Oleomargarine_%2820107649%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1505" /></a><figcaption>Postcard of "Incorporating Salt and Working Moisture out of "Swift's Premium" Oleomargarine", undated</figcaption></figure> <p>The basic method of making margarine today consists of emulsifying a blend of oils and fats from vegetable and animal sources, which can be modified using <a href="/wiki/Fractionation" title="Fractionation">fractionation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interesterification" class="mw-redirect" title="Interesterification">interesterification</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a>, with skimmed milk which may be fermented or soured, salt, citric or lactic acid, chilling the mixture to solidify it, and working it to improve the texture.<sup id="cite_ref-Food_Industries_Manual_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Food_Industries_Manual-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clay1920_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clay1920-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margarines and vegetable fat spreads found in the market can range from 10% to 90% fat, depending on dietary marketing and purpose (spreading, cooking or baking). The softer tub margarines are made with less hydrogenated and more liquid oils than block margarines.<sup id="cite_ref-through_the_ages_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-through_the_ages-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three types of margarine are common: </p> <ul><li>Bottled liquid margarine to cook or top dishes.</li> <li>Soft vegetable fat spreads, high in mono- or polyunsaturated fats, which are made from <a href="/wiki/Safflower" title="Safflower">safflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cottonseed" title="Cottonseed">cottonseed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> oil.</li> <li>Hard margarine (sometimes uncolored) for cooking or baking.</li></ul> <p>To produce margarine, first oils and fats are <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil#Extraction" title="Cooking oil">extracted</a>, e.g. by pressing from seeds, and then <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil#Refinement" title="Cooking oil">refined</a>. Oils may undergo a full or partial hydrogenation process to solidify them. The milk/water mixture is kept separate from the oil mixture until the emulsion step. The fats are warmed so that they are liquid during the mixing process. The water-soluble additives are added to the water or milk mixture, and <a href="/wiki/Emulsifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifiers">emulsifiers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a> are added to help disperse the water phase evenly throughout the oil. Other water-soluble additives include powdered skim milk, salt, citric acid, lactic acid, and preservatives such as <a href="/wiki/Potassium_sorbate" title="Potassium sorbate">potassium sorbate</a>. The fat soluble additives are mixed into the oil. These include carotenoids for coloring and antioxidants. Then the two mixtures are emulsified by slowly adding the oil into the milk/water mixture with constant stirring. Next, the mixture is cooled. Rapid chilling avoids the production of large crystals and results in a smooth texture. The product is then rolled or kneaded. Finally, the product may be aerated with nitrogen to facilitate spreading it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrogenation">Hydrogenation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hydrogenation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fat_hydrogenation" title="Fat hydrogenation">Fat hydrogenation</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H2forMargerin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/H2forMargerin.png/330px-H2forMargerin.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/H2forMargerin.png/500px-H2forMargerin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/H2forMargerin.png/960px-H2forMargerin.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Partial <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a> of a typical plant oil to a typical component of margarine. Most of the C=C double bonds are removed in this process, which elevates the melting point of the product.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vegetable and animal fats are similar compounds with different <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting points</a>. Fats that are liquid at room temperature are generally known as oils. The melting points are related to the presence of carbon–carbon double bonds in the fatty acids components. A higher number of double bonds gives a lower melting point. Oils can be converted into solid substances at room temperature through hydrogenation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commonly, natural oils are hydrogenated by passing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas through the oil in the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a>, under controlled conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The addition of hydrogen to the unsaturated bonds (alkenic double C=C bonds) results in saturated C–C bonds, effectively increasing the melting point of the oil and thus "hardening" it. This is due to the increase in <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals%27_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Van der Waals' force">van der Waals' forces</a> between the saturated molecules compared with the unsaturated molecules. However, as there are possible health benefits in limiting the amount of saturated fats in the human diet, the process is controlled so that only enough of the bonds are hydrogenated to give the required texture. Margarines made in this way are said to contain hydrogenated fat.<sup id="cite_ref-chemguide_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemguide-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method is used today for some margarines although the process has been developed and sometimes other metal catalysts are used such as <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Food_Industries_Manual_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Food_Industries_Manual-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If hydrogenation is incomplete (partial hardening), the relatively high temperatures used in the hydrogenation process tend to flip some of the carbon–carbon double bonds into the "trans" form. If these particular bonds are not hydrogenated during the process, they remain present in the final margarine in molecules of <a href="/wiki/Trans_fats" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans fats">trans fats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-chemguide_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemguide-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the consumption of which has been shown to be a risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p423_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p423-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, partially hardened fats are used less and less in the margarine industry. Some tropical oils, such as <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a>, are naturally semi-solid and do not require hydrogenation.<sup id="cite_ref-MPOC_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPOC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-soyoil_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soyoil-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Margarine, soybean oil spread, 70% fat</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,627 kJ (628 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.5 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">70.2 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.3 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3571 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.052 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.025 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0.001 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0.003 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">37%</div> 5.6 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 7 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.12 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.014 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 10 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 46 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">30%</div> 700 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.06 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">26.2 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173588/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In a 100-gram reference amount, margarine – manufactured from soybean oil and <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurized</a> – provides 628 kilocalories (2,630 kJ) and is composed of 70% fat, 2% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 26% water, and negligible <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>. The reference margarine was rich in <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> (37% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV), containing 35 mg <a href="/wiki/Gamma-tocopherol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-tocopherol">gamma-tocopherol</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> (47% DV) <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">added</a> as salt for flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-fda2017_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unless <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">fortified</a> with <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a> during manufacturing, there are no other nutrients in significant content. <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> may be added for fortification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processing_contaminants">Processing contaminants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Processing contaminants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Margarine contains the possible <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a> and toxins <a href="/wiki/3-MCPD" title="3-MCPD">3-MCPD</a>, <a href="/wiki/2-MCPD" title="2-MCPD">2-MCPD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycidol" title="Glycidol">Glycidol</a>. They are contaminants that are created during the oil refining process (especially <a href="/wiki/Edible_oil_refining#Deodorization" title="Edible oil refining">deodorization </a>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amount_of_fat">Amount of fat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Amount of fat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The roles of butter and traditional margarine (80% fat) are similar with respect to their energy content, but low-fat margarines and spreads are also widely available.<sup id="cite_ref-amount-of-fat_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amount-of-fat-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saturated_fat">Saturated fat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Saturated fat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fats" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fats">Saturated fats</a></div> <p>Replacing saturated and <a href="/wiki/Trans-unsaturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-unsaturated fatty acid">trans unsaturated</a> fats with unhydrogenated monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats is more effective in preventing coronary heart disease than reducing overall fat intake.<sup id="cite_ref-Hu_et_al_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hu_et_al-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Müller_et_al._2003_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müller_et_al._2003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hu,_Manson,_Willett_2001_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hu,_Manson,_Willett_2001-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jeppesen_et_al._2001_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeppesen_et_al._2001-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat_and_cardiovascular_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease">saturated fat and cardiovascular disease</a>. </p><p>Vegetable fats can contain anything from 7% to 86% saturated fatty acids. Liquid oils (<a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">canola oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">sunflower oil</a>) tend to be on the low end, while tropical oils (<a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm kernel oil</a>) and fully hardened (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenated</a>) oils are at the high end of the scale.<sup id="cite_ref-fatoils_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fatoils-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A margarine blend is a mixture of both types of components. Generally, firmer margarines contain more saturated fat.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typical soft tub margarine contains 10% to 20% of saturated fat.<sup id="cite_ref-Fineli_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fineli-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular <a href="/wiki/Butterfat" title="Butterfat">butterfat</a> contains 52 to 65% saturated fats.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">American Institute of Medicine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> recommend saturated fat intake to be as low as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unsaturated_fat">Unsaturated fat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Unsaturated fat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fat" title="Unsaturated fat">Unsaturated fat</a></div> <p>Consumption of <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fat" title="Unsaturated fat">unsaturated fatty</a> acids has been found to decrease LDL cholesterol levels and increase HDL cholesterol levels in the blood, thus reducing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Müller_et_al._2003_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müller_et_al._2003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hu,_Manson,_Willett_2001_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hu,_Manson,_Willett_2001-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jeppesen_et_al._2001_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeppesen_et_al._2001-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two types of unsaturated oils: mono- and poly-unsaturated fats, both of which are recognized as beneficial to health in contrast to saturated fats. Some widely grown vegetable oils, such as <a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">canola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safflower" title="Safflower">safflower</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> oils contain high amounts of unsaturated fats.<sup id="cite_ref-fatoils_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fatoils-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the manufacture of margarine, makers may convert some unsaturated fat into hydrogenated fats or <a href="/wiki/Trans_fats" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans fats">trans fats</a> to give them a higher melting point so they stay solid at room temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Omega-3 fatty acids</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3 fatty acids">Omega-3 fatty acids</a></div> Omega-3 fatty acids are a family of <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated fatty acids">polyunsaturated fatty acids</a>. This is one of the two <a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acids</a>, so called because humans cannot manufacture it and must get it from food. Omega-3 fatty acids are mostly obtained from <a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">oily fish</a> caught in northern waters. They are comparatively uncommon in vegetable sources, including margarine. However, one type of omega-3 fatty acid, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">alpha-linolenic acid</a> (ALA) can be found in some vegetable oils. <a href="/wiki/Flax_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Flax oil">Flax oil</a> contains 30–50% of ALA, and is becoming a popular dietary supplement to rival fish oils; both are often added to premium margarines. An ancient oil plant, <i><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></i>, has recently gained popularity because of its high omega-3 content (30–45%), and it has been added to some margarines. <a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp oil</a> contains about 20% ALA. Small amounts of ALA are found in vegetable oils such as <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">soybean oil</a> (7.8%) and canola oil (9.2%).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Omega-6 fatty acids</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-6 fatty acids">Omega-6 fatty acids</a></div> Omega-6 fatty acids are also important for health. They include the essential fatty acid <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a> (LA), which is abundant in vegetable oils grown in temperate climates. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> (60%) and the common margarine oils corn (60%), cottonseed (50%) and sunflower (50%), have large amounts, but most temperate oil seeds have over 10% LA. Margarine is very high in omega-6 fatty acids. Modern Western diets are frequently quite high in omega-6 but very deficient in omega-3. The omega-6 to omega-3 ratio is typically 5:1 to 10:1. Large amounts of omega-6 decreases the effect of omega-3. Therefore, it is recommended that the ratio in the diet should be less than 4:1, although the optimal ratio may be closer to 1:1.<sup id="cite_ref-ClearSpringsPress_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClearSpringsPress-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chico_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chico-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trans_fat">Trans fat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trans fat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></div> <p>Unlike essential fatty acids, trans fatty acids are not essential and provide no known benefit to human health besides providing calories. There is a positive linear trend between trans fatty acid intake and LDL cholesterol concentration, and therefore increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-p423_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p423-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p504_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p504-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by raising levels of <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL</a> cholesterol and lowering levels of <a href="/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein" title="High-density lipoprotein">HDL</a> cholesterol.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several large studies have indicated a link between consumption of high amounts of trans fat and coronary <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, and possibly some other diseases,<sup id="cite_ref-Hu_et_al_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hu_et_al-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prompting a number of government health agencies across the world to recommend that the intake of trans fats be minimized. </p><p>In the United States, partial <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a> has been common as a result of preference for domestically produced oils. However, since the mid-1990s, many countries have started to move away from using partially hydrogenated oils.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the production of new margarine varieties that contain less or no trans fat.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> ordered that trans fat is to be eliminated from food processing after a three-year grace period beginning in June 2015, to then be implemented by 18 June 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cholesterol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></div> <p>High levels of cholesterol, particularly <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">low-density lipoprotein</a>, are associated with an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atheroma" title="Atheroma">atheroma</a> formation.<sup id="cite_ref-cardio_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardio-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrowing of blood vessels can cause reduced blood flow to the brain, heart, kidneys and other parts of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-cardio_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardio-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cholesterol, though needed metabolically, is not essential in the diet, because the body's production increases as needed when dietary intake falls. The human body makes cholesterol in the liver, adapting the production according to its food intake, producing about 1 g of cholesterol each day or 80% of the needed total body cholesterol. The remaining 20% comes directly from food intake.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall intake of cholesterol as food has less effect on blood cholesterol levels than the type of fat eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most margarines are vegetable-based and thus contain no cholesterol, while a teaspoon (5 grams) of butter contains 10.8 mg of cholesterol.<sup id="cite_ref-Fineli_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fineli-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_sterol_esters_and_stanol_esters">Plant sterol esters and stanol esters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Plant sterol esters and stanol esters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plant <a href="/wiki/Sterol_ester" title="Sterol ester">sterol esters</a> or plant <a href="/wiki/Stanol_ester" title="Stanol ester">stanol esters</a> have been added to some margarines and spreads because of their cholesterol-lowering effect. Several studies have indicated that consumption of about 2 grams per day provides a reduction in LDL cholesterol of about 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IFIC-07_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFIC-07-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_acceptance">Market acceptance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Market acceptance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Margarine, particularly polyunsaturated margarine, has become a major part of the Western diet and had overtaken butter in popularity in the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-through_the_ages_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-through_the_ages-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, for example, in 1930, the average person ate over 18 lb (8.2 kg) of butter a year and just over 2 lb (0.91 kg) of margarine. By the end of the 20th century, an average American ate around 5 lb (2.3 kg) of butter and nearly 8 lb (3.6 kg) of margarine.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consumers may choose margarine for a number of reasons, including lower cost, ease of availability, a perception (primarily relevant for vegetable-based margarines) that it is healthier than butter, a desire to avoid consuming animal-based products (of particular concern for <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegans</a> and also based on the assumption that the margarine is vegetable-based) and/or a simple personal preference to butter and/or other spreads on account of taste. </p><p>Margarine has a particular market value to those who observe the Jewish dietary laws of <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a>, which forbids the mixing of meat and dairy products; hence there are strictly <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> non-dairy margarines available, known as <a href="/wiki/Pareve" title="Pareve">pareve</a>. One brand known to the Kosher-keeping public is Fleischmann's Margarine. These are often used by the kosher-observant consumers to adapt recipes that use meat and butter or in baked goods served with meat meals. The <a href="/wiki/2008_Passover_margarine_shortage" title="2008 Passover margarine shortage">2008 Passover margarine shortage</a> in America caused much consternation within the kosher-observant community.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regular margarine contains trace amounts of animal products such as <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a> or dairy <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a> extracts. However, margarine that strictly does not contain animal products also exists. Such margarines provide a <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">vegan</a> substitute for butter.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_standards">National standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: National standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Margarine is common in Australian supermarkets. Sales of the product have decreased in recent years due to consumers "reducing their use of spreads in their daily diet".<sup id="cite_ref-bandt.com.au_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandt.com.au-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butter-colored margarine was sold from its introduction in Australia, but dairy and associated industries lobbied governments strongly in a vain attempt to have them change its color, or ban it altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Australia_New_Zealand_Food_Standards_Code" title="Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code">Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code</a> – Standard 2.4.2 – Edible Oil Spreads requires that edible oil spreads and table margarine must contain no less than 55 μg/kg of vitamin D.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canadian standard B.09.016 states that margarine shall be: </p> <blockquote> <p>"An emulsion of fat, or water in fat, oil, or fat and oil that are not derived from milk and shall contain not less than 80% fat and not less than 3300 <a href="/wiki/International_unit" title="International unit">IU</a> of vitamin A and 530 IU of vitamin D, and may contain (i) skim milk powder, buttermilk powder or liquid buttermilk, (ii) whey solids or modified whey solids,"<sup id="cite_ref-Gunstone_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunstone-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Calorie-reduced margarine is specified in standard B.09.017 as: </p> <blockquote> <p>"Containing not less than 40% fat and having 50% of the calories normally present in margarine."<sup id="cite_ref-Gunstone_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunstone-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a> released an updated version of <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Food_Guide" title="Canada's Food Guide">Canada's Food Guide</a> that recommended Canadians choose "soft" margarine spreads that are low in saturated and trans fats and limit traditional "hard" margarines, butter, lard, and shortening in their diets.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under European Union directives,<sup id="cite_ref-EU_legal_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU_legal-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> distinguishes between spreadable fats: </p> <blockquote> <p>"A water-in-oil emulsion derived from vegetable/animal fats, with a fat content of at least 10% but less than 90%, that remain solid at a temperature of 20°C and are suitable as spread." </p> </blockquote> <p>and margarine: </p> <blockquote> <p>"To avoid any possible confusion, the Regulation limits the use of the terms "butter" and "margarine" to products with a fat content of not less than 80%." </p> </blockquote> <p>Margarines may not have a milk fat content of more than 3%. For blends and blended spreads, the milk fat may be between 10% and 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-IMACE_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMACE-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spread that contains 60 to 62% of fat may be called "three-quarter-fat margarine" or "reduced-fat margarine". Spread that contains 39 to 41% of fat may be called "half-fat margarine", "low-fat margarine", or "light margarine". Spreads with any other percentage of fat are called "fat spread" or "light spread". </p><p>Many member states currently require the mandatory addition of vitamins A and D to margarine and fat spreads for reasons of public health. Voluntary fortification of margarine with vitamins had been practiced by manufacturers since 1925, but in 1940 with the advent of the war, certain governments took action to safeguard the nutritional status of their nations by making the addition of vitamin A and D compulsory. This mandatory fortification was justified in the view that margarine was being used to replace butter in the diet.<sup id="cite_ref-IMAC_COP_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMAC_COP-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, no brands of spread on sale contain partially hydrogenated oils. Fortification with vitamins A and D is no longer mandatory for margarine,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this brings it in line with other spreads wherein fortification is not required.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legal issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since margarine intrinsically appears white or almost white, by preventing the addition of artificial coloring agents, legislators found they could protect the dairy industries by discouraging the consumption of margarine based on visual appeal. If margarine were colored the same as butter, consumers would see it as being virtually the same thing as butter, and as a quasi-natural product. Bans on adding color became commonplace in the United States, Canada, and Denmark and, in some cases, those bans endured for almost 100 years. The rivalry between the dairy industry and the oleomargarine industry persists even today.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_2">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, margarine was prohibited from 1886 to 1948, though this ban was temporarily lifted from 1917 until 1923 due to dairy shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-cana_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cana-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, bootleg margarine was produced in the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a> from whale, <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#Seal_oil" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">seal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">fish</a> oil by the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Butter_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland Butter Company">Newfoundland Butter Company</a> and was smuggled to Canada where it was widely sold for half the price of butter. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> lifted the margarine ban in 1948 in the <a href="/wiki/Margarine_Reference" title="Margarine Reference">Margarine Reference</a>. That year, Newfoundland negotiated its entry into the Canadian Confederation, and one of its three non-negotiable conditions for union with Canada was a constitutional protection for the new province's right to manufacture margarine.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, as a result of a court ruling giving provinces the right to regulate the product, rules were implemented in much of Canada regarding margarine's color, requiring that it be bright yellow or orange in some provinces or colorless in others. By the 1980s, most provinces had lifted the restriction. However, in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> it was not legal to sell butter-colored margarine until 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-cana_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cana-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, the last Canadian province to regulate margarine coloring, repealed its law requiring margarine to be colorless in July 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-queb_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-queb-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New Zealand, the Margarine Acts of 1895 and 1908 prohibited the manufacture of margarine without a licence from the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Agriculture (New Zealand)">Minister of Agriculture</a> and made it illegal to "mix, colour, stain, or powder margarine with any ingredient or material so as to imitate butter".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acts were repealed by the <i>Dairy Industry Amendment Act 1989</i>, however previous amendments in 1972 and 1980 had allowed "virtually an opened market".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delrich_E-Z_Color_Pak_Margarine,_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Delrich_E-Z_Color_Pak_Margarine%2C_1948.jpg/220px-Delrich_E-Z_Color_Pak_Margarine%2C_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Delrich_E-Z_Color_Pak_Margarine%2C_1948.jpg/330px-Delrich_E-Z_Color_Pak_Margarine%2C_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Delrich_E-Z_Color_Pak_Margarine%2C_1948.jpg/440px-Delrich_E-Z_Color_Pak_Margarine%2C_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3380" data-file-height="4553" /></a><figcaption>Cudahy's Delrich brand of margarine used a "color berry" to color its white vegetable-based margarine yellow. This 1948 advertisement demonstrates how to color the margarine inside the package</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1877, New York became the first U.S. state to attempt legal restriction of the sale of oleomargarine through compulsory labeling. The law, "to prevent deception in sales of butter," required retailers to provide customers with a slip of paper that identified the "imitation" product as margarine. This law proved ineffective, as it would have required an army of inspectors and chemists to enforce it. By the mid-1880s, the U.S. federal government had introduced a tax of two cents per pound, and manufacturers needed an expensive license to make or sell the product. The simple expedient of requiring oleo manufacturers to color their product distinctively was, however, left out of early federal legislation. But individual states began to require the clear labeling of margarine. The color bans, drafted by the butter lobby, began in the dairy states of New York and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. In several states, legislatures enacted laws to require margarine manufacturers to add pink colorings<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to make the product look unpalatable, despite the objections of the oleo manufacturers that butter dairies themselves added <a href="/wiki/Annatto" title="Annatto">annatto</a> to their product to imitate the yellow of mid-summer butter.<sup id="cite_ref-Okun1986_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okun1986-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the start of the 20th century, eight out of ten Americans could not buy yellow margarine, and those who could had to pay a hefty tax on it. <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">Bootleg</a> colored margarine became common, and manufacturers began to supply food-coloring capsules so the consumer could knead the yellow color into margarine before serving it. Nevertheless, the regulations and taxes had a significant effect: the 1902 restrictions on margarine color, for example, cut annual consumption in the United States from 120,000,000 to 48,000,000 pounds (54,000 to 22,000 t).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the coming of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, margarine consumption increased enormously, even in countries away from the front, such as the United States. In the countries closest to the fighting, dairy products became almost unobtainable and were strictly <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationed</a>. The United Kingdom, for example, depended on imported butter from Australia and New Zealand, and the risk of <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> attacks meant little arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The long-running battle between the margarine and dairy lobbies continued: in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> brought a renewed wave of pro-dairy legislation; the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, a swing back to margarine. After the war, the margarine lobby gained power and, little by little, the main margarine restrictions were lifted, the most recent states to do so being <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> in 1963 and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lois Dowdle Cobb (1889–1987) of <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, wife of the agricultural publisher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cully_Cobb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cully Cobb (page does not exist)">Cully Cobb</a>, led the move in the United States to lift the restrictions on margarine.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some unenforced laws remain on the books.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spreads" title="List of spreads">List of spreads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_(food)" title="Spread (food)">Spread (food)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">Shortening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Margarine_brands" title="Category:Margarine brands">Margarine brands (Category)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John</a> (3 April 2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rupp-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rupp_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rupp_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rupp_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rupp_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rupp_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rupp_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rupp_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rupp_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rupp_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rupp_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRupp_R2014" class="citation web cs1">Rupp R (13 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801063420/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/people-and-culture/food/the-plate/2014/08/13/the-butter-wars-when-margarine-was-pink/">"The Butter Wars: When Margarine Was Pink"</a>. The Plate: National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/people-and-culture/food/the-plate/2014/08/13/the-butter-wars-when-margarine-was-pink/">the original</a> on 1 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2015</span>. <q>Although margarine was originally made primarily from beef fat, the products most people call margarine today are spreads</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Businessweek.com&rft.atitle=Unilever+Adds+Butter+to+Margarine+as+the+Foods%27+Fortunes+Reverse&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft.au=Matthew+Boyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Farticles%2F2014-01-30%2Funilever-adds-butter-to-margarine-as-the-foods-fortunes-reverse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIan_P._Freeman2005" class="citation news cs1">Ian P. Freeman (2005). 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"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'If It's Yellow, It Must Be Butter': Margarine Regulation in North America Since 1886". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>59</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">353–</span>371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700022865">10.1017/S0022050700022865</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2566555">2566555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=%27If+It%27s+Yellow%2C+It+Must+Be+Butter%27%3A+Margarine+Regulation+in+North+America+Since+1886&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.date=1999-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700022865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2566555%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dupr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrey2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Strey, Gerry (Autumn 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/wmh/id/42226/rec/73">"The "Oleo Wars": Wisconsin's Fight over the Demon Spread"</a>. <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>. Vol. 85, no. 1. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=The+%22Oleo+Wars%22%3A+Wisconsin%27s+Fight+over+the+Demon+Spread&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Strey&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fwmh%2Fid%2F42226%2Frec%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507013011/http://www.cobb.msstate.edu/cobbfndr.html">"The Founders of the Cobb Institute of Archaeology"</a>. msstate.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cobb.msstate.edu/cobbfndr.html">the original</a> on 7 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Founders+of+the+Cobb+Institute+of+Archaeology&rft.pub=msstate.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cobb.msstate.edu%2Fcobbfndr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/search/pagedetails.action?browsePath=Title+21%2FChapter+9%2FSubchapter+IV%2FSec.+347&granuleId=USCODE-2010-title21-chap9-subchapIV-sec347&packageId=USCODE-2010-title21&collapse=true&fromBrowse=true">"21 U.S.C. 347 – Intrastate sales of colored oleomargarine"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=21+U.S.C.+347+%E2%80%93+Intrastate+sales+of+colored+oleomargarine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fsearch%2Fpagedetails.action%3FbrowsePath%3DTitle%2B21%252FChapter%2B9%252FSubchapter%2BIV%252FSec.%2B347%26granuleId%3DUSCODE-2010-title21-chap9-subchapIV-sec347%26packageId%3DUSCODE-2010-title21%26collapse%3Dtrue%26fromBrowse%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2008-12-16-butter-crime_N.htm?csp=34">"Yellow margarine: I Can't Believe It's Not Legal!"</a>. AP / USA Today. 16 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yellow+margarine%3A+I+Can%27t+Believe+It%27s+Not+Legal%21&rft.pub=AP+%2F+USA+Today&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Foffbeat%2F2008-12-16-butter-crime_N.htm%3Fcsp%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pork_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork fat">Pork fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatback" title="Fatback">Fatback</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lardo" title="Lardo">Lardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salo_(food)" title="Salo (food)">Salo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">Lard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardon" title="Lardon">Lardon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">Mutton</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dripping" title="Dripping">Dripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suet" title="Suet">Suet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_fat" title="Tail fat">Tail fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">Tallow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">Clarified butter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteiga-da-terra" title="Manteiga-da-terra">Manteiga-da-terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niter_kibbeh" title="Niter kibbeh">Niter kibbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smen" title="Smen">Smen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_butter" title="Urfa butter">Urfa butter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_fat" title="Chicken fat">Chicken fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck fat">Duck fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Goose fat">Goose fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmaltz" title="Schmaltz">Schmaltz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other animal fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blubber#Human_influences" title="Blubber">Blubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktuk" title="Muktuk">Muktuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">Whale oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vegetable fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_tallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo tallow">Borneo tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_butter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango butter">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Margarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">Palm kernel oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_shortening" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable shortening">Vegetable shortening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Marine oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_oil" title="Seaweed oil">Seaweed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable <br /> oils</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oils" title="List of vegetable oils">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stone_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone fruit">Fruit</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avocado_oil" title="Avocado oil">Avocado oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(food)" title="Nut (food)">Nut</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Almond oil">Almond oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argan_oil" title="Argan oil">Argan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashew oil">Cashew oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazelnut oil">Hazelnut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_oil" title="Macadamia oil">Macadamia oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marula_oil" title="Marula oil">Marula oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo#Traditional_uses" title="Mongongo">Mongongo nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_oil" title="Pecan oil">Pecan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut_oil" title="Pine nut oil">Pine nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio_oil" title="Pistachio oil">Pistachio oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_oil" title="Walnut oil">Walnut oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed oil">Seed oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambadi_seed_oil" title="Ambadi seed oil">Ambadi seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_seed_oil" title="Apple seed oil">Apple seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">Castor oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Corn oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed (flaxseed) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_oil" title="Mustard oil">Mustard oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">Peanut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequi_oil" title="Pequi oil">Pequi oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_oil" title="Perilla oil">Perilla oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppyseed_oil" title="Poppyseed oil">Poppyseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_seed_oil" title="Pumpkin seed oil">Pumpkin seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed_oil" title="Rapeseed oil">Rapeseed (canola) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_oil" title="Rice bran oil">Rice bran oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safflower_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safflower oil">Safflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">Sunflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_seed_oil" title="Watermelon seed oil">Watermelon seed oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Types_of_plant_oils" title="Types of plant oils">Plant oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Essential oil</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Milk_substitutes42" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Milk_substitutes" title="Template:Milk substitutes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Milk_substitutes" title="Template talk:Milk substitutes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Milk_substitutes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Milk substitutes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Milk_substitutes42" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">Milk substitutes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douzhi" title="Douzhi">Douzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horchata" title="Horchata">Horchata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokkoh" title="Kokkoh">Kokkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poi_(food)" title="Poi (food)">Poi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhye" title="Sikhye">Sikhye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpro" title="Alpro">Alpro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cool_Whip" title="Cool Whip">Cool Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Delight" class="mw-redirect" title="International Delight">International Delight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr_Bean_(company)" title="Mr Bean (company)">Mr Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_(brand)" title="Silk (brand)">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeo_Hiap_Seng" title="Yeo Hiap Seng">Yeo Hiap Seng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatly" title="Oatly">Oatly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veganism_and_vegetarianism371" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template talk:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veganism_and_vegetarianism371" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_veganism" title="Black veganism">Black veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism#History" title="Veganism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_school_meal" title="Vegan school meal">Vegan school meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_vegetarianism" title="Economic vegetarianism">Economic vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_in_the_Romantic_Era" title="Vegetarianism in the Romantic Era">Romantic Era</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country" title="Vegetarianism by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarians" title="List of vegetarians">Vegetarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">Vegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_vegetarian_and_vegan_characters" title="List of fictional vegetarian and vegan characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_festivals" title="List of vegetarian and vegan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_organizations" title="List of vegetarian and vegan organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_and_plant-based_media" title="List of vegan and plant-based media">Vegan media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_vegetarianism" title="Islamic vegetarianism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism#Vegetarianism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food<br />and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_companies" title="List of vegetarian and vegan companies">List of vegetarian and vegan companies</a></li> <li>Dairy alternatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cream" title="Plant cream">Plant cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_yogurt" title="Soy yogurt">Soy yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_cheese" title="Vegan cheese">Cheese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">List of meat substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_bacon" title="Vegetarian bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_burger" title="Veggie burger">Burgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_duck" title="Mock duck">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_hot_dog" title="Vegetarian hot dog">Hot dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_jambon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan jambon">Jambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorn" title="Quorn">Quorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_sausage_roll" title="Meat-free sausage roll">Sausage roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Seitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofurkey" title="Tofurkey">Tofurkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_dessert#Gelatin_substitutes" title="Gelatin dessert">Gelatin substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_non-vegetarian_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian and non-vegetarian marks">Vegetarian mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_beer" title="Vegetarianism and beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_wine" title="Vegetarianism and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_organizations" title="List of vegetarian and vegan organizations">Groups</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_festivals" title="List of vegetarian and vegan festivals">events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegan_Society" title="American Vegan Society">American Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Vegan_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="China Vegan Society">China Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Empowerment_Project" title="Food Empowerment Project">Food Empowerment Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_Vegan" title="Go Vegan">Go Vegan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Vereniging_voor_Veganisme" title="Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme">Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Hen_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Hen House">Our Hen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine" title="Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plamil_Foods" title="Plamil Foods">Plamil Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Awareness_Foundation" title="Vegan Awareness Foundation">Vegan Awareness Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan flag">Vegan flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Outreach" title="Vegan Outreach">Vegan Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Prisoners_Support_Group" title="Vegan Prisoners Support Group">Vegan Prisoners Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganmania" title="Veganmania">Veganmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Resource_Group" title="Vegetarian Resource Group">Vegetarian Resource Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganuary" title="Veganuary">Veganuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganz" title="Veganz">Veganz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegan_Day" title="World Vegan Day">World Vegan Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegetarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcott_House" title="Alcott House">Alcott House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church_(vegetarian)" title="Bible Christian Church (vegetarian)">Bible Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Vegetarian_Society" title="Boston Vegetarian Society">Boston Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Vegetarian_Association" title="Christian Vegetarian Association">Christian Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Gemeinn%C3%BCtzige_Obstbau-Siedlung" title="Eden Gemeinnützige Obstbau-Siedlung">Eden Gemeinnützige Obstbau-Siedlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union" title="European Vegetarian Union">European Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Vegetarian_Society" title="French Vegetarian Society">French Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Food_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna Food for Life">Hare Krishna Food for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Veg" title="Jewish Veg">Jewish Veg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_days" title="Meat-free days">Meat-free days</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meatless_Monday" title="Meatless Monday">Meatless Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_fast" title="Friday fast">Friday fast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Vegetarian_Society" title="North American Vegetarian Society">North American Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Order of the Golden Age">Order of the Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Deutschland" title="ProVeg Deutschland">ProVeg Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_International" title="ProVeg International">ProVeg International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Nederland" title="ProVeg Nederland">ProVeg Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Vegetarian_Society" title="Scottish Vegetarian Society">Scottish Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swissveg" title="Swissveg">Swissveg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Vegetarian_Association" title="Toronto Vegetarian Association">Toronto Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Federal_Union" title="Vegetarian Federal Union">Vegetarian Federal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society_(Singapore)" title="Vegetarian Society (Singapore)">Vegetarian Society (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Pride" title="Veggie Pride">Veggie Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_Health" title="Viva! Health">Viva! Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Esperantist_Vegetarian_Association" title="World Esperantist Vegetarian Association">World Esperantist Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegetarian_Day" title="World Vegetarian Day">World Vegetarian Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America_(film)" title="Diet for a New America (film)">Diet for a New America (film)</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Post_Punk_Kitchen" title="Post Punk Kitchen">Post Punk Kitchen</a></i> (2003–2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sacred_Duty" title="A Sacred Duty">A Sacred Duty</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fat,_Sick_and_Nearly_Dead" title="Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead">Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planeat" title="Planeat">Planeat</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Live_(2013_film)" title="Live and Let Live (2013 film)">Live and Let Live</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowspiracy" title="Cowspiracy">Cowspiracy</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PlantPure_Nation" title="PlantPure Nation">PlantPure Nation</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_the_Health" title="What the Health">What the Health</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carnage_(2017_film)" title="Carnage (2017 film)">Carnage</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eating_You_Alive" title="Eating You Alive">Eating You Alive</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Changers" title="The Game Changers">The Game Changers</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maa_Ka_Doodh" title="Maa Ka Doodh">Maa Ka Doodh</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/You_Are_What_You_Eat:_A_Twin_Experiment" title="You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment">You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Magazines</a><br />and journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Agenda">The Animals' Agenda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naked_Food" title="Naked Food">Naked Food</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Boat" title="The Pleasure Boat">The Pleasure Boat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan Journal">Vegan Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian_Magazine" title="The Vegetarian Magazine">The Vegetarian Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Times" title="Vegetarian Times">Vegetarian Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VegNews" title="VegNews">VegNews</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Books</a><br />and reports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a></i> (3rd century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acetaria:_A_Discourse_of_Sallets" title="Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets">Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets</a></i> (1699)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Cookery" title="Primitive Cookery">Primitive Cookery</a></i> (1767)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Abstinence_from_Animal_Food,_as_a_Moral_Duty" title="An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty">An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty</a></i> (1802)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Cookery" title="Vegetable Cookery">Vegetable Cookery</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a></i> (1813)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reasons_for_not_Eating_Animal_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasons for not Eating Animal Food">Reasons for not Eating Animal Food</a></i> (1814)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_Own_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature's Own Book">Nature's Own Book</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fruits_and_Farinacea" title="Fruits and Farinacea">Fruits and Farinacea</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_is_Vegetarianism%3F" title="What is Vegetarianism?">What is Vegetarianism?</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelley%27s_Vegetarianism" title="Shelley's Vegetarianism">Shelley's Vegetarianism</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Scenes_in_Slaughter-Houses" title="Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses">Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Why I Am a Vegetarian">Why I Am a Vegetarian</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Figs_or_Pigs%3F" title="Figs or Pigs?">Figs or Pigs?</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Years_of_Food_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty Years of Food Reform">Fifty Years of Food Reform</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Reasons_Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian">Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meat_Fetish" title="The Meat Fetish">The Meat Fetish</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fleshless_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="A Fleshless Diet">A Fleshless Diet</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benefits_of_Vegetarianism" title="The Benefits of Vegetarianism">The Benefits of Vegetarianism</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Good_Life" title="Living the Good Life">Living the Good Life</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Talents_(cookbook)" title="Ten Talents (cookbook)">Ten Talents</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_Small_Planet" title="Diet for a Small Planet">Diet for a Small Planet</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian_Epicure" title="The Vegetarian Epicure">The Vegetarian Epicure</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Collective Cookbooks</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farm_Vegetarian_Cookbook" title="The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook">The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laurel%27s_Kitchen" title="Laurel's Kitchen">Laurel's Kitchen</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Cookbook" title="Moosewood Cookbook">Moosewood Cookbook</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fit_for_Life" title="Fit for Life">Fit for Life</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America" title="Diet for a New America">Diet for a New America</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sexual_Politics_of_Meat" title="The Sexual Politics of Meat">The Sexual Politics of Meat</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Cooking_for_Everyone" title="Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone">Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinny_Bitch" title="Skinny Bitch">Skinny Bitch</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Livestock%27s_Long_Shadow" title="Livestock's Long Shadow">Livestock's Long Shadow</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bloodless_Revolution_(book)" title="The Bloodless Revolution (book)">The Bloodless Revolution</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eating_Animals" title="Eating Animals">Eating Animals</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Love_Dogs,_Eat_Pigs,_and_Wear_Cows" title="Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows">Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Studies_Project" title="The Vegan Studies Project">The Vegan Studies Project</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Animal_Farming" title="The End of Animal Farming">The End of Animal Farming</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Kingdom:_The_Abundant_World_of_Vegan_Recipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable Kingdom: The Abundant World of Vegan Recipes">Vegetable Kingdom</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meat_Atlas" title="Meat Atlas">Meat Atlas</a></i> (annual)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_restaurants" title="List of vegetarian and vegan restaurants">Restaurants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_%26_Esther%27s_Vegan_Jewish_Deli" title="Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli">Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnaholic" title="Cinnaholic">Cinnaholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossroads_Kitchen" title="Crossroads Kitchen">Crossroads Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Elephant_Vegetarian_Bistro" title="Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro">Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greens_Restaurant" title="Greens Restaurant">Greens Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth%27s_Gone_Raw" title="Elizabeth's Gone Raw">Elizabeth's Gone Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltl_Restaurant" title="Hiltl Restaurant">Hiltl Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pine_(restaurant)" title="Little Pine (restaurant)">Little Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purezza" title="Purezza">Purezza</a></li> <li><a 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