Influence of Iron Ore Mineralogy on Cluster Formation inside the Shaft Furnace

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="5fPGCLllnWrvFxH9QWI0l1TadV7byeEvfPcyK2VkS_s"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Rp5zp04IKW-s1IbpTOGB7Z6XY60oloZD5C3kTM-AiY4"/> <meta name="generator" content="InvenioRDM 13.0"/> <meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow"> <meta name="description" content="Clustering phenomenon of pellets was observed frequently in shaft processes operating at higher temperatures. Clustering is a result of the growth of fibrous iron precipitates (iron whiskers) that become hooked to each other and finally become crystallized during the initial stages of metallization. If the pellet clustering is pronounced, sometimes leads to blocking inside the furnace and forced shutdown takes place. This work clarifies further the relation between metallic iron whisker growth and iron ore mineralogy. Various pellet sizes (6 – 12.0 & +12.0 mm) from three different ores (A, B & C) were (completely and partially) reduced at 985 oC with H2/CO gas mixture using thermos-gravimetric technique. It was found that reducibility increases by decreasing the iron ore pellet’s size. Ore (A) has the highest reducibility than ore (B) and ore (C). Increasing the iron ore pellet’s size leads to increase the probability of metallic iron whisker formation. Ore (A) has the highest tendency for metallic iron whisker formation than ore (B) and ore (C). The reduction reactions for all iron ores A, B and C are mainly controlled by diffusion reaction mechanism." /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Influence of Iron Ore Mineralogy on Cluster Formation inside the Shaft Furnace" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="M. Bahgat" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="H. A. Hanafy" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="S. Lakdawala" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.5281/zenodo.1124393" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Shaft furnace" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="cluster" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="metallic iron whisker" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="mineralogy" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="ferrous metallurgy." /> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://zenodo.org/records/1124393" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Influence of Iron Ore Mineralogy on Cluster Formation inside the Shaft Furnace" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Clustering phenomenon of pellets was observed frequently in shaft processes operating at higher temperatures. Clustering is a result of the growth of fibrous iron precipitates (iron whiskers) that become hooked to each other and finally become crystallized during the initial stages of metallization. If the pellet clustering is pronounced, sometimes leads to blocking inside the furnace and forced shutdown takes place. This work clarifies further the relation between metallic iron whisker growth and iron ore mineralogy. Various pellet sizes (6 – 12.0 & +12.0 mm) from three different ores (A, B & C) were (completely and partially) reduced at 985 oC with H2/CO gas mixture using thermos-gravimetric technique. It was found that reducibility increases by decreasing the iron ore pellet’s size. Ore (A) has the highest reducibility than ore (B) and ore (C). Increasing the iron ore pellet’s size leads to increase the probability of metallic iron whisker formation. Ore (A) has the highest tendency for metallic iron whisker formation than ore (B) and ore (C). The reduction reactions for all iron ores A, B and C are mainly controlled by diffusion reaction mechanism." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://zenodo.org/records/1124393" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Zenodo" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@zenodo_org" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Influence of Iron Ore Mineralogy on Cluster Formation inside the Shaft Furnace" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Clustering phenomenon of pellets was observed frequently in shaft processes operating at higher temperatures. Clustering is a result of the growth of fibrous iron precipitates (iron whiskers) that become hooked to each other and finally become crystallized during the initial stages of metallization. If the pellet clustering is pronounced, sometimes leads to blocking inside the furnace and forced shutdown takes place. This work clarifies further the relation between metallic iron whisker growth and iron ore mineralogy. Various pellet sizes (6 – 12.0 & +12.0 mm) from three different ores (A, B & C) were (completely and partially) reduced at 985 oC with H2/CO gas mixture using thermos-gravimetric technique. It was found that reducibility increases by decreasing the iron ore pellet’s size. Ore (A) has the highest reducibility than ore (B) and ore (C). Increasing the iron ore pellet’s size leads to increase the probability of metallic iron whisker formation. Ore (A) has the highest tendency for metallic iron whisker formation than ore (B) and ore (C). The reduction reactions for all iron ores A, B and C are mainly controlled by diffusion reaction mechanism." /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://zenodo.org/records/1124393/files/10004473.pdf"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" href="https://zenodo.org/records/1124393/files/10004473.pdf"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zenodo.org/records/1124393"> <title>Influence of Iron Ore Mineralogy on Cluster Formation inside the Shaft Furnace</title> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/static/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/static/apple-touch-icon-120.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/static/apple-touch-icon-152.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="167x167" href="/static/apple-touch-icon-167.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/static/apple-touch-icon-180.png"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/dist/css/3526.a23019fbdd46ac0a80c6.css" />   </head> <body data-invenio-config='{"isMathJaxEnabled": "//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/3.2.2/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"}' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" data-spy="scroll" data-target=".scrollspy-target"> <a id="skip-to-main" class="ui button primary ml-5 mt-5 skip-link" href="#main">Skip to main</a>  <div> <header class="theme header"> <div class="outer-navbar"> <div class="ui container invenio-header-container"> <nav id="invenio-nav" class="ui inverted menu borderless p-0"> <div class="item logo p-0"> <a class="logo-link" href="/"> <img class="ui image rdm-logo" src="/static/images/invenio-rdm.svg" alt="Zenodo home"/> </a> </div> <div id="rdm-burger-toggle"> <button id="rdm-burger-menu-icon" class="ui button transparent" aria-label="Menu" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="invenio-menu" > <span class="navicon" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </div> <nav id="invenio-menu" aria-labelledby="rdm-burger-menu-icon" class="ui fluid menu borderless mobile-hidden" > <button id="rdm-close-burger-menu-icon" class="ui button transparent" aria-label="Close menu" > <span class="navicon" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> <div class="item p-0 search-bar"> <div id="header-search-bar" data-options='[{"key": "communities", "text": "In this community", "value": "/communities/waset/records"}, {"key": "records", "text": "All Zenodo", "value": "/search"}]'> <div class="ui fluid search"> <div class="ui icon input"> <input autocomplete="off" aria-label="Search records" placeholder="Search records..." type="text" tabindex="0" class="prompt" value="" > <i aria-hidden="true" class="search icon"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="item"> <a href="/communities">Communities</a> </div> <div class="item"> <a href="/me/uploads">My dashboard</a> </div> <div class="right menu item"> <form> <a href="/login/?next=/records/1124393" class="ui button auth-button" aria-busy="false" aria-live="polite" aria-label="Log in" > <i class="sign-in icon auth-icon" aria-hidden="true"></i> Log in </a> <a href="/signup/" class="ui button signup"> <i class="edit outline icon"></i> Sign up </a> </form> </div> </nav> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="ui info message top attached m-0 inv-banner" id="banner-37"> <div class="ui container"> <p>Sign in with OpenAIRE is temporarily disabled due to a technical issue. 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Bahgat</span></a> <i class="user icon"></i> </li> <li class="creatibutor-wrap separated"> <a class="ui creatibutor-link" href="/search?q=metadata.creators.person_or_org.name:%22H.+A.+Hanafy%22" > <span class="creatibutor-name">H. A. Hanafy</span></a> <i class="user icon"></i> </li> <li class="creatibutor-wrap separated"> <a class="ui creatibutor-link" href="/search?q=metadata.creators.person_or_org.name:%22S.+Lakdawala%22" > <span class="creatibutor-name">S. Lakdawala</span></a> <i class="user icon"></i> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> <section id="description" class="rel-mt-2 rich-input-content" aria-label="Record description"> <h2 id="description-heading" class="sr-only">Description</h2> <div style="word-wrap: break-word;"> <p>Clustering phenomenon of pellets was observed frequently in shaft processes operating at higher temperatures. Clustering is a result of the growth of fibrous iron precipitates (iron whiskers) that become hooked to each other and finally become crystallized during the initial stages of metallization. If the pellet clustering is pronounced, sometimes leads to blocking inside the furnace and forced shutdown takes place. This work clarifies further the relation between metallic iron whisker growth and iron ore mineralogy. Various pellet sizes (6 – 12.0 & +12.0 mm) from three different ores (A, B & C) were (completely and partially) reduced at 985 <sup>o</sup>C with H<sub>2</sub>/CO gas mixture using thermos-gravimetric technique. It was found that reducibility increases by decreasing the iron ore pellet’s size. Ore (A) has the highest reducibility than ore (B) and ore (C). Increasing the iron ore pellet’s size leads to increase the probability of metallic iron whisker formation. Ore (A) has the highest tendency for metallic iron whisker formation than ore (B) and ore (C). The reduction reactions for all iron ores A, B and C are mainly controlled by diffusion reaction mechanism.</p> </div> </section> <section id="record-files" class="rel-mt-2 rel-mb-3" aria-label="Files" ><h2 id="files-heading">Files</h2> <div class="ui accordion panel mb-10 open" href="#files-preview-accordion-panel"> <h3 class="active title panel-heading open m-0"> <div role="button" id="files-preview-accordion-trigger" aria-controls="files-preview-accordion-panel" aria-expanded="true" tabindex="0" class="trigger" aria-label="File preview" > <span id="preview-file-title">10004473.pdf</span> <i class="angle right icon" aria-hidden="true"></i> </div> </h3> <div role="region" id="files-preview-accordion-panel" aria-labelledby="files-preview-accordion-trigger" class="active content preview-container pt-0 open" > <div> <iframe title="Preview" class="preview-iframe" id="preview-iframe" name="preview-iframe" src="/records/1124393/preview/10004473.pdf?include_deleted=0" > </iframe> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ui accordion panel mb-10 open" href="#files-list-accordion-panel"> <h3 class="active title panel-heading open m-0"> <div role="button" id="files-list-accordion-trigger" aria-controls="files-list-accordion-panel" aria-expanded="true" tabindex="0" class="trigger"> Files <small class="text-muted"> (465.2 kB)</small> <i class="angle right icon" aria-hidden="true"></i> </div> </h3> <div role="region" id="files-list-accordion-panel" aria-labelledby="files-list-accordion-trigger" class="active content pt-0"> <div> <table class="ui striped table files fluid open"> <thead> <tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Size</th> <th class> <a role="button" class="ui compact mini button right floated archive-link" href="https://zenodo.org/api/records/1124393/files-archive"> <i class="file archive icon button" aria-hidden="true"></i> Download all </a> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="ten wide"> <div> <a href="/records/1124393/files/10004473.pdf?download=1">10004473.pdf</a> </div> <small class="ui text-muted font-tiny">md5:5479fe9a06f4593111db926792db948f <div class="ui icon inline-block" data-tooltip="This is the file fingerprint (checksum), which can be used to verify the file integrity."> <i class="question circle checksum icon"></i> </div> </small> </td> <td>465.2 kB</td> <td class="right aligned"> <span> <a role="button" class="ui compact mini button preview-link" href="/records/1124393/preview/10004473.pdf?include_deleted=0" target="preview-iframe" data-file-key="10004473.pdf"> <i class="eye icon" aria-hidden="true"></i>Preview </a> <a role="button" class="ui compact mini button" href="/records/1124393/files/10004473.pdf?download=1"> <i class="download icon" aria-hidden="true"></i>Download </a> </span> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="additional-details" class="rel-mt-2" aria-label="Additional record details"> <h2 id="record-details-heading">Additional details</h2> <div class="ui divider"></div> <div class="ui fluid accordion padded grid rel-mb-1"> <div class="active title sixteen wide mobile four wide tablet three wide computer column"> <h3 class="ui header"> <div id="references-accordion-trigger" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="references-panel" class="trigger" > <i class="caret right icon" aria-hidden="true"></i>References </div> </h3> </div> <div id="references-panel" role="region" aria-labelledby="references-accordion-trigger" class="active content sixteen wide mobile twelve wide tablet thirteen wide computer column" > <ul class="ui bulleted list details-list"> <li class="item">H.R. John Kopfle, Direct reduction's role in the world steel industry, Ironmaking and Steelmaking 35 (2008) 254–259.</li> <li class="item">Midrex technologies, Inc., 2010 world direct reduction statistics, <a href="http://www" rel="noopener">http://www</a>. <a href="https://Midrex.com" rel="noopener">Midrex.com</a>, 2011.</li> <li class="item">J. Fang, Theory of Non-Blast Furnace Ironmaking Process, Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, 2002.</li> <li class="item">Ali Basdag, Ali Ihsan Arol, Coating of iron oxide pellets for direct reduction, Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 31 (2002) 229–233.</li> <li class="item">P.L. Hooey, K. Zarins, A. Dahlstedt, H. Annersten, Behaviour of kaolinite coated olivine pellets in blast furnace, Ironmaking and Steelmaking 31 (2004) 333–341.</li> <li class="item">K.S. Abdel-Halim, M.I. Nasr, A.A. El-Geassy, Developed model for reduction mechanismof iron ore pellets under load, Ironmaking and Steelmaking 38 (2011) 189–196.</li> <li class="item">P.L.M. Wong, M.J. Kim, H.S. Kim, C.H. Choi, Sticking behaviour in direct reduction of iron ore, Ironmaking and Steelmaking 26 (1999) 53–57.</li> <li class="item">Shoji Hayashi, Yoshiaki Iguchi, Factors affecting the sticking of fine iron ores during fluidized bed reduction, ISIJ International 32 (1992) 962–971.</li> <li class="item">M.I.R.K.O. Komatina, Heinrich -W, The sticking problem during direct reduction, Metalurgija (2004) 309–328. [10] J. Fang, Sticking problem in fluidized bed iron ore reduction, Iron and Steel 26 (1991) 11–15. [11] Shoji Hayashi, Satoshi Sawai, Yoshiaki Iguchi, Influence of coating oxide and sulfur pressure on sticking during fluidized bed reduction of iron ores, ISIJ International 33 (1993) 1078–1087. [12] W.L. Malte Bartels, John Nijenhuis, Freek Kapteijn, J. Ruud van Ommen, Agglomeration in fluidized beds at high temperatures: mechanisms, detection and prevention, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 34 (2008) 633–666. [13] D.R. Higgins, N.B. Gray, M.R. Davidson, Simulating particle agglomeration in the flash smelting reaction shaft, Minerals Engineering 22 (2009) 1251–1265. [14] J.F. Gransden, J.S. Sheasby, The sticking of iron ore during reduction by hydrogen in a fluidized bed, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 13 (1974) 649–657. [15] Shoji Hayashi, Sougo Sayama, Yoshiaki Iguchi, Relation between sulfur pressure and sticking of fine iron ores in fluidized bed reduction, ISIJ International 30 (1990) 722–730. [16] Lingyun Yi, Zhucheng Huang, Tao Jiang, Powder Technology 235 (2013) 1001–1007 [17] Zhao, Z.-L., Tang, H.-Q., Guo, Z.-C., Journal of Iron and Steel Research 24 (11) (2012) , pp. 23-28 [18] T. Inami and K. Suzuki, Tetsu to Hagane, 80 (1994), 699-704. [19] T. Inami and K. Suzuki, Tetsu to Hagane, 81 (1995), 1037-1042. [20] D. H. St. John and P. C. Hayes, Met. Trans., 13B (1982), 117-124. [21] D. H. St. John, S. P. Matthew and P. C. Hayes, Met. Trans., 15B (1984), 701-717. [22] C. T. Rae and P. C. Hayes, Ind. Tech. Res. Inst., 1(2) (1986), 137-148. [23] S. P. Matthew, T. R. Cho and P. C. Hayes, Met. Trans., 21B (1990), 733-741. [24] R. Nicolle and A. Rist, Metallurgical Trensactions B, 10B (1979), 429.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="ui divider"></div> </section> <section id="citations-search" data-record-pids='{"doi": {"client": "datacite", "identifier": "10.5281/zenodo.1124393", "provider": "datacite"}, "oai": {"identifier": "oai:zenodo.org:1124393", "provider": "oai"}}' data-record-parent-pids='{"doi": {"client": "datacite", "identifier": "10.5281/zenodo.1124392", "provider": "datacite"}}' data-citations-endpoint="https://zenodo-broker.web.cern.ch/api/relationships" aria-label="Record citations" class="rel-mb-1" > </section> </article> <aside class="sixteen wide tablet five wide computer column sidebar" aria-label="Record details"> <section id="metrics" aria-label="Metrics" class="ui segment rdm-sidebar sidebar-container"> <div class="ui tiny two statistics rel-mt-1"> <div class="ui statistic"> <div class="value">195</div> <div class="label"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="eye icon"></i> Views </div> </div> <div class="ui 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John Kopfle, Direct reduction\u0027s role in the world steel industry, Ironmaking and Steelmaking 35 (2008) 254\u2013259."}, {"reference": "Midrex technologies, Inc., 2010 world direct reduction statistics, http://www. Midrex.com, 2011."}, {"reference": "J. Fang, Theory of Non-Blast Furnace Ironmaking Process, Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, 2002."}, {"reference": "Ali Basdag, Ali Ihsan Arol, Coating of iron oxide pellets for direct reduction, Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 31 (2002) 229\u2013233."}, {"reference": "P.L. Hooey, K. Zarins, A. Dahlstedt, H. Annersten, Behaviour of kaolinite coated olivine pellets in blast furnace, Ironmaking and Steelmaking 31 (2004) 333\u2013341."}, {"reference": "K.S. Abdel-Halim, M.I. Nasr, A.A. El-Geassy, Developed model for reduction mechanismof iron ore pellets under load, Ironmaking and Steelmaking 38 (2011) 189\u2013196."}, {"reference": "P.L.M. Wong, M.J. Kim, H.S. Kim, C.H. Choi, Sticking behaviour in direct reduction of iron ore, Ironmaking and Steelmaking 26 (1999) 53\u201357."}, {"reference": "Shoji Hayashi, Yoshiaki Iguchi, Factors affecting the sticking of fine iron ores during fluidized bed reduction, ISIJ International 32 (1992) 962\u2013971."}, {"reference": "M.I.R.K.O. Komatina, Heinrich -W, The sticking problem during direct reduction, Metalurgija (2004) 309\u2013328.\n[10]\tJ. Fang, Sticking problem in fluidized bed iron ore reduction, Iron and Steel 26 (1991) 11\u201315.\n[11]\tShoji Hayashi, Satoshi Sawai, Yoshiaki Iguchi, Influence of coating oxide and sulfur pressure on sticking during fluidized bed reduction of iron ores, ISIJ International 33 (1993) 1078\u20131087.\n[12]\tW.L. Malte Bartels, John Nijenhuis, Freek Kapteijn, J. Ruud van Ommen, Agglomeration in fluidized beds at high temperatures: mechanisms, detection and prevention, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 34 (2008) 633\u2013666.\n[13]\tD.R. Higgins, N.B. Gray, M.R. Davidson, Simulating particle agglomeration in the flash smelting reaction shaft, Minerals Engineering 22 (2009) 1251\u20131265.\n[14]\tJ.F. Gransden, J.S. Sheasby, The sticking of iron ore during reduction by hydrogen in a fluidized bed, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 13 (1974) 649\u2013657.\n[15]\tShoji Hayashi, Sougo Sayama, Yoshiaki Iguchi, Relation between sulfur pressure and sticking of fine iron ores in fluidized bed reduction, ISIJ International 30 (1990) 722\u2013730.\n[16]\tLingyun Yi, Zhucheng Huang, Tao Jiang, Powder Technology 235 (2013) 1001\u20131007\n[17]\tZhao, Z.-L., Tang, H.-Q., Guo, Z.-C., Journal of Iron and Steel Research 24 (11) (2012) , pp. 23-28\n[18]\tT. Inami and K. Suzuki, Tetsu to Hagane, 80 (1994), 699-704.\n[19]\tT. Inami and K. Suzuki, Tetsu to Hagane, 81 (1995), 1037-1042.\n[20]\tD. H. St. John and P. C. Hayes, Met. Trans., 13B (1982), 117-124.\n[21]\tD. H. St. John, S. P. Matthew and P. C. Hayes, Met. Trans., 15B (1984), 701-717.\n[22]\tC. T. Rae and P. C. Hayes, Ind. Tech. Res. Inst., 1(2) (1986), 137-148.\n[23]\tS. P. Matthew, T. R. Cho and P. C. Hayes, Met. Trans., 21B (1990), 733-741.\n[24]\tR. Nicolle and A. Rist, Metallurgical Trensactions B, 10B (1979), 429."}], "resource_type": {"id": "publication-article", "title": {"de": "Zeitschriftenartikel", "en": "Journal article"}}, "rights": [{"description": {"en": "The Creative Commons Attribution license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the condition that the creator is appropriately credited."}, "icon": "cc-by-icon", "id": "cc-by-4.0", "props": {"scheme": "spdx", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"}, "title": {"en": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International"}}], "subjects": [{"subject": "Shaft furnace"}, {"subject": "cluster"}, {"subject": "metallic iron whisker"}, {"subject": "mineralogy"}, {"subject": "ferrous metallurgy."}], "title": "Influence of Iron Ore Mineralogy on Cluster Formation inside the Shaft Furnace", "version": "10004473"}, "parent": {"access": {"owned_by": {"user": "32148"}, "settings": {"accept_conditions_text": null, "allow_guest_requests": false, "allow_user_requests": false, "secret_link_expiration": 0}}, "communities": {"default": "a59dd046-9a86-4a47-97ce-b51f1bb8fc3f", "entries": [{"access": {"member_policy": "open", "members_visibility": "public", "record_submission_policy": "open", "review_policy": "open", "visibility": "public"}, "children": {"allow": false}, "created": "2017-05-31T21:24:26.028360+00:00", "custom_fields": {}, "deletion_status": {"is_deleted": false, "status": "P"}, "id": "a59dd046-9a86-4a47-97ce-b51f1bb8fc3f", "links": {}, "metadata": {"curation_policy": "", "page": "", "title": "World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology"}, "revision_id": 0, "slug": "waset", "updated": "2017-11-15T12:37:31.935319+00:00"}], "ids": ["a59dd046-9a86-4a47-97ce-b51f1bb8fc3f"]}, "id": "1124392", "pids": {"doi": {"client": "datacite", "identifier": "10.5281/zenodo.1124392", "provider": "datacite"}}}, "pids": {"doi": {"client": "datacite", "identifier": "10.5281/zenodo.1124393", "provider": "datacite"}, "oai": {"identifier": "oai:zenodo.org:1124393", "provider": "oai"}}, "revision_id": 8, "stats": {"all_versions": {"data_volume": 57691000.0, "downloads": 124, "unique_downloads": 108, "unique_views": 195, "views": 198}, "this_version": {"data_volume": 56760500.0, "downloads": 122, "unique_downloads": 106, "unique_views": 195, "views": 198}}, "status": "published", "swh": {}, "ui": {"access_status": {"description_l10n": "The record and files are publicly accessible.", "embargo_date_l10n": null, "icon": "unlock", "id": "open", "message_class": "", "title_l10n": "Open"}, "created_date_l10n_long": "January 16, 2018", "creators": {"affiliations": [], "creators": [{"person_or_org": {"family_name": "M. 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Various pellet sizes (6 \u2013 12.0 \u0026 +12.0 mm) from three different ores (A, B \u0026 C) were (completely and partially) reduced at 985 oC with H2/CO gas mixture using thermos-gravimetric technique. It was found that reducibility increases by decreasing the iron ore pellet\u2019s size. Ore (A) has the highest reducibility than ore (B) and ore (C). Increasing the iron ore pellet\u2019s size leads to increase the probability of metallic iron whisker formation. Ore (A) has the highest tendency for metallic iron whisker formation than ore (B) and ore (C). 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"order": [], "total_bytes": 0}, "metadata": {"creators": [{"person_or_org": {"family_name": "M. Bahgat", "name": "M. Bahgat", "type": "personal"}}, {"person_or_org": {"family_name": "H. A. Hanafy", "name": "H. A. Hanafy", "type": "personal"}}, {"person_or_org": {"family_name": "S. Lakdawala", "name": "S. Lakdawala", "type": "personal"}}], "description": "\u003cp\u003eClustering phenomenon of pellets was observed frequently in shaft processes operating at higher temperatures. Clustering is a result of the growth of fibrous iron precipitates (iron whiskers) that become hooked to each other and finally become crystallized during the initial stages of metallization. If the pellet clustering is pronounced, sometimes leads to blocking inside the furnace and forced shutdown takes place. This work clarifies further the relation between metallic iron whisker growth and iron ore mineralogy. Various pellet sizes (6 \u0026ndash; 12.0 \u0026amp; +12.0 mm) from three different ores (A, B \u0026amp; C) were (completely and partially) reduced at 985 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/CO gas mixture using thermos-gravimetric technique. It was found that reducibility increases by decreasing the iron ore pellet\u0026rsquo;s size. Ore (A) has the highest reducibility than ore (B) and ore (C). Increasing the iron ore pellet\u0026rsquo;s size leads to increase the probability of metallic iron whisker formation. Ore (A) has the highest tendency for metallic iron whisker formation than ore (B) and ore (C). The reduction reactions for all iron ores A, B and C are mainly controlled by diffusion reaction mechanism.\u003c/p\u003e", "languages": [{"id": "eng", "title": {"en": "English"}}], "publication_date": "2016-04-05", "publisher": "Zenodo", "references": [{"reference": "H.R. John Kopfle, Direct reduction\u0027s role in the world steel industry, Ironmaking and Steelmaking 35 (2008) 254\u2013259."}, {"reference": "Midrex technologies, Inc., 2010 world direct reduction statistics, http://www. Midrex.com, 2011."}, {"reference": "J. Fang, Theory of Non-Blast Furnace Ironmaking Process, Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, 2002."}, {"reference": "Ali Basdag, Ali Ihsan Arol, Coating of iron oxide pellets for direct reduction, Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 31 (2002) 229\u2013233."}, {"reference": "P.L. Hooey, K. Zarins, A. Dahlstedt, H. Annersten, Behaviour of kaolinite coated olivine pellets in blast furnace, Ironmaking and Steelmaking 31 (2004) 333\u2013341."}, {"reference": "K.S. Abdel-Halim, M.I. Nasr, A.A. El-Geassy, Developed model for reduction mechanismof iron ore pellets under load, Ironmaking and Steelmaking 38 (2011) 189\u2013196."}, {"reference": "P.L.M. Wong, M.J. Kim, H.S. Kim, C.H. Choi, Sticking behaviour in direct reduction of iron ore, Ironmaking and Steelmaking 26 (1999) 53\u201357."}, {"reference": "Shoji Hayashi, Yoshiaki Iguchi, Factors affecting the sticking of fine iron ores during fluidized bed reduction, ISIJ International 32 (1992) 962\u2013971."}, {"reference": "M.I.R.K.O. Komatina, Heinrich -W, The sticking problem during direct reduction, Metalurgija (2004) 309\u2013328.\n[10]\tJ. Fang, Sticking problem in fluidized bed iron ore reduction, Iron and Steel 26 (1991) 11\u201315.\n[11]\tShoji Hayashi, Satoshi Sawai, Yoshiaki Iguchi, Influence of coating oxide and sulfur pressure on sticking during fluidized bed reduction of iron ores, ISIJ International 33 (1993) 1078\u20131087.\n[12]\tW.L. Malte Bartels, John Nijenhuis, Freek Kapteijn, J. Ruud van Ommen, Agglomeration in fluidized beds at high temperatures: mechanisms, detection and prevention, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 34 (2008) 633\u2013666.\n[13]\tD.R. Higgins, N.B. Gray, M.R. Davidson, Simulating particle agglomeration in the flash smelting reaction shaft, Minerals Engineering 22 (2009) 1251\u20131265.\n[14]\tJ.F. Gransden, J.S. Sheasby, The sticking of iron ore during reduction by hydrogen in a fluidized bed, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 13 (1974) 649\u2013657.\n[15]\tShoji Hayashi, Sougo Sayama, Yoshiaki Iguchi, Relation between sulfur pressure and sticking of fine iron ores in fluidized bed reduction, ISIJ International 30 (1990) 722\u2013730.\n[16]\tLingyun Yi, Zhucheng Huang, Tao Jiang, Powder Technology 235 (2013) 1001\u20131007\n[17]\tZhao, Z.-L., Tang, H.-Q., Guo, Z.-C., Journal of Iron and Steel Research 24 (11) (2012) , pp. 23-28\n[18]\tT. Inami and K. Suzuki, Tetsu to Hagane, 80 (1994), 699-704.\n[19]\tT. Inami and K. Suzuki, Tetsu to Hagane, 81 (1995), 1037-1042.\n[20]\tD. H. St. John and P. C. Hayes, Met. Trans., 13B (1982), 117-124.\n[21]\tD. H. St. John, S. P. Matthew and P. C. Hayes, Met. Trans., 15B (1984), 701-717.\n[22]\tC. T. Rae and P. C. Hayes, Ind. Tech. Res. Inst., 1(2) (1986), 137-148.\n[23]\tS. P. Matthew, T. R. Cho and P. C. Hayes, Met. Trans., 21B (1990), 733-741.\n[24]\tR. Nicolle and A. Rist, Metallurgical Trensactions B, 10B (1979), 429."}], "resource_type": {"id": "publication-article", "title": {"de": "Zeitschriftenartikel", "en": "Journal article"}}, "rights": [{"description": {"en": "The Creative Commons Attribution license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the condition that the creator is appropriately credited."}, "icon": "cc-by-icon", "id": "cc-by-4.0", "props": {"scheme": "spdx", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"}, "title": {"en": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International"}}], "subjects": [{"subject": "Shaft furnace"}, {"subject": "cluster"}, {"subject": "metallic iron whisker"}, {"subject": "mineralogy"}, {"subject": "ferrous metallurgy."}], "title": "Influence of Iron Ore Mineralogy on Cluster Formation inside the Shaft Furnace", "version": "10004473"}, "parent": {"access": {"owned_by": {"user": "32148"}, "settings": {"accept_conditions_text": null, "allow_guest_requests": false, "allow_user_requests": false, "secret_link_expiration": 0}}, "communities": {"default": "a59dd046-9a86-4a47-97ce-b51f1bb8fc3f", "entries": [{"access": {"member_policy": "open", "members_visibility": "public", "record_submission_policy": "open", "review_policy": "open", "visibility": "public"}, "children": {"allow": false}, "created": "2017-05-31T21:24:26.028360+00:00", "custom_fields": {}, "deletion_status": {"is_deleted": false, "status": "P"}, "id": "a59dd046-9a86-4a47-97ce-b51f1bb8fc3f", "links": {}, "metadata": {"curation_policy": "", "page": "", "title": "World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology"}, "revision_id": 0, "slug": "waset", "updated": "2017-11-15T12:37:31.935319+00:00"}], "ids": ["a59dd046-9a86-4a47-97ce-b51f1bb8fc3f"]}, "id": "1124392", "pids": {"doi": {"client": "datacite", "identifier": "10.5281/zenodo.1124392", "provider": "datacite"}}}, "pids": {"doi": {"client": "datacite", "identifier": "10.5281/zenodo.1124393", "provider": "datacite"}, "oai": {"identifier": "oai:zenodo.org:1124393", "provider": "oai"}}, "revision_id": 8, "stats": {"all_versions": {"data_volume": 57691000.0, "downloads": 124, "unique_downloads": 108, "unique_views": 195, "views": 198}, "this_version": {"data_volume": 56760500.0, "downloads": 122, "unique_downloads": 106, "unique_views": 195, "views": 198}}, "status": "published", "swh": {}, "ui": {"access_status": {"description_l10n": "The record and files are publicly accessible.", "embargo_date_l10n": null, "icon": "unlock", "id": "open", "message_class": "", "title_l10n": "Open"}, "created_date_l10n_long": "January 16, 2018", "creators": {"affiliations": [], "creators": [{"person_or_org": {"family_name": "M. 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Various pellet sizes (6 \u2013 12.0 \u0026 +12.0 mm) from three different ores (A, B \u0026 C) were (completely and partially) reduced at 985 oC with H2/CO gas mixture using thermos-gravimetric technique. It was found that reducibility increases by decreasing the iron ore pellet\u2019s size. Ore (A) has the highest reducibility than ore (B) and ore (C). Increasing the iron ore pellet\u2019s size leads to increase the probability of metallic iron whisker formation. Ore (A) has the highest tendency for metallic iron whisker formation than ore (B) and ore (C). 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type='application/ld+json'>{"@context": "http://schema.org", "@id": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1124393", "@type": "https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle", "author": [{"@type": "Person", "familyName": "M. Bahgat", "name": "M. Bahgat"}, {"@type": "Person", "familyName": "H. A. Hanafy", "name": "H. A. Hanafy"}, {"@type": "Person", "familyName": "S. Lakdawala", "name": "S. Lakdawala"}], "contentSize": "454.35 KB", "creator": [{"@type": "Person", "familyName": "M. Bahgat", "name": "M. Bahgat"}, {"@type": "Person", "familyName": "H. A. Hanafy", "name": "H. A. Hanafy"}, {"@type": "Person", "familyName": "S. Lakdawala", "name": "S. Lakdawala"}], "dateCreated": "2018-01-16T12:16:28.915893+00:00", "dateModified": "2024-08-02T21:34:25.468452+00:00", "datePublished": "2016-04-05", "description": "\u003cp\u003eClustering phenomenon of pellets was observed frequently in shaft processes operating at higher temperatures. Clustering is a result of the growth of fibrous iron precipitates (iron whiskers) that become hooked to each other and finally become crystallized during the initial stages of metallization. If the pellet clustering is pronounced, sometimes leads to blocking inside the furnace and forced shutdown takes place. This work clarifies further the relation between metallic iron whisker growth and iron ore mineralogy. Various pellet sizes (6 \u0026ndash; 12.0 \u0026amp; +12.0 mm) from three different ores (A, B \u0026amp; C) were (completely and partially) reduced at 985 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/CO gas mixture using thermos-gravimetric technique. It was found that reducibility increases by decreasing the iron ore pellet\u0026rsquo;s size. Ore (A) has the highest reducibility than ore (B) and ore (C). Increasing the iron ore pellet\u0026rsquo;s size leads to increase the probability of metallic iron whisker formation. Ore (A) has the highest tendency for metallic iron whisker formation than ore (B) and ore (C). The reduction reactions for all iron ores A, B and C are mainly controlled by diffusion reaction mechanism.\u003c/p\u003e", "identifier": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1124393", "inLanguage": {"@type": "Language", "alternateName": "eng", "name": "English"}, "keywords": "Shaft furnace, cluster, metallic iron whisker, mineralogy, ferrous metallurgy.", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode", "name": "Influence of Iron Ore Mineralogy on Cluster Formation inside the Shaft Furnace", "publisher": {"@type": "Organization", "name": "Zenodo"}, "size": "454.35 KB", "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/1124393", "version": "10004473"}</script> <script src="/static/dist/js/invenio-app-rdm-landing-page-theme.3b272942835c0a00f70d.js"></script> <script src="/static/dist/js/9945.a92c05fa251cdd46af39.js"></script> <script src="/static/dist/js/1357.6ee8cbca1c30c50f9548.js"></script> <script src="/static/dist/js/1644.e1781edcf51e2dc7f142.js"></script> <script src="/static/dist/js/8962.96d2b28b733c6e09354a.js"></script> <script src="/static/dist/js/9300.3ca5da14db03d2fd0854.js"></script> <script src="/static/dist/js/5680.fe8049296074c5f486f1.js"></script> <script src="/static/dist/js/invenio-app-rdm-landing-page.2a922a49323c9b3bb9a9.js"></script> <script src="/static/dist/js/previewer_theme.a4cb12f2f2d734727d26.js"></script> <script src="/static/dist/js/zenodo-rdm-citations.fec7f37f1c6823bc87e7.js"></script> <div class="ui container info message cookie-banner hidden"> <i class="close icon"></i> <div> <i aria-hidden="true" class="info icon"></i> <p class="inline">This site uses cookies. 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Influence of Iron Ore Mineralogy on Cluster Formation inside the Shaft Furnace