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<li id="toc-Early_history_(prehistory–1927)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history_(prehistory–1927)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history (prehistory–1927)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_(prehistory–1927)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codification_and_organisation_(1927–1994)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codification_and_organisation_(1927–1994)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Codification and organisation (1927–1994)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codification_and_organisation_(1927–1994)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Riverdance_era_(1994–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Riverdance_era_(1994–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Post-<i>Riverdance</i> era (1994–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Riverdance_era_(1994–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solo_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solo_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Solo dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solo_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Group dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Costume</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Costume-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Costume subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Costume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Competitive_costumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitive_costumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Competitive costumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competitive_costumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festival_costumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festival_costumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Festival costumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festival_costumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Shoes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shoes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shoes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hard_shoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard_shoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hard shoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard_shoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soft_shoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_shoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Soft shoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_shoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitive_step_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitive_step_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Competitive step dance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Competitive_step_dance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Competitive step dance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Competitive_step_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisations-sublist" 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id="toc-In_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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title="Ír sztepp – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ír sztepp" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="رقص ايرلندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رقص ايرلندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierse_stepdance" title="Ierse stepdance – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ierse stepdance" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_irlandzki" title="Step irlandzki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Step irlandzki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Ирландские сольные танцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирландские сольные танцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="අයර්ලන්ත ස්ටෙප් නර්තනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අයර්ලන්ත ස්ටෙප් නර්තනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlanda_step_dans%C4%B1" title="İrlanda step dansı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İrlanda step dansı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1865501#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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It is generally characterized by a stiff upper body and fast and precise movements of the feet. It can be performed solo or in groups. Aside from public dance performances, there are also stepdance competitions all over the world. These competitions are often called <a href="/wiki/Feis" title="Feis">Feiseanna</a> (singular <a href="/wiki/Feis" title="Feis">Feis</a>). In Irish dance culture, a Feis is a traditional Gaelic arts and culture festival. Contemporarily, costumes are considered important for stage presence in competition and performance Irish stepdance. In many cases, costumes are sold at high prices and can even be custom made. Each costume is different, with varying colors and patterns, designed to attract the judge's eye in competitions and the audience's eye in performance. General appearance beside the costume is also equally important. Female dancers would typically curl their hair before each competition or wear curled wigs, while male dancers would neatly style their hair to a shape to their liking. Poodle Socks are worn by female dancers while males wear plain black socks. Poodle socks are white socks that stretch to typically 1-4 inches above the ankle, depending on the dancers preference. They also have distinctive ribbing, and can be embroidered with gems. This hyper-stylization originated in the Irish diaspora. Traditional costume was homemade or from the local dressmaker and embroidered with <a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Celtic</a> knots and designs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Riverdance" title="Riverdance">Riverdance</a>, an Irish step-dancing performance in the <a href="/wiki/1994_Eurovision_Song_Contest" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Eurovision Song Contest">1994 Eurovision Song Contest</a> that later became a hugely successful theatrical production, greatly contributed to its popularity. Once Riverdance became a large production, it changed the way that Irish dance was performed and viewed. Now that entrepreneurs could capitalize on Irish culture, they were able to tweak it to the audience's liking. This meant adding a theatrical flair to the performance, including arm movements (as opposed to the previously rigid top half that dancers maintained) as well as sexualizing the dance and the costumes. To many, this was a betrayal of tradition, but to some, it was a way of expanding Irish culture and became widely accepted. Following after Riverdance was <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Dance_(musical)" title="Lord of the Dance (musical)">Lord of the Dance</a> and many other theatrical productions based on Irish stepdance. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Flatley" title="Michael Flatley">Michael Flatley</a>, an Irish stepdancer, became a well-known name within these shows. </p><p>Two types of shoes are worn in Irish stepdance; hard shoes, which make sounds similar to <a href="/wiki/Tap_dance#Tap_shoes" title="Tap dance">tap shoes</a>, and soft shoes (called <a href="/wiki/Ghillies_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghillies (dance)">Ghillies</a>), which are similar to <a href="/wiki/Ballet_slippers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballet slippers">ballet slippers</a>. The dances for soft shoe and hard shoe are different and go by different names. Different music with varying beats are played based on the dance, though each soft and hard shoe dances all share basic moves and rhythms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_dance#History" title="Irish dance">Irish dance § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_(prehistory–1927)"><span id="Early_history_.28prehistory.E2.80.931927.29"></span>Early history (prehistory–1927)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history (prehistory–1927)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dancing traditions of Ireland are likely to have grown in tandem with <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Irish traditional music</a>. Its first roots may have been in Pre-Christian Ireland, but Irish dance was also partially influenced by dance forms on the Continent, especially the <a href="/wiki/Quadrille" title="Quadrille">quadrille</a> dances. Some of the earliest recorded references to Irish dance are to the <a href="/wiki/Rinnce_Fada" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinnce Fada">Rinnce Fada</a> or "long dance", towards the end of the 17th century, which was performed largely on social occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan200115–18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan200115–18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traveling dancing masters taught all over Ireland beginning around the 1750s and continuing as late as the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-Haurin1996_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haurin1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 19th century, at least three related styles of step dance had developed in Ireland. The style practised in <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> saw dancers on the balls of their feet, using intricate percussive techniques to create complex rhythm. On the other hand, a tradition developed in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> saw dancers instead using their heel to create a persistent drumming effect, and primarily performing in pairs. The <a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a> style, later described as <a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">sean-nós dance</a>, combined heel and ball movements with the swaying of the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a> and vigorous movement of the arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons2012163_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons2012163-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic League">Gaelic League</a> in 1893, an <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalist</a> body formed with the purpose of preserving traditional Irish language and culture, radically altered the cultural status of step dance. Frank Hall has described this as the moment in which "step-Dancing in Ireland became 'Irish dancing'", and as therefore the most significant single event in the development of the dance form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200812_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200812-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although informal competitions had long been held between towns and students of different dance masters, the first organised <a href="/wiki/Feis" title="Feis">feis</a> was held in 1897 by the League.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The League began to codify and promote the form of step dance which was practiced in southern areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Haurin1996_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haurin1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This codification, practised from the early 1920s, greatly narrowed the range of traditional Irish dances acceptable in popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons2012167_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons2012167-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codification_and_organisation_(1927–1994)"><span id="Codification_and_organisation_.281927.E2.80.931994.29"></span>Codification and organisation (1927–1994)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Codification and organisation (1927–1994)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1927, the Gaelic League set up <a href="/wiki/An_Coimisi%C3%BAn_Le_Rinc%C3%AD_Gaelacha" title="An Coimisiún Le Rincí Gaelacha">An Coimisiún Le Rincí Gaelacha</a> (CLRG, the Irish Dancing Commission), a separate body dedicated to the organisation and standardisation of Irish dance. CLRG created certifications for dance teachers and began to hold examinations for adjudicators of feisanna. </p><p>In the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a> had spread Irish dance all over the world, especially to North America and Australia. However, schools and <i>feiseanna</i> were not established until the early 1900s: in America these tended to be created within Irish-American urban communities, notably in Chicago and Massachusetts. The first classes in stepdancing were held there by the Philadelphia-born John McNamara.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Midwest_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Midwest-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the BBC's <i>A Short History of Irish Dance</i>, "The nature of the Irish dance tradition has changed and adapted over the centuries to accommodate and reflect changing populations and the fusion of new cultures. The history of Irish dancing is as a result a fascinating one. The popular Irish dance stage shows of the past ten years have reinvigorated this cultural art, and today Irish dancing is healthy, vibrant, and enjoyed by people across the globe."<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> broadcast of Irish stepdance, on <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> in 1945, contributed to the increased popularity of a stepdance style originating in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>. This style, which incorporated <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">balletic</a> movements and high elevation on the toes, gradually usurped the <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> style with fast, low footwork which had prevailed up to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-Casey2007_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casey2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Riverdance_era_(1994–present)"><span id="Post-Riverdance_era_.281994.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Post-<i>Riverdance</i> era (1994–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Riverdance era (1994–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The success of <i>Riverdance</i> and other dance shows in the late 20th century influenced the choreography and presentation of stepdance in both competitive and public performance environments. This included the use of simpler costumes and hairstyles for public performance in imitation of the <i>Riverdance</i> styles, and the development of new dance styles, such as hard shoe dances performed to music typically associated with soft shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-Mollenhauer2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mollenhauer2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In competitive dance, movements from <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">flamenco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a> began to be incorporated into traditional steps, although such developments were criticised by elements of the competitive dancing community.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dances">Dances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technique">Technique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The techniques involved in Irish stepdance are essentially similar across each of the individual dance styles. The basic style of modern step dance used in competitive contexts evolved from the stylistic features of traditional step dance in <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>. This style is largely performed on the balls of the feet with feet turned outwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001165–166_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001165–166-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competitive dancers are judged on posture, timing, rhythm and execution, which in practice means a rigid torso, rapid and intricate footwork, and legs and feet crossed over each other, with knees close together.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish stepdances can be placed into two categories. Solos, which are danced by a single dancer, and ceilis or teams, which are coordinated with 2 or more dancers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solo_dance">Solo dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Solo dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_dancers_in_team_costume,_Davis_Academy,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Irish_dancers_in_team_costume%2C_Davis_Academy%2C_USA.jpg/175px-Irish_dancers_in_team_costume%2C_Davis_Academy%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Irish_dancers_in_team_costume%2C_Davis_Academy%2C_USA.jpg/263px-Irish_dancers_in_team_costume%2C_Davis_Academy%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Irish_dancers_in_team_costume%2C_Davis_Academy%2C_USA.jpg/350px-Irish_dancers_in_team_costume%2C_Davis_Academy%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Irish stepdancers performing in school costumes and hard shoes (2008)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Reel_(dance)" title="Reel (dance)">Reel</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Slip_jig" title="Slip jig">slip jig</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hornpipe" title="Hornpipe">hornpipe</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">jig</a></i> are all types of Irish stepdances and are also types of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Irish traditional music</a>. These fall into two broad categories based on the shoes worn: 'hard shoe' and 'soft shoe' dances. Reels, which are in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> or <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time, and slip jigs, which are in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>9</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time and considered to be the lightest and most graceful of the dances, are soft shoe dances.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hornpipes, which can be in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> or <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time, are danced in hard shoes. Three jigs are danced in competition; the light jig, the single jig, which is also called the Hop jig, and the treble jig, which is also called double jig. Light and single jigs are in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>6</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time, and are soft shoes dances, while the treble jig is hard shoe, danced in a slow <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>6</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span>. The last type of jig is the slip jig, which is danced in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>9</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time. There are many dances, which steps vary between schools. The traditional set dances (danced in hardshoe) like St. Patrick's Day and the Blackbird, among others, are the only dances that all schools have the same steps. </p><p>The actual steps in Irish stepdance are usually unique to each school or dance teacher. Steps are developed by Irish dance teachers for students of their school. Each dance is built out of the same basic elements, or steps, but the dance itself is unique, and new dances and movements are being choreographed continuously. For this reason, videotaping of competitions is forbidden under the rules of An Coimisiun. </p><p>Each step is a sequence of foot movements, leg movements and leaps, which lasts for 8 repetitions of 8 bars of music. It is traditional for each step to be performed first on the right foot and then on the left foot, then transferring to the next step. This practice leads to a large proportion of dancers exhibiting a preference for their right leg over their left in dance movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Asymmetry_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asymmetry-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hard shoe dancing includes clicking (striking the heels of the shoes against each other), trebles (the toe of the shoe striking the floor), stamps (the entire foot striking the floor), and an increasing number of complicated combinations of taps from the toes and heels. </p><p>There are two types of hard shoe dance, the solo dances, which are the hornpipe and treble jig, and the set dances, which are also solo dances, despite having the same name as the social dances. Traditional set dances use the same choreography regardless of the school whereas contemporary sets are choreographed by the teachers. The music and steps for each traditional set was set down by past dance masters and passed down under An Coimisiún auspices as part of the rich history of stepdancing, hence the "traditional." </p><p>There are about 40 sets used in modern stepdance, but the traditional sets performed in most levels of competition are St. Patrick's Day, the Blackbird, Job of Journeywork, Garden of Daisies, King of the Fairies, and Jockey to the Fair. The remaining traditional set dances are primarily danced at championship levels. These tunes vary in tempo to allow for more difficult steps for higher level dancers. An unusual feature of the set dance tune is that many are "<a href="/wiki/Crooked_tune" title="Crooked tune">crooked</a>", with some of the parts, or sections, of the tunes departing from the common 8 bar formula. The crooked tune may have a part consisting of 7½ bars, fourteen bars, etc. For example, the "St. Patrick's Day" traditional set music consists of an eight-bar "step," followed by a fourteen-bar "set." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_dance">Group dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Group dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The group dances are called <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9il%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Céilí">céilí</a> dances or, in the less formal but common case, figure dances. Competitive céilís are more precise versions of the festive group dances traditionally experienced in social gatherings.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a list of 30 céilí dances that have been standardised and published in An Coimisiun's <i>Ar Rince Ceili</i> (which replaced <i>Ár Rinncidhe Foirne</i> in 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as examples of traditional Irish folk dances. Standardized dances for 4, 6 or 8 dancers are also often found in competition. Most traditional céilí dances in competition are significantly shortened in the interests of time. Many stepdancers never learn the entire dance, as they will never dance the later parts of the dance in competition. </p><p>Other céilí dances are not standardised. In local competition, figure dances may consist of two or three dancers. These are not traditional book dances and are choreographed as a blend of both traditional céilí dancing and solo dancing. Standardized book dances for 16 dancers are also rarely offered. Figure Choreography competitions held at major oireachtasai (championships) involve more than 8 dancers and are a chance for dance schools to show off novel and intricate group choreography. An Coimisiún has also introduced a "dance drama" category, which combines physical theatre with Irish dance. A 200-word story is read and followed by a six-minute dance performance including costumes, mime and facial expression.<sup id="cite_ref-Sagolla2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sagolla2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some dance schools recognised by An Coimisiún Le Rincí Gaelacha place as much emphasis on céilí dancing as on solo dancing, meticulously rehearsing the dances as written in the book and striving for perfect interpretation. In competition, figure dancers are expected to dance their routine in perfect unison, forming seamless yet intricate figures based on their positions relative to each other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costume">Costume</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Costume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of Irish stepdance costumes occurred throughout the 20th century alongside the dance style itself. Costumes were thus heavily influenced by the rules and competitive structures put in place by An Coimisiún and other organisations. In more recent years, costumes changed dramatically and departed significantly from traditional designs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill20085_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill20085-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competitive_costumes">Competitive costumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Competitive costumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IrishD1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/IrishD1.jpg/120px-IrishD1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/IrishD1.jpg/180px-IrishD1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/IrishD1.jpg/240px-IrishD1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>A boy's costume. It may vary from a simple shirt and tie to waistjackets.</figcaption></figure> <p>Judges at competitions critique the dancers primarily on their performance, but they also take into account presentation. In every level of competition the dancers must wear either hard shoes or soft shoes. Boys and girls wear very distinctive costumes. Girls must wear white poodle socks or black tights. Competition dresses have changed in many ways since Irish Dance first appeared. Several generations ago the appropriate dress was simply your "Sunday Best". In the 1980s ornately embroidered velvet became popular. Other materials include gaberdine and wool. Today many different fabrics are used, including <a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">lace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sequins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequins">sequins</a>, silk, embroidered <a href="/wiki/Organza" title="Organza">organzas</a> and more. Some dresses, mainly solo dresses, have flat backed crystals added for stage appeal. <a href="/wiki/Swarovski" title="Swarovski">Swarovski</a> is being used more frequently. <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">Velvet</a> is also becoming popular again, but in multiple colours with very different, modern embroidery.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competitive dresses have stiff skirts which can be stiffened with Vilene and are intricately embroidered. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girls_performing_Irish_step_dancing_in_a_St._Patrick%27s_Day_Parade_in_Fort_Collins,_Colorado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Girls_performing_Irish_step_dancing_in_a_St._Patrick%27s_Day_Parade_in_Fort_Collins%2C_Colorado.jpg/220px-Girls_performing_Irish_step_dancing_in_a_St._Patrick%27s_Day_Parade_in_Fort_Collins%2C_Colorado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Girls_performing_Irish_step_dancing_in_a_St._Patrick%27s_Day_Parade_in_Fort_Collins%2C_Colorado.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Irish step dancers in a St. Patrick's Day Parade in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado" title="Fort Collins, Colorado">Fort Collins, Colorado</a> (2005)</figcaption></figure> <p>Male dancers often wear intricately embroidered jackets or waistcoats made from similar materials as dresses. </p><p>Costumes can be simple for the beginning female dancer; they often wear a simple dance skirt and plain blouse or their dancing school's costume. On a dance school's costume, the colours and emblems used represents the school and differentiates the dancer from other schools. These are similar in construction to a solo dress, but with a simpler design, and with less added weight from embroidery and crystals. School costumes are usually owned, managed and distributed by the dance school. </p><p>At advanced levels where dancers can qualify for Major competitions, solo costumes help each dancer show their sense of style, and enable them to stand out among a crowd. Dancers can have a new solo costume specially tailored for them with their choice of colours, fabrics, and designs. Popular designers include Gavin Doherty, Conor O’Sullivan, and Elevation. Some dancers will even design the costume themselves. The dancer can also buy second hand from another dancer. Since the costumes are handmade with pricey materials, unique designs, and are custom measured to each dancer, the costumes can cost between $1,000 and $6,000.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the handcrafted costumes, popular championship costumes include wigs and crowns. In commission schools, female dancers wear a wig. Wigs gained popularity due to their relative ease of use, consistency, and voluminous look when compared to curling one's own natural hair.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dancers get synthetic ringlet wigs that match their hair color or go with an extremely different shade (a blonde dancer wearing a black wig or vice versa). The wigs can range from $75.00 to $150. Usually the crowns match the colours and materials of the dresses, and are made of fabric or metal. The championship competitions are usually danced on stages with a lot of lighting. To prevent looking washed out, and to enhance their leg muscles, dancers often tan their legs. A rule was put in place in January 2005 for Under 10 dancers forbidding them to wear <a href="/wiki/Sunless_tanning" title="Sunless tanning">fake tan</a>, and in October 2005 it was decided that Under 12 dancers who were in the Beginner and Primary levels would not be allowed to wear fake tan or make up.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The boys used to wear jackets and <a href="/wiki/Kilts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilts">kilts</a>, but now more commonly perform in black trousers with a colorful vest or jacket and tie and, more frequently, a vest with embroidery and crystals. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festival_costumes">Festival costumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Festival costumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The festival style differs, styling more towards a simple unified design, not using much detail or diamonds. Irish dance festivals (also called "shows") have dancers wear their hair either in a wig or down, depending on the age and level of the dancer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shoes">Shoes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three types of shoes are worn in competitive step dancing: hard shoes and two kinds of soft shoe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hard_shoes">Hard shoes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hard shoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Dance_Hard_Shoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Irish_Dance_Hard_Shoes.jpg/100px-Irish_Dance_Hard_Shoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Irish_Dance_Hard_Shoes.jpg/150px-Irish_Dance_Hard_Shoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Irish_Dance_Hard_Shoes.jpg/200px-Irish_Dance_Hard_Shoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Hard shoes with fiberglass tips</figcaption></figure> <p>Hard shoes, also known as the heavy shoes or jig shoes, are <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> shoes in the style of an <a href="/wiki/Oxford_shoe" title="Oxford shoe">Oxford shoe</a> but with a toe piece similar to the cleat on a tap shoe as well an extended heel, both of which enable the production of rhythmic sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer199532_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer199532-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early 20th century dancers used a variety of shoes, including both those made of <a href="/wiki/Cowhide" title="Cowhide">cowhide</a>, which minimised sound production, and <a href="/wiki/Hobnail_(footwear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobnail (footwear)">hobnail boots</a>, which produced loud percussive sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan200182_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan200182-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, it was common for women to perform jigs and hornpipes in ordinary lightweight shoes, because their dances did not involve rhythmic percussion, but from the 1930s onward both men and women began to wear heavy leather shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullinane199463_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullinane199463-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although in Ireland, hard shoes were used only for heavy jigs and hornpipes, in Australia until the 1950s it was common practice to perform all dances in such heavy shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullinane199467_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullinane199467-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After An Coimisiún Le Rince Gaelacha banned the use of metal heel or toe pieces in the 1940s, ordinary shoes were modified with nails, coins or gravel in order to improve the clarity of sound and to emphasise the rhythms of the heavy dances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullinane199463_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullinane199463-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan200183_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan200183-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, it was also common for heel and toe pieces to be improvised with several layers of leather stitched together in a tapered shape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhelan200042_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhelan200042-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1980s, toe pieces and heels were developed made from <a href="/wiki/Fibreglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibreglass">fibreglass</a> or plastics, in response to lighter shoe leather with inferior sound production qualities, and with the aim of minimising damage caused to floors by nails. The lightweight nature of such materials allowed dancers to achieve more elevation in their steps,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer199532_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer199532-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and furthermore enabled entirely new movements to be incorporated into dances, such as <a href="/wiki/Pointe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointe">pointe</a> work in the <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">balletic</a> style on the very tip of the toe piece. A further innovation, the "bubble heel", which added an inwards protrusion to the hollow plastic heel, created a far louder sound when clicking the heels together than was possible in traditional leather-heeled shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullinane199465_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullinane199465-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Coimisiún later outlawed bubble heels in competition, but plastic heels continued to enable "click" movements. Dancing en pointe was popularised further by the introduction of shoes with modified, more flexible soles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullinane199465_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullinane199465-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wyndham2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyndham2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sound production qualities of shoes were further augmented by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_microphone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio microphone (page does not exist)">radio microphones</a> built into the toe for shows such as <i>Riverdance</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhelan200043_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhelan200043-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the 20th century, a further development occurred in shoe design: the "flexi" sole, which removed the rigid "spine" from the base of the shoe, in an attempt to enable greater flexibility in the feet. However, concerns were raised by dance regulators that the lack of support would have an adverse impact on dancers' feet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhelan200043_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhelan200043-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> , It is common for an intricate but entirely cosmetic <a href="/wiki/Buckle" title="Buckle">buckle</a>, sometimes in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">shamrock</a>, to be added to hard shoes for competition.<sup id="cite_ref-Feeting_Irish_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feeting_Irish-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercially available hard shoes are priced at between <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>100 and $150.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVenable2001287_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenable2001287-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soft_shoes">Soft shoes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Soft shoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Dance_Soft_Shoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Irish_Dance_Soft_Shoes.jpg/150px-Irish_Dance_Soft_Shoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Irish_Dance_Soft_Shoes.jpg/225px-Irish_Dance_Soft_Shoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Irish_Dance_Soft_Shoes.jpg/300px-Irish_Dance_Soft_Shoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Soft shoes</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the early 20th century, reels and slip jigs were performed in ordinary walking shoes, as with heavy jigs and hornpipes. Beginning at the dancing competition of the <a href="/wiki/Tailteann_Games_(Irish_Free_State)#1924" title="Tailteann Games (Irish Free State)">1924 Tailteann Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, a style of <a href="/wiki/Ballet_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballet pump">ballet pump</a> held on by a looped piece of elastic was introduced for these dances. The increased popularity of these shoes over the following decades contributed to a more balletic style in the slip jig which eventually led to this dance being performed exclusively by women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullinane199461_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullinane199461-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the latter half of the 20th century, the pumps changed to a low cut type with crossed laces similar to the <a href="/wiki/Ghillies_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghillies (dance)">Scottish ghillie</a>. This modern type of shoe, however, differs from the traditional Scottish footwear with a shorter <a href="/wiki/Toe_box" title="Toe box">toe box</a> and round laces. A number of variations on this type are available, including variants with softer leather and split soles.<sup id="cite_ref-Feeting_Irish_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feeting_Irish-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change was motivated by a desire to highlight the position of feet to adjudicators, as the usual black colour of the pumps contrasted with the exposed white of the poodle socks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullinane199461_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullinane199461-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flexible nature of these shoes enables rapid and graceful movement as well as elevation in the dancer's performance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer199532_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer199532-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These soft shoes cost around $40 when purchased new.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVenable2001287_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenable2001287-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the 1970s, it was common for men to wear the pumps as well, particularly when competing in the slip jig, but at this time, An Coimisiún introduced legislation restricting their use to boys under the age of 11. Consequently, a new style of shoe was adopted for men similar to the contemporary hard shoe, with the toe piece and ankle strap removed but the fibreglass heel retained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullinane199460–61_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullinane199460–61-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This second type of soft shoe, often known as the "reel shoe", is worn exclusively by male dancers, although younger male dancers are occasionally encouraged to begin in <a href="/wiki/Jazz_shoe" title="Jazz shoe">jazz shoes</a> which are similar apart from the heel.<sup id="cite_ref-Feeting_Irish_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feeting_Irish-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competitive_step_dance">Competitive step dance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Competitive step dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisations">Organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the late 1800s, when the Gaelic League began to organise cultural festivals to promote the cause of Irish nationalism, Irish step dance developed a competitive element. Throughout the 20th century, structures for competition developed and spread across the world. </p><p>Several organisations, many of which at various stages separated from the Gaelic League's An Coimisiún Le Rincí Gaelacha, independently organise Irish dancing competitions, both in Ireland and elsewhere. In addition to An Coimisiún, Irish step dance is regulated by <a href="/wiki/An_Comhdh%C3%A1il_na_M%C3%BAinteoir%C3%AD_le_Rinc%C3%AD_Gaelacha" class="mw-redirect" title="An Comhdháil na Múinteoirí le Rincí Gaelacha">An Comhdháil na Múinteoirí le Rincí Gaelacha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumann_Rince_N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumann Rince Náisiúnta (page does not exist)">Cumann Rince Náisiúnta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Irish_Dance_Association" title="World Irish Dance Association">World Irish Dance Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Festival_Irish_dance" title="Festival Irish dance">Festival Irish Dance Teachers Association</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Egan2016_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egan2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of smaller organisations are described as "open platform", meaning that dancers and teachers may affiliate with and compete under other open platform organisations. Open platform organisations also adhere to broad mission statements rather than strict hierarchy, in an attempt to appeal to dance teachers wishing to remain independent.<sup id="cite_ref-Egan2016_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egan2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Coimisiún and An Comhdháil are primarily closed to competitors from other organisations, but operate open platform competitions in areas with fewer members.<sup id="cite_ref-Digital_Feis_Open_Platform_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digital_Feis_Open_Platform-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accreditation">Accreditation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Accreditation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irish step dance organisations generally require their teachers and adjudicators to be qualified by the governing body. Most follow the structure set by An Coimisiún, the most important qualifications of which are the TCRG (qualification to teach) and the ADCRG (qualification to adjudicate). These qualifications are awarded by examinations which test practical and theoretical knowledge of traditional and original steps for both step dance and ceili dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_Central_certification_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish_Central_certification-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WIDA_Qualifications_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIDA_Qualifications-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Comhdháil and some other organisations recognise the qualifications awarded by An Coimisiún,<sup id="cite_ref-Comhdháil_Memberships_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comhdháil_Memberships-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but An Coimisiún only recognises teachers and adjudicators qualified under their own examinations.<sup id="cite_ref-CLRG_qualification_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLRG_qualification-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Feis" title="Feis">feis</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, plural feiseanna) is a competitive step dance event. The word "feis" means "festival" in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, and traditionally consists of dancing competitions as well as competition in music and traditional crafts. Many modern feiseanna, however, are solely Irish dancing events.<sup id="cite_ref-MJP_Handbook_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJP_Handbook-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a feis, several grades of competition are typically offered, in accordance with regional practice and the rules of the governing organisation. These grades may be based on a dancer's level of experience or their previous results in feiseanna.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett15_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett15-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A feis competition is generally judged by between one and three adjudicators, depending on the size of the event and local organisation rules. Dancers compete in sections of one solo dance at a time, and feiseanna may also include competitions for ceili dances. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">oireachtas</a> (plural <i>oireachtais</i> or <i>oireachtasi</i>) or championship competition is a larger and usually annual Irish dancing competition. The first oireachtas, established by the Gaelic League, was inspired by the Welsh <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">eisteddfod</a> and was conceived as an Irish national festival.<sup id="cite_ref-Foley16_p139_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley16_p139-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An oireachtas is often the highest-level competition for a region or country, such as Oireachtas Rince Na hEirann (The All-Ireland Championships) or the North American Irish Dancing Championships. Oireachtais operate at only one level of competition and are judged by multiple adjudicators. In An Coimisiún oireachtais, dancers perform three dances in consecutive rounds and are placed according to their cumulative scores. Like feiseanna, oireachtais may include competitions for ceili dances.<sup id="cite_ref-Coin2017_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coin2017-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the larger organisations operate an annual World Championships for their organisation's dancers.<sup id="cite_ref-Egan2016_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egan2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest and oldest of these is An Coimisiún's <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_Rince_Na_Cruinne" class="mw-redirect" title="Oireachtas Rince Na Cruinne">Oireachtas Rince Na Cruinne</a>, which was established in 1970, and involves up to 3000 competing dancers who have qualified at regional and national oireachtais.<sup id="cite_ref-Coin2017_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coin2017-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_performance">In performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the 1897 general meeting of the Gaelic League, displays of dancing were observed to be more popular than the speeches and <a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">debates</a>. The public performance of step dance, therefore, evolved with the organisation of social dances as a means for the Gaelic League to ensure both ongoing popularity and financial stability for its revolutionary activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer199530_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer199530-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Riverdance" title="Riverdance">Riverdance</a></i> was the interval act in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1994" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1994">1994 Eurovision Song Contest</a>, held in Dublin, which contributed to the popularity of Irish stepdance, and is still considered a significant watershed in Irish culture.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its roots are in a three-part suite of baroque-influenced traditional music called "Timedance", composed and recorded for the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1981" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1981">1981 contest</a>, which was also hosted in Dublin. This first performance featured American-born Irish dancing champions <a href="/wiki/Jean_Butler" title="Jean Butler">Jean Butler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Flatley" title="Michael Flatley">Michael Flatley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Concert_Orchestra" title="RTÉ Concert Orchestra">RTÉ Concert Orchestra</a> and the Celtic choral group <a href="/wiki/An%C3%BAna" title="Anúna">Anúna</a> with a score written by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Whelan" title="Bill Whelan">Bill Whelan</a>. <i>Riverdance'</i>s success includes an eight-week sell out season at Radio City Music Hall, New York, with the sales of merchandise resulting in Radio City Music Hall merchandise sale's record smashed during the first performance, sell-out tours at King's Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland, and The Green Glens Arena, Millstreet, County Cork, Ireland, plus a huge three and a half-month return to The Apollo in Hammersmith with advance ticket sales of over <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>5,000,000. </p><p>After Flatley left <i>Riverdance</i>, he created other Irish dance shows including <i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Dance_(musical)" title="Lord of the Dance (musical)">Lord of the Dance</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger_Live" title="Celtic Tiger Live">Celtic Tiger Live</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Feet_of_Flames" title="Feet of Flames">Feet of Flames</a></i>, the last-named being an expansion of <i>Lord of the Dance</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_media">In the media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2007 RTÉ <a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">reality television</a> program, <i><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Jigs_%27n%27_Reels" title="Celebrity Jigs 'n' Reels">Celebrity Jigs 'n' Reels</a></i>, combined traditional stepdance with modern music and choreography in a competitive format which paired celebrities with professional dancers. Competitors were judged by well-known stepdancers including Jean Butler and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Dunne" title="Colin Dunne">Colin Dunne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RTE_JigsNReels_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTE_JigsNReels-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2011 <a href="/wiki/Sue_Bourne" title="Sue Bourne">Sue Bourne</a> documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Jig_(film)" title="Jig (film)">Jig</a></i> followed eight dancers as they prepared for An Coimisiún's 2010 World Championships in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Jig_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Jig-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On its release, the film was praised for attention to technical aspects of stepdance, but criticised for failing to explain the historical and socio-political context of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-IW_Jig_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IW_Jig-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/TLC_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TLC (TV channel)">TLC</a> acquired the rights to the documentary in preparation for a new television show about the competitive Irish stepdance world in America, for which the working title is <i>Irish Dancing Tweens</i>. The series, which will be produced by Sirens Media, features several dance schools. Each episode will focus on individual dancers during rehearsals, preparation, travel, and during competitions. Eight episodes of the series have been ordered.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a> produced a six-part <a href="/wiki/Documentary_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary series">documentary series</a> called <i>Jigs and Wigs: The Extreme World of Irish Dancing</i>, which featured "the unusual individuals and the stories" of stepdance.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Jigs_and_Wigs_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Jigs_and_Wigs-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The series was noted for its focus on the extreme elements of the modern Irish stepdance world, and the increasing financial pressures on competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-IrishExaminer_Jigs_and_Wigs_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IrishExaminer_Jigs_and_Wigs-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviewers also noted that <i>Jigs and Wigs</i> presented a stepdance world increasingly divorced from perceived Celtic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_Jigs_and_Wigs_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_Jigs_and_Wigs-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Irish_dance" title="Festival Irish dance">Festival Irish dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance_in_United_States" title="Sean-nós dance in United States">Sean-nós dance in United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step_dance" title="Step dance">Step dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Keltic_Dreams" title="The Keltic Dreams">The Keltic Dreams</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan200115–18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan200115–18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2001">Brennan 2001</a>, p. 15–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haurin1996-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haurin1996_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haurin1996_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDon_Haurin_&_Ann_Richens1996" class="citation web cs1">Don Haurin & Ann Richens (February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120114146/http://www.geocities.com/aer_mcr/irdance/irhist.html">"Irish Step Dancing – A Brief History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/aer_mcr/irdance/irhist.html">the original</a> on 20 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+Step+Dancing+%E2%80%93+A+Brief+History&rft.date=1996-02&rft.au=Don+Haurin+%26+Ann+Richens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Faer_mcr%2Firdance%2Firhist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons2012163-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons2012163_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyons2012">Lyons 2012</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200812-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200812_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2008">Hall 2008</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScanlan2006" class="citation book cs1">Scanlan, Margaret (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cAcUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA419"><i>Culture and Customs of Ireland</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313331626" title="Special:BookSources/9780313331626"><bdi>9780313331626</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Ireland&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780313331626&rft.aulast=Scanlan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcAcUCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons2012167-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons2012167_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyons2012">Lyons 2012</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Midwest-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-American_Midwest_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong_Lucy2006" class="citation book cs1">Long Lucy (2006). Cayton, Andrew R. L.; Sisson, Richard; Zacher, Chris (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n3Xn7jMx1RYC"><i>The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253003490" title="Special:BookSources/0253003490"><bdi>0253003490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Midwest%3A+An+Interpretive+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0253003490&rft.au=Long+Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn3Xn7jMx1RYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_2009-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2009_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/irish/articles/view/741/english/">"A Short History of Irish Dance"</a>. <i>BBC Irish</i>. BBC. 22 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Irish&rft.atitle=A+Short+History+of+Irish+Dance&rft.date=2009-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Firish%2Farticles%2Fview%2F741%2Fenglish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casey2007-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Casey2007_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaseyLee2007" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Marion; Lee, J. J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cAcUCgAAQBAJ&q=irish+dancing+television&pg=PA419"><i>Making the Irish American: History and Heritage of the Irish in the United States</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814752180" title="Special:BookSources/9780814752180"><bdi>9780814752180</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+the+Irish+American%3A+History+and+Heritage+of+the+Irish+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780814752180&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft.au=Lee%2C+J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcAcUCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dirish%2Bdancing%2Btelevision%26pg%3DPA419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mollenhauer2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mollenhauer2015_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollenhauer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mollenhauer, Jeanette (2015). "Competitive Irish Dancing in Sydney 1994–2013". <i>Australasian Journal of Irish Studies</i>. <b>15</b>: 35–54. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1837-1094">1837-1094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+Irish+Studies&rft.atitle=Competitive+Irish+Dancing+in+Sydney+1994%E2%80%932013&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=35-54&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1837-1094&rft.aulast=Mollenhauer&rft.aufirst=Jeanette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasero2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Masero, Angelika (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/stu_hon_theses/234"><i>The Changes in Irish Dance Since Riverdance</i></a> (Honors College Capstone Thesis thesis). Western Kentucky University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Changes+in+Irish+Dance+Since+Riverdance&rft.degree=Honors+College+Capstone+Thesis&rft.inst=Western+Kentucky+University&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Masero&rft.aufirst=Angelika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.wku.edu%2Fstu_hon_theses%2F234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001165–166-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001165–166_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2001">Brennan 2001</a>, pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Frank (1997). "Ceol Traidisiunta: Your Mr. Joyce is a Fine Man but Have You Seen Riverdance?". <i>New Hibernia Review</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 134–142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hibernia+Review&rft.atitle=Ceol+Traidisiunta%3A+Your+Mr.+Joyce+is+a+Fine+Man+but+Have+You+Seen+Riverdance%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=134-142&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span> quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell-Wortman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Farrell-Wortman, Laura (1 December 2010). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmusic.about.com/od/irishmusicglossary/g/Reel.htm">the original</a> on 27 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Jigs+and+Wigs%3A+The+Extreme+World+of+Irish+Dancing+-+the+comedy+that+wasn%27t%3A+review&rft.date=2016-02-21&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftv%2F2016%2F02%2F19%2Fjigs-and-wigs-the-extreme-world-of-irish-dancing---the-comedy-th%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2001" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, Helen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d3zVxD6db50C"><i>The Story of Irish Dance</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589790032" title="Special:BookSources/9781589790032"><bdi>9781589790032</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Irish+Dance&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781589790032&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd3zVxD6db50C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Churchill, Sarah (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2996511"><i>A Challenge to Tradition: Examining the Role of Costume in Contemporary Irish Step Dance</i></a> (Masters thesis). University of Dublin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Challenge+to+Tradition%3A+Examining+the+Role+of+Costume+in+Contemporary+Irish+Step+Dance&rft.degree=Masters&rft.inst=University+of+Dublin&rft.date=2008-11&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2996511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullinane1994" class="citation book cs1">Cullinane, John P. (1994). <i>Irish dancing costumes: their origins and evolution</i>. Cork City, Ireland: J.P. Cullinane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0952795205" title="Special:BookSources/0952795205"><bdi>0952795205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+dancing+costumes%3A+their+origins+and+evolution&rft.place=Cork+City%2C+Ireland&rft.pub=J.P.+Cullinane&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0952795205&rft.aulast=Cullinane&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2012" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Renée Crichter (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revivalofbannedd0000lyon"><i>The revival of banned dances : a worldwide study</i></a></span>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786465941" title="Special:BookSources/9780786465941"><bdi>9780786465941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+revival+of+banned+dances+%3A+a+worldwide+study&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780786465941&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9e+Crichter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevivalofbannedd0000lyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2008" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Frank (2008). <i>Competitive Irish dance : art, sport, duty</i>. Madison, WI: Macater Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780981492421" title="Special:BookSources/9780981492421"><bdi>9780981492421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Competitive+Irish+dance+%3A+art%2C+sport%2C+duty&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=Macater+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780981492421&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1995" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Moe (1995). "Dance and the Politics of Orality: A Study of the Irish "Scoil Rince"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Dance Research Journal</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 25–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1478428">10.2307/1478428</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1478428">1478428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dance+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Dance+and+the+Politics+of+Orality%3A+A+Study+of+the+Irish+%22Scoil+Rince%22&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-39&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1478428&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1478428%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Moe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenable2001" class="citation book cs1">Venable, Elizabeth (October 2001). "Inventing Tradition: The Global Development of Irish Dance". In LaPointe-Crump, Janice (ed.). <i>Cord 2001: Transmigratory Moves, Dance in Global Circulation: Conference Proceedings</i>. New York: Congress on Research in Dance. pp. 281–289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inventing+Tradition%3A+The+Global+Development+of+Irish+Dance&rft.btitle=Cord+2001%3A+Transmigratory+Moves%2C+Dance+in+Global+Circulation%3A+Conference+Proceedings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=281-289&rft.pub=Congress+on+Research+in+Dance&rft.date=2001-10&rft.aulast=Venable&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelan2000" class="citation book cs1">Whelan, Frank (2000). <i>The Complete Guide to Irish Dance</i>. Belfast: Appletree. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0862818052" title="Special:BookSources/0862818052"><bdi>0862818052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+Irish+Dance&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Appletree&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0862818052&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+stepdance" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_stepdance&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irelandseye.com/dance.html">The History of Irish Dance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishdancinginsydney.com">Beginners Guide to Irish Dancing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histclo.com/act/dance/danceir.html">Website about male Irish Step Dancing costumes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folklife.si.edu/magazine/women-irish-dance-costume-evolution">History of female Irish dance dress costumes</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Irish_dance" title="Festival Irish dance">Festival dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceili_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceili dance">Ceili dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish set dance">Set dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkafadda" title="Rinkafadda">Rinnce Fada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sub></span></span></span></span> and <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reel_(dance)" title="Reel (dance)">Reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornpipe" title="Hornpipe">Hornpipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>6</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Single and double jig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treble_jig" title="Treble jig">Treble jig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haste_to_the_Wedding_(jig)" title="Haste to the Wedding (jig)">Haste to the Wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>9</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slip_jig" title="Slip jig">Slip jig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>12</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slide_(tune_type)" title="Slide (tune type)">Slide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed time</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Galway_Set" title="South Galway Set">South Galway Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Lancers_Set" title="Clare Lancers Set">Clare Lancers Set</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Coimisi%C3%BAn_Le_Rinc%C3%AD_Gaelacha" title="An Coimisiún Le Rincí Gaelacha">An Coimisiún Le Rincí Gaelacha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Comhdh%C3%A1il_na_M%C3%BAinteoir%C3%AD_le_Rinc%C3%AD_Gaelacha" class="mw-redirect" title="An Comhdháil na Múinteoirí le Rincí Gaelacha">An Comhdháil na Múinteoirí le Rincí Gaelacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Irish_Dance_Association" title="World Irish Dance Association">World Irish Dance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhaltas_Ceolt%C3%B3ir%C3%AD_%C3%89ireann" title="Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann">Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossroads_dance" title="Crossroads dance">Crossroads dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feis" title="Feis">Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_(Irish_dance)" title="Oireachtas (Irish dance)">Oireachtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_Rince_na_Cruinne" title="Oireachtas Rince na Cruinne">Oireachtas Rince na Cruinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shows and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Riverdance" title="Riverdance">Riverdance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Dance_(musical)" title="Lord of the Dance (musical)">Lord of the Dance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_on_Dangerous_Ground" title="Dancing on Dangerous Ground">Dancing on Dangerous Ground</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feet_of_Flames" title="Feet of Flames">Feet of Flames</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Keltic_Dreams" title="The Keltic Dreams">The Keltic Dreams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional dancers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cara_Butler" title="Cara Butler">Cara Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Butler" title="Jean Butler">Jean Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiana_Coudray" title="Tiana Coudray">Tiana Coudray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Crouch" title="Dean Crouch">Dean Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Doyle" title="Joanne Doyle">Joanne Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Dunne" title="Colin Dunne">Colin Dunne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flatley" title="Michael Flatley">Michael Flatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Flynn" title="Bernadette Flynn">Bernadette Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Furey" title="Dan Furey">Dan Furey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breand%C3%A1n_de_Galla%C3%AD" title="Breandán de Gallaí">Breandán de Gallaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Killoughery" title="Graham Killoughery">Graham Killoughery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Lundon" title="Tony Lundon">Tony Lundon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCormack_(dancer)" title="Kevin McCormack (dancer)">Kevin McCormack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3is%C3%ADn_Mullins" title="Róisín Mullins">Róisín Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daire_Nolan" title="Daire Nolan">Daire Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Norris" title="Gillian Norris">Gillian Norris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Dance_Halls_Act_1935" title="Public Dance Halls Act 1935">Public Dance Halls Act 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillies_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghillies (dance)">Soft shoes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Hard_shoes">Hard shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_(film)" title="Jig (film)"><i>Jig</i> (2011 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dance" title="Template:Dance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dance" title="Template talk:Dance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_dance_articles" title="Index of dance articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_dance" title="Outline of dance">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dances" title="List of dances">List of dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dancers" title="List of dancers">List of dancers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solo_dance" title="Solo dance">Solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner_dance" title="Partner dance">Partner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Close_embrace" title="Close embrace">close embrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_position" title="Closed position">closed position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_position" title="Open position">open position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_dance" title="Slow dance">slow dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra_dance" title="Contra dance">contra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_dance" title="Line dance">line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_dance" title="Round dance">round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_dance" title="Square dance">square</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_dance" title="Social dance">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dance" title="Ceremonial dance">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_dance" title="Competitive dance">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_dance" title="Concert dance">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstatic_dance" title="Ecstatic dance">Ecstatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_dance" title="Erotic dance">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_go_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Go go dance">Go go dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_(dance)" title="Grinding (dance)">Grinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoochie_coochie" title="Hoochie coochie">Hoochie coochie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_dance" title="Lap dance">Lap dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Burlesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Burlesque">Neo-Burlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_dance" title="Pole dance">Pole dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striptease" title="Striptease">Striptease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_dance" title="Table dance">Table dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twerking" title="Twerking">Twerking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_and_fad_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelty and fad dances">Novelty and fad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_dance" title="Sacred dance">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_dance" title="Street dance">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_dance" title="War dance">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_styles" title="List of dance styles">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acro_dance" title="Acro dance">Acro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballroom_dance" title="Ballroom dance">Ballroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_dance" title="Formation dance">formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_(funk_dance)" title="Boogaloo (funk dance)">Boogaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">Breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_dance" title="Contemporary dance">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country%E2%80%93western_dance" title="Country–western dance">Country–western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop dance">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_dance" title="Historical dance">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_dance" title="Jazz dance">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_dance" title="Latin dance">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_dance" title="Lyrical dance">Lyrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_dance" title="Postmodern dance">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">Swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_dance" title="Tap dance">Tap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-step_(dance_move)" title="Two-step (dance move)">Two-step</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_technique" title="Category:Dance technique">Technique</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_technique" title="Ballet technique">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choreography_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choreography (dance)">Choreography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connection_(dance)" title="Connection (dance)">Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_theory" title="Dance theory">Dance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_technique" title="Graham technique">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_and_follow" title="Lead and follow">Lead and follow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_move" title="Dance move">Moves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dance_moves" title="Glossary of dance moves">glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicality" title="Musicality">Musicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_technique" title="Pointe technique">Pointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_dance" title="Pole dance">Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_dance" title="Sequence dance">Sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotting_(dance_technique)" title="Spotting (dance technique)">Spotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnout_(ballet)" title="Turnout (ballet)">Turnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_(dance_and_gymnastics)" title="Turn (dance and gymnastics)">Turns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic,_regional,_and_folk_dances_by_origin" title="List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances by origin">Regional</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_dances" title="List of national dances">national<br />dances</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_dance" title="African dance">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_dances" title="List of Albanian dances">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_folk_dances" title="Arab folk dances">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_folk_dance" title="Austrian folk dance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_traditional_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian traditional dance">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian dances">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_dance" title="Burmese dance">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cambodia" title="Dance in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cameroon" title="Dance in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Canada" title="Dance in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian dances">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_from_Cuba" title="Dance from Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_folk_dance" title="Danish folk dance">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_chain_dance" title="Faroese chain dance">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dance">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" title="Dance in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia" title="Dance in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Dances in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_folk_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli folk dancing">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_dance" title="Italian folk dance">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_traditional_dance" title="Japanese traditional dance">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati" title="Dance in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dance" title="Korean dance">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Malaysia" title="Dance in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk dance of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Nepal" title="Dance in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_folk_dance" title="Dutch folk dance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian dances">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine dance">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_dances" title="Polish folk dances">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance" title="Pontic Greek folk dance">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dance" title="Romani dance">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_folk_dance" title="Russian folk dance">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dances" title="Serbian dances">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Singapore" title="Dance in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Dance in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish dance">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Uzbekistan" title="Dance in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Venezuela" title="Dance in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Vietnamese dance">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Dance of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Zimbabwe" title="Dance in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance" title="Category:Dance">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physically_integrated_dance" title="Physically integrated dance">Dance and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_and_health" title="Dance and health">Dance and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_awards" title="List of dance awards">Dance awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_costume" title="Dance costume">Dance costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_etiquette" title="Dance etiquette">Dance etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_notation" title="Dance notation">Dance notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_mythology_and_religion" title="Dance in mythology and religion">Dance in mythology and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_occupations" title="List of dance occupations">Dance occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_on_television" title="Dance on television">Dance on television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_research" title="Dance research">Dance research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_science" title="Dance science">Dance science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_technology" title="Dance technology">Dance technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_troupe" title="Dance troupe">Dance troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_mania" title="Dancing mania">Dancing mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_dance" title="History of dance">History of dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Women in dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_people" title="Yola people">Yola</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this 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title="Nigerians in Ireland">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_people_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian people in Ireland">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_4" title="Stamp 4">Stamp 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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