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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Huvudmeny</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigering </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Huvudsida" title="Besök huvudsidan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Huvudsida</span></a></li><li id="n-Introduktion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion"><span>Introduktion</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deltagarportalen" title="Om projektet, vad du kan göra, var man kan hitta saker"><span>Deltagarportalen</span></a></li><li id="n-Bybrunnen" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bybrunnen"><span>Bybrunnen</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_%C3%A4ndringar" title="Lista över de senaste ändringarna på wikin [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Senaste ändringarna</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Slumpsida" title="Gå till en slumpmässigt vald sida [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Slumpartikel</span></a></li><li id="n-filuppladdning" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Ladda upp filer till Wikimedia Commons"><span>Ladda upp filer</span></a></li><li id="n-Kontakta-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt"><span>Kontakta Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hj%C3%A4lp" title="Platsen där du hittar hjälp"><span>Hjälp</span></a></li> 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</form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personliga verktyg"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Ändra utseendet på sidans teckenstorlek, bredd och färg" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utseende" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utseende</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv" class=""><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Urgermanska" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt" class=""><span>Skapa konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Urgermanska" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logga in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fler alternativ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personliga verktyg" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personliga verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Användarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv"><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Urgermanska" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skapa konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Urgermanska" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Yttre_språkhistoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yttre_språkhistoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Yttre språkhistoria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yttre_språkhistoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fonologi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fonologi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Fonologi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fonologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Konsonanter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsonanter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Konsonanter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsonanter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vokaler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vokaler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vokaler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vokaler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morfologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morfologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morfologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morfologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordförråd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordförråd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ordförråd</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ordförråd-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Ordförråd</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ordförråd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keltiska_lån" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keltiska_lån"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Keltiska lån</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keltiska_lån-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latinska_lån" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latinska_lån"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Latinska lån</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latinska_lån-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Webbkällor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Webbkällor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Webbkällor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Webbkällor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tryckta_källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tryckta_källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Tryckta källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tryckta_källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vidare_läsning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidare_läsning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vidare läsning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vidare_läsning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Urgermanska</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 47 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanische_Ursprache" title="Germanische Ursprache – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Germanische Ursprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الجرمانية البدائية – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الجرمانية البدائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_protoxerm%C3%A1nicu" title="Idioma protoxermánicu – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma protoxermánicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-German_dili" title="Proto-German dili – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proto-German dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Прагерманская мова – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прагерманская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Протогермански език – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протогермански език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentgermaneg" title="Kentgermaneg – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kentgermaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protogerm%C3%A0nic" title="Protogermànic – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protogermànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragerm%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Pragermánština – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pragermánština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgermansk" title="Urgermansk – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Urgermansk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgermanische_Sprache" title="Urgermanische Sprache – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urgermanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaani_algkeel" title="Germaani algkeel – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Germaani algkeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Proto-Germanic language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_protogerm%C3%A1nico" title="Idioma protogermánico – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma protogermánico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C4%9Dermana_lingvo" title="Praĝermana lingvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Praĝermana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitzingermaniko" title="Aitzingermaniko – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aitzingermaniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان نیاژرمنی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان نیاژرمنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-germanique" title="Proto-germanique – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proto-germanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germaansk" title="Proto-Germaansk – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Proto-Germaansk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_protoxerm%C3%A1nica" title="Lingua protoxermánica – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua protoxermánica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – gotiska" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EC%A1%B0%EC%96%B4" title="게르만조어 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게르만조어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Proto-Jermanik" title="Bahasa Proto-Jermanik – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Proto-Jermanik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumgermanska" title="Frumgermanska – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumgermanska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_proto-germanica" title="Lingua proto-germanica – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua proto-germanica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Protogermanica" title="Lingua Protogermanica – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Protogermanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%C5%B3_prokalb%C4%97" title="Germanų prokalbė – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Germanų prokalbė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protogermanica" title="Protogermanica – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Protogermanica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanich" title="Proto-Germanich – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Proto-Germanich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oergermaans" title="Oergermaans – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oergermaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oergermaans" title="Oergermaans – lågsaxiska" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oergermaans" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="lågsaxiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E7%A5%96%E8%AA%9E" title="ゲルマン祖語 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルマン祖語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgermansk" title="Urgermansk – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urgermansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgermansk" title="Urgermansk – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Urgermansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_pragerma%C5%84ski" title="Język pragermański – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język pragermański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_protogerm%C3%A2nica" title="Língua protogermânica – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua protogermânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_protogermanic%C4%83" title="Limba protogermanică – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba protogermanică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Прагерманский язык – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прагерманский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_proto-gjermanike" title="Gjuha proto-gjermanike – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha proto-gjermanike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragerman%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Pragermanščina – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pragermanščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaaninen_kantakieli" title="Germaaninen kantakieli – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Germaaninen kantakieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto_Cermen_dili" title="Proto Cermen dili – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Proto Cermen dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Прагерманська мова – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прагерманська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AE_v%C3%AE_t%C3%AExhon" title="Vî vî tîxhon – vallonska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vî vî tîxhon" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="原始日耳曼語言 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原始日耳曼語言" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oergermaons" title="Oergermaons – zeeländska" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Oergermaons" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zeeländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="原始日耳曼語 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原始日耳曼語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r53696904">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; font-size:130%;background:#c9ffd9;">Urgermanska</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Region</th><td class="" style="">Norra Europa</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Status</th><td class="" style="">Rekonstruerat urspråk</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Språkfamilj</th><td class="" style=""><b>Urgermanska</b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#c9ffd9;">Språkkoder</th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>‐2</th><td class="" style=""><kbd><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=156">gem</a></span></kbd></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>‐3</th><td class="" style="">–</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Pre-roman_iron_age_(map).PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG/250px-Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG/375px-Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG/500px-Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Rekonstruerad utbredning av urgermanskan 500 f.Kr. baserad på arkeologiska indikationer på kulturella likheter inom <a href="/wiki/Nordisk_brons%C3%A5lderskultur" title="Nordisk bronsålderskultur">Nordisk bronsålderskultur</a> (rött) och <a href="/wiki/Jastorfkulturen" title="Jastorfkulturen">Jastorfkulturen</a> (magenta).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Urgermanska</b> är ett rekonstruerat språk sammansatt utifrån de <a href="/wiki/Germanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Germanska språk">germanska språkens</a> äldsta skriftligt belagda former. Det anses av språkhistoriker ha varit den <a href="/wiki/Urspr%C3%A5k" title="Urspråk">gemensamma basen</a> och utgångspunkten för dessa språks utveckling. De germanska språkens äldsta belägg är från de första århundradena e.Kr., då de redan var olika varandra. Splittringen av det urgermanska språket i dialekter som ledde till dessa språk måste därför ha ägt rum hundratals år före vår tideräknings början. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yttre_språkhistoria"><span id="Yttre_spr.C3.A5khistoria"></span>Yttre språkhistoria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Yttre språkhistoria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Yttre språkhistoria"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urgermanskan uppvisar betydande skillnader jämfört med andra <a href="/wiki/Indoeuropeiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoeuropeiska språk">indoeuropeiska språk</a>. Den mest välkända är den ljudskridning som beskrivs av <a href="/wiki/Grimms_lag" title="Grimms lag">Grimms lag</a> och <a href="/wiki/Verners_lag" title="Verners lag">Verners lag</a> (de flesta forskare anser att de båda lagarna utgör successiva steg i samma utveckling), formulerade av <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> 1822 respektive <a href="/wiki/Karl_Verner" title="Karl Verner">Karl Verner</a> 1876. Ljudskridningen innebär grovt talat att urindoeuropeiska <a href="/wiki/Klusil" title="Klusil">klusiler</a> "mjukas upp" till urgermanska <a href="/wiki/Frikativa" title="Frikativa">frikativor</a>. </p><p>Det är osäkert var språket hade sitt ursprung. Arkeologin antyder att runt 750 f.Kr. fanns en någorlunda enhetlig germansktalande befolkning i södra Skandinavien och längs Nordsjö- och södra Östersjökusten från nuvarande Nederländerna till floden <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82a" title="Wisła">Weichsel</a>. Denna enhetlighet hade runt 250 f.Kr. splittrats i fem huvudgrupper: nordgermanska (<a href="/wiki/Urnordiska" title="Urnordiska">urnordiska</a>) i Skandinavien utom Jylland, nordsjögermanska längs <a href="/wiki/Nordsj%C3%B6n" title="Nordsjön">Nordsjön</a> inklusive <a href="/wiki/Jylland" title="Jylland">Jylland</a>, Elbe-germanska runt <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhen" title="Rhen">Rhen</a>-<a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a>-germanska runt dessa floder samt östgermanska mellan floderna <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> och Weichsel. </p><p>Den större dialektala mångfalden i söder antyder att utvecklingen av urgermanskan haft sin tyngdpunkt där, men även södra Sverige har föreslagits med argumentet att där vad man vet saknas förgermanska ortnamn. Man bör notera att eftersom hela det urgermanska området binds samman av en enhetlig vattenmassa är det mycket möjligt att språket utvecklats parallellt genom handel, äktenskap och andra kontakter, vilket onödiggör en snävt avgränsad språklig "vagga". </p><p>Beträffande tidpunkten är meningarna mer delade. En del forskare, som <a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Colin Renfrew</a>, menar att samtliga <a href="/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum">neolitiska</a> kulturer i <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> var <a href="/wiki/Indoeuropeiska" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoeuropeiska">indoeuropeiska</a>. Det är i så fall troligt att urgermanskan redan under <a href="/wiki/Senneolitikum" title="Senneolitikum">senneolitikum</a> cirka <a href="/wiki/2000_f.Kr." class="mw-redirect" title="2000 f.Kr.">2000 f.Kr.</a> utvecklas ur de språk som hade förts till Skandinavien av <a href="/wiki/Trattb%C3%A4garkulturen" title="Trattbägarkulturen">trattbägarkulturen</a> och <a href="/wiki/Stridsyxekulturen" title="Stridsyxekulturen">stridsyxekulturen</a>. Enligt <a href="/wiki/Kurganhypotesen" title="Kurganhypotesen">kurganhypotesen</a> är istället <a href="/wiki/Stridsyxekulturen" title="Stridsyxekulturen">stridsyxekulturen</a> den första vågen av <a href="/wiki/Indoeuropeiska" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoeuropeiska">indoeuropeiska</a> folk och urgermanskan utvecklas som en syntes främst mellan <a href="/wiki/Stridsyxekulturen" title="Stridsyxekulturen">stridsyxekulturen</a> och en andra våg indoeuropeer, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6ggravskulturen" title="Höggravskulturen">höggravskulturen</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Brons%C3%A5ldern" title="Bronsåldern">bronsålderns</a> kulturutbyte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonologi">Fonologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Fonologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Fonologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konsonanter">Konsonanter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Konsonanter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Konsonanter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Konsonanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonanter">Konsonanter</a> utom <a href="/wiki/Halvvokal" title="Halvvokal">halvvokaler</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial">bilabialer</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental">dentaler</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar">alveolarer</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velarer" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarer">velarer</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labiovelar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labiovelar [inte skriven än]">labiovelarer</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%B6s" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonlös">tonlösa</a> <a href="/wiki/Klusiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Klusiler">klusiler</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">p</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">t</span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">k</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">kʷ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tonande" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonande">tonande</a> <a href="/wiki/Obstruenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruenter">obstruenter</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">b</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">d</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">z</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">g</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">gʷ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>tonlösa <a href="/wiki/Frikativor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frikativor">frikativor</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">f</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">þ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">s</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">h</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">hʷ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasaler">nasaler</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">m</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">n</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Likvida" title="Likvida">likvidor</a> </th> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">l</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">r</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vokaler">Vokaler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Vokaler" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Vokaler"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Vokaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Vokaler">Vokaler</a> och halvvokaler<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Främre </th> <th>Centrala </th> <th>Bakre </th></tr> <tr> <th>Icke <a href="/wiki/Stavelse" title="Stavelse">stavelsebildande</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">j</span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">w</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Korta </th> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">i, e</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">a</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">u</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Långa </th> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">ī, ē</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">ā</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">ū, ō</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Överlånga </th> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">e̿</span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="Unicode">o̿</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Diftong" title="Diftong">Diftonger</a> </th> <td align="center" colspan="3"><span class="Unicode">ai, au, eu</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morfologi">Morfologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Morfologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Morfologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urgermanska hade en rik <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6jning_(grammatik)" title="Böjning (grammatik)">böjning</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ordklass" title="Ordklass">ordklasserna</a> <a href="/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv">substantiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjektiv" title="Adjektiv">adjektiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronomina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronomina">pronomina</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4kneord" title="Räkneord">räkneord</a> och <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WPL3.A.2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPL3.A.2-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Substantiv och adjektiv böjdes i de <a href="/wiki/Grammatisk_kategori" title="Grammatisk kategori">grammatiska kategorierna</a> <a href="/wiki/Kasus" title="Kasus">kasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genus_(spr%C3%A5kvetenskap)" title="Genus (språkvetenskap)">genus</a> och <a href="/wiki/Numerus" title="Numerus">numerus</a>, och adjektiv <a href="/wiki/Komparation" title="Komparation">komparerades</a> dessutom; pronomina böjdes i kasus, och med defekta paradigm i numerus genus och person; <a href="/wiki/Grundtal" title="Grundtal">Grundtal</a> hade defekta paradigm i kasus och genus; ordningstal böjdes som adjektiv.<sup id="cite_ref-WPL3.A.2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPL3.A.2-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Böjningen påverkades betydligt av att ett flertal olika <a href="/wiki/Ordstammar_i_germanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Ordstammar i germanska språk">ordstammar</a> fanns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ordförråd"><span id="Ordf.C3.B6rr.C3.A5d"></span>Ordförråd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Ordförråd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Ordförråd"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det urgermanska ordförrådet kom huvudsakligen från <a href="/wiki/Urindoeuropeiska" title="Urindoeuropeiska">urindoeuropeiska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keltiska_lån"><span id="Keltiska_l.C3.A5n"></span>Keltiska lån</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Keltiska lån" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Keltiska lån"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Celts_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png/250px-Celts_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png/375px-Celts_in_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Utbredning av keltisk kultur i historien: <br /> <div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"><span style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 2px 1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:#ffff43; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hallstattkulturen" title="Hallstattkulturen">Hallstattkulturens</a> kärnområde, 500-talet f.Kr. </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"><span style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 2px 1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:#97ffb6; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> </td> <td>Största keltiska utbredningen, 300-talet f.Kr. </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"><span style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 2px 1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:#b7ffc6; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lusitanien" title="Lusitanien">Lusitanien</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"><span style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 2px 1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:#27c600; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/De_keltiska_nationerna" title="De keltiska nationerna">De keltiska nationerna</a></i> där keltiska språk talades fram till 1700-talet </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"><span style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 2px 1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:#1a8000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> </td> <td>Områden där keltiska språk talas idag </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Keltiska <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5nord" title="Lånord">lånord</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Urgermanska </th> <th>Glossa </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kognat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kognat">Släktord</a> </th> <th>Anmärkningar </th> <th>Källhänvisning </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>*ambahtaz</i> </td> <td>'tjänare' </td> <td><i>ämbete</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringe_2006,_s._296-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>*brunjōn-</i> </td> <td>'brynja' </td> <td><i>brynja</i> </td> <td>Det nusvenska ordet är indirekt besläktat, eftersom det är <i>upptaget från fornspr[åken]</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._105_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellqvist_1980,_s._105-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringe_2006,_s._296-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>*gīslaz</i> </td> <td>'gisslan' </td> <td><i>gisslan</i><sup id="cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._105_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellqvist_1980,_s._105-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringe_2006,_s._296-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>*īsarną</i> </td> <td>'järn' </td> <td><i>järn</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringe_2006,_s._296-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>*lēkijaz</i> </td> <td>'läkare' </td> <td><i>läkare</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringe_2006,_s._296-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>*rīk-</i> </td> <td>'konung' </td> <td><i>rik</i> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringe_2006,_s._296-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>*Rīnaz</i> </td> <td>'Rhen' </td> <td><i>Rhen</i> </td> <td>Det svenska ordet är ett lån från tyska <i>Rhein</i>, som är en av de namnformer den urgermanska formen har rekonstruerats efter <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringe_2006,_s._296-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>*walhaz</i> </td> <td>'utlänning' </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4lsk" title="Välsk">välsk</a></i> </td> <td>Det svenska ordet är ett lån, <i>dels från [medellågtyska], o[ch] (i historisk stil) från fornspr[åken]</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och därför endast indirekt besläktat. </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringe_2006,_s._296-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latinska_lån"><span id="Latinska_l.C3.A5n"></span>Latinska lån</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Latinska lån" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Latinska lån"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Latinska <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5nord" title="Lånord">lånord</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Urgermanska </th> <th>Glossa </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kognat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kognat">Släktord</a> </th> <th>Anmärkningar </th> <th>Källhänvisning </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>*katilaz</i> </td> <td>'gryta' </td> <td><i>kittel</i><sup id="cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._460_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellqvist_1980,_s._460-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Förmodligen ett lån från latinets <i>catīnus</i> 'vattenkittel' eller (mindre sannolikt) från <a href="/wiki/Diminutiv" title="Diminutiv">diminutivformen</a> <i>catillus</i> av samma ord.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._460_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellqvist_1980,_s._460-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringe_2006,_s._296-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>*kaup-</i> </td> <td>'handel' </td> <td><i>köpa</i><sup id="cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._551_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellqvist_1980,_s._551-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Förmodligen ett lån från latinets <i>caupo</i> 'handlande' särskilt med vin.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._551_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellqvist_1980,_s._551-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringe_2006,_s._296-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>*pundą</i> </td> <td>'skålpund' </td> <td><i>pund</i><sup id="cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._796_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellqvist_1980,_s._796-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Det urgermanska ordet är ett lån av latinets <i>pondō</i>, en <a href="/wiki/Ablativ" title="Ablativ">ablativform</a> av <i>pondus</i> eller <i>*pondum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._796_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellqvist_1980,_s._796-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringe_2006,_s._296-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germaner" title="Germaner">Germaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urindoeuropeiska" title="Urindoeuropeiska">Urindoeuropeiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urindoeurop%C3%A9er" title="Urindoeuropéer">Urindoeuropéer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Ringe (2006), s. 214-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Ringe (2006), s. 214. Om ē se också <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Fausto Cercignani</a>, <i>Indo-European ē in Germanic</i>, i <i>Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung</i>, 86/1, 1972, s. 104-110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPL3.A.2-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-WPL3.A.2_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPL3.A.2_3-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Winfred P. Lehmann, <i>A Grammar of Proto‑Germanic</i>. Avsnitt 3.A.2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc/resources/books-online/grammar-of-proto-germanic/3.-inflection.php">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501084027/https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc/resources/books-online/grammar-of-proto-germanic/3.-inflection.php">Arkiverad</a> 1 maj 2019 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Janson (2013), s. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Hellqvist (1980), s. 1436</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ringe_2006,_s._296-6">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-4"><small>e</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-5"><small>f</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-6"><small>g</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-7"><small>h</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-8"><small>i</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-9"><small>j</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ringe_2006,_s._296_6-10"><small>k</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Ringe (2006), s. 296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellqvist_1980,_s._105-7">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._105_7-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._105_7-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Hellqvist (1980), s. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_ordbok" title="Svenska Akademiens ordbok">Svenska Akademiens ordbok</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saob.se/artikel/?seek=j%C3%A4rn&pz=1#U_J259_147645">JÄRN (1934)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Hellqvist (1980), s. 606</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Hellqvist (1980), s. 833</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Hellqvist (1980), s. 1388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellqvist_1980,_s._460-12">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._460_12-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._460_12-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Hellqvist (1980), s. 460</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellqvist_1980,_s._551-13">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._551_13-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._551_13-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Hellqvist (1980), s. 551</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellqvist_1980,_s._796-14">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._796_14-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellqvist_1980,_s._796_14-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Hellqvist (1980), s. 796</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Webbkällor"><span id="Webbk.C3.A4llor"></span>Webbkällor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Webbkällor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Webbkällor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/231026/Germanic-languages">”Encyclopedia Brittanica 2009”</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/231026/Germanic-languages">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/231026/Germanic-languages</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 31 augusti 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Brittanica+2009&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F231026%2FGermanic-languages&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urgermanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFLehmann,_Winfred_P">Lehmann, Winfred P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501084027/https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc/resources/books-online/grammar-of-proto-germanic/3.-inflection.php">”A Grammar of Proto-Germanic”</a>. Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas at Austin. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc/resources/books-online/grammar-of-proto-germanic/3.-inflection.php">originalet</a> den 1 maj 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501084027/https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc/resources/books-online/grammar-of-proto-germanic/3.-inflection.php">https://web.archive.org/web/20190501084027/https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc/resources/books-online/grammar-of-proto-germanic/3.-inflection.php</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 16 juni 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Proto-Germanic&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lehmann%2C+Winfred+P&rft.au=Lehmann%2C+Winfred+P&rft.pub=Linguistics+Research+Center%2C+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190501084027%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fliberalarts.utexas.edu%2Flrc%2Fresources%2Fbooks-online%2Fgrammar-of-proto-germanic%2F3.-inflection.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urgermanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob">”</a><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_ordbok" title="Svenska Akademiens ordbok">Svenska Akademiens ordbok</a>”. Svenska Akademien<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob">http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 10 november 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%5B%5BSvenska+Akademiens+ordbok%5D%5D&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Svenska+Akademien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fg3.spraakdata.gu.se%2Fsaob&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urgermanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFHellquist,_Elof">Hellquist, Elof. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/svetym/">”Svensk etymologisk ordbok. Första upplagan”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://runeberg.org/svetym/">https://runeberg.org/svetym/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Svensk+etymologisk+ordbok.+F%C3%B6rsta+upplagan&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hellquist%2C+Elof&rft.au=Hellquist%2C+Elof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fsvetym%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urgermanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tryckta_källor"><span id="Tryckta_k.C3.A4llor"></span>Tryckta källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tryckta källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&action=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tryckta källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHellquist,_Elof1980">Hellquist, Elof (1980). <i><span>Svensk etymologisk ordbok</span></i> (3:e uppl.). Lund. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-40-01978-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-40-01978-0">ISBN 91-40-01978-0</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svensk+etymologisk+ordbok&rft.aulast=Hellquist%2C+Elof&rft.au=Hellquist%2C+Elof&rft.date=1980&rft.edition=3%3Ae+uppl.&rft.place=Lund&rft.isbn=91-40-01978-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urgermanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFJanson2013">Janson, Tore (2013). <i><span>Germanerna: myten, historien, språken</span></i>. Stockholm: Norstedt. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/14008397">14008397</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9789113032863" title="Special:Bokkällor/9789113032863">ISBN 9789113032863</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germanerna%3A+myten%2C+historien%2C+spr%C3%A5ken&rft.aulast=Janson&rft.aufirst=Tore&rft.au=Janson%2C+Tore&rft.date=2013&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Norstedt&rft.isbn=9789113032863&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urgermanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFRinge,_Don2006">Ringe, Don (2006). <i><span>From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic</span></i>. Oxford. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-19-955229-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-19-955229-0">ISBN 978-0-19-955229-0</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Proto-Indo-European+to+Proto-Germanic&rft.aulast=Ringe%2C+Don&rft.au=Ringe%2C+Don&rft.date=2006&rft.place=Oxford&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955229-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urgermanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vidare_läsning"><span id="Vidare_l.C3.A4sning"></span>Vidare läsning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Vidare läsning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&action=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Vidare läsning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFFalk,_Hjalmar_&_Torp,_Alf1909">Falk, Hjalmar & Torp, Alf (1909). <i><span>Wortschatz der germanischen Spracheinheit</span></i> (5:e uppl. 1979). Göttingen. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/3-525-26405-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/3-525-26405-4">ISBN 3-525-26405-4</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wortschatz+der+germanischen+Spracheinheit&rft.aulast=Falk%2C+Hjalmar+%26+Torp%2C+Alf&rft.au=Falk%2C+Hjalmar+%26+Torp%2C+Alf&rft.date=1909&rft.edition=5%3Ae+uppl.+1979&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.isbn=3-525-26405-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urgermanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHeidermanns,_Frank1993">Heidermanns, Frank (1993). <i><span>Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive</span></i>. Berlin. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/99-0112330-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/99-0112330-5">ISBN 99-0112330-5</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+der+germanischen+Prim%C3%A4radjektive&rft.aulast=Heidermanns%2C+Frank&rft.au=Heidermanns%2C+Frank&rft.date=1993&rft.place=Berlin&rft.isbn=99-0112330-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urgermanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFOrel,_Vladimir2003">Orel, Vladimir (2003). <i><span>A handbook of Germanic etymology</span></i>. Leiden. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/90-04-12875-1" title="Special:Bokkällor/90-04-12875-1">ISBN 90-04-12875-1</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+Germanic+etymology&rft.aulast=Orel%2C+Vladimir&rft.au=Orel%2C+Vladimir&rft.date=2003&rft.place=Leiden&rft.isbn=90-04-12875-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urgermanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFRinge,_Don2006">Ringe, Don (2006). <i><span>From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic</span></i>. Oxford. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-19-955229-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-19-955229-0">ISBN 978-0-19-955229-0</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Proto-Indo-European+to+Proto-Germanic&rft.aulast=Ringe%2C+Don&rft.au=Ringe%2C+Don&rft.date=2006&rft.place=Oxford&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955229-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urgermanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFSeebold,_Elmar1970">Seebold, Elmar (1970). <i><span>Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben</span></i>. The Hague</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vergleichendes+und+etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+der+germanischen+starken+Verben&rft.aulast=Seebold%2C+Elmar&rft.au=Seebold%2C+Elmar&rft.date=1970&rft.place=The+Hague&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urgermanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&oldid=54236363">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urgermanska&oldid=54236363</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Germanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Kategori:Germanska språk">Germanska språk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Spr%C3%A5k_i_Europa" title="Kategori:Språk i Europa">Språk i Europa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Urspr%C3%A5k" title="Kategori:Urspråk">Urspråk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 16 december 2023 kl. 15.38.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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