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href="#Relationship_between_handlers_and_pigs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relationship between handlers and pigs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_between_handlers_and_pigs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship between handlers and pigs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_between_handlers_and_pigs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negative_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Negative interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Positive interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_sow_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_sow_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impacts on sow breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_sow_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genetic manipulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pigs_for_slaughter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigs_for_slaughter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pigs for slaughter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigs_for_slaughter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pig_parts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pig_parts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pig parts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pig_parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_and_health_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_and_health_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environmental and health impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_and_health_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Occupational hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupational_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geopolitical_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geopolitical_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Geopolitical issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geopolitical_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Drugs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Drugs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Drugs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growth_promoters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_promoters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Growth promoters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_promoters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ractopamine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ractopamine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Ractopamine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ractopamine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colistin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colistin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Colistin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colistin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antibiotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibiotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Antibiotics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibiotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hygiene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hygiene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Hygiene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hygiene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pig farming</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="تربية الخنازير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تربية الخنازير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Свінагадоўля – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Свінагадоўля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Сьвінагадоўля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьвінагадоўля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urigan" title="Urigan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Urigan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweineproduktion" title="Schweineproduktion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schweineproduktion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seakasvatus" title="Seakasvatus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seakasvatus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADa_de_cerdos" title="Cría de cerdos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cría de cerdos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%AE%D9%88%DA%A9" title="پرورش خوک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرورش خوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89levage_porcin" title="Élevage porcin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élevage porcin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%BC%EC%A7%80_%EC%82%AC%EC%9C%A1" title="돼지 사육 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="돼지 사육" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Խոզաբուծություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խոզաբուծություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="सूअर पालन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूअर पालन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svinjogojstvo" title="Svinjogojstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svinjogojstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peternakan_babi" title="Peternakan babi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peternakan babi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suinicoltura" title="Suinicoltura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Suinicoltura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მეღორეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეღორეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%88%D2%9B%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Шошқа шаруашылығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шошқа шаруашылығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%ABkkop%C4%ABba" title="Cūkkopība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cūkkopība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molau_bawi" title="Molau bawi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Molau bawi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Свињарство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Свињарство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF" title="പന്നി കൃഷി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പന്നി കൃഷി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penternakan_babi" title="Penternakan babi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penternakan babi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A4%8A%E8%B1%9A" title="養豚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="養豚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%CA%BBchqachilik" title="Choʻchqachilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Choʻchqachilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A3" title="ਸੂਰ ਪਾਲਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੂਰ ਪਾਲਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suinocultura" title="Suinocultura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suinocultura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Свиноводство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свиноводство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derr%C3%ABtaria" title="Derrëtaria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Derrëtaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%A1i%C4%8Dereja" title="Prašičereja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prašičereja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Raising and breeding of domestic pigs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the town in Ghana, see <a href="/wiki/Pig_Farm_(Ghana)" title="Pig Farm (Ghana)">Pig Farm (Ghana)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JEFO-Pigs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/JEFO-Pigs.jpg/220px-JEFO-Pigs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/JEFO-Pigs.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Large_White_pig" title="Large White pig">Large White</a> piglets on a farm</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suckling_pigs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Suckling_pigs.JPG/220px-Suckling_pigs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Suckling_pigs.JPG/330px-Suckling_pigs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Suckling_pigs.JPG/440px-Suckling_pigs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Large_White_pig" title="Large White pig">Large White</a> sow suckling her piglets</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NMA.0063325_Interi%C3%B6r_fr%C3%A5n_svinhus,_Bj%C3%A4rka-S%C3%A4by,_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NMA.0063325_Interi%C3%B6r_fr%C3%A5n_svinhus%2C_Bj%C3%A4rka-S%C3%A4by%2C_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland.jpg/220px-NMA.0063325_Interi%C3%B6r_fr%C3%A5n_svinhus%2C_Bj%C3%A4rka-S%C3%A4by%2C_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NMA.0063325_Interi%C3%B6r_fr%C3%A5n_svinhus%2C_Bj%C3%A4rka-S%C3%A4by%2C_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland.jpg/330px-NMA.0063325_Interi%C3%B6r_fr%C3%A5n_svinhus%2C_Bj%C3%A4rka-S%C3%A4by%2C_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NMA.0063325_Interi%C3%B6r_fr%C3%A5n_svinhus%2C_Bj%C3%A4rka-S%C3%A4by%2C_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland.jpg/440px-NMA.0063325_Interi%C3%B6r_fr%C3%A5n_svinhus%2C_Bj%C3%A4rka-S%C3%A4by%2C_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2150" /></a><figcaption>Interior of pig farm at <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%A4rka-S%C3%A4by_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjärka-Säby Castle">Bjärka-Säby Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, 1911</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pig farming</b>, <b>pork farming</b>, or <b>hog farming</b> is the raising and breeding of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">domestic pigs</a> as <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, and is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>. Pigs are farmed principally for <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">ham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gammon_(meat)" title="Gammon (meat)">gammon</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Leather#From_other_animals" title="Leather">skins</a>. </p><p>Pigs are amenable to many different styles of farming: <a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">intensive commercial units</a>, commercial <a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">free range</a> enterprises, or extensive farming (being allowed to wander around a village, town or city, or tethered in a simple shelter or kept in a pen outside the owner's house). Historically, farm pigs were kept in small numbers and were closely associated with the residence of the owner, or in the same village or town.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were valued as a source of meat and fat, and for their ability to convert inedible food into meat and manure, and were often fed household <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a> when kept on a homestead.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigs have been farmed to dispose of municipal <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">garbage</a> on a large scale.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All these forms of pig farm are in use today, though <a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">intensive farms</a> are by far the most popular, due to their potential to raise a large amount of pigs in a very cost-efficient manner.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In developed nations, commercial farms house thousands of pigs in climate-controlled buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigs are a popular form of <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, with more than one billion pigs butchered each year worldwide, 100 million in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The majority of pigs are used for human food, but also supply skin, <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">fat</a> and other materials for use in clothing, ingredients for processed foods,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cosmetics,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and medical use.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_trade">Production and trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Production and trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ededed;">Global Pig stock</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background:#ededed;">in 2019</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Number in millions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (Mainland)</th><td class="infobox-data">310.4 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,001,365,047,630,248,000♠" style="display:none"></span>36.5%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (UK not included)</th><td class="infobox-data">143.1 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,001,168,293,543,456,000♠" style="display:none"></span>16.83%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">3. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">78.7 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,925,555,686,228,000♠" style="display:none"></span>9.26%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">4. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40.6 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,477,478,536,987,000♠" style="display:none"></span>4.77%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">5. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23.7 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,278,725,155,828,000♠" style="display:none"></span>2.79%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">6. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21.6 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,254,027,990,121,000♠" style="display:none"></span>2.54%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">7. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19.6 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,230,506,879,924,000♠" style="display:none"></span>2.31%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">8. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18.4 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,216,394,213,807,000♠" style="display:none"></span>2.16%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">9. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14.1 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,165,823,826,885,000♠" style="display:none"></span>1.66%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">10. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12.7 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,149,359,049,747,000♠" style="display:none"></span>1.49%)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">World total</th><td class="infobox-data">850.3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Source: UN <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pigs are farmed in many countries, though the countries mainly consuming them are in Asia, meaning there is a significant international and even intercontinental trade in live and slaughtered pigs. Despite having the world's largest herd, China is a net importer of pigs as China consumes about 50% of global pork production.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total amount of pork consumed in China is 57 million tons (as of 2021) and pork accounted for 60 percent of total meat consumption within the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has been increasing its imports during its economic development; many within China's population of 1.2 billion people prioritize eating pork as their main consumption of meat, unlike other countries where most people would prioritize having <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, since 2007, China possesses a strategic pork reserve with a government mandate to "stabilize live hog prices, prevent excessive hog price drops, which damage the interests of farmers and to ease the negative effects of the cyclical nature of hog production and market prices." In China, the government actively intervened in the pork market during periods of instability by releasing pork reserves into the market whenever hogs get too expensive in China, in order to hold down prices for consumers. Conversely when prices of pork are deemed too low and unsustainable for farmers, the reserve buys up pigs to ensure farmers remain profitable.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest exporters of pigs are the United States, the European Union, and Canada. As an example, more than half of Canadian production (22.8 million pigs) in 2008 was exported, going to 143 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among animals raised for their meat, pigs have a lower <a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">feed conversion ratio</a> than cattle, which can provide an advantage in lower <a href="/wiki/Unit_price" title="Unit price">unit price</a> of meat because the cost of <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">animal feed</a> per kilogram or pound of resultant meat is lower. However, there are also many other economic variables in <a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">meat production and distribution</a>, so the price differential of pork and beef at the point of retail sale does not always correspond closely to the differential in feed conversion ratios. Nonetheless, the favorable ratio often tends to make pork more affordable compared to beef.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_between_handlers_and_pigs">Relationship between handlers and pigs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship between handlers and pigs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The way in which a stockperson interacts with pigs affects animal welfare which in some circumstances can correlate with production measures. Many routine interactions can cause fear, which can result in stress and decreased production. </p><p>There are various methods of handling pigs which can be separated into those which lead to positive or negative reactions by the animals. These reactions are based on how the pigs interpret a handler's behavior. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_interactions">Negative interactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Negative interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many negative interactions with pigs arise from stock-people dealing with large numbers of pigs. Because of this, many handlers can become complacent about <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> and fail to ensure positive interactions with pigs. Negative interactions include overly heavy tactile interactions (slaps, punches, kicks, and bites), the use of <a href="/wiki/Cattle_prod" title="Cattle prod">electric</a> goads and fast movements. It can also include killing them. However, it is not a commonly held view that death is a negative interaction. These interactions can result in fear in the animals, which can develop into stress. Overly heavy tactile interactions from the human handlers can cause increased basal cortisol levels (a "stress" hormone).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negative interactions that cause fear mean the escape reactions of the pigs can be extremely vigorous, thereby risking injury to both stock and handlers. Stress can result in <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppression</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to an increased susceptibility to disease. Studies have shown that these negative handling techniques result in an overall reduction in growth rates of pigs. </p><p>"In Canada the Federal government does not regulate the treatment on farms and most provinces have animal cruelty legislation but they typically contain expectations for general agricultural practices." Due to this lack of legislation, this perpetuates to the cruel treatment of swine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The NFACC codes of practice are developed larger by the industry and are not enforced with third party oversight."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive_interactions">Positive interactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Positive interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various interactions can be considered either positive or neutral. Neutral interactions are considered positive because, in conjunction with positive interactions, they contribute to an overall non-negative relationship between the pig handler and the animal livestock. Pigs are often fearful of fast movements. When entering a pen, it is good practice for the pig handler to enter with slow and deliberate movements. These minimize fear and therefore reduce stress. Pigs are very curious animals. Allowing the pigs to approach and smell whilst patting or resting a hand on the pig's back are examples of positive behavior. Pigs also respond positively to verbal interaction. Minimizing fear of humans allow handlers to perform husbandry practices in a safer and more efficient manner. By reducing stress, stock are made more comfortable to feed when near the pig handlers, resulting in increased productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_sow_breeding">Impacts on sow breeding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impacts on sow breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hogs raised in confinement systems tend to produce 23.5 piglets per year. Between 2013 and 2016, sow death rates nearly doubled in the United States, from 5.8 to 10.2 percent. 25 to 50 percent of deaths were caused by <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_organ_prolapse" title="Pelvic organ prolapse">prolapse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other probable causes of death include vitamin deficiency, <a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">mycotoxins</a> in feed, high density diets or abdominal issues.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>'s Pork Industry Center collects mortality data in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/National_Pork_Board" title="National Pork Board">National Pork Board</a> to collect data from over 400,000 sows from 16 U.S. states. The farms range in size and facility types. Increasing death rates are a profit concern to the industry, so money is invested into research to find solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_manipulation">Genetic manipulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genetic manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pigs were originally bred to rapidly gain weight and backfat in the late 1980s. In a more fat-conscious modern day America, pigs are now being bred to have less back fat and produce more offspring, which pushes the sow's body too far and is deemed one of the causes of the current prolapse epidemic. Researchers and veterinarians are seeking ways to positively impact the health of the hogs and benefit the hog business without taking much from the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Big_Think_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Big_Think-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shoat" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sheep%E2%80%93goat_hybrid" title="Sheep–goat hybrid">Sheep–goat hybrid</a>.</div> <p>Pigs are extensively farmed, and therefore the terminology is well developed: </p> <ul><li><b>Pig</b>, <b>hog</b>, or <b>swine</b>, the species as a whole, or any member of it. The singular of "swine" is the same as the plural.</li> <li><b>Shoat</b> (or shote), <b>piglet</b>, or (where the species is called "hog") <b>pig</b>, unweaned young pig, or any immature pig<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Sucker</b>, a pig between birth and weaning</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Weaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Weaner">Weaner</a></b>, a young pig recently separated from the sow</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Runt" title="Runt">Runt</a></b>, an unusually small and weak piglet, often one in a litter</li> <li><b>Boar</b> or <b>hog</b>, male pig of breeding age</li> <li><b>Barrow</b>, male pig <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castrated</a> before puberty</li> <li><b>Stag</b>, male pig castrated later in life (castrated after maturity)</li> <li><b>Gilt</b>, young female not yet mated, or not yet farrowed, or after only one litter (depending on local usage).<sup id="cite_ref-ucdavis_swineguide_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucdavis_swineguide-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Sow</b>, breeding female, or female after first or second litter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigs_for_slaughter">Pigs for slaughter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pigs for slaughter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NRCSAR83008_-_Arkansas_(279)(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NRCSAR83008_-_Arkansas_%28279%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/220px-NRCSAR83008_-_Arkansas_%28279%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NRCSAR83008_-_Arkansas_%28279%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/330px-NRCSAR83008_-_Arkansas_%28279%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NRCSAR83008_-_Arkansas_%28279%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/440px-NRCSAR83008_-_Arkansas_%28279%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Finishing pigs on a farm</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Suckling_pig" title="Suckling pig">Suckling pig</a></b>, a piglet slaughtered for its tender meat</li> <li><b>Feeder pig</b>, a weaned gilt or barrow weighing between 18 kg (40 lb) and 37 kg (82 lb) at 6 to 8 weeks of age that is sold to be finished for slaughter</li> <li><b>Porker</b>, market pig between 30 kg (66 lb) and about 54 kg (119 lb) dressed weight</li> <li><b>Baconer</b>, a market pig between 65 kg (143 lb) and 80 kg (180 lb) dressed weight. The maximum weight can vary between processors.</li> <li><b>Grower</b>, a pig between weaning and sale or transfer to the breeding herd, sold for slaughter or killed for rations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2008)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b>Finisher</b>, a grower pig over 70 kg (150 lb) liveweight</li> <li><b>Butcher hog</b>, a pig of approximately 100 kg (220 lb), ready for the market. In some markets (Italy) the final weight of butcher pig is in the 180 kg (400 lb) range. They tend to have hind legs suitable to produce cured ham</li> <li><b>Backfatter</b>, cull breeding pig sold for meat; usually refers specifically to a cull sow, but is sometimes used in reference to boars</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groups">Groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Herd</b>, a group of pigs, or all the pigs on a farm or in a region</li> <li><b>Sounder</b>, a small group of pigs (or <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>) foraging in woodland</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pig_parts">Pig parts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pig parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pig%27s_trotters" class="mw-redirect" title="Pig's trotters"><b>Trotters</b></a>, the hooves of pigs (they have four <a href="/wiki/Hoof" title="Hoof">hoofed</a> toes on each foot, walking mainly on the larger central two)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biology">Biology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>In pig</b>, pregnant</li> <li><b>Farrowing</b>, giving birth</li> <li><b>Hogging</b>, a sow when on heat (during <a href="/wiki/Estrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrus">estrus</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pig_farm_Vampula_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pig_farm_Vampula_9.jpg/220px-Pig_farm_Vampula_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pig_farm_Vampula_9.jpg/330px-Pig_farm_Vampula_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pig_farm_Vampula_9.jpg/440px-Pig_farm_Vampula_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Pig farm in <a href="/wiki/Vampula" title="Vampula">Vampula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sty" title="Sty">Sty</a></b>, a small pig-house, usually with an outdoor run or a pig confinement</li> <li><b>Pig-shed</b>, a larger pig-house</li> <li><b>Ark</b>, a low semi circular field-shelter for pigs</li> <li><b>Curtain-barn</b>, a long, open building with curtains on the long sides of the barn. This increases ventilation on hot, humid summer days</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_and_health_impacts">Environmental and health impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Environmental and health impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_pig_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impacts of pig farming">Environmental impacts of pig farming</a></div> <p>Feces and waste often spread to surrounding neighborhoods, polluting air and water with toxic waste particles.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waste from swine on these farms carry a host of pathogens and bacteria as well as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(elements)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (elements)">heavy metals</a>. These toxins can leach down through the soil into groundwater, polluting local drinking water supplies. Pathogens can also become airborne, polluting the air and harming individuals when ingested.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contents from waste have been shown to cause detrimental health implications, as well as harmful algal blooms in surrounding bodies of water.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Concentrated Animal Feed Operations</a> (CAFOs), those who live in the surrounding areas of pig farms tend to experience health complications. Symptoms included headaches, nausea, and weakness due to the fumes that are emitted from these farms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Those who work directly inside these farms often experience these symptoms more intensely. Typically, workers of these farms experience respiratory issues such as wheezing, coughing, and tightness of the chest as well as eye and nasal irritation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in part due to the air quality being poor because of the air particles being contaminated with hog feces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Little to no regulation has been written by the EPA and federal legislators surrounding CAFOs to protect the welfare of both the environment and humans from their impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only permit required by federal law on wastewater runoff by CAFOs is the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. NPDES are authorized under the Clean Water Act and aim to reduce dumping of pollutants in water systems.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, one of the most detrimental waste management practices used at swine farms, manure lagoons, have little to no regulations surrounding waste management, as they are not connected to a moving water source and therefore is not seen as an imminent threat to human or environmental health.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupational_hazards">Occupational hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Occupational hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common occupational hazards faced by pig farmers include but are not limited to exposure to toxic gases and particulate matter.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Occupational Safety and Health Administration or <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> sets health and safety standards for hazardous substances in the workplace called <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limits</a> or PELs.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific PELs exist for toxic gases and particulate matter and these standards are legally enforced by OSHA to ensure that the safety and health of workers are protected.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Toxic Gas and Particulate Matter Exposure</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/220px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/330px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/440px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Toxic gases can accumulate to dangerous levels in pig barns</figcaption></figure> <p>Toxic gases including <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> are produced as a result of the decomposition of pig feces and these gases become highly concentrated in enclosed spaces of pig barns which can be hazardous to health when inhaled.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a> is another commonly associated toxic gas that can accumulate in pig barns as a result of the trapping of combustion byproducts such as malfunctioning furnaces or gas heat sources in the absence of adequate ventilation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrogen sulfide gas has a foul, "rotten eggs" smell at low concentrations but paralyzes the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">olfactory nerve</a> at higher concentrations so that no smell is sensed.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure to high levels, well beyond the OSHA <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a>, of hydrogen sulfide can cause fatal respiratory paralysis.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common source of hydrogen sulfide are covered manure pits below the pig barns that act as feces reservoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These manure pits require regular emptying and during this process, high levels of hydrogen sulfide is released and seeps into pig barns.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pig barns must be void of any human or animal inhabitants during this emptying process and require a several hour "waiting period" until occupants can safely reenter the barn.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ammonia gas has a strong odor that can be smelled at low levels, below the OSA PEL, but does not have any negative health effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At higher levels, ammonia is irritating to the body's <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a> such as the eyes, nose, mouth, throat and lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particulate matter in pig barns often absorbs ammonia as it floats through the air.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These particles are then inhaled and increase the irritating effect of ammonia.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methane and carbon dioxide are combustible gases meaning that they can burn, catch fire or explode easily.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also known as chemical <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiant_gas" title="Asphyxiant gas">asphyxiants</a> and at high levels can cause suffocation by displacing oxygen from the air.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">Particulate matter</a> is produced when small fragments of pig hair or skin, dried feces, or feed can detach and become suspended in the air in pig barns.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increased concentration of particulate matter in the air, especially in confined spaces, can lead to respiratory tract irritation and other health effects when inhaled.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacteria and viruses, such as <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, can travel through the air on particulate matter and increase the risk of transmission of disease.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OSHA requires that toxic gas and particulate matter be measured at least twice yearly preferably in the autumn months and again in the winter when natural ventilation is the most reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers are also advised to wear <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N-95 respirators</a> and eye protection when inside of pig barns to prevent the inhalation of toxic gases and particulate matter as well as irritation to the of eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geopolitical_issues">Geopolitical issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geopolitical issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with other <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodities</a>, pork presents challenges in the politics of <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> as national interests compete and seek economic <a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi" title="Modus vivendi">modus vivendi</a>. Changes to policy can upset the existing balances, prompting economic anxiety. For example, in 2020, the hog farming sector in Taiwan was upset by a decision to allow imports from the United States without labeling of <a href="/wiki/Ractopamine" title="Ractopamine">ractopamine</a> use.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters-Wang-2020-12-15_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-Wang-2020-12-15-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmers' views varied on how negative the effects might be.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters-Wang-2020-12-15_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-Wang-2020-12-15-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Issues of pride and degree of <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a> also figure into such debates; people understandably wonder whether trade competition changes will deeply damage domestic production capability, while accurate quantitative answers are often difficult to find amid the mass of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters-Wang-2020-12-15_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-Wang-2020-12-15-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drugs">Drugs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_promoters">Growth promoters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Growth promoters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ractopamine">Ractopamine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ractopamine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most pigs in the US receive <a href="/wiki/Ractopamine" title="Ractopamine">ractopamine</a> which promotes muscle instead of fat, quicker weight gain, and reduced costs and pollutants in the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_pig_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impacts of pig farming">environment</a>. Such pigs consume less feed to reach finishing weight and produce less <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>. Ractopamine has not been approved for use by the European Union, China, Russia, and several other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colistin">Colistin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Colistin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> once used <a href="/wiki/Colistin" title="Colistin">colistin</a> (an antibiotic) as growth promoter (<a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock#Growth_stimulation" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">subtherapeutic antibiotic use</a>) but discovered a colistin-resistant form of <i>E. coli</i> bacteria in a pig from a <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> farm in 2013. Investigations then led to the identification of "a gene called MCR-1 that allowed bacteria to survive colistin treatment in animals and humans."<sup id="cite_ref-china_colistin_1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china_colistin_1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, these findings led China to ban colistin as growth promoter.<sup id="cite_ref-china_colistin_1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china_colistin_1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-china_colistin_2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china_colistin_2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Antibiotics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A systematic review found that <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetracycline_antibiotics" title="Tetracycline antibiotics">tetracyclines</a> were the most commonly used antibiotics in pigs.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parasites">Parasites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a> is a constant pressure on pig farming. Worldwide, the percentage of pigs harboring viable <i><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii" title="Toxoplasma gondii">Toxoplasma gondii</a></i> parasites has been measured to be 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>% to 71.43<span class="nowrap"> </span>%.<sup id="cite_ref-Nissapatorn-et-al-2013_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nissapatorn-et-al-2013-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surveys of seroprevalence (<i>T. gondii</i> antibodies in blood) are more common, and such measurements are indicative of the high relative seroprevalence in pigs across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubey-2016_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubey-2016-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145–151">: 145–151 </span></sup> Neonatal <a href="/wiki/Piglet_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piglet (animal)">piglets</a> have been found to suffer the entire range of severity, including progression to <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubey-2016_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubey-2016-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 153">: 153 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dubey-2009_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubey-2009-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 95">: 95 </span></sup> This was especially demonstrated in the foundational Thiptara et al. 2006, reporting a litter birth of three stillborns and six live in Thailand. This observation has been relevant not only to that country but to toxoplasmosis control in <a href="/wiki/Porciculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Porciculture">porciculture</a> around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubey2016154_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubey2016154-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dubey-2009_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubey-2009-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 95">: 95 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nissapatorn-et-al-2013_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nissapatorn-et-al-2013-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hygiene">Hygiene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hygiene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Excessively hygienic raising conditions were found to prevent proper <a href="/wiki/Gut_microbiota" title="Gut microbiota">gut microbiota</a> development by Schmidt et al. 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeoman-White-2014_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yeoman-White-2014-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moore et al. 1995 describes the pathology of <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidium" title="Cryptosporidium">Cryptosporidium</a></i> infection, a common difficulty in piglet production.<sup id="cite_ref-Uzal-et-al-2016_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uzal-et-al-2016-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an attempt to curb diseases such as <a href="/wiki/African_swine_fever_virus" title="African swine fever virus">African swine fever</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number of Chinese companies have built condominium-style mega complexes multiple stories high to house thousands of pigs. The buildings have been dubbed "hog hotels" and come with strict protocols and advanced cleaning, veterinary, and disposal systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, doubt has been raised by policy specialists and animal scientists over the facilities' efficacy in preventing outbreaks. The welfare of the animals has also been a source of concern, and it has been suggested that the poor welfare of the pigs may cause a decline in their immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boar%E2%80%93pig_hybrid" title="Boar–pig hybrid">Boar–pig hybrid</a>, Iron Age pig</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">Domestic pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_pet" title="Exotic pet">Exotic pet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry#History" title="Animal husbandry">History of animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pig_breeds" title="List of pig breeds">List of pig breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_pig" title="Miniature pig">Miniature pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_toilet" title="Pig toilet">Pig toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_slaughter" title="Pig slaughter">Pig slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savaging" title="Savaging">Savaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Hog_Operation_Payment" title="Small Hog Operation Payment">Small Hog Operation Payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback (pork industry)</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFlisserGanabaPraetCarabin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Flisser, Ana; Ganaba, Rasmané; Praet, Nicolas; Carabin, Hélène; Millogo, Athanase; Tarnagda, Zékiba; Dorny, Pierre; Hounton, Sennen; Sow, Adama; Nitiéma, Pascal; Cowan, Linda D. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mrc.ac.uk/news/browse/uk-china-collaboration-informs-animal-feed-antibiotic-ban/">the original</a> on 27 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medical+Research+Council&rft.atitle=UK-China+collaboration+informs+animal+feed+antibiotic+ban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrc.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fbrowse%2Fuk-china-collaboration-informs-animal-feed-antibiotic-ban%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-china_colistin_2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-china_colistin_2_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna2015" class="citation web cs1">McKenna, Maryn (21 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007040042/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2015/11/21/mcr-gene-colistin/">"Apocalypse Pig: The Last Antibiotic Begins to Fail"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2015/11/21/mcr-gene-colistin/">the original</a> on 7 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Apocalypse+Pig%3A+The+Last+Antibiotic+Begins+to+Fail&rft.date=2015-11-21&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Maryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Fphenomena%2F2015%2F11%2F21%2Fmcr-gene-colistin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLekagulTangcharoensathienYeung2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lekagul, Angkana; Tangcharoensathien, Viroj; Yeung, Shunmay (1 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386699">"Patterns of antibiotic use in global pig production: A systematic review"</a>. <i>Veterinary and Animal Science</i>. <b>7</b>: 100058. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vas.2019.100058">10.1016/j.vas.2019.100058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2451-943X">2451-943X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386699">7386699</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32734079">32734079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+and+Animal+Science&rft.atitle=Patterns+of+antibiotic+use+in+global+pig+production%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=100058&rft.date=2019-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7386699%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2451-943X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32734079&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.vas.2019.100058&rft.aulast=Lekagul&rft.aufirst=Angkana&rft.au=Tangcharoensathien%2C+Viroj&rft.au=Yeung%2C+Shunmay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7386699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nissapatorn-et-al-2013-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nissapatorn-et-al-2013_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nissapatorn-et-al-2013_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNissapatornLauFong2013" class="citation book cs1">Nissapatorn, Veeranoot; Lau, Yee-Ling; Fong, Mun-Yik (2013). 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P. (2016). <i>Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans</i>. <a href="/wiki/Boca_Raton" class="mw-redirect" title="Boca Raton">Boca Raton</a>: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. pp. xvii+313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-9236-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-9236-3"><bdi>978-1-4200-9236-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/423572366">423572366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toxoplasmosis+of+animals+and+humans&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=xvii%2B313&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F423572366&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-9236-3&rft.aulast=Dubey&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+farming" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420092363" title="Special:BookSources/9781420092363">9781420092363</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dubey-2009-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dubey-2009_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dubey-2009_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubey2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dubey, J. 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(1 February 2014). 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(2016). "1 Alimentary System". <i>Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals: Volume 2</i>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. 1–257.e2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-5318-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-5318-4"><bdi>978-0-7020-5318-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1+Alimentary+System&rft.btitle=Jubb%2C+Kennedy+%26+Palmer%27s+Pathology+of+Domestic+Animals%3A+Volume+2&rft.pages=1-257.e2&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-5318-4&rft.aulast=Uzal&rft.aufirst=Francisco+A.&rft.au=Plattner%2C+Brandon+L.&rft.au=Hostetter%2C+Jesse+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/china/china-hog-hotels-african-swine-fever-b1894939.html">"China is using 13-storey 'hog hotels' to keep pigs safe from disease"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=China+is+using+13-storey+%27hog+hotels%27+to+keep+pigs+safe+from+disease&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fasia%2Fchina%2Fchina-hog-hotels-african-swine-fever-b1894939.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/8/2/hog-heaven-china-builds-pig-hotels-for-better-biosecurity">"Hog heaven: China builds pig hotels for better biosecurity"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Hog+heaven%3A+China+builds+pig+hotels+for+better+biosecurity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Feconomy%2F2021%2F8%2F2%2Fhog-heaven-china-builds-pig-hotels-for-better-biosecurity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/18/a-12-storey-pig-farm-has-china-found-a-way-to-stop-future-pandemics-">"A 12-storey pig farm: has China found the way to tackle animal disease?"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 18 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+12-storey+pig+farm%3A+has+China+found+the+way+to+tackle+animal+disease%3F&rft.date=2020-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2020%2Fsep%2F18%2Fa-12-storey-pig-farm-has-china-found-a-way-to-stop-future-pandemics-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pig_farming&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J.L. Anderson, <i>Capitalist Pigs: Pigs, Pork, and Power in America.</i> Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Press, 2019.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeoman2020" class="citation news cs1">Yeoman, Barry (20 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/20/suffocating-closeness-us-judge-condemns-appalling-conditions-on-industrial-farms">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Suffocating closeness': US judge condemns 'appalling conditions' on industrial farms"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Suffocating+closeness%27%3A+US+judge+condemns+%27appalling+conditions%27+on+industrial+farms&rft.date=2020-11-20&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Yeoman&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2020%2Fnov%2F20%2Fsuffocating-closeness-us-judge-condemns-appalling-conditions-on-industrial-farms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APig+farming" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pigs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pigs" title="Template:Pigs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pigs" title="Template talk:Pigs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pigs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pigs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pigs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Pigs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a></li> <li>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Suinae" title="Suinae">Suinae</a></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></i></li> <li>Species <i><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Sus domesticus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pig_breeds" title="List of pig breeds">Breeding</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig_show" title="Pig show">Shows</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Hog_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Hog farming">Farming</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive farming</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sty" title="Sty">Sty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pannage" title="Pannage">Pannage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig_toilet" title="Pig toilet">Toilet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hog_oiler" title="Hog oiler">Hog oiler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gestation_crate" title="Gestation crate">Gestation crate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cross-fostering" title="Cross-fostering">Cross-fostering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Swineherd" title="Swineherd">Swineherd</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">As food</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bondiola_sandwich" title="Bondiola sandwich">Bondiola</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capocollo" title="Capocollo">Capocollo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">Lard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chitterlings" title="Chitterlings">Chitterlings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig_scalder" title="Pig scalder">Scalder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig_slaughter" title="Pig slaughter">Slaughter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Suckling_pig" title="Suckling pig">Suckling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blood_as_food" title="Blood as food">Blood</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Religious_restrictions_on_the_consumption_of_pork" title="Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork">Religious restrictions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scottish_pork_taboo" title="Scottish pork taboo">Scottish pork taboo</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cut_of_pork" title="Cut of pork">Cuts</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Back_bacon" title="Back bacon">Back bacon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boston_butt" title="Boston butt">Boston butt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fatback" title="Fatback">Fatback</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ham_hock" title="Ham hock">Ham hock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig%27s_trotters" class="mw-redirect" title="Pig's trotters">Pig's trotters</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_belly" title="Pork belly">Pork belly</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_chop" title="Pork chop">Pork chop</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_jowl" title="Pork jowl">Pork jowl</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_loin" title="Pork loin">Loin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_tenderloin" title="Pork tenderloin">Tenderloin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_ribs" title="Pork ribs">Ribs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spare_ribs" title="Spare ribs">Spare ribs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_rind" title="Pork rind">Pork rind</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_steak" title="Pork steak">Pork steak</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig%27s_ear_(food)" title="Pig's ear (food)">Ear</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_tail" title="Pork tail">Tail</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Other uses</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig_bladder" title="Pig bladder">Bladder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig_racing" title="Pig racing">Racing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/War_pig" title="War pig">War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig_wrestling" title="Pig wrestling">Wrestling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Truffle_hog" title="Truffle hog">Truffling</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sow_with_piglet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sow_with_piglet.jpg/135px-Sow_with_piglet.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sow_with_piglet.jpg/203px-Sow_with_piglet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sow_with_piglet.jpg/270px-Sow_with_piglet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1674" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">feral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boars_in_heraldry" title="Boars in heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">Razorback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%E2%80%93pig_hybrid" title="Boar–pig hybrid">Boar–pig hybrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pigs_in_culture" title="Pigs in culture">In culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freddy_the_Pig" title="Freddy the Pig">Freddy the Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flitch_of_bacon_custom" title="Flitch of bacon custom">Flitch of bacon custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa%E2%80%93Minnesota_football_rivalry" title="Iowa–Minnesota football rivalry">Floyd of Rosedale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Piggy" title="Miss Piggy">Miss Piggy</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Pigs_in_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigs in Space">Pigs in Space</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porky_Pig" title="Porky Pig">Porky Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piglet_(Winnie-the-Pooh)" title="Piglet (Winnie-the-Pooh)">Piglet</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Little_Pigs" title="The Three Little Pigs">The Three Little Pigs</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Major" title="Old Major">Old Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_(Animal_Farm)" title="Napoleon (Animal Farm)">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(Animal_Farm)" title="Snowball (Animal Farm)">Snowball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squealer_(Animal_Farm)" title="Squealer (Animal Farm)">Squealer</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babe_(film)" title="Babe (film)">Babe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babe:_Pig_in_the_City" title="Babe: Pig in the City">Babe: Pig in the City</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_Piggies" title="Bad Piggies">Bad Piggies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blandings_Castle" title="Blandings Castle">Blandings Castle</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_of_Blandings" title="Empress of Blandings">Empress of Blandings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Brother_the_Pig" title="My Brother the Pig">My Brother the Pig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web" title="Charlotte's Web">Charlotte's Web</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep-Pig" title="The Sheep-Pig">The Sheep-Pig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peppa_Pig" title="Peppa Pig">Peppa Pig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonde_Burin" title="Tonde Burin">Super Pig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Butareba:_The_Story_of_a_Man_Turned_into_a_Pig" title="Butareba: The Story of a Man Turned into a Pig">Butareba: The Story of a Man Turned into a Pig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fair,_then_Partly_Piggy" title="Fair, then Partly Piggy">Fair, then Partly Piggy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jakers!_The_Adventures_of_Piggley_Winks" title="Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks">Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazoops!" title="Kazoops!">Kazoops!</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_(fictional_pig)" title="Olivia (fictional pig)">Olivia (character)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_(TV_series)" title="Olivia (TV series)">TV series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd_pigs" title="Pink Floyd pigs">Pink Floyd pigs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinky_and_Perky" title="Pinky and Perky">Pinky and Perky</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Preston_Pig" title="Preston Pig">Preston Pig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasher_(comics)" title="Rasher (comics)">Rasher</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porco_Rosso" title="Porco Rosso">Porco Rosso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider-Ham" title="Spider-Ham">Spider-Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider pig">Spider pig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Little_Pig_Robinson" title="The Tale of Little Pig Robinson">The Tale of Little Pig Robinson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Pigling_Bland" title="The Tale of Pigling Bland">The Tale of Pigling Bland</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Little_Piggy" title="This Little Piggy">This Little Piggy</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toot_%26_Puddle_(TV_series)" title="Toot & Puddle (TV series)">Toot & Puddle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huxley_Pig" title="Huxley Pig">Huxley Pig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wibbly_Pig" title="Wibbly Pig">Wibbly Pig</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Bajie" title="Zhu Bajie">Zhu Bajie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_and_the_Ferocious_Beast" title="Maggie and the Ferocious Beast">Hamilton Hocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_City_(TV_series)" title="Pig City (TV series)">Pig City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_pigs" title="List of individual pigs">List of individual pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pigs" title="List of fictional pigs">List of fictional pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piganino" title="Piganino">Piganino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigasus_(politics)" title="Pigasus (politics)">Pigasus (politics)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pigs" title="Category:Pigs">Category: Pigs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_footer" title="Template talk:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental<br />impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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