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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Description and history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description_and_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description and history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mounds_for_the_relics_of_the_Buddha_(5th_century_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mounds_for_the_relics_of_the_Buddha_(5th_century_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mounds for the relics of the Buddha (5th century BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mounds_for_the_relics_of_the_Buddha_(5th_century_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_under_Ashoka_(250_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_under_Ashoka_(250_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Expansion under Ashoka (250 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_under_Ashoka_(250_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorated_stupas_(from_125_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorated_stupas_(from_125_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Decorated stupas (from 125 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorated_stupas_(from_125_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_in_Gandhara_(3rd_century_BCE–5th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_in_Gandhara_(3rd_century_BCE–5th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Development in Gandhara (3rd century BCE–5th century CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_in_Gandhara_(3rd_century_BCE–5th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_pyramidal_temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_pyramidal_temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Origin of the pyramidal temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_pyramidal_temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_in_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_in_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Expansion in Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_in_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asian_stupas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_stupas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Asian stupas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_stupas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_pagoda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_pagoda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Development of the pagoda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_pagoda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_stupas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_stupas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable stupas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_stupas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable stupas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_stupas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_stupas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_stupas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>European stupas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_stupas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_stupas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_stupas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Types of stupas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_stupas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbolism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Five_purified_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_purified_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Five purified elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_purified_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treasury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treasury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Treasury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treasury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tree_of_Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tree_of_Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tree of Life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tree_of_Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibetan_stupas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibetan_stupas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tibetan stupas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tibetan_stupas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tibetan stupas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tibetan_stupas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lotus_Blossom_Stupa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lotus_Blossom_Stupa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Lotus Blossom Stupa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lotus_Blossom_Stupa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_Stupa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_Stupa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Enlightenment Stupa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_Stupa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stupa_of_Many_Doors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stupa_of_Many_Doors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Stupa of Many Doors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stupa_of_Many_Doors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stupa_of_Descent_from_the_God_Realm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stupa_of_Descent_from_the_God_Realm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Stupa of Descent from the God Realm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stupa_of_Descent_from_the_God_Realm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stupa_of_Great_Miracles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stupa_of_Great_Miracles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Stupa of Great Miracles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stupa_of_Great_Miracles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stupa_of_Reconciliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stupa_of_Reconciliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Stupa of Reconciliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stupa_of_Reconciliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stupa_of_Complete_Victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stupa_of_Complete_Victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Stupa of Complete Victory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stupa_of_Complete_Victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stupa_of_Nirvana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stupa_of_Nirvana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Stupa of Nirvana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stupa_of_Nirvana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kalachakra_stupa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalachakra_stupa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kalachakra stupa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalachakra_stupa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kathmandu,_Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kathmandu,_Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Kathmandu, Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kathmandu,_Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stupa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoepa" title="Stoepa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stoepa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="إسطبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسطبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estupa" title="Estupa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estupa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fstup" title="Əstup – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əstup" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA" title="স্তূপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্তূপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Ступа (архітэктура) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ступа (архітэктура)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA" title="स्तूप – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्तूप" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Ступа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ступа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Субарга – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Субарга" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BApa" title="Stúpa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stúpa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuupa" title="Stuupa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stuupa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%B1" title="Στούπα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στούπα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estupa" title="Estupa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estupa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupao" title="Stupao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stupao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estupa" title="Estupa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estupa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="استوپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استوپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%ABpa" title="Stūpa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stūpa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Суврульһан – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Суврульһан" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%88%AC%ED%8C%8C" title="스투파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스투파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%A1" title="Ստուպա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստուպա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA" title="स्तूप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्तूप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BApa" title="Stúpa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stúpa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94" title="סטופה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטופה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AA" title="ಸ್ತೂಪ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ತೂಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90" title="სტუპა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტუპა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Ступа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ступа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%ABpa" title="Stūpa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stūpa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%ABpa" title="Stūpa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stūpa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szt%C3%BApa" title="Sztúpa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sztúpa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82" title="സ്തൂപം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്തൂപം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA" title="स्तूप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्तूप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Суварга – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Суварга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoepa" title="Stoepa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stoepa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA" title="स्तूप – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्तूप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8F%E5%A1%94" title="仏塔 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="仏塔" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="سٹوپا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سٹوپا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99" title="ចេតិយ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចេតិយ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estupa" title="Estupa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estupa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stup%C4%83" title="Stupă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stupă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Ступа (сооружение) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ступа (сооружение)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa_(arkitektur%C3%AB)" title="Stupa (arkitekturë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stupa (arkitekturë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A" title="දාගැබ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දාගැබ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="اسٽوپا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسٽوپا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa_(zgradba)" title="Stupa (zgradba) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stupa (zgradba)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Ступа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ступа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தாது கோபுரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாது கோபுரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82" title="స్తూపం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్తూపం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B" title="สถูป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถูป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Ступа (архітектура) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ступа (архітектура)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="استوپا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="استوپا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B9_%C4%91%E1%BB%93" title="Phù đồ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phù đồ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Stupa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%A3%E5%A0%B5%E5%9D%A1" title="窣堵坡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="窣堵坡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94" title="舍利塔 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="舍利塔" 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</div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Stupa" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180987" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, used as a place of meditation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stupa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stupa (disambiguation)">Stupa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Stupa</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stupa_1,_Sanchi_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stupa_1%2C_Sanchi_02.jpg/203px-Stupa_1%2C_Sanchi_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stupa_1%2C_Sanchi_02.jpg/305px-Stupa_1%2C_Sanchi_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stupa_1%2C_Sanchi_02.jpg/406px-Stupa_1%2C_Sanchi_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4953" data-file-height="3302" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">The Great Stupa of Sanchi</a>, Madhya Pradesh, India</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samye32.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Samye32.JPG/181px-Samye32.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Samye32.JPG/272px-Samye32.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Samye32.JPG/362px-Samye32.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A stupa (chorten) in <a href="/wiki/Samye" title="Samye">Samye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Rangun,_Pagoda_Szwedagon_(023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/2016_Rangun%2C_Pagoda_Szwedagon_%28023%29.jpg/194px-2016_Rangun%2C_Pagoda_Szwedagon_%28023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/2016_Rangun%2C_Pagoda_Szwedagon_%28023%29.jpg/291px-2016_Rangun%2C_Pagoda_Szwedagon_%28023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/2016_Rangun%2C_Pagoda_Szwedagon_%28023%29.jpg/388px-2016_Rangun%2C_Pagoda_Szwedagon_%28023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3826" data-file-height="2806" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Shwedagon_Pagoda" title="Shwedagon Pagoda">Shwedagon Pagoda</a>, Yangon, Myanmar</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruwanwelisaya_Stupa_18.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ruwanwelisaya_Stupa_18.JPG/190px-Ruwanwelisaya_Stupa_18.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ruwanwelisaya_Stupa_18.JPG/285px-Ruwanwelisaya_Stupa_18.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ruwanwelisaya_Stupa_18.JPG/380px-Ruwanwelisaya_Stupa_18.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Various architectural styles of stupa: <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan architecture">Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese architecture">Burmese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stupas_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Stupas in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#FFD068">Translations of<br />Stupa</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">English</th><td class="infobox-data">Stupa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">स्तूप</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Pali-language text"><span lang="pi">𑀣𑀼𑀩𑁂 ("thube"), thūpa</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্তূপ</span></span> <br />(<span title="Bengali-language text"><i lang="bn-Latn">stup</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စေတီ</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLCTS</a>: <span title="Burmese-language text"><i lang="my-Latn">zèdì</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">窣堵坡</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">sūdǔpō</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">卒塔婆</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Rōmaji">Rōmaji</a>: <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">sotoba</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ចេតិយ, ស្តូប</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a>: <span title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration"><i lang="km-Latn">chétĕy, stob</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">솔도파</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: <span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">soldopha</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စေတဳ</span></span> <br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ce.tɔe]</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">суварга</span></span> <br />(<span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn">suvarga</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ၵွင်းမူး</span></span> <br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɔŋ˥.muː˥]</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">දාගැබ්</span></span> <br />(<span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">dagab</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><span lang="bo">མཆོད་རྟེན་</span></span> <br />(<span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><i lang="bo-Latn">mchod rten (chorten)</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">தாது கோபுரம்</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">สถูป, เจดีย์</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: <span title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription"><i lang="th-Latn">sa thup, chedi</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Phù đồ, bảo tháp</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #EBEBEB; font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary of Buddhism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Buddhism, a <b>stupa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">स्तूप</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'heap', <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">stūpa</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mound</a>-like or hemispherical structure containing relics (such as <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra" title="Śarīra">śarīra</a></i> – typically the remains of <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">nuns</a>) that is used as a place of <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Circumambulation" title="Circumambulation">Circumambulation</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Pradakhshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pradakhshina">pradakhshina</a></i>, has been an important ritual and devotional practice in Buddhism since the earliest times, and stupas always have a <i>pradakhshina</i> path around them. The original <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> form is a large solid dome above a <a href="/wiki/Tholobate" title="Tholobate">tholobate</a>, or drum, with vertical sides, which usually sits on a square base. There is no access to the inside of the structure. In large stupas, there may be walkways for circumambulation on top of the base as well as on the ground below it. Large stupas have, or had, <i>vedikā</i> railings outside the path around the base, often highly decorated with sculpture, especially at the <a href="/wiki/Torana" title="Torana">torana</a> gateways, of which there are usually four. At the top of the dome is a thin vertical element, with one or more horizontal discs spreading from it. These were <a href="/wiki/Chatra_(umbrella)" title="Chatra (umbrella)"><i>chatra</i>s</a>, symbolic umbrellas, and have not survived, if not restored. The <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Great Stupa at Sanchi</a>, Madhya Pradesh, is the most famous and best-preserved early stupa in India. </p><p>Apart from very large stupas, designed to attract pilgrims, there were large numbers of smaller stupas in a whole range of sizes, which typically had much taller drums, relative to the height of the dome. Small votive stupas paid for by pilgrims might be less than a metre high, and laid out in rows by the hundred, as at <a href="/wiki/Ratnagiri,_Odisha" title="Ratnagiri, Odisha">Ratnagiri, Odisha</a>, India. </p><p>The principal design of the stupa may have been influenced by the <i><a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">shikharas</a></i> seen on <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temples</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Buddhism spread across Asia</a>, stupas were stylistically altered into other structural forms used for the same purposes, like the <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagodas</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Chorten" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorten">chortens</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, various different elongated shapes of dome evolved, leading to high, thin <a href="/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">spires</a>. A related architectural term is a <i><a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">chaitya</a></i>, which is a prayer hall or temple containing a stupa. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_and_history">Description and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megalithic_burial_mound,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Megalithic_burial_mound%2C_India.jpg/150px-Megalithic_burial_mound%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Megalithic_burial_mound%2C_India.jpg/225px-Megalithic_burial_mound%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Megalithic_burial_mound%2C_India.jpg/300px-Megalithic_burial_mound%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalithic</a> burial mound (<a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a>) with chamber, India</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:412px;max-width:412px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordion82.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Gordion82.JPG/160px-Gordion82.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Gordion82.JPG/240px-Gordion82.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Gordion82.JPG/320px-Gordion82.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The "Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Gordion" title="Gordion">Gordion</a>, dated to c. 740 BCE</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bin_Tepe,_funeral_mound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bin_Tepe%2C_funeral_mound.jpg/160px-Bin_Tepe%2C_funeral_mound.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bin_Tepe%2C_funeral_mound.jpg/240px-Bin_Tepe%2C_funeral_mound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bin_Tepe%2C_funeral_mound.jpg/320px-Bin_Tepe%2C_funeral_mound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Royal funeral tumulus of King <a href="/wiki/Alyattes" title="Alyattes">Alyattes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, 6th c. BCE</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amrit_Sepolcro_-_GAR_-_1-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Amrit_Sepolcro_-_GAR_-_1-01.jpg/80px-Amrit_Sepolcro_-_GAR_-_1-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Amrit_Sepolcro_-_GAR_-_1-01.jpg/120px-Amrit_Sepolcro_-_GAR_-_1-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Amrit_Sepolcro_-_GAR_-_1-01.jpg/160px-Amrit_Sepolcro_-_GAR_-_1-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, 5th c. BCE</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cetiya" title="Cetiya">Cetiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a></div> <p>Stupas may have originated as pre-Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumuli</a> in which <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">śramaṇas</a> were buried in a seated position,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called <a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">caitya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early Buddhist inscriptions in India, <i>stupa</i> and <i>caitya</i> appear to be almost interchangeable, though <i>caitya</i> has a broader meaning, and unlike <i>stupa</i> does not define an <a href="/wiki/Architectural_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural form">architectural form</a>. In pre-Buddhist India, <i>caitya</i> was a term for a shrine, sanctuary, or holy place in the landscape, generally outdoors, inhabited by, or sacred to, a particular deity. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra</a></i>, near the end of his life, the Buddha remarks to <a href="/wiki/Ananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda">Ananda</a> how beautiful are the various <i>caitya</i> around <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkilling201625_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkilling201625-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later times and in other countries, <a href="/wiki/Cetiya" title="Cetiya">cetiya</a>/caitya implies the presence of important relics. Both words have forms prefixed by <i>maha</i> for "great", "large", or "important", but scholars find the difference between a <i>mahastupa</i> and a <i>stupa</i>, or <i>mahacetiya</i> and <i>cetiya</i>, hard to pin down.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkilling201623–24_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkilling201623–24-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some authors have suggested that stupas were derived from a wider cultural tradition from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges Valley">Ganges Valley</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be related to the conical mounds on circular bases from the 8th century BCE that are found in <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> (tomb of <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a>, 8th c. BCE), <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> (tomb of <a href="/wiki/Alyattes" title="Alyattes">Alyattes</a>, 6th c. BCE), or in <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> (tombs of <a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a>, 5th c. BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors suggest stupas emerged from <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> mound burials with chambers, which likely represent proto-stupas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schopen_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schopen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologists in India have observed that a number of early Buddhist stupas or burials are found in the vicinity of much older, pre-historic burials, including megalithic burial sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Schopen_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schopen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes sites associated with the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>, where broken Indus-era pottery was incorporated into later Buddhist burials.<sup id="cite_ref-Schopen_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schopen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have noted structural and functional features of the stupa (including its general mound shape and the practice of surrounding stupas with a stone, relic chamber, or wooden railing) with both pre-<a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan-era</a> cairn and pre-historic megalithic "round mound" burials with chambers found in India, which likely represent a "proto-stupa".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schopen_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schopen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a>, an archeological site associated with the Indus Valley Civilization, there are several large and high "hemispherical monuments" of tumulus with brick-masonry found with burial chambers inside. Among them, Tumulus-1 and Tumulus-2 mounds were excavated. They consist of a deep and wide rock-cut chamber, surrounded on the ground by a massive circular mud-brick structure made in two tiers, and filled in and topped with earth to form a domical shape.<sup id="cite_ref-How_the_Harappans_Honoured_Death_at_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_the_Harappans_Honoured_Death_at-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence of plastering on the exterior of Tumulus-1, bearing a 10- mm-thick <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> of pinkish-white clay over brick masonry.<sup id="cite_ref-How_the_Harappans_Honoured_Death_at_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_the_Harappans_Honoured_Death_at-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forms of hemispherical monuments or tumulus of brick-masonry with similar layouts may have been inspirations for later stupas.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some stupas not believed to have been looted have been found empty when excavated, as have some pre-historic cairn sites, and animal bones are suspected to have occasionally been deposited at both types of sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Schopen_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schopen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mounds_for_the_relics_of_the_Buddha_(5th_century_BCE)"><span id="Mounds_for_the_relics_of_the_Buddha_.285th_century_BCE.29"></span>Mounds for the relics of the Buddha (5th century BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mounds for the relics of the Buddha (5th century BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Buddhist architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapilavastu_Stupas-Original-00020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kapilavastu_Stupas-Original-00020.jpg/220px-Kapilavastu_Stupas-Original-00020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kapilavastu_Stupas-Original-00020.jpg/330px-Kapilavastu_Stupas-Original-00020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kapilavastu_Stupas-Original-00020.jpg/440px-Kapilavastu_Stupas-Original-00020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4219" data-file-height="3164" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Piprahwa" title="Piprahwa">Piprahwa</a> stupa is one of the earliest surviving stupas.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha%27s_ashes_Stupa,_Vaishali,_Bihar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Buddha%27s_ashes_Stupa%2C_Vaishali%2C_Bihar.jpg/220px-Buddha%27s_ashes_Stupa%2C_Vaishali%2C_Bihar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Buddha%27s_ashes_Stupa%2C_Vaishali%2C_Bihar.jpg/330px-Buddha%27s_ashes_Stupa%2C_Vaishali%2C_Bihar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Buddha%27s_ashes_Stupa%2C_Vaishali%2C_Bihar.jpg/440px-Buddha%27s_ashes_Stupa%2C_Vaishali%2C_Bihar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Relic_Stupa_of_Vaishali" title="Relic Stupa of Vaishali">Relic Stupa of Vaishali</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Licchavis</a>, and possibly the earliest archaeologically known stupa</figcaption></figure> <p>Religious buildings in the form of the Buddhist stupa, a dome-shaped structure, started to be used in India as commemorative monuments associated with storing sacred relics of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-Ency_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ency-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his <a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">parinirvana</a>, Buddha's remains were cremated and the ashes divided and buried under eight mounds, with two further mounds encasing the urn and the embers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ency_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ency-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some early Buddhist sources, the Buddha himself had suggested this treatment, and when asked what a stupa was, had demonstrated the basic design: he folded his robe on the ground, placed his begging bowl upside down on it, with his staff above that.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relics of the Buddha were spread between eight stupas, in <a href="/wiki/Rajagriha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajagriha">Rajagriha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavastu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allakappa" title="Allakappa">Allakappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramagrama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramagrama">Ramagrama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pava">Pava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vethapida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vethapida (page does not exist)">Vethapida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BAStupa_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAStupa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lars Fogelin has stated that the <a href="/wiki/Relic_Stupa_of_Vaishali" title="Relic Stupa of Vaishali">Relic Stupa of Vaishali </a> is likely the earliest archaeologically known stupa.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rails</a>—consisting of posts, crossbars, and a <a href="/wiki/Coping_(architecture)" title="Coping (architecture)">coping</a>—became a feature of safety surrounding a stupa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra2008_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddha had left instructions about how to pay homage to the stupas: "And whoever lays wreaths or puts sweet perfumes and colours there with a devout heart, will reap benefits for a long time".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010143_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010143-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice would lead to the decoration of the stupas with stone sculptures of flower garlands in the Classical<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="it should be made clear what is meant by "Classical" in this context. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010143_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010143-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_under_Ashoka_(250_BCE)"><span id="Expansion_under_Ashoka_.28250_BCE.29"></span>Expansion under Ashoka (250 BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expansion under Ashoka (250 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg/220px-Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg/330px-Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg/440px-Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption>An early stupa, 6 meters (20 ft) in diameter, with fallen umbrella on side at Chakpat, near <a href="/wiki/Chakdara" title="Chakdara">Chakdara</a>; probably Maurya, 3rd century BCE<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010173_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010173-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Buddhist tradition, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> (rule: 273–232 BCE) recovered the relics of the Buddha from the earlier stupas (except from the <a href="/wiki/Ramagrama_stupa" title="Ramagrama stupa">Ramagrama stupa</a>), and erected 84,000 stupas to distribute the relics across India. In effect, many stupas are thought to date originally from the time of Ashoka, such as <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kesaria_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesaria stupa">Kesariya</a>, where he also erected pillars with his inscriptions, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Stupa" title="Amaravati Stupa">Amaravati</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dharmarajika_Stupa" title="Dharmarajika Stupa">Dharmarajika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BAStupa_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAStupa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashoka also established the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Pillars of Ashoka</a> throughout his realm, generally next to Buddhist stupas. </p><p>The first known appearance of the word "stupa" is from <a href="/wiki/File:Nigali_Sagar_word_Stupa.jpg" title="File:Nigali Sagar word Stupa.jpg">an inscribed dedication</a> by Ashoka on the <a href="/wiki/Nigali_Sagar" title="Nigali Sagar">Nigali Sagar</a> pillar (spelled in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> as 𑀣𑀼𑀩𑁂 <i>thube</i> ).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkilling201623_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkilling201623-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorated_stupas_(from_125_BCE)"><span id="Decorated_stupas_.28from_125_BCE.29"></span>Decorated stupas (from 125 BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decorated stupas (from 125 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stupas were soon to be richly decorated with sculptural reliefs, following the first attempts at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi_Stupa_No.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanchi Stupa No.2">Sanchi Stupa No.2</a> (125 BCE). Full-fledged sculptural decorations and scenes of the life of the Buddha would soon follow at Bharhut (115 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a> (60 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> (125–60 BCE), again at Sanchi for the elevation of the <a href="/wiki/Torana" title="Torana">toranas</a> (1st century BCE/CE), and then Amaravati (1st–2nd century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-BA149_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA149-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decorative embellishment of stupas also underwent considerable development in the northwest, in the area of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, with instances such as the <a href="/wiki/Butkara_Stupa" title="Butkara Stupa">Butkara Stupa</a> ("monumentalized" with <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> decorative elements from the 2nd century BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Loriyan_Tangai" title="Loriyan Tangai">Loriyan Tangai stupas</a> (2nd century CE). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Stupa_number_2_KSP_3660.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sanchi Stupa No.2, the earliest known stupa with important displays of decorative reliefs, c. 125 BCE[27]"><img alt="Sanchi Stupa No.2, the earliest known stupa with important displays of decorative reliefs, c. 125 BCE[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sanchi_Stupa_number_2_KSP_3660.jpg/200px-Sanchi_Stupa_number_2_KSP_3660.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sanchi_Stupa_number_2_KSP_3660.jpg/300px-Sanchi_Stupa_number_2_KSP_3660.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sanchi_Stupa_number_2_KSP_3660.jpg/400px-Sanchi_Stupa_number_2_KSP_3660.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5626" data-file-height="3751" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sanchi_Stupa_No.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanchi Stupa No.2">Sanchi Stupa No.2</a>, the earliest known stupa with important displays of decorative reliefs, c. 125 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_15_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_15-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Gateway_and_Railings_Bharhut_Stupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="East Gateway and Railings of Bharhut Stupa. Sculptured railings: 115 BCE, toranas: 75 BCE.[25]"><img alt="East Gateway and Railings of Bharhut Stupa. Sculptured railings: 115 BCE, toranas: 75 BCE.[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/East_Gateway_and_Railings_Bharhut_Stupa.jpg/200px-East_Gateway_and_Railings_Bharhut_Stupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/East_Gateway_and_Railings_Bharhut_Stupa.jpg/300px-East_Gateway_and_Railings_Bharhut_Stupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/East_Gateway_and_Railings_Bharhut_Stupa.jpg/400px-East_Gateway_and_Railings_Bharhut_Stupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5859" data-file-height="3545" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">East Gateway and Railings of <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a> Stupa. Sculptured railings: 115 BCE, toranas: 75 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-BA149_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA149-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi1_N-MP-220.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Stupa at Sanchi[28] Decorated toranas built from the 1st c. BCE to the 1st c. CE.[25]"><img alt="The Great Stupa at Sanchi[28] Decorated toranas built from the 1st c. BCE to the 1st c. CE.[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sanchi1_N-MP-220.jpg/200px-Sanchi1_N-MP-220.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sanchi1_N-MP-220.jpg/300px-Sanchi1_N-MP-220.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sanchi1_N-MP-220.jpg/400px-Sanchi1_N-MP-220.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Great Stupa at Sanchi<sup id="cite_ref-Alī_Jāvīd_p.50_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alī_Jāvīd_p.50-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decorated toranas built from the 1st c. BCE to the 1st c. CE.<sup id="cite_ref-BA149_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA149-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Asia_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amaravati Stupa, 1st-2nd century CE"><img alt="Amaravati Stupa, 1st-2nd century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/British_Museum_Asia_14.jpg/150px-British_Museum_Asia_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/British_Museum_Asia_14.jpg/225px-British_Museum_Asia_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/British_Museum_Asia_14.jpg/300px-British_Museum_Asia_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2282" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Stupa" title="Amaravati Stupa">Amaravati Stupa</a>, 1st-2nd century CE</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_in_Gandhara_(3rd_century_BCE–5th_century_CE)"><span id="Development_in_Gandhara_.283rd_century_BCE.E2.80.935th_century_CE.29"></span>Development in Gandhara (3rd century BCE–5th century CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development in Gandhara (3rd century BCE–5th century CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ButkaraStupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ButkaraStupa.jpg/220px-ButkaraStupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ButkaraStupa.jpg/330px-ButkaraStupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ButkaraStupa.jpg/440px-ButkaraStupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Butkara Stupa in Gandhara</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution,_Simpson_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg/220px-Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg/330px-Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg/440px-Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2870" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ahin_Posh" title="Ahin Posh">Ahin Posh</a> stupa was dedicated in the 2nd century CE under the <a href="/wiki/Kushans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushans">Kushans</a> and contained coins of <a href="/wiki/Kaniska_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaniska I">Kaniska I</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restored_view_of_the_Manikyala_Stupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Restored_view_of_the_Manikyala_Stupa.jpg/220px-Restored_view_of_the_Manikyala_Stupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Restored_view_of_the_Manikyala_Stupa.jpg/330px-Restored_view_of_the_Manikyala_Stupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Restored_view_of_the_Manikyala_Stupa.jpg/440px-Restored_view_of_the_Manikyala_Stupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manikyala_Stupa" title="Manikyala Stupa">Manikyala Stupa</a>, from the period of <a href="/wiki/Kaniska_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaniska I">Kaniska I</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The stupa underwent major evolutions in the area of Gandhara. Since Buddhism spread to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, China, and ultimately Korea and Japan through Gandhara, the stylistic evolution of the Gandharan stupa was very influential in the later development of the stupa (and related artistic or <a href="/wiki/Architectural_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural form">architectural forms</a>) in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010181_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010181-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gandhara stupa followed several steps, generally moving towards more and more elevation and addition of decorative elements, leading eventually to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a> tower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010182–183_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010182–183-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main stupa types are, in chronological order: </p> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Dharmarajika_Stupa" title="Dharmarajika Stupa">Dharmarajika Stupa</a>, with a near-Indian design of a semi-hemispheric stupa almost directly on the ground surface, probably dated to the 3rd century BCE. Similar stupas are the <a href="/wiki/Butkara_Stupa" title="Butkara Stupa">Butkara Stupa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manikyala" class="mw-redirect" title="Manikyala">Manikyala</a> stupa, or the Chakpat stupa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010173_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010173-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Saidu_Sharif_Stupa" title="Saidu Sharif Stupa">Saidu Sharif Stupa</a>, pillared and <a href="/wiki/Quincunxial" class="mw-redirect" title="Quincunxial">quincunxial</a>, with a flight of stairs to a dome elevated on a square platform. Many Gandhara miniatures represent this type (1st century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010174–176_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010174–176-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Loriyan_Tangai" title="Loriyan Tangai">Loriyan Tangai</a> stupa, with an elongated shape and many narrative reliefs, in many ways the classic Gandharan stupa (2nd century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010176–177_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010176–177-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The near-pyramidal <a href="/wiki/Jaulian" title="Jaulian">Jaulian</a> stupa (2nd century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010179_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010179-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cruciform" title="Cruciform">cruciform</a> type, as in the <a href="/wiki/Bhamala_Stupa" title="Bhamala Stupa">Bhamala Stupa</a>, with flights of stairs in the four cardinal directions (4th century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010178_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010178-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The towering design of the second <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_Stupa" title="Kanishka Stupa">Kanishka Stupa</a> (4th–5th century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-BA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StupaWithPillarsGandhara2ndCentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A model resembling the Saidu Sharif Stupa, with square base and four columns (1st century CE).[31]"><img alt="A model resembling the Saidu Sharif Stupa, with square base and four columns (1st century CE).[31]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/StupaWithPillarsGandhara2ndCentury.jpg/150px-StupaWithPillarsGandhara2ndCentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/StupaWithPillarsGandhara2ndCentury.jpg/225px-StupaWithPillarsGandhara2ndCentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/StupaWithPillarsGandhara2ndCentury.jpg/300px-StupaWithPillarsGandhara2ndCentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1437" data-file-height="1433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A model resembling the <a href="/wiki/Saidu_Sharif_Stupa" title="Saidu Sharif Stupa">Saidu Sharif Stupa</a>, with square base and four columns (1st century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010174–176_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010174–176-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loriyan_Tangai_complete_Stupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Loriyan Tangai decorated stupa, in the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara (2nd century CE)."><img alt="Loriyan Tangai decorated stupa, in the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara (2nd century CE)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Loriyan_Tangai_complete_Stupa.jpg/79px-Loriyan_Tangai_complete_Stupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Loriyan_Tangai_complete_Stupa.jpg/119px-Loriyan_Tangai_complete_Stupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Loriyan_Tangai_complete_Stupa.jpg/159px-Loriyan_Tangai_complete_Stupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Loriyan_Tangai" title="Loriyan Tangai">Loriyan Tangai</a> decorated stupa, in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a> of Gandhara (2nd century CE).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaulian_Stupa_A11_reliquary.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tower-shaped stupa, thought to be the design of the second (rebuilt) Kanishka Stupa, Jaulian monastery[35]"><img alt="A tower-shaped stupa, thought to be the design of the second (rebuilt) Kanishka Stupa, Jaulian monastery[35]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jaulian_Stupa_A11_reliquary.jpg/54px-Jaulian_Stupa_A11_reliquary.jpg" decoding="async" width="54" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jaulian_Stupa_A11_reliquary.jpg/81px-Jaulian_Stupa_A11_reliquary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jaulian_Stupa_A11_reliquary.jpg/108px-Jaulian_Stupa_A11_reliquary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="1846" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A tower-shaped stupa, thought to be the design of the second (rebuilt) <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_Stupa" title="Kanishka Stupa">Kanishka Stupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaulian" title="Jaulian">Jaulian</a> monastery<sup id="cite_ref-BA_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stupa_Reliquary_Kushan_period,_about_2nd_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stupa-shaped reliquary, Kushan period, about 2nd century CE"><img alt="Stupa-shaped reliquary, Kushan period, about 2nd century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stupa_Reliquary_Kushan_period%2C_about_2nd_century_CE.jpg/112px-Stupa_Reliquary_Kushan_period%2C_about_2nd_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stupa_Reliquary_Kushan_period%2C_about_2nd_century_CE.jpg/169px-Stupa_Reliquary_Kushan_period%2C_about_2nd_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stupa_Reliquary_Kushan_period%2C_about_2nd_century_CE.jpg/225px-Stupa_Reliquary_Kushan_period%2C_about_2nd_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2251" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stupa-shaped reliquary, <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> period, about 2nd century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilas_petroglyphs,_Buddhist_stupa_circa_300-350_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chilas petroglyphs, Buddhist stupa, c. 300–350 CE based on paleography[36]"><img alt="Chilas petroglyphs, Buddhist stupa, c. 300–350 CE based on paleography[36]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chilas_petroglyphs%2C_Buddhist_stupa_circa_300-350_CE.jpg/115px-Chilas_petroglyphs%2C_Buddhist_stupa_circa_300-350_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chilas_petroglyphs%2C_Buddhist_stupa_circa_300-350_CE.jpg/172px-Chilas_petroglyphs%2C_Buddhist_stupa_circa_300-350_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chilas_petroglyphs%2C_Buddhist_stupa_circa_300-350_CE.jpg/230px-Chilas_petroglyphs%2C_Buddhist_stupa_circa_300-350_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="914" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chilas" title="Chilas">Chilas</a> petroglyphs, Buddhist stupa, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300–350</span> CE based on paleography<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origin_of_the_pyramidal_temple">Origin of the pyramidal temple</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origin of the pyramidal temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Pyramidal temples</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumrahar_Mahabodhi_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kumrahar_Mahabodhi_plaque.jpg/151px-Kumrahar_Mahabodhi_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kumrahar_Mahabodhi_plaque.jpg/227px-Kumrahar_Mahabodhi_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kumrahar_Mahabodhi_plaque.jpg/302px-Kumrahar_Mahabodhi_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The Mahabodhi Temple in 150–200 CE</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_of_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Top_of_Temple.jpg/127px-Top_of_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Top_of_Temple.jpg/191px-Top_of_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Top_of_Temple.jpg/254px-Top_of_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a>: a stepped pyramid with round stupa on top<sup id="cite_ref-BA238_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA238-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_Bihar,_10th_century_-_Model_of_the_Sikhara_of_a_Buddhist_Temple_-_1971.167_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/India%2C_Bihar%2C_10th_century_-_Model_of_the_Sikhara_of_a_Buddhist_Temple_-_1971.167_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-102px-India%2C_Bihar%2C_10th_century_-_Model_of_the_Sikhara_of_a_Buddhist_Temple_-_1971.167_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/India%2C_Bihar%2C_10th_century_-_Model_of_the_Sikhara_of_a_Buddhist_Temple_-_1971.167_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-153px-India%2C_Bihar%2C_10th_century_-_Model_of_the_Sikhara_of_a_Buddhist_Temple_-_1971.167_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/India%2C_Bihar%2C_10th_century_-_Model_of_the_Sikhara_of_a_Buddhist_Temple_-_1971.167_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-204px-India%2C_Bihar%2C_10th_century_-_Model_of_the_Sikhara_of_a_Buddhist_Temple_-_1971.167_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4031" data-file-height="6668" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Model of the <a href="/wiki/Sikhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhara">sikhara</a> of a Buddhist temple; 900s</div></div></div></div></div> <p>It is thought that the temple in the shape of a truncated pyramid may have derived from the design of the stepped stupas that developed in Gandhara. The <a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a> in Bodh Gaya is one such example, formed of a succession of steps with niches containing Buddha images, alternating with Greco-Roman pillars.<sup id="cite_ref-BA238_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA238-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure is crowned by the shape of a hemispherical stupa topped by <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finials</a>, forming a logical elongation of the stepped Gandharan stupas such as those seen in <a href="/wiki/Jaulian" title="Jaulian">Jaulian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BA238_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA238-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the current structure of the Mahabdhodi Temple dates to the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> period (5th century CE), the "Plaque of Mahabhodi Temple", discovered in <a href="/wiki/Kumrahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumrahar">Kumrahar</a> and dated to 150–200 CE, based on its dated <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a> inscriptions and combined finds of <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a> coins, suggests that the pyramidal structure already existed in the 2nd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-BA238_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA238-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is confirmed by archaeological excavations in Bodh Gaya.<sup id="cite_ref-BA238_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA238-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This truncated pyramid design also marked the evolution from the <a href="/wiki/Aniconic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniconic">aniconic</a> stupa dedicated to the cult of relics, to the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">iconic</a> temple with multiple images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas.<sup id="cite_ref-BA238_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA238-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This design was influential in the development of later <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010234_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010234-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_in_Asia">Expansion in Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Expansion in Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asian_stupas">Asian stupas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Asian stupas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagoda_of_Songyue_Temple,_2015-09-25_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pagoda_of_Songyue_Temple%2C_2015-09-25_20.jpg/170px-Pagoda_of_Songyue_Temple%2C_2015-09-25_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pagoda_of_Songyue_Temple%2C_2015-09-25_20.jpg/255px-Pagoda_of_Songyue_Temple%2C_2015-09-25_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pagoda_of_Songyue_Temple%2C_2015-09-25_20.jpg/340px-Pagoda_of_Songyue_Temple%2C_2015-09-25_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3408" /></a><figcaption>The Chinese <a href="/wiki/Songyue_Pagoda" title="Songyue Pagoda">Songyue Pagoda</a> (523 CE) is thought to derive from the Gandharan tower-stupa model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010180_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010180-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Row_of_stupas_on_roadside_east_of_Leh,_Ladakh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Row_of_stupas_on_roadside_east_of_Leh%2C_Ladakh.jpg/220px-Row_of_stupas_on_roadside_east_of_Leh%2C_Ladakh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Row_of_stupas_on_roadside_east_of_Leh%2C_Ladakh.jpg/330px-Row_of_stupas_on_roadside_east_of_Leh%2C_Ladakh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Row_of_stupas_on_roadside_east_of_Leh%2C_Ladakh.jpg/440px-Row_of_stupas_on_roadside_east_of_Leh%2C_Ladakh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Row of <a href="/wiki/Chorten" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorten">chorten</a> stupas on roadside east of Leh, Ladakh</figcaption></figure> <p>Stupa architecture was adopted in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, where it became prominent as a Buddhist monument used for enshrining sacred relics.<sup id="cite_ref-Ency_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ency-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian gateway arches, <i>torana</i>, reached East Asia with the spread of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars hold that <i><a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">torii</a></i> derives from the torana gates at the Buddhist historic site of Sanchi (3rd century BCE–11th century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Jaanus_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaanus-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, the stupa became the chorten,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the pagoda in East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pagoda has varied forms that also include bell-shaped and pyramidal styles. In the Western context, there is no clear distinction between a stupa and a pagoda. In general, however, "stupa" is the term used for a Buddhist structure in India or Southeast Asia, while "pagoda" refers to a building in East Asia that can be entered and that may be used for secular purposes. However, use of the term varies by region. For example, stupas in Burma tend to be referred to as "pagodas".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Stupas were built in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> soon after <a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura">Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura</a> converted to Buddhism. The first was the <a href="/wiki/Thuparamaya" title="Thuparamaya">Thuparamaya</a>. Later, many more were built over the years, including the <a href="/wiki/Jetavanaramaya" title="Jetavanaramaya">Jetavanaramaya</a> in Anuradhapura. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development_of_the_pagoda">Development of the pagoda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Development of the pagoda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Asian words for pagoda (<i>tā</i> in Chinese, <i>t'ap</i> in Korean, <i>tháp</i> in Vietnamese, <i>tō</i> in Japanese) are all thought to derive from the <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> word for stupa, <i>thupa</i>, with the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> pronunciation being <i>stupa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010183_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010183-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular the type of the tower-like stupa, the last stage of Gandharan stupa development, visible in the second <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_Stupa" title="Kanishka Stupa">Kanishka Stupa</a> (4th century), is thought to be the precursor of the tower stupas in <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> and the Chinese pagodas such as <a href="/wiki/Songyue_Pagoda" title="Songyue Pagoda">Songyue Pagoda</a> (523 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010180_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010180-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_stupas">Notable stupas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable stupas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur_temple_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Borobudur_temple_panorama.jpg/220px-Borobudur_temple_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Borobudur_temple_panorama.jpg/330px-Borobudur_temple_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Borobudur_temple_panorama.jpg/440px-Borobudur_temple_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> bell-shaped stupas</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest archaeological evidence for the presence of Buddhist stupas dates to the late 4th century BCE. Some of the oldest known examples of stupas are found in Vaishali, Kushinagar, Piprahwa, Ramgram, Sanchi, <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>, Amaravati, and Bharhut. </p><p>With the top of its spire reaching 120.45 m (395.2 ft) in height, <a href="/wiki/Phra_Pathommachedi" title="Phra Pathommachedi">Phra Pathommachedi</a> in Nakhon Pathom, Thailand is the tallest extant stupa in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Swat_River" title="Swat River">Swat Valley</a> hosts a well-preserved stupa at Shingardar near <a href="/wiki/Ghalegay" title="Ghalegay">Ghalegay</a>; another stupa is located near <a href="/wiki/Barikot" title="Barikot">Barikot</a> and Dharmarajika-Taxila in Pakistan. In Sri Lanka, the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> includes some of the tallest, most ancient, and best-preserved stupas in the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Ruwanwelisaya" title="Ruwanwelisaya">Ruwanwelisaya</a>. </p><p>The most elaborate stupa is the 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> monument in Java, Indonesia. The upper rounded terrace, with rows of bell-shaped stupas, contain Buddha images symbolizing <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Arūpajhāna</a>, the sphere of formlessness. The main stupa itself is empty, symbolizing complete perfection of enlightenment. The main stupa is the crown part of the monument, while the base is a pyramidal structure elaborated with galleries adorned with <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> scenes derived from Buddhist texts and depicting the life of <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>. Borobudur's unique and significant architecture has been acknowledged by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as the largest Buddhist monument in the world. It is also the world's largest Buddhist temple<sup id="cite_ref-Guiness_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guiness-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JakartaPost1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JakartaPost1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as one of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco-whc_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-whc-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holi_relief,_Mathura,_c1st_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Holi_relief%2C_Mathura%2C_c1st_century_CE.jpg/220px-Holi_relief%2C_Mathura%2C_c1st_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Holi_relief%2C_Mathura%2C_c1st_century_CE.jpg/330px-Holi_relief%2C_Mathura%2C_c1st_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Holi_relief%2C_Mathura%2C_c1st_century_CE.jpg/440px-Holi_relief%2C_Mathura%2C_c1st_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1615" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Jain stupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, 1st century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Jain stupa</a> was excavated at <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1901_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1901-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shwedagon_Pagoda" title="Shwedagon Pagoda">Shwedagon Pagoda</a> in Yangon, Myanmar, is one of the largest stupas in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_stupas">European stupas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: European stupas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Europe" title="Buddhism in Europe">Buddhism in Europe</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Benalm%C3%A1dena_Stupa" title="Benalmádena Stupa">Benalmádena Stupa</a> is the tallest stupa in Europe. It is 33 m (108 ft) high and was inaugurated on 5 October 2003, the final project of Buddhist master <a href="/wiki/Lopon_Tsechu_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche">Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche</a>. Lopon Tsechu built his first stupa at <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra_stupa#Stupa_in_Karma_Guen,_Spain,_1994" title="Kalachakra stupa">Karma Guen</a> near Málaga, in 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a symbol of peace and prosperity for Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on to build 16 more stupas in Europe before his death in 2003. </p><p>A stupa was built on the ground of the Kalachakra Kalapa Centre in southwest <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, Austria, between 2000 and 2002. </p><p>A stupa based on the bell-shaped stupas at Borobudur is located at <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Buddhist_Monastery" title="Amaravati Buddhist Monastery">Amaravati Buddhist Monastery</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead" title="Hemel Hempstead">Hemel Hempstead</a>, in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_stupas">Types of stupas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types of stupas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boudha_Stupa_2018_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Boudha_Stupa_2018_04.jpg/220px-Boudha_Stupa_2018_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Boudha_Stupa_2018_04.jpg/330px-Boudha_Stupa_2018_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Boudha_Stupa_2018_04.jpg/440px-Boudha_Stupa_2018_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boudhanath_Stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Boudhanath Stupa">Boudhanath Stupa</a>, Kathmandu, Nepal</figcaption></figure> <p>Built for a variety of reasons, Buddhist stupas are classified, based on form and function, into five types:<sup id="cite_ref-Phuoc2010_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phuoc2010-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Relic stupa</b>, in which the relics or remains of the Buddha, his disciples, and lay saints are interred</li> <li><b>Object stupa</b>, in which the items interred are objects that belonged to the Buddha or his disciples, such as a begging bowls or robes, or important Buddhist scriptures.</li> <li><b>Commemorative stupa</b>, built to commemorate events in the lives of Buddha or his disciples</li> <li><b>Symbolic stupa</b>, to symbolise aspects of Buddhist theology. For example, Borobudur is considered to be the symbol of "the Three Worlds (<i>dhatu</i>) and the spiritual stages (<i>bhumi</i>) in a Mahayana <i>bodhisattva's</i> character".<sup id="cite_ref-Phuoc2010_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phuoc2010-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Votive stupa</b>, constructed to commemorate visits or to gain spiritual benefits, usually at the site of prominent stupas that are regularly visited.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Palace_Bangkok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Grand_Palace_Bangkok.jpg/220px-Grand_Palace_Bangkok.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Grand_Palace_Bangkok.jpg/330px-Grand_Palace_Bangkok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Grand_Palace_Bangkok.jpg/440px-Grand_Palace_Bangkok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew">Wat Phra Kaew</a> complex from the northeast</figcaption></figure> <p>"The shape of the stupa represents the Buddha, crowned and sitting in meditation posture on a lion throne. His crown is the top of the spire; his head is the square at the spire's base; his body is the vase shape; his legs are the four steps of the lower terrace; and the base is his throne."<sup id="cite_ref-SINTRO_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SINTRO-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five_purified_elements">Five purified elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Five purified elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although not described in any Tibetan text on stupa symbolism, the stupa may represent the five purified elements, according to Buddhism:<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The square base represents Earth.</li> <li>The hemispherical dome/vase represents water.</li> <li>The conical spire represents fire.</li> <li>The upper lotus parasol and the crescent moon represent air.</li> <li>The sun and the dissolving point represent wisdom.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To build a stupa, <a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">Dharma transmission</a> and ceremonies known to a <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Buddhist teacher</a> are necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-KUC_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUC-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type of stupa to be constructed in a certain area is decided together with the teacher assisting in the construction. Sometimes the type chosen is directly connected with events that have taken place in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-KUC_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUC-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EndAscetism.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/EndAscetism.JPG/220px-EndAscetism.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/EndAscetism.JPG/330px-EndAscetism.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/EndAscetism.JPG/440px-EndAscetism.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1586" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>The sharing of the relics of the Buddha. <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, 2nd–3rd century CE. <a href="/wiki/ZenYouMitsu_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="ZenYouMitsu Temple">ZenYouMitsu Temple</a> Museum, Tokyo.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_relics.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Buddha_relics.JPG/220px-Buddha_relics.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Buddha_relics.JPG/330px-Buddha_relics.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Buddha_relics.JPG/440px-Buddha_relics.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>Buddha relics from the <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka stupa">Kanishka stupa</a> in Peshawar, Pakistan. These surviving relics are now housed in <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, Myanmar.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treasury">Treasury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Treasury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All stupas contain a treasury filled with various objects. Small clay votive offerings called <i>tsatsa</i>s in Tibetan fill most of the treasury. The creation of the <i>tsatsa</i>s is itself a ceremony. Mantras written on paper are made into thin rolls and put into small clay stupas.<sup id="cite_ref-KUC_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUC-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One layer of <i>tsatsa</i>s is placed in the treasury, and the empty space between them is filled with dry sand. On the thus-created new surface, another layer of <i>tsatsa</i>s is made, and so on, until the entire space of the treasury is full.<sup id="cite_ref-KUC_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUC-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of <i>tsatsa</i>s required to completely fill the treasury depends on its size and the size of the <i>tsats</i>a. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra_stupa" title="Kalachakra stupa">Kalachakra stupa</a> in southern Spain contains approximately 14,000 <i>tsatsa</i>s.<sup id="cite_ref-KUC_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUC-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewellery and other "precious" objects are also placed in the treasury. It is not necessary that they be expensive, since it is the symbolic value that is important, not the market price.<sup id="cite_ref-KUC_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUC-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that the more objects are placed in the stupa, the stronger its energy.<sup id="cite_ref-KUC_56-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUC-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tree_of_Life">Tree of Life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tree of Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important element in every stupa is the "<a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of Life">Tree of Life</a>". This is a wooden pole covered with gems and thousands of mantras; it is placed in the central channel of the stupa.<sup id="cite_ref-KUC_56-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUC-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is positioned during a ceremony or initiation, where the participants hold colorful ribbons connected to the Tree of Life. Together, the participants make their most positive and powerful wishes, which are stored in the Tree of Life. In this way, the stupa is charged and starts to function.<sup id="cite_ref-KUC_56-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUC-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Building a stupa is considered extremely beneficial, leaving very positive <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karmic</a> imprints in the mind. Future benefits from this action are said to result in fortunate rebirths. Fortunate worldly benefits also result, such as being born into a rich family, having a beautiful body, a nice voice, bringing joy to others, and having a long and happy life in which one's wishes are quickly fulfilled.<sup id="cite_ref-SBEN_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBEN-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the absolute level, one will also be able to quickly reach <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a>, the goal of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-SBEN_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBEN-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Destroying a stupa, on the other hand, is considered an extremely negative deed, similar to murder.<sup id="cite_ref-LTR4_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTR4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such an action is said to create massive negative karmic imprints, leading to serious future problems. It is said this action leaves the mind in a state of paranoia after death has occurred, leading to unfortunate rebirths.<sup id="cite_ref-LTR4_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTR4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tibetan_stupas">Tibetan stupas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tibetan stupas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eight_great_stupas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Eight_great_stupas.svg/220px-Eight_great_stupas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Eight_great_stupas.svg/330px-Eight_great_stupas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Eight_great_stupas.svg/440px-Eight_great_stupas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Eight Great Stupas</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Row_of_chortens_at_roadside_near_Kaza,_Lahul_%26_Spiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Row_of_chortens_at_roadside_near_Kaza%2C_Lahul_%26_Spiti.jpg/220px-Row_of_chortens_at_roadside_near_Kaza%2C_Lahul_%26_Spiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Row_of_chortens_at_roadside_near_Kaza%2C_Lahul_%26_Spiti.jpg/330px-Row_of_chortens_at_roadside_near_Kaza%2C_Lahul_%26_Spiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Row_of_chortens_at_roadside_near_Kaza%2C_Lahul_%26_Spiti.jpg/440px-Row_of_chortens_at_roadside_near_Kaza%2C_Lahul_%26_Spiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>Row of chortens at roadside near <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a>, Ladakh</figcaption></figure> <p>Stupas in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and Tibetan-influenced regions of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, are usually called "chorten" in English, reflecting the term in the <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan language</a>. There are eight different shapes of chortens in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, each referring to a major event in the Buddha's life.<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chortens are often made as a set, placed in a row. The Tibetan set differs slightly (by two events) from the Indian <a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">set of Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lotus_Blossom_Stupa">Lotus Blossom Stupa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lotus Blossom Stupa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also known as "Stupa of Heaped Lotuses", or "Birth of the Sugata Stupa", this stupa refers to the birth of Gautama Buddha. "At birth Buddha took seven steps in each of the four directions"<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (east, south, west, and north). In each direction, lotuses sprang up, symbolizing the <a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">brahmaviharas</a>: love, compassion, joy, and equanimity. The base of this stupa is circular and has four steps, and it is decorated with lotus-petal designs. Occasionally, seven heaped lotus steps are constructed. These refer to the seven first steps of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_Stupa">Enlightenment Stupa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Enlightenment Stupa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ogoy_Stupa_1_1600x1200.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ogoy_Stupa_1_1600x1200.JPG/220px-Ogoy_Stupa_1_1600x1200.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ogoy_Stupa_1_1600x1200.JPG/330px-Ogoy_Stupa_1_1600x1200.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ogoy_Stupa_1_1600x1200.JPG/440px-Ogoy_Stupa_1_1600x1200.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Enlightenment Stupa at <a href="/wiki/Ogoy_Island" title="Ogoy Island">Ogoy Island</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>Also known as the "Stupa of the Conquest of <a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Mara</a>", this stupa symbolizes the 35-year-old Buddha's attainment of enlightenment under the bodhi tree in <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, where he conquered worldly temptations and attacks, manifesting in the form of Mara.<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stupa_of_Many_Doors">Stupa of Many Doors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Stupa of Many Doors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This stupa is also known as the "Stupa of Many Gates". After reaching enlightenment, the Buddha taught his first students in a deer park near <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>. The series of doors on each side of the steps represents the first teachings: the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a>, the Six <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitās</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Nid%C4%81nas" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Nidānas">Twelve Nidānas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stupa_of_Descent_from_the_God_Realm">Stupa of Descent from the God Realm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Stupa of Descent from the God Realm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At 42 years of age, Buddha spent a summer retreat in the <a href="/wiki/Tushita" title="Tushita">Tuṣita Heaven</a>, where his mother had taken rebirth. In order to repay her kindness, he taught the dharma to her rebirth. Local inhabitants built a stupa in <a href="/wiki/Sankassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankassa">Sankassa</a> in order to commemorate this event. This type of stupa is characterized by having a central projection at each side, containing a triple ladder, or steps.<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_55-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stupa_of_Great_Miracles">Stupa of Great Miracles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Stupa of Great Miracles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also known as the "Stupa of Conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Tirthika" title="Tirthika">Tirthikas</a>", this stupa refers to various miracles performed by the Buddha when he was 50 years old. Legend claims that he overpowered <i>maras</i> and heretics by engaging them in intellectual arguments and also by performing miracles. This stupa was raised by the <a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Lichavi</a> kingdom to commemorate the event.<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_55-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stupa_of_Reconciliation">Stupa of Reconciliation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Stupa of Reconciliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This stupa commemorates the Buddha's resolution of a dispute among the <i><a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">sangha</a></i>. A stupa in this design was built in the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>, where the reconciliation occurred. It has four octagonal steps with equal sides.<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_55-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stupa_of_Complete_Victory">Stupa of Complete Victory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Stupa of Complete Victory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This stupa commemorates Buddha's successful prolonging of his life by three months. It has only three steps, which are circular and unadorned.<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_55-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stupa_of_Nirvana">Stupa of Nirvana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Stupa of Nirvana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This stupa refers to the <i><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">parinirvana</a></i>, or death of the Buddha, when he was 80 years old. It symbolizes his complete absorption into the highest state of mind. It is bell-shaped and usually unornamented.<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_55-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kalachakra_stupa">Kalachakra stupa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Kalachakra stupa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra_stupa" title="Kalachakra stupa">Kalachakra stupa</a></div> <p>A ninth kind of stupa exists, the <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra_stupa" title="Kalachakra stupa">Kalachakra stupa</a>. Its symbolism is not connected to events in the Buddha's life but instead to the symbolism of the <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalachakra Tantra">Kalachakra Tantra</a>, created to protect against negative energies.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_built_Stupa_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An early stupa at Guntupalle, probably Maurya Empire, third century BCE"><img alt="An early stupa at Guntupalle, probably Maurya Empire, third century BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Stone_built_Stupa_2.JPG/120px-Stone_built_Stupa_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Stone_built_Stupa_2.JPG/180px-Stone_built_Stupa_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Stone_built_Stupa_2.JPG/240px-Stone_built_Stupa_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An early stupa at <a href="/wiki/Guntupalli_Group_of_Buddhist_Monuments" title="Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments">Guntupalle</a>, probably <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, third century BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarnath_Buddha_statue_inside_a_votive_stupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha statue inside a votive stupa, Sarnath"><img alt="Buddha statue inside a votive stupa, Sarnath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sarnath_Buddha_statue_inside_a_votive_stupa.jpg/120px-Sarnath_Buddha_statue_inside_a_votive_stupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sarnath_Buddha_statue_inside_a_votive_stupa.jpg/180px-Sarnath_Buddha_statue_inside_a_votive_stupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sarnath_Buddha_statue_inside_a_votive_stupa.jpg/240px-Sarnath_Buddha_statue_inside_a_votive_stupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha statue inside a votive stupa, <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img31_Abhayagiriya_Stupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abayagiri Dageba, Sri Lanka"><img alt="Abayagiri Dageba, Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img31_Abhayagiriya_Stupa.jpg/120px-SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img31_Abhayagiriya_Stupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img31_Abhayagiriya_Stupa.jpg/180px-SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img31_Abhayagiriya_Stupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img31_Abhayagiriya_Stupa.jpg/240px-SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img31_Abhayagiriya_Stupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5057" data-file-height="3371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abayagiri Dageba, Sri Lanka</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Potala_Palace,_former_residence_of_Dalai_Lama,_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chorten near Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet"><img alt="Chorten near Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Potala_Palace%2C_former_residence_of_Dalai_Lama%2C_2006.jpg/120px-Potala_Palace%2C_former_residence_of_Dalai_Lama%2C_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Potala_Palace%2C_former_residence_of_Dalai_Lama%2C_2006.jpg/180px-Potala_Palace%2C_former_residence_of_Dalai_Lama%2C_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Potala_Palace%2C_former_residence_of_Dalai_Lama%2C_2006.jpg/240px-Potala_Palace%2C_former_residence_of_Dalai_Lama%2C_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chorten near <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a>, Lhasa, Tibet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miaoyingsi_baita.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The white stupa in Miaoying Temple, China"><img alt="The white stupa in Miaoying Temple, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Miaoyingsi_baita.jpg/79px-Miaoyingsi_baita.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Miaoyingsi_baita.jpg/119px-Miaoyingsi_baita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Miaoyingsi_baita.jpg/159px-Miaoyingsi_baita.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The white stupa in <a href="/wiki/Miaoying_Temple" title="Miaoying Temple">Miaoying Temple</a>, China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalachakra_Stupa_in_Karma_Guen,_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kalachakra stupa in Karma Guen, Spain"><img alt="The Kalachakra stupa in Karma Guen, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kalachakra_Stupa_in_Karma_Guen%2C_Spain.jpg/90px-Kalachakra_Stupa_in_Karma_Guen%2C_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kalachakra_Stupa_in_Karma_Guen%2C_Spain.jpg/135px-Kalachakra_Stupa_in_Karma_Guen%2C_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kalachakra_Stupa_in_Karma_Guen%2C_Spain.jpg/180px-Kalachakra_Stupa_in_Karma_Guen%2C_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="2049" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra_stupa" title="Kalachakra stupa">Kalachakra stupa</a> in Karma Guen, Spain</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Phnom_Penh,_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski,_Stupa_Kanthy_Bophy_i_Phnom_Mondop_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stupa of Kantha Bopha"><img alt="Stupa of Kantha Bopha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski%2C_Stupa_Kanthy_Bophy_i_Phnom_Mondop_%2802%29.jpg/80px-2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski%2C_Stupa_Kanthy_Bophy_i_Phnom_Mondop_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski%2C_Stupa_Kanthy_Bophy_i_Phnom_Mondop_%2802%29.jpg/120px-2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski%2C_Stupa_Kanthy_Bophy_i_Phnom_Mondop_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski%2C_Stupa_Kanthy_Bophy_i_Phnom_Mondop_%2802%29.jpg/160px-2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski%2C_Stupa_Kanthy_Bophy_i_Phnom_Mondop_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3303" data-file-height="4954" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stupa of Kantha Bopha</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Phnom_Penh,_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski,_Stupa_Kr%C3%B3la_Suramarith_i_Kr%C3%B3lowej_Kossomak_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stupa of King Norodom Suramarit"><img alt="Stupa of King Norodom Suramarit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski%2C_Stupa_Kr%C3%B3la_Suramarith_i_Kr%C3%B3lowej_Kossomak_%2801%29.jpg/63px-2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski%2C_Stupa_Kr%C3%B3la_Suramarith_i_Kr%C3%B3lowej_Kossomak_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="63" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski%2C_Stupa_Kr%C3%B3la_Suramarith_i_Kr%C3%B3lowej_Kossomak_%2801%29.jpg/95px-2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski%2C_Stupa_Kr%C3%B3la_Suramarith_i_Kr%C3%B3lowej_Kossomak_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski%2C_Stupa_Kr%C3%B3la_Suramarith_i_Kr%C3%B3lowej_Kossomak_%2801%29.jpg/126px-2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski%2C_Stupa_Kr%C3%B3la_Suramarith_i_Kr%C3%B3lowej_Kossomak_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2494" data-file-height="4734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stupa of King <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Suramarit" title="Norodom Suramarit">Norodom Suramarit</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagoda_of_Wat_Phnom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main stupa at Wat Phnom"><img alt="Main stupa at Wat Phnom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pagoda_of_Wat_Phnom.jpg/90px-Pagoda_of_Wat_Phnom.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pagoda_of_Wat_Phnom.jpg/135px-Pagoda_of_Wat_Phnom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pagoda_of_Wat_Phnom.jpg/180px-Pagoda_of_Wat_Phnom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main stupa at <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phnom" title="Wat Phnom">Wat Phnom</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Phnom_Penh,_Wat_Botum_(18).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stupa at Wat Botum"><img alt="Stupa at Wat Botum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Wat_Botum_%2818%29.jpg/65px-2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Wat_Botum_%2818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Wat_Botum_%2818%29.jpg/98px-2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Wat_Botum_%2818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Wat_Botum_%2818%29.jpg/131px-2016_Phnom_Penh%2C_Wat_Botum_%2818%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2555" data-file-height="4678" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stupa at <a href="/wiki/Wat_Botum" title="Wat Botum">Wat Botum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Udong_0013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stupa at Oudong"><img alt="Stupa at Oudong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Udong_0013.jpg/80px-Udong_0013.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Udong_0013.jpg/120px-Udong_0013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Udong_0013.jpg/160px-Udong_0013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stupa at <a href="/wiki/Oudong" title="Oudong">Oudong</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Stupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golden stupa at Wat Ounalom"><img alt="Golden stupa at Wat Ounalom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Golden_Stupa.jpg/90px-Golden_Stupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Golden_Stupa.jpg/135px-Golden_Stupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Golden_Stupa.jpg/180px-Golden_Stupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="3061" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Golden stupa at <a href="/wiki/Wat_Ounalom" title="Wat Ounalom">Wat Ounalom</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kathmandu,_Nepal"><span id="Kathmandu.2C_Nepal"></span>Kathmandu, Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Kathmandu, Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roadside_stupa._Kathmandu_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roadside stupa; Kathmandu, 1979"><img alt="Roadside stupa; Kathmandu, 1979" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roadside_stupa._Kathmandu_1979.jpg/76px-Roadside_stupa._Kathmandu_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roadside_stupa._Kathmandu_1979.jpg/114px-Roadside_stupa._Kathmandu_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roadside_stupa._Kathmandu_1979.jpg/153px-Roadside_stupa._Kathmandu_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2295" data-file-height="3604" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roadside stupa; Kathmandu, 1979</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swayambhunath_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swayambhunath"><img alt="Swayambhunath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Swayambhunath_2018.jpg/120px-Swayambhunath_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Swayambhunath_2018.jpg/180px-Swayambhunath_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Swayambhunath_2018.jpg/240px-Swayambhunath_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="31759" data-file-height="20500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Swayambhunath" title="Swayambhunath">Swayambhunath</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boudhanath_Stupa_2,_Kathmandu,_Nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boudhanath Stupa"><img alt="Boudhanath Stupa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Boudhanath_Stupa_2%2C_Kathmandu%2C_Nepal.jpg/120px-Boudhanath_Stupa_2%2C_Kathmandu%2C_Nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Boudhanath_Stupa_2%2C_Kathmandu%2C_Nepal.jpg/180px-Boudhanath_Stupa_2%2C_Kathmandu%2C_Nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Boudhanath_Stupa_2%2C_Kathmandu%2C_Nepal.jpg/240px-Boudhanath_Stupa_2%2C_Kathmandu%2C_Nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Boudhanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Boudhanath">Boudhanath</a> Stupa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathmandu,_Nepal,_Kaathe_Swayambhu_Stupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaathe Swyambhu"><img alt="Kaathe Swyambhu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kathmandu%2C_Nepal%2C_Kaathe_Swayambhu_Stupa.jpg/80px-Kathmandu%2C_Nepal%2C_Kaathe_Swayambhu_Stupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kathmandu%2C_Nepal%2C_Kaathe_Swayambhu_Stupa.jpg/120px-Kathmandu%2C_Nepal%2C_Kaathe_Swayambhu_Stupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kathmandu%2C_Nepal%2C_Kaathe_Swayambhu_Stupa.jpg/160px-Kathmandu%2C_Nepal%2C_Kaathe_Swayambhu_Stupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kaathe_Swyambhu" title="Kaathe Swyambhu">Kaathe Swyambhu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KATHMANDU_NEPAL_FEB_2013_(8510699915).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stupa"><img alt="Stupa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/KATHMANDU_NEPAL_FEB_2013_%288510699915%29.jpg/120px-KATHMANDU_NEPAL_FEB_2013_%288510699915%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/KATHMANDU_NEPAL_FEB_2013_%288510699915%29.jpg/180px-KATHMANDU_NEPAL_FEB_2013_%288510699915%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/KATHMANDU_NEPAL_FEB_2013_%288510699915%29.jpg/240px-KATHMANDU_NEPAL_FEB_2013_%288510699915%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4060" data-file-height="3164" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stupa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahabaudha112.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mahabaudha"><img alt="Mahabaudha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mahabaudha112.jpg/120px-Mahabaudha112.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mahabaudha112.jpg/180px-Mahabaudha112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mahabaudha112.jpg/240px-Mahabaudha112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mahabouddha_Temple" title="Mahabouddha Temple">Mahabaudha</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tahiti_stupa_(XV_century)_on_Tahiti_Tole_square_(17823682692).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tahiti stupa"><img alt="Tahiti stupa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tahiti_stupa_%28XV_century%29_on_Tahiti_Tole_square_%2817823682692%29.jpg/120px-Tahiti_stupa_%28XV_century%29_on_Tahiti_Tole_square_%2817823682692%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tahiti_stupa_%28XV_century%29_on_Tahiti_Tole_square_%2817823682692%29.jpg/180px-Tahiti_stupa_%28XV_century%29_on_Tahiti_Tole_square_%2817823682692%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tahiti_stupa_%28XV_century%29_on_Tahiti_Tole_square_%2817823682692%29.jpg/240px-Tahiti_stupa_%28XV_century%29_on_Tahiti_Tole_square_%2817823682692%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5458" data-file-height="3639" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tahiti stupa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yetkha_Stupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yetkha Stupa"><img alt="Yetkha Stupa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Yetkha_Stupa.jpg/80px-Yetkha_Stupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Yetkha_Stupa.jpg/119px-Yetkha_Stupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Yetkha_Stupa.jpg/159px-Yetkha_Stupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yetkha Stupa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_stupa_in_Kathmandu_street._1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Small stupa in Kathmandu street"><img alt="Small stupa in Kathmandu street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Small_stupa_in_Kathmandu_street._1979.jpg/76px-Small_stupa_in_Kathmandu_street._1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Small_stupa_in_Kathmandu_street._1979.jpg/115px-Small_stupa_in_Kathmandu_street._1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Small_stupa_in_Kathmandu_street._1979.jpg/153px-Small_stupa_in_Kathmandu_street._1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Small stupa in Kathmandu street</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_stupas_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient stupas of Sri Lanka">Ancient stupas of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorint%C5%8D" title="Gorintō">Gorintō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Stupa_of_Universal_Compassion" title="Great Stupa of Universal Compassion">Great Stupa of Universal Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dky%C5%8Dint%C5%8D" title="Hōkyōintō">Hōkyōintō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_stupa" title="Ice stupa">Ice stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiala_Stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankiala Stupa">Mankiala Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovoo" title="Ovoo">Ovoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pagoda" title="Peace Pagoda">Peace Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">Reliquary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Ziggurat</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-chedi.html">encyclopedia.com</a>. Credited to James Stevens Curl, <i>A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture</i>, 2000, originally published by Oxford University Press 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarle1994" class="citation book cs1">Harle, James Coffin (1994). <i>The art and architecture of the Indian subcontinent</i> (2nd ed.). New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5"><bdi>978-0-300-06217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+and+architecture+of+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.place=New+Haven+London&rft.pages=201&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06217-5&rft.aulast=Harle&rft.aufirst=James+Coffin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichell1990" class="citation book cs1">Michell, George (1990). <i>The Penguin guide to the monument of India</i>. The Penguin guide to the monument of India. London: Penguin book. pp. <span class="nowrap">228–</span>229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-008144-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-008144-2"><bdi>978-0-14-008144-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+guide+to+the+monument+of+India&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Penguin+guide+to+the+monument+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.pub=Penguin+book&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-008144-2&rft.aulast=Michell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/stupa.htm">"Buddhist Art and Architecture: Symbolism of the Stupa / Chorten"</a>. 14 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Art+and+Architecture%3A+Symbolism+of+the+Stupa+%2F+Chorten&rft.date=2006-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fstupa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.upenn.edu/coursepages/hist086/material/sanchi.htm">"The Buddhist stupa: origin and development"</a>. 13 January 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+stupa%3A+origin+and+development&rft.date=2005-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.upenn.edu%2Fcoursepages%2Fhist086%2Fmaterial%2Fsanchi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkilling201625-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkilling201625_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkilling2016">Skilling (2016)</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkilling201623–24-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkilling201623–24_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkilling2016">Skilling (2016)</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It is probably traceable to a common cultural inheritance, stretching from the Mediterranean to the Ganges valley, and manifested by the sepulchres, conical mounds of earth on a circular foundation, of about the eighth century B.C. found in <a href="/wiki/Erythrae" title="Erythrae">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2002" class="citation book cs1">Rao, P. R. Ramachandra (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h-jVAAAAMAAJ"><i>Amaravati</i></a>. Youth Advancement, Tourism & Cultural Department Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amaravati&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Youth+Advancement%2C+Tourism+%26+Cultural+Department+Government+of+Andhra+Pradesh&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=P.+R.+Ramachandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh-jVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the hemispherical Phenician tombs of Amrit: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoomaraswamy1972" class="citation book cs1">Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.52349"><i>History of Indian and Indonesian art</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.52349/page/n313">12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+and+Indonesian+art&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Coomaraswamy&rft.aufirst=Ananda+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.52349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commenting on <a href="/wiki/Gisbert_Combaz" title="Gisbert Combaz">Gisbert Combaz</a>: "In his study L'évolution du stupa en Asie, he even observed that "long before India, the classical Orient was inspired by the shape of the tumulus for constructing its tombs: Phrygia, Lydia, Phenicia ." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBénistiK2003" class="citation book cs1">Bénisti, Mireille; K, Thanikaimony (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hO9OAAAAYAAJ"><i>Stylistics of Buddhist art in India</i></a>. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173052415" title="Special:BookSources/9788173052415"><bdi>9788173052415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stylistics+of+Buddhist+art+in+India&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Indira+Gandhi+National+Centre+for+the+Arts&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788173052415&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9nisti&rft.aufirst=Mireille&rft.au=K%2C+Thanikaimony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhO9OAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Menon2016" class="citation journal cs1">M. Menon, Srikumar (16 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.nias.res.in/1225/1/2016-SrikumarMenon-JMSA.pdf">"The 'Round Mound' and its Structural Requirements: A Possible Scenario for the Evolution of the Form of the Stupa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Institute of Advanced Studies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Advanced+Studies&rft.atitle=The+%27Round+Mound%27+and+its+Structural+Requirements%3A+A+Possible+Scenario+for+the+Evolution+of+the+Form+of+the+Stupa&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft.aulast=M.+Menon&rft.aufirst=Srikumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.nias.res.in%2F1225%2F1%2F2016-SrikumarMenon-JMSA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schopen-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schopen_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schopen_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schopen_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schopen_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schopen_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schopen, Gregory. 2004. Buddhist Monks & Business Matters, pp. 361–374</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academia.edu-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh_Bisht" class="citation journal cs1">Singh Bisht, Ravindra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10187944">"How the Harappans Honoured Death at Dholavira – Chapter VI. Hemispherical monument or tumulus"</a>. <i>Archaeological Survey of India</i>: <span class="nowrap">252–</span>305<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.atitle=How+the+Harappans+Honoured+Death+at+Dholavira+%E2%80%93+Chapter+VI.+Hemispherical+monument+or+tumulus.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E252-%3C%2Fspan%3E305&rft.aulast=Singh+Bisht&rft.aufirst=Ravindra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10187944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Menon2016" class="citation journal cs1">M. Menon, Srikumar (16 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.nias.res.in/1225/1/2016-SrikumarMenon-JMSA.pdf">"The "Round Mound" and its Structural Requirements: A Possible Scenario for the Evolution of the Form of the Stupa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Institute of Advanced Studies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Advanced+Studies&rft.atitle=The+%22Round+Mound%22+and+its+Structural+Requirements%3A+A+Possible+Scenario+for+the+Evolution+of+the+Form+of+the+Stupa&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft.aulast=M.+Menon&rft.aufirst=Srikumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.nias.res.in%2F1225%2F1%2F2016-SrikumarMenon-JMSA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_the_Harappans_Honoured_Death_at-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-How_the_Harappans_Honoured_Death_at_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_the_Harappans_Honoured_Death_at_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh_Bisht" class="citation journal cs1">Singh Bisht, Ravindra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10187944">"How the Harappans Honoured Death at Dholavira – Chapter VI. Hemispherical monument or tumulus"</a>. <i>Archaeological Survey of India</i>: <span class="nowrap">271–</span>284<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.atitle=How+the+Harappans+Honoured+Death+at+Dholavira+%E2%80%93+Chapter+VI.+Hemispherical+monument+or+tumulus.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E284&rft.aulast=Singh+Bisht&rft.aufirst=Ravindra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10187944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ency-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ency_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ency_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ency_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), <i>Pagoda</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soekmono, Dr, <i>Chandi Borobudur: A Monument of Mankind</i>, p. 39, 1976, Paris: Unesco Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-101292-4" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-101292-4">92-3-101292-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000020097">Full PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAStupa-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BAStupa_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAStupa_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le (2010)</a>, pp. 140–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogelin2015" class="citation book cs1">Fogelin, Lars (2015). <i>An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199948239" title="Special:BookSources/9780199948239"><bdi>9780199948239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Archaeological+History+of+Indian+Buddhism&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780199948239&rft.aulast=Fogelin&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahiri2015" class="citation book cs1">Lahiri, Nayanjot (2015). <i>Ashoka in Ancient India</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">246–</span>247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674057777" title="Special:BookSources/9780674057777"><bdi>9780674057777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashoka+in+Ancient+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E246-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780674057777&rft.aulast=Lahiri&rft.aufirst=Nayanjot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2008-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra2008_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandra2008">Chandra (2008)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010143-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010143_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010143_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le (2010)</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010173-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010173_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010173_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le (2010)</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkilling201623-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkilling201623_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkilling2016">Skilling (2016)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BA149-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BA149_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BA149_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BA149_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le (2010)</a>, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"De l'Indus a l'Oxus : archaeologie de l'Asie Centrale", Pierfrancesco Callieri, p. 212: "The diffusion, from the second century BCE, of Hellenistic influences in the architecture of <a href="/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Swat</a> is also attested by the archaeological searches at the sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Butkara_Stupa" title="Butkara Stupa">Butkara I</a>, which saw its stupa "monumentalized" at that exact time by basal elements and decorative alcoves derived from <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic architecture</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell_15-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bell_15_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China, Alexander Peter Bell, LIT Verlag Münster, 2000 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77hHrXX4COgC&pg=PA15">pp. 15ff</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alī_Jāvīd_p.50-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alī_Jāvīd_p.50_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 p. 50 by Alī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, New York <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fg-lGID3WpQC&pg=PA50">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010181-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010181_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le (2010)</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010182–183-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010182–183_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le (2010)</a>, pp. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010174–176-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010174–176_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010174–176_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le (2010)</a>, pp. 174–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010176–177-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010176–177_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le (2010)</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010179-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010179_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le (2010)</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010178-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010178_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le (2010)</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BA-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BA_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BA_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le (2010)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA179">179–180</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dated "between A.D. 300–350 based on Kharosthi, Brahmi, and Sodian inscriptions written before and after the drawing was completed (fig. 3). In the center of the triptych, a spectacular stupa with a relatively small dome [anda], a chattravali with seven disks, columns, banners, and multiple bells illustrates a trend towards decorative profusion." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RuhtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA152">"Chital petroglyphs"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Asia Institute</i>. Wayne State University Press: 152. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=Chital+petroglyphs&rft.pages=152&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRuhtAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BA238-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BA238_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BA238_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BA238_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BA238_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BA238_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BA238_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le (2010)</a>, pp. 238–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010234-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010234_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le (2010)</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010180-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010180_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010180_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le (2010)</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), <i>torii</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaanus-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaanus_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/">Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System (2001), <i>torii</i>.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231185528/http://www.bhutanmajestictravel.com/buddhism/stupa">"Stupa – Bhutanese, Nepalese, Tibetan Style Chortens or Stupa is the symbol of enlightened mind"</a>. Bhutan Majestic Travel. 17 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhutanmajestictravel.com/buddhism/stupa">the original</a> on 31 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stupa+%E2%80%93+Bhutanese%2C+Nepalese%2C+Tibetan+Style+Chortens+or+Stupa+is+the+symbol+of+enlightened+mind&rft.pub=Bhutan+Majestic+Travel&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhutanmajestictravel.com%2Fbuddhism%2Fstupa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i>, 6th ed., Columbia University Press<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2010183-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2010183_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le (2010)</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jedeethai.com/เจดีย์พระธาตุภาคกลาง/พระปฐมเจดีย์.html">"พระปฐมเจดีย์"</a>. <i>jedeethai.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jedeethai.com&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jedeethai.com%2F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%2F%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guiness-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guiness_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/largest-buddhist-temple/">"Largest Buddhist temple"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a></i>. Guinness World Records<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Largest+Buddhist+temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Frecords-3000%2Flargest-buddhist-temple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JakartaPost1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JakartaPost1_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurnomo_Siswoprasetjo2012" class="citation web cs1">Purnomo Siswoprasetjo (4 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105191424/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/04/guinness-names-borobudur-world-s-largest-buddha-temple.html">"Guinness names Borobudur world's largest Buddha temple"</a>. The Jakarta Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/04/guinness-names-borobudur-world-s-largest-buddha-temple.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guinness+names+Borobudur+world%27s+largest+Buddha+temple&rft.pub=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.date=2012-07-04&rft.au=Purnomo+Siswoprasetjo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F07%2F04%2Fguinness-names-borobudur-world-s-largest-buddha-temple.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-whc-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unesco-whc_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592">"Borobudur Temple Compounds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Centre">UNESCO World Heritage Centre</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Borobudur+Temple+Compounds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1901-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1901_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1901">Smith (1901)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karmaguen.org/">Karma Guen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.andalucia.com/benalmadena/benalmadena-pueblo/buddhist-temple">"Buddhist Stupa"</a>. 27 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Stupa&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.andalucia.com%2Fbenalmadena%2Fbenalmadena-pueblo%2Fbuddhist-temple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFfriends" class="citation web cs1">friends, Venerable Kusalo Bhikkhu – with help from his teachers and. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhamind.info/leftside/arty/progress/stupas.htm">"Stupa construction at Amaravati Buddhist Monastery"</a>. <i>www.buddhamind.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.buddhamind.info&rft.atitle=Stupa+construction+at+Amaravati+Buddhist+Monastery&rft.aulast=friends&rft.aufirst=Venerable+Kusalo+Bhikkhu+%E2%80%93+with+help+from+his+teachers+and&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhamind.info%2Fleftside%2Farty%2Fprogress%2Fstupas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phuoc2010-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phuoc2010_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phuoc2010_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Huu_Phuoc2010" class="citation book cs1">Le Huu Phuoc (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA140"><i>Buddhist Architecture</i></a>. Grafikol. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9844043-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9844043-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9844043-0-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Architecture&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Grafikol&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9844043-0-8&rft.au=Le+Huu+Phuoc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jb364g4BvoC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SINTRO-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SINTRO_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stupa.org.nz/stupa/intro.htm">"Introduction to stupas"</a>. stupa.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+stupas&rft.pub=stupa.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stupa.org.nz%2Fstupa%2Fintro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beer-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beer_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beer_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beer_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beer_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beer_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beer_55-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beer_55-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beer_55-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beer_55-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beer_55-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beer_55-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beer, Robert: <i>The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs</i> (2004) Serindia Publications Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932476-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-932476-10-5">1-932476-10-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KUC-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KUC_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KUC_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KUC_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KUC_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KUC_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KUC_56-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KUC_56-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KUC_56-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KUC_56-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stupa.pl/en_stupa.html">"Miracle Stupa"</a>. stupa.pl<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miracle+Stupa&rft.pub=stupa.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stupa.pl%2Fen_stupa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBEN-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SBEN_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBEN_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stupa.org.nz/stupa/benefit.htm">"Benefits Resulting from the Building of Stupas"</a>. stupa.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benefits+Resulting+from+the+Building+of+Stupas&rft.pub=stupa.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stupa.org.nz%2Fstupa%2Fbenefit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LTR4-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LTR4_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LTR4_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Article: Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche: "The Four Thoughts which Turn the Mind from Samsara." <i>Buddhism Today</i>, Vol. 5, 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diamondway-teachings.org/export/en/content/advanced/tsechu_4thougths.html">Available online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303093029/http://www.diamondway-teachings.org/export/en/content/advanced/tsechu_4thougths.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205055317/http://www.karmaguen.org/stupa_kalachakra_en.html">"Kalachakra Stupa"</a>. karmaguen.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karmaguen.org/stupa_kalachakra_en.html">the original</a> on 5 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalachakra+Stupa&rft.pub=karmaguen.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karmaguen.org%2Fstupa_kalachakra_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chandra, Pramod (2008). "South Asian arts". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Asian+arts&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Pramod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe2010" class="citation book cs1">Le, Huu Phuoc (2010). <i>Buddhist Architecture</i>. Grafikol. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9844043-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9844043-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9844043-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Architecture&rft.pub=Grafikol&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9844043-0-8&rft.aulast=Le&rft.aufirst=Huu+Phuoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkilling2016" class="citation book cs1">Skilling, Peter (2016). "Chapter 2". In Shimada, Akira; Willis, Michael (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715152047/http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/207_Amaravati.pdf"><i>Amaravati: The Art of an Early Buddhist Monument in Context</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. British Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/207_Amaravati.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2&rft.btitle=Amaravati%3A+The+Art+of+an+Early+Buddhist+Monument+in+Context&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Skilling&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fpdf%2F207_Amaravati.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1901" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Vincent Arthur (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140"><i>The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>: KFrank Luker, Superintendent, Government Press, North-Western Provinces and Oudh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jain+st%C3%BBpa+and+other+antiquities+of+Mathur%C3%A2&rft.place=Allahabad&rft.pub=KFrank+Luker%2C+Superintendent%2C+Government+Press%2C+North-Western+Provinces+and+Oudh&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924012251140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Das Gupta, P. C. (October 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yb0nAQAAIAAJ">"Stupa in Mexican Art"</a>. <i>Jain Journal</i>. <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jain+Journal&rft.atitle=Stupa+in+Mexican+Art&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1977-10&rft.aulast=Das+Gupta&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyb0nAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, Peter (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210164545/http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8633/2540">"The Symbolism of the Early Stūpa"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>94. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8633/2540">the original</a> on 10 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Symbolism+of+the+Early+St%C5%ABpa&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Fjiabs%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F8633%2F2540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mitra, D. (1971). <i>Buddhist Monuments</i>. Calcutta: Sahitya Samsad. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89684-490-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89684-490-0"><bdi>0-89684-490-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Monuments&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Sahitya+Samsad&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-89684-490-0&rft.aulast=Mitra&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Snodgrass" title="Adrian Snodgrass">Snodgrass, Adrian</a> (1992). <i>The Symbolism of the Stupa</i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0781-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0781-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0781-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Symbolism+of+the+Stupa&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0781-5&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStupa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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\"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-wdv74","timestamp":"20250214040958","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Stupa","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stupa","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q180987","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q180987","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-03T11:16:17Z","dateModified":"2025-02-01T04:08:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7f\/Stupa_1%2C_Sanchi_02.jpg","headline":"mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the ashes of Buddhist monks, used by Buddhists as a place of 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