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src="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100im_/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/fae43ab3-284a-4278-8a42-531a517f8d89/MDBalcazar-Natgeo--3-2_2x3.jpg?w=374&h=561"/></picture></div></figure></div></div><div class="LeadMedia__Tint LeadMedia__Tint--notint" aria-hidden="true" role="img" aria-label="Lead Media"></div></div><div class="LeadContent LeadContent--dark LeadContent--textLeft LeadContent--textBottom"><div class="LeadContent__Wrapper"><div class="LeadContent__Header"><div><div class="LeadContent__SectionLabels"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper SectionLabelWrapper--dark"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine"><span>Magazine</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="Article__Headline Article__Headline--dark"><h1 class="Article__Headline__Title">Their identity was forged through resistance: Inside the lives of Brazil’s quilombos</h1><p class="Article__Headline__Desc">Afro-Brazilians find strength in the nearly 6,000 communities established by ancestors who escaped slavery.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ImmersiveLeadWrapper__CaptionContent"><div class="ImmersiveLeadWrapper__CaptionContent__Wrapper"><div class="Caption__Wrapper"><div class="Caption Caption--hideEndBug"><div class="Caption__TextWrapper"><div class="Caption__Text" aria-live="polite"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span><span class="RichText">A service in Salvador brings out a range of reactions at the 18th-century Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of Black People, where many Afro-Brazilians worship, including those who live in nearby quilombos. </span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="natgeo-template1-frame-1-module-1" class="StackModule"><div class="ScrollSpy_container"><span></span><div class="Article flex ArticleBodyTile"><section class="Article__Column Article__Column--main"><article class="Article__Wrapper"><script type="application/ld+json">{"mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/their-identity-was-forged-through-resistance-inside-the-lives-of-brazils-quilombos","@type":"WebPage"},"headline":"","image":{"width":1600,"height":900,"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/fae43ab3-284a-4278-8a42-531a517f8d89/MDBalcazar-Natgeo--3-2_16x9.jpg?w=1200"},"mentions":[],"datePublished":"2022-03-14T17:19:29.360Z","dateModified":"2022-09-16T17:56:19.713Z","author":[{"name":"Paula Ramón","@type":"Person"}],"dateline":"","articleSection":"History","about":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Religion"},"publisher":{"name":"National 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class="Article__Headeer__Interactives"></div><div class="Article__Header__Meta"><section class="Byline flex items-center"><div class="Byline__Content"><div aria-label="By Paula Ramón" class="Byline__Group"><span class="Byline__ByCopy" aria-hidden="true">By</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="Byline__AuthorRow"><span class="Byline__AuthorContainer"><span class="Byline__Author ">Paula Ramón</span></span></span></div><div aria-label="Photographs By Maria Daniel Balcazar" class="Byline__Group"><span class="Byline__ByCopy" aria-hidden="true">Photographs By</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="Byline__AuthorRow"><span class="Byline__AuthorContainer"><span class="Byline__Author ">Maria Daniel Balcazar</span></span></span></div><div class="Byline__TimestampWrapper"><div class="Byline__Meta Byline__Meta--publishDate">Published March 14, 2022</div><div class="Byline__ReadTime Byline__Meta"><span class="Byline__Bullet" aria-hidden="true">• </span>13 min read</div></div></div></section><section class="Share flex flex-no-wrap Article__Header__Share"><button aria-label="Share on Facebook" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--facebook" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="/web/20221013120100im_/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/their-identity-was-forged-through-resistance-inside-the-lives-of-brazils-quilombos#icon__social__facebook"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">Share</span></button><button aria-label="Tweet" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--twitter" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="/web/20221013120100im_/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/their-identity-was-forged-through-resistance-inside-the-lives-of-brazils-quilombos#icon__social__twitter"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">Tweet</span></button><button aria-label="Email" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--email__filled" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="/web/20221013120100im_/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/their-identity-was-forged-through-resistance-inside-the-lives-of-brazils-quilombos#icon__email__filled"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">Email</span></button></section></div></header></div><section class="Article__Content"><div><p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://www.ngenespanol.com/el-mundo/que-son-los-quilombos-brasilenos/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><i>Leer en español.</i></a></p><p><b>Givânia Maria da Silva</b> knows challenges. She was born in an eastern Brazil community founded by African women who were victims of the Atlantic slave trade. Like many descendants of enslaved people, Silva, 56, faced racial discrimination—and worse—while growing up in Brazil, the last country in the Western Hemisphere to ban slavery.</p><p>She endured death threats when she was younger, often from outsiders who tried to seize the land where she and her family lived in a <i>quilombo,</i> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/maroon-people" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">one of the thousands of communities in Brazil established by people who escaped slavery</a>.</p><p>Silva went on to become the first woman from Conceição das Crioulas to earn a college degree—an extraordinary achievement in a nation where quilombo residents have long struggled for individual and property rights. It’s a part of Brazil’s history that is often overlooked.</p><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><aside class="InlineElement InlineElement--below-paragraph InlineElement--browser-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage" aria-label="Image"><div class="CopyrightImage"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative"><img alt="" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div><figcaption><div class="Caption__Wrapper"><div class="Caption"><div class="Caption__TextWrapper"><div class="Caption__Text" aria-live="polite"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span><span class="RichText">Juliana dos Santos Silva, a Candomblé practitioner, pays homage to her enslaved ancestors at the ruins of a former plantation house in Nova Iguaçu. Africans who escaped slavery in Brazil established communities called <i>quilombos</i>—and left a heritage of African culture. </span></span></span></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure><div class="Image__Copyright" style="top:0">Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.</div></div></aside></div><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><aside class="InlineElement InlineElement--browser-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage" aria-label="Image"><div class="CopyrightImage"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative"><img alt="" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div><figcaption><div class="Caption__Wrapper"><div class="Caption"><div class="Caption__TextWrapper"><div class="Caption__Text" aria-live="polite"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span><span class="RichText">In Salvador, Railson Barbosa and Anna Giulia de Oliveira Xavier dos Santos take to the sea with offerings to honor Iemanjá, goddess of the ocean. Originally a deity from the Yoruba faith in Nigeria, Iemanjá is one of the most popular religious figures in Brazil.</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure><div class="Image__Copyright" style="top:0">Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.</div></div></aside></div><p>As a teacher and activist, Silva has devoted 30 years to researching ways to engage students and create curricula that examine the history of quilombos, the violence and oppression that have plagued them for centuries, and the vibrant culture that has thrived within them, despite it all.</p><p>It wasn’t until 1988—a hundred years after slavery was abolished in Brazil—that the country’s constitution recognized the property rights of Afro-Brazilians who live in quilombos. But ownership remains rare, and obtaining land titles is still difficult. Persistent inequality and stigmatization continue to be weights on descendants of enslaved people.</p><div class="EmbedInline"><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><aside class="InlineElement InlineElement--below-paragraph InlineElement--content-width InlineElement--desktop" aria-label="source"></aside></div></div><p>“Abolition is told as something that brought only benefits to Blacks, when in fact the way in which abolition was executed left Blacks on the street, homeless and landless,” says Silva, executive director of the National Coordination of Articulation of Black Rural Quilombola Communities (CONAQ). “That remains so.”</p><p>Quilombos have long been symbols of resistance to bondage and oppression in Brazil. Silva says they represent “the struggle to recognize the rights of Blacks and the role that Blacks played in the whole process of violence that began with their kidnapping from African territory.”</p><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><aside class="InlineElement InlineElement--below-paragraph InlineElement--browser-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage" aria-label="Image"><div class="CopyrightImage"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative"><img alt="" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div><figcaption><div class="Caption__Wrapper"><div class="Caption"><div class="Caption__TextWrapper"><div class="Caption__Text" aria-live="polite"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span><span class="RichText">Maria José de Deus, now deceased, lived in a quilombo established by her ancestors, formerly enslaved people who escaped their captors. As early as 1530 and for 350-plus years, ships brought almost five million enslaved Africans to Brazil, the last nation in the New World to abolish slavery.</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure><div class="Image__Copyright" style="top:0">Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.</div></div></aside></div><p>Conceição das Crioulas is in the state of Pernambuco and has about 4,000 residents. Women settled there by the beginning of the 19th century, according to oral history, “but we don’t know why they came alone,” Silva notes.</p><p>The largest and most famous quilombo, known as Palmares, was in today’s neighboring state of Alagoas. It grew to include more than 20,000 residents but was destroyed by Portuguese forces in 1694. The site, although no longer inhabited, is now a memorial park.</p><p>Belonging to a quilombo is not primarily about the color of one’s skin, Silva says. Rather, the common bond is “the relationship that that group established in the process of resistance to slavery. The word was taken to mean a group of people who fight, who resist, who reorganize.”</p><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><aside class="InlineElement InlineElement--below-paragraph InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage" aria-label="Image"><div class="CopyrightImage"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative"><img alt="" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div><figcaption><div class="Caption__Wrapper"><div class="Caption"><div class="Caption__TextWrapper"><div class="Caption__Text" aria-live="polite"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span><span class="RichText">The Moreiras are among 240 families in Pontinha, in Minas Gerais. Like most in the quilombo, theirs is a tight-knit multigenerational household. </span></span></span></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure><div class="Image__Copyright" style="top:0">Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.</div></div></aside></div><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><aside class="InlineElement InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage" aria-label="Image"><div class="CopyrightImage"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative"><img alt="" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div><figcaption><div class="Caption__Wrapper"><div class="Caption"><div class="Caption__TextWrapper"><div class="Caption__Text" aria-live="polite"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span><span class="RichText">The dove is an important symbol for some religious practices in quilombos such as this one in Salvador.</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure><div class="Image__Copyright" style="top:0">Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.</div></div></aside></div><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><aside class="InlineElement InlineElement--browser-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage" aria-label="Image"><div class="CopyrightImage"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative"><img alt="" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div><figcaption><div class="Caption__Wrapper"><div class="Caption"><div class="Caption__TextWrapper"><div class="Caption__Text" aria-live="polite"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span><span class="RichText">Visitors to this cemetery in Rio de Janeiro honor the deceased during the Day of the Dead observance. Some wear clothing depicting beloved deities from Afro-Brazilian religions.</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure><div class="Image__Copyright" style="top:0">Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.</div></div></aside></div><p><b>As early as 1530</b> and continuing for 350-plus years, ships brought more enslaved Africans to Brazil—some 4.8 million—than to any other nation in the Americas. By 1888, when slavery was formally abolished, many captives had escaped and founded their own communities.</p><p>Official statistics show that an estimated 1.1 million people live in about 5,900 quilombos spread across the country (CONAQ places the number of quilombos at about 6,500). Today, 34 years after Brazil recognized property rights for people of African descent living in quilombos, less than 10 percent of the communities have been granted protected status by the government, which would safeguard them from development, similar to Indigenous lands.</p><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><aside class="InlineElement InlineElement--below-paragraph InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage" aria-label="Image"><div class="CopyrightImage"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative"><img alt="" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div><figcaption><div class="Caption__Wrapper"><div class="Caption"><div class="Caption__TextWrapper"><div class="Caption__Text" aria-live="polite"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span><span class="RichText">A samba dancer plays with her pet cockatiel at home in a favela in Rio de Janeiro. Samba has its origins in African drumming music and developed into its modern energetic style in Rio’s favelas in the 1950s.  </span></span></span></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure><div class="Image__Copyright" style="top:0">Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.</div></div></aside></div><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><aside class="InlineElement InlineElement--browser-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage" aria-label="Image"><div class="CopyrightImage"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative"><img alt="" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div><figcaption><div class="Caption__Wrapper"><div class="Caption"><div class="Caption__TextWrapper"><div class="Caption__Text" aria-live="polite"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span><span class="RichText">Children participate in a Holy Week procession at a church in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. In Brazil, a country of remarkable diversity, many religions combine Christianity with elements from African and Indigenous traditions.</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure><div class="Image__Copyright" style="top:0">Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.</div></div></aside></div><p>Nearly 56 percent of Brazilians—about 119 million people—say they’re of African descent, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Even so, the majority of leadership positions in business, politics, and the arts are held by whites. The average income of Afro-Brazilians is not much more than half that of whites, a 2020 study by the institute indicates. That wage-gap ratio has barely changed in at least a decade.</p><p>“In the city, the bosses want us for manual labor. We work a lot but earn very little, so it is still a slave process,” says Benedito de Freitas, 42, who lives in Comunidade Remanescente Quilombola João Surá in the southeastern region of Brazil.</p><p>Like those in the other 55 families there, de Freitas has ancestors who fled enslavement at the region’s gold mines and settled in the jungle. “If we exist today, it is because our ancestors sought freedom,” he says. “It is here [in quilombos] where they respect Black men and women, even when they are oppressed.”</p><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><aside class="InlineElement InlineElement--below-paragraph InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage" aria-label="Image"><div class="CopyrightImage"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative"><img alt="" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div><figcaption><div class="Caption__Wrapper"><div class="Caption"><div class="Caption__TextWrapper"><div class="Caption__Text" aria-live="polite"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span><span class="RichText">A girl visits a cemetery in Rio de Janeiro where devotees of African-derived religions, widely practiced in quilombos, honor their loved ones during Day of the Dead, or Dia de Finados.</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure><div class="Image__Copyright" style="top:0">Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.</div></div></aside></div><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><aside class="InlineElement InlineElement--browser-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage" aria-label="Image"><div class="CopyrightImage"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative"><img alt="" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div><figcaption><div class="Caption__Wrapper"><div class="Caption"><div class="Caption__TextWrapper"><div class="Caption__Text" aria-live="polite"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span><span class="RichText">Women wearing outfits with ties to African ancestry prepare to take part in a religious procession at a church in Paraty. </span></span></span></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure><div class="Image__Copyright" style="top:0">Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.</div></div></aside></div><p><b>For residents,</b> quilombos are an anchor of power in the push for racial justice, cultural identity, and religion. “We have a diversity of expressions in religion, dance, and music, whose dimensions are connected,” says historian Cassius Cruz. </p><p>Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion in Brazil, but evangelicalism is gaining ground. The percentage of those who say they practice religions of African origin also has increased, according to the official figures. One of the most popular is Candomblé, which includes music, dance, and other ritual expressions.  </p><p>“For me, it’s really about ancestry,” says Juliana dos Santos Silva, 37. She had an evangelical upbringing in Rio de Janeiro, but her grandparents and great-grandparents practiced Candomblé. Santos Silva was introduced to it 11 years ago when she attended a ceremony to honor a deity. “I was captivated by the energy and joy of the people singing and celebrating,” she says, adding that the religious practices helped her mourn her father’s death and gave her a special connection to her grandparents.</p><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><aside class="InlineElement InlineElement--below-paragraph InlineElement--browser-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage" aria-label="Image"><div class="CopyrightImage"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative"><img alt="A woman stands outdoors over a table with candles and holds onto a large wooden cross" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div><figcaption><div class="Caption__Wrapper"><div class="Caption"><div class="Caption__TextWrapper"><div class="Caption__Text" aria-live="polite"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span><span class="RichText">At a cemetery in Nova Iguaçu where enslaved people are buried, Juliana dos Santos Silva honors her ancestors. It’s a “mystical place, full of energy,” she says, “a place that has a lot of strength and great meaning.”</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure><div class="Image__Copyright" style="top:0">Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.</div></div></aside></div><p>Still, some Candomblé believers are wary of practicing openly. Places of worship known as <i>terreiros</i> have been vandalized, and in 2021 the Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights recorded 681 violations of freedom of religion or belief. “Many of my friends keep religion hidden,” Santos Silva says.</p><p>Franklin Moreira, who belongs to a religious folkloric ensemble with African roots in southeastern Brazil’s Minas Gerais, says it’s important to educate others about the history of quilombos, what they represent culturally and spiritually, and the role they have had in the growth of Brazil.</p><p>“We have to, with wisdom, show people that these are sacred places, where our ancestry is manifested, and therefore it has to be respected,” says Moreira, 30. “It is an ancestral legacy that we carry,” he adds. “This Brazil we know, with this culture, only existed thanks to the strength of our ancestors. They suffered a lot; they lived unimaginable pains. That is why it is so important to keep our quilombos alive, because they keep us resisting.”</p><div class="RichText EditorsNote">Venezuelan writer <b>Paula Ramón</b> lives in Los Angeles. <b>María Daniel Balcazar</b> is a documentary photographer who explores traditions as sources of strength.<br><br>This story appears in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/issue/october-2022" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">October 2022 issue</a> of <i>National Geographic</i> magazine.<br><br>This story originally published digitally on March 14, 2022, and has been updated with more detailed text and captions.</div></div></section><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><div class="Article__Footer"><div class="Article__Footer--items flex flex-wrap flex-no-wrap items-center justify-between"><section class="Share flex flex-no-wrap"><button aria-label="Share on Facebook" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item 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Thus, they built black catholic brotherhoods, bridges between Catholicism and Candomblé, throughout Brazil. Masses at the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Blacks are characterized by incorporating a mixture of African influences. In 1704, the Brotherhood began the slow process of building its own chapel with its own savings and labor. Churches were essential spaces for the preservation of Afro-Brazilian religions and traditions and provided Africans and their descendants a space in which to gather and celebrate whatever their beliefs. Salvador, Bahia","ext":"jpg","ttl":"Kilombo 12"}},"hideEndBug":true,"positionMetaBottom":true,"showDownArrow":false,"ctaLinkDisplay":"textLink","description":"Afro-Brazilians find strength in the nearly 6,000 communities established by ancestors who escaped slavery.","sectionLabels":[{"name":"Magazine","type":"sources","uri":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine"}],"theme":"dark","tint":"notint","title":"Their identity was forged through resistance: Inside the lives of Brazil’s quilombos","imageSrcLead":[{"sources":{"x1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/fae43ab3-284a-4278-8a42-531a517f8d89/MDBalcazar-Natgeo--3-2.jpg?w=374&h=249","x2":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/fae43ab3-284a-4278-8a42-531a517f8d89/MDBalcazar-Natgeo--3-2.jpg?w=748&h=498"},"media":"(max-width: 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She was born in an eastern Brazil community founded by African women who were victims of the Atlantic slave trade. Like many descendants of enslaved people, Silva, 56, faced racial discrimination—and worse—while growing up in Brazil, the last country in the Western Hemisphere to ban slavery."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html2","cntnt":{"mrkup":"She endured death threats when she was younger, often from outsiders who tried to seize the land where she and her family lived in a <i>quilombo,</i> <a href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/maroon-people\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">one of the thousands of communities in Brazil established by people who escaped slavery</a>."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html3","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Silva went on to become the first woman from Conceição das Crioulas to earn a college degree—an extraordinary achievement in a nation where quilombo residents have long struggled for individual and property rights. It’s a part of Brazil’s history that is often overlooked."},"type":"p"},{"id":"eefbf408-eeb0-4902-b86c-ce2ffaf6e534","cntnt":{"cmsType":"image","hasCopyright":true,"id":"eefbf408-eeb0-4902-b86c-ce2ffaf6e534","lines":3,"positionMetaBottom":true,"showMore":true,"caption":"Juliana dos Santos Silva, a Candomblé practitioner, pays homage to her enslaved ancestors at the ruins of a former plantation house in Nova Iguaçu. Africans who escaped slavery in Brazil established communities called <i>quilombos</i>—and left a heritage of African culture. ","image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ed6be6ce-b7ec-4bdd-92c6-f84fe9cf95c6/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-1.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ed6be6ce-b7ec-4bdd-92c6-f84fe9cf95c6/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-1_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ed6be6ce-b7ec-4bdd-92c6-f84fe9cf95c6/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-1_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ed6be6ce-b7ec-4bdd-92c6-f84fe9cf95c6/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-1_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ed6be6ce-b7ec-4bdd-92c6-f84fe9cf95c6/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-1_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ed6be6ce-b7ec-4bdd-92c6-f84fe9cf95c6/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-1_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ed6be6ce-b7ec-4bdd-92c6-f84fe9cf95c6/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-1_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ed6be6ce-b7ec-4bdd-92c6-f84fe9cf95c6/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-1_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ed6be6ce-b7ec-4bdd-92c6-f84fe9cf95c6/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-1","src":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ed6be6ce-b7ec-4bdd-92c6-f84fe9cf95c6/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-1.jpg","crdt":"Photograph by MARIA DANIEL BALCAZAR","dsc":"Kilombo (Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro) 2017-04-25 On the way to the slave graveyard, where Mrs. Santos honors her ancestors, lay the ruins of the master’s house of this old plantation. She is a devotee of Candomblé of the nation Ketu, a branch descending from the nagôs. (Yoruba).","ext":"jpg","ttl":"kilombo 1"},"align":"browserWidth","belowParagraph":true,"imageSrc":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ed6be6ce-b7ec-4bdd-92c6-f84fe9cf95c6/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-1_16x9.jpg?w=636&h=358","size":"large"},"type":"inline"},{"id":"a5473419-1a88-4624-aa40-3233f12516f5","cntnt":{"cmsType":"image","hasCopyright":true,"id":"a5473419-1a88-4624-aa40-3233f12516f5","lines":3,"positionMetaBottom":true,"showMore":true,"caption":"In Salvador, Railson Barbosa and Anna Giulia de Oliveira Xavier dos Santos take to the sea with offerings to honor Iemanjá, goddess of the ocean. Originally a deity from the Yoruba faith in Nigeria, Iemanjá is one of the most popular religious figures in Brazil.","image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5fe32c37-2008-42bd-9053-833871063fa8/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-11.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5fe32c37-2008-42bd-9053-833871063fa8/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-11_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5fe32c37-2008-42bd-9053-833871063fa8/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-11_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5fe32c37-2008-42bd-9053-833871063fa8/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-11_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5fe32c37-2008-42bd-9053-833871063fa8/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-11_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5fe32c37-2008-42bd-9053-833871063fa8/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-11_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5fe32c37-2008-42bd-9053-833871063fa8/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-11_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5fe32c37-2008-42bd-9053-833871063fa8/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-11_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5fe32c37-2008-42bd-9053-833871063fa8/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-11","src":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5fe32c37-2008-42bd-9053-833871063fa8/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-11.jpg","crdt":"Photograph by MARIA DANIEL BALCAZAR","dsc":"Kilombo. (Salvador Bahia) 2017-02-02 Candomble devotees, take to the sea with white roses, perfumes and music to celebrate Iemanjá, the goddess of the sea and the protector of fishermen. She represents maternal love and fertility. In Umbanda, she is also syncretized with the Virgin Mary.","ext":"jpg","ttl":"Kilombo 7"},"align":"browserWidth","imageSrc":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/5fe32c37-2008-42bd-9053-833871063fa8/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-11_16x9.jpg?w=636&h=358","size":"large"},"type":"inline"},{"id":"html4","cntnt":{"mrkup":"As a teacher and activist, Silva has devoted 30 years to researching ways to engage students and create curricula that examine the history of quilombos, the violence and oppression that have plagued them for centuries, and the vibrant culture that has thrived within them, despite it all."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html5","cntnt":{"mrkup":"It wasn’t until 1988—a hundred years after slavery was abolished in Brazil—that the country’s constitution recognized the property rights of Afro-Brazilians who live in quilombos. But ownership remains rare, and obtaining land titles is still difficult. Persistent inequality and stigmatization continue to be weights on descendants of enslaved people."},"type":"p"},{"id":"bc2519f5-1a60-405a-a5f6-d6a02be3ae15","cntnt":{"src":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://interactives.natgeofe.com/high-touch/ngm-2210-Quilombos-map/builds/main/html/_graphic.html","cmsType":"source","ariaLabel":"source","align":"contentWidth","belowParagraph":true,"envNme":"prod","qryStr":"forceMode=fitt","mrkup":"","placement":"inline"},"type":"inline"},{"id":"html6","cntnt":{"mrkup":"“Abolition is told as something that brought only benefits to Blacks, when in fact the way in which abolition was executed left Blacks on the street, homeless and landless,” says Silva, executive director of the National Coordination of Articulation of Black Rural Quilombola Communities (CONAQ). “That remains so.”"},"type":"p"},{"id":"html7","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Quilombos have long been symbols of resistance to bondage and oppression in Brazil. Silva says they represent “the struggle to recognize the rights of Blacks and the role that Blacks played in the whole process of violence that began with their kidnapping from African territory.”"},"type":"p"},{"id":"4e00205a-18e8-4e7b-b66c-8c2e77968aea","cntnt":{"cmsType":"image","hasCopyright":true,"id":"4e00205a-18e8-4e7b-b66c-8c2e77968aea","lines":3,"positionMetaBottom":true,"showMore":true,"caption":"Maria José de Deus, now deceased, lived in a quilombo established by her ancestors, formerly enslaved people who escaped their captors. As early as 1530 and for 350-plus years, ships brought almost five million enslaved Africans to Brazil, the last nation in the New World to abolish slavery.","image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/440eef08-41ba-4a77-a799-361315058c90/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-6.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/440eef08-41ba-4a77-a799-361315058c90/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-6_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/440eef08-41ba-4a77-a799-361315058c90/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-6_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/440eef08-41ba-4a77-a799-361315058c90/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-6_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/440eef08-41ba-4a77-a799-361315058c90/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-6_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/440eef08-41ba-4a77-a799-361315058c90/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-6_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/440eef08-41ba-4a77-a799-361315058c90/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-6_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/440eef08-41ba-4a77-a799-361315058c90/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-6_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/440eef08-41ba-4a77-a799-361315058c90/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-6","src":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/440eef08-41ba-4a77-a799-361315058c90/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-6.jpg","crdt":"Photograph by MARIA DANIEL BALCAZAR","dsc":"Descendant of Chico Rei, a legendary tribal leader from Congo known for his fight for freedom","ext":"jpg","ttl":"Kilombo 3"},"align":"browserWidth","belowParagraph":true,"imageSrc":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/440eef08-41ba-4a77-a799-361315058c90/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-6_16x9.jpg?w=636&h=358","size":"large"},"type":"inline"},{"id":"html8","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Conceição das Crioulas is in the state of Pernambuco and has about 4,000 residents. Women settled there by the beginning of the 19th century, according to oral history, “but we don’t know why they came alone,” Silva notes."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html9","cntnt":{"mrkup":"The largest and most famous quilombo, known as Palmares, was in today’s neighboring state of Alagoas. It grew to include more than 20,000 residents but was destroyed by Portuguese forces in 1694. The site, although no longer inhabited, is now a memorial park."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html10","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Belonging to a quilombo is not primarily about the color of one’s skin, Silva says. Rather, the common bond is “the relationship that that group established in the process of resistance to slavery. The word was taken to mean a group of people who fight, who resist, who reorganize.”"},"type":"p"},{"id":"2c1a418b-874f-4489-a769-590b97aa063d","cntnt":{"cmsType":"image","hasCopyright":true,"id":"2c1a418b-874f-4489-a769-590b97aa063d","lines":3,"positionMetaBottom":true,"showMore":true,"caption":"The Moreiras are among 240 families in Pontinha, in Minas Gerais. Like most in the quilombo, theirs is a tight-knit multigenerational household. ","image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/90a6a3ca-98f9-444b-a205-b2903235fce0/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-16.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/90a6a3ca-98f9-444b-a205-b2903235fce0/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-16_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/90a6a3ca-98f9-444b-a205-b2903235fce0/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-16_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/90a6a3ca-98f9-444b-a205-b2903235fce0/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-16_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/90a6a3ca-98f9-444b-a205-b2903235fce0/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-16_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/90a6a3ca-98f9-444b-a205-b2903235fce0/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-16_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/90a6a3ca-98f9-444b-a205-b2903235fce0/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-16_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/90a6a3ca-98f9-444b-a205-b2903235fce0/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-16_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/90a6a3ca-98f9-444b-a205-b2903235fce0/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-16","src":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/90a6a3ca-98f9-444b-a205-b2903235fce0/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-16.jpg","crdt":"Photograph by MARIA DANIEL BALCAZAR","dsc":"Paraobepa, Minas Gerais, 2017-11-04 The Moreira family, descendants of slaves lived in this quilombo since they were born. The community is made up of about 240 families living on the same ground their ancestors lived. The land belonged to Father Antonio Moreira, the owner of a large estate in the region. The community lies in the farthest area from the main quarters of his estate. This little tip of land was considered of little value. Thus, the community was called Pontinha, the little tip. In 1872, the Cedro Cachoeira fabric factory was installed in Paraopeba. This quilombo, as many other are communities that were formed by runaway slaves, and their descendants are still struggling to obtain their official titles for their lands","ext":"jpg","ttl":"Kilombo 13"},"align":"pageWidth","belowParagraph":true,"imageSrc":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/90a6a3ca-98f9-444b-a205-b2903235fce0/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-16_16x9.jpg?w=636&h=358","size":"medium"},"type":"inline"},{"id":"dee16931-c525-4b44-9858-9411677fd806","cntnt":{"cmsType":"image","hasCopyright":true,"id":"dee16931-c525-4b44-9858-9411677fd806","lines":3,"positionMetaBottom":true,"showMore":true,"caption":"The dove is an important symbol for some religious practices in quilombos such as this one in Salvador.","image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e6fe7ca4-03c2-474c-84f4-98b9bfceaeb7/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-9.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e6fe7ca4-03c2-474c-84f4-98b9bfceaeb7/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-9_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e6fe7ca4-03c2-474c-84f4-98b9bfceaeb7/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-9_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e6fe7ca4-03c2-474c-84f4-98b9bfceaeb7/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-9_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e6fe7ca4-03c2-474c-84f4-98b9bfceaeb7/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-9_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e6fe7ca4-03c2-474c-84f4-98b9bfceaeb7/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-9_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e6fe7ca4-03c2-474c-84f4-98b9bfceaeb7/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-9_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e6fe7ca4-03c2-474c-84f4-98b9bfceaeb7/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-9_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e6fe7ca4-03c2-474c-84f4-98b9bfceaeb7/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-9","src":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e6fe7ca4-03c2-474c-84f4-98b9bfceaeb7/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-9.jpg","crdt":"Photograph by MARIA DANIEL BALCAZAR","dsc":"Kilombo. (Salvador, Bahia) Ritual for Oxalá, the african god of creation equivalent to Jesus Christ. The pigeon was set free.","ext":"jpg","ttl":"Kilombo 6"},"align":"pageWidth","imageSrc":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e6fe7ca4-03c2-474c-84f4-98b9bfceaeb7/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-9_16x9.jpg?w=636&h=358","size":"medium"},"type":"inline"},{"id":"3b346170-2a37-4a9c-bce0-d033ce56f8bb","cntnt":{"cmsType":"image","hasCopyright":true,"id":"3b346170-2a37-4a9c-bce0-d033ce56f8bb","lines":3,"positionMetaBottom":true,"showMore":true,"caption":"Visitors to this cemetery in Rio de Janeiro honor the deceased during the Day of the Dead observance. Some wear clothing depicting beloved deities from Afro-Brazilian religions.","image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f1926725-d47a-434a-b2af-41bac34c986c/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-7.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f1926725-d47a-434a-b2af-41bac34c986c/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-7_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f1926725-d47a-434a-b2af-41bac34c986c/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-7_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f1926725-d47a-434a-b2af-41bac34c986c/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-7_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f1926725-d47a-434a-b2af-41bac34c986c/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-7_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f1926725-d47a-434a-b2af-41bac34c986c/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-7_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f1926725-d47a-434a-b2af-41bac34c986c/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-7_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f1926725-d47a-434a-b2af-41bac34c986c/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-7_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f1926725-d47a-434a-b2af-41bac34c986c/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-7","src":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f1926725-d47a-434a-b2af-41bac34c986c/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-7.jpg","crdt":"Photograph by MARIA DANIEL BALCAZAR","dsc":"Kilombo (Iraja, Rio de janeiro) 2017-11-02 . Dia de Finados. Nanã Buruque, (orixa)queen of the mud from which man originated, is one of the most respected and feared orixás. She is responsible for the portal between life and death. She cleanses the mind of the disembodied spirits so that they can get rid of the weight of what they have suffered on their journey and reincarnate without traces of their previous lives. The Catholic tradition of visiting cemeteries on the Day of the Dead is also practiced by devotees of Umbanda and Candomblé. People celebrate and free their loved ones from weight of what they have suffered on their journey and reincarnate without traces of their previous lives.","ext":"jpg","ttl":"Kilombo 4"},"align":"browserWidth","imageSrc":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f1926725-d47a-434a-b2af-41bac34c986c/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-7_16x9.jpg?w=636&h=358","size":"large"},"type":"inline"},{"id":"html11","cntnt":{"mrkup":"<b>As early as 1530</b> and continuing for 350-plus years, ships brought more enslaved Africans to Brazil—some 4.8 million—than to any other nation in the Americas. By 1888, when slavery was formally abolished, many captives had escaped and founded their own communities."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html12","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Official statistics show that an estimated 1.1 million people live in about 5,900 quilombos spread across the country (CONAQ places the number of quilombos at about 6,500). Today, 34 years after Brazil recognized property rights for people of African descent living in quilombos, less than 10 percent of the communities have been granted protected status by the government, which would safeguard them from development, similar to Indigenous lands."},"type":"p"},{"id":"d53c104a-2610-4db7-bbaa-41b6c0fdc58e","cntnt":{"cmsType":"image","hasCopyright":true,"id":"d53c104a-2610-4db7-bbaa-41b6c0fdc58e","lines":3,"positionMetaBottom":true,"showMore":true,"caption":"A samba dancer plays with her pet cockatiel at home in a favela in Rio de Janeiro. Samba has its origins in African drumming music and developed into its modern energetic style in Rio’s favelas in the 1950s.  ","image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/956cf0ce-cf1a-4578-9853-911f8f583d36/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-22.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/956cf0ce-cf1a-4578-9853-911f8f583d36/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-22_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/956cf0ce-cf1a-4578-9853-911f8f583d36/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-22_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/956cf0ce-cf1a-4578-9853-911f8f583d36/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-22_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/956cf0ce-cf1a-4578-9853-911f8f583d36/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-22_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/956cf0ce-cf1a-4578-9853-911f8f583d36/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-22_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/956cf0ce-cf1a-4578-9853-911f8f583d36/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-22_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/956cf0ce-cf1a-4578-9853-911f8f583d36/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-22_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/956cf0ce-cf1a-4578-9853-911f8f583d36/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-22","src":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/956cf0ce-cf1a-4578-9853-911f8f583d36/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-22.jpg","crdt":"Photograph by MARIA DANIEL BALCAZAR","dsc":"Favela de Acarí, Rio de Janeiro, 2017-11-09 A young dancer, dressed in a carnival costume, plays with her pet bird inside her home before going to the parade. Acari has its own samba school, a product of its inhabitants’ hard work despite the violence in the region. Carnival is a moment of pride and joy. Favela do Acari, Rio de JaneiroUntil the 19th century, the neighborhood of Acari was predominantly rural, with many sugarcane plantations within the Fazenda Irajá. Today the Acari favela is considered one of the most violent of Rio. Horses and their caregivers still live in there.","ext":"jpg","ttl":"Kilombo 9"},"align":"pageWidth","belowParagraph":true,"imageSrc":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/956cf0ce-cf1a-4578-9853-911f8f583d36/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-22_16x9.jpg?w=636&h=358","size":"medium"},"type":"inline"},{"id":"40b9c1cd-892e-4a6a-8738-762c2c91a93b","cntnt":{"cmsType":"image","hasCopyright":true,"id":"40b9c1cd-892e-4a6a-8738-762c2c91a93b","lines":3,"positionMetaBottom":true,"showMore":true,"caption":"Children participate in a Holy Week procession at a church in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. In Brazil, a country of remarkable diversity, many religions combine Christianity with elements from African and Indigenous traditions.","image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d5ade49a-c3b7-4f53-b6d3-9f037b89453e/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-8.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d5ade49a-c3b7-4f53-b6d3-9f037b89453e/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-8_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d5ade49a-c3b7-4f53-b6d3-9f037b89453e/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-8_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d5ade49a-c3b7-4f53-b6d3-9f037b89453e/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-8_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d5ade49a-c3b7-4f53-b6d3-9f037b89453e/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-8_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d5ade49a-c3b7-4f53-b6d3-9f037b89453e/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-8_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d5ade49a-c3b7-4f53-b6d3-9f037b89453e/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-8_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d5ade49a-c3b7-4f53-b6d3-9f037b89453e/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-8_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d5ade49a-c3b7-4f53-b6d3-9f037b89453e/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-8","src":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d5ade49a-c3b7-4f53-b6d3-9f037b89453e/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-8.jpg","crdt":"Photograph by MARIA DANIEL BALCAZAR","dsc":"Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Homens Pretos, The procession originated with the historic Catholic and black brotherhood, of the same name, that was established in the city in 1715. Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais","ext":"jpg","ttl":"Kilombo 5"},"align":"browserWidth","imageSrc":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d5ade49a-c3b7-4f53-b6d3-9f037b89453e/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-8_16x9.jpg?w=636&h=358","size":"large"},"type":"inline"},{"id":"html13","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Nearly 56 percent of Brazilians—about 119 million people—say they’re of African descent, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Even so, the majority of leadership positions in business, politics, and the arts are held by whites. The average income of Afro-Brazilians is not much more than half that of whites, a 2020 study by the institute indicates. That wage-gap ratio has barely changed in at least a decade."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html14","cntnt":{"mrkup":"“In the city, the bosses want us for manual labor. We work a lot but earn very little, so it is still a slave process,” says Benedito de Freitas, 42, who lives in Comunidade Remanescente Quilombola João Surá in the southeastern region of Brazil."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html15","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Like those in the other 55 families there, de Freitas has ancestors who fled enslavement at the region’s gold mines and settled in the jungle. “If we exist today, it is because our ancestors sought freedom,” he says. “It is here [in quilombos] where they respect Black men and women, even when they are oppressed.”"},"type":"p"},{"id":"da2101a4-0721-426c-8bc4-1d576a8bce6c","cntnt":{"cmsType":"image","hasCopyright":true,"id":"da2101a4-0721-426c-8bc4-1d576a8bce6c","lines":3,"positionMetaBottom":true,"showMore":true,"caption":"A girl visits a cemetery in Rio de Janeiro where devotees of African-derived religions, widely practiced in quilombos, honor their loved ones during Day of the Dead, or Dia de Finados.","image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/99124508-44fe-4704-a29e-7a8bf2ebe2de/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-12.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/99124508-44fe-4704-a29e-7a8bf2ebe2de/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-12_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/99124508-44fe-4704-a29e-7a8bf2ebe2de/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-12_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/99124508-44fe-4704-a29e-7a8bf2ebe2de/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-12_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/99124508-44fe-4704-a29e-7a8bf2ebe2de/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-12_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/99124508-44fe-4704-a29e-7a8bf2ebe2de/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-12_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/99124508-44fe-4704-a29e-7a8bf2ebe2de/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-12_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/99124508-44fe-4704-a29e-7a8bf2ebe2de/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-12_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/99124508-44fe-4704-a29e-7a8bf2ebe2de/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-12","src":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/99124508-44fe-4704-a29e-7a8bf2ebe2de/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-12.jpg","crdt":"Photograph by MARIA DANIEL BALCAZAR","dsc":"(Iraja, Rio de janeiro) 2017-11-02 Dia de Finados, the Catholic tradition of visiting cemeteries on the Day of the Dead is also practiced by devotees of Umbanda and Candomblé. People celebrate and free their loved ones from weight of what they have suffered on their journey and reincarnate without traces of their previous lives. A girl at the Irajá cemetery after participating in a Candomblé ritual for deceased loved ones on the Day of the Dead. In Candomblé, it is believed that death is not the end, but a moment of change. Suffering in excess for the loss of a loved one can maintain the soul linked to our universe. Therefore, it is important to celebrate the life and memories of those who have died in order to soothe the passage of their souls. Irajá, Rio de Janeiro","ext":"jpg","ttl":"Kilombo 8"},"align":"pageWidth","belowParagraph":true,"imageSrc":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/99124508-44fe-4704-a29e-7a8bf2ebe2de/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-12_16x9.jpg?w=636&h=358","size":"medium"},"type":"inline"},{"id":"2e6fc1ff-6e18-453c-afb6-76d01f9dfd94","cntnt":{"cmsType":"image","hasCopyright":true,"id":"2e6fc1ff-6e18-453c-afb6-76d01f9dfd94","lines":3,"positionMetaBottom":true,"showMore":true,"caption":"Women wearing outfits with ties to African ancestry prepare to take part in a religious procession at a church in Paraty. ","image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ec25c99b-b971-4369-a4a1-5afe0ec4de57/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-5.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ec25c99b-b971-4369-a4a1-5afe0ec4de57/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-5_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ec25c99b-b971-4369-a4a1-5afe0ec4de57/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-5_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ec25c99b-b971-4369-a4a1-5afe0ec4de57/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-5_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ec25c99b-b971-4369-a4a1-5afe0ec4de57/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-5_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ec25c99b-b971-4369-a4a1-5afe0ec4de57/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-5_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ec25c99b-b971-4369-a4a1-5afe0ec4de57/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-5_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ec25c99b-b971-4369-a4a1-5afe0ec4de57/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-5_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ec25c99b-b971-4369-a4a1-5afe0ec4de57/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-5","src":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ec25c99b-b971-4369-a4a1-5afe0ec4de57/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-5.jpg","crdt":"Photograph by MARIA DANIEL BALCAZAR","dsc":"Kilombo (Paraty, Rio de Janeiro). 2017-11-19 Women of faith, with their mucama outfits (the name that was given to black female servants be they enslaved or free), get ready in the king`s house for the procession to the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and São Benedito. Every November, they follow the path of faith. Paraty, Rio de Janeiro","ext":"jpg","ttl":"Kilombo 2"},"align":"browserWidth","imageSrc":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ec25c99b-b971-4369-a4a1-5afe0ec4de57/MariaDanielBalcazarNGweb-5_16x9.jpg?w=636&h=358","size":"large"},"type":"inline"},{"id":"html16","cntnt":{"mrkup":"<b>For residents,</b> quilombos are an anchor of power in the push for racial justice, cultural identity, and religion. “We have a diversity of expressions in religion, dance, and music, whose dimensions are connected,” says historian Cassius Cruz. "},"type":"p"},{"id":"html17","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion in Brazil, but evangelicalism is gaining ground. The percentage of those who say they practice religions of African origin also has increased, according to the official figures. One of the most popular is Candomblé, which includes music, dance, and other ritual expressions.  "},"type":"p"},{"id":"html18","cntnt":{"mrkup":"“For me, it’s really about ancestry,” says Juliana dos Santos Silva, 37. She had an evangelical upbringing in Rio de Janeiro, but her grandparents and great-grandparents practiced Candomblé. Santos Silva was introduced to it 11 years ago when she attended a ceremony to honor a deity. “I was captivated by the energy and joy of the people singing and celebrating,” she says, adding that the religious practices helped her mourn her father’s death and gave her a special connection to her grandparents."},"type":"p"},{"id":"1bba1904-ad52-4281-8e18-237ca33efb0f","cntnt":{"cmsType":"image","hasCopyright":true,"id":"1bba1904-ad52-4281-8e18-237ca33efb0f","lines":3,"positionMetaBottom":true,"showMore":true,"caption":"At a cemetery in Nova\nIguaçu where enslaved\npeople are buried, Juliana\ndos Santos Silva honors\nher ancestors. It’s a “mystical place, full of energy,”\nshe says, “a place that\nhas a lot of strength and\ngreat meaning.”","image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/9e76c383-db33-4098-9011-8cb8e35c7b5f/STOCKPKG_MM9889_MariaDanielBalcazar_raw-10.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/9e76c383-db33-4098-9011-8cb8e35c7b5f/STOCKPKG_MM9889_MariaDanielBalcazar_raw-10_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/9e76c383-db33-4098-9011-8cb8e35c7b5f/STOCKPKG_MM9889_MariaDanielBalcazar_raw-10_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/9e76c383-db33-4098-9011-8cb8e35c7b5f/STOCKPKG_MM9889_MariaDanielBalcazar_raw-10_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/9e76c383-db33-4098-9011-8cb8e35c7b5f/STOCKPKG_MM9889_MariaDanielBalcazar_raw-10_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/9e76c383-db33-4098-9011-8cb8e35c7b5f/STOCKPKG_MM9889_MariaDanielBalcazar_raw-10_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/9e76c383-db33-4098-9011-8cb8e35c7b5f/STOCKPKG_MM9889_MariaDanielBalcazar_raw-10_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/9e76c383-db33-4098-9011-8cb8e35c7b5f/STOCKPKG_MM9889_MariaDanielBalcazar_raw-10_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/9e76c383-db33-4098-9011-8cb8e35c7b5f/STOCKPKG_MM9889_MariaDanielBalcazar_raw-10","src":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/9e76c383-db33-4098-9011-8cb8e35c7b5f/STOCKPKG_MM9889_MariaDanielBalcazar_raw-10.jpg","altText":"A woman stands outdoors over a table with candles and holds onto a large wooden cross","crdt":"Photograph by MARIA DANIEL BALCAZAR","dsc":"At a cemetery in Nova Iguaçu where enslaved people are buried, Juliana dos Santos Silva honors her ancestors. It’s a “mystical place, full of energy,” she says, “a place that has a lot of strength and great meaning.”","ext":"jpg","ttl":"Kilombo 14"},"imageAlt":"A woman stands outdoors over a table with candles and holds onto a large wooden cross","align":"browserWidth","belowParagraph":true,"imageSrc":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/9e76c383-db33-4098-9011-8cb8e35c7b5f/STOCKPKG_MM9889_MariaDanielBalcazar_raw-10_16x9.jpg?w=636&h=358","size":"large"},"type":"inline"},{"id":"html19","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Still, some Candomblé believers are wary of practicing openly. Places of worship known as <i>terreiros</i> have been vandalized, and in 2021 the Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights recorded 681 violations of freedom of religion or belief. “Many of my friends keep religion hidden,” Santos Silva says."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html20","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Franklin Moreira, who belongs to a religious folkloric ensemble with African roots in southeastern Brazil’s Minas Gerais, says it’s important to educate others about the history of quilombos, what they represent culturally and spiritually, and the role they have had in the growth of Brazil."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html21","cntnt":{"mrkup":"“We have to, with wisdom, show people that these are sacred places, where our ancestry is manifested, and therefore it has to be respected,” says Moreira, 30. “It is an ancestral legacy that we carry,” he adds. “This Brazil we know, with this culture, only existed thanks to the strength of our ancestors. They suffered a lot; they lived unimaginable pains. That is why it is so important to keep our quilombos alive, because they keep us resisting.”"},"type":"p"},{"id":"bff4d4cb-e41d-42ca-8a7a-68c043bc6af3","cntnt":{"id":"bff4d4cb-e41d-42ca-8a7a-68c043bc6af3","cmsType":"editorsNote","note":"Venezuelan writer <b>Paula Ramón</b> lives in Los Angeles. <b>María Daniel Balcazar</b> is a documentary photographer who explores traditions as sources of strength.<br><br>This story appears in the <a href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/issue/october-2022\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">October 2022 issue</a> of <i>National Geographic</i> magazine.<br><br>This story originally published digitally on March 14, 2022, and has been updated with more detailed text and captions."},"type":"inline"}],"cid":"drn:src:natgeo:unison::prod:4d2cf9be-e49d-417d-87d3-c4ec67c32a90","cntrbGrp":[{"contributors":[{"displayName":"Paula Ramón"}],"title":"By","rl":"Writer"},{"contributors":[{"displayName":"Maria Daniel Balcazar"}],"title":"Photographs By","rl":"Photographer"}],"mode":"richtext","enableAds":true,"endbug":true,"hsImmrsvLd":true,"isMetered":true,"isUserAuthed":false,"mdDt":"2022-09-16T17:56:19.713Z","readTime":"13 min read","schma":{"athrs":[{"name":"Paula Ramón"}],"cnnicl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/their-identity-was-forged-through-resistance-inside-the-lives-of-brazils-quilombos","kywrds":"slavery, brazil, quilombo, kilombo, enslaved people, afro-brazilians","lg":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/default.NG.logo.dark.jpg","pblshr":"National Geographic","abt":"Religion","sclDsc":"Afro-Brazilians find strength in the nearly 6,000 communities established by ancestors who escaped slavery.","sclImg":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://i.natgeofe.com/n/fae43ab3-284a-4278-8a42-531a517f8d89/MDBalcazar-Natgeo--3-2_16x9.jpg?w=1200","sclTtl":"Their identity was forged through resistance: Inside the lives of Brazil’s quilombos"},"sctn":"History","shrURLs":{"fbIcon":"facebook","fb":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2Ftheir-identity-was-forged-through-resistance-inside-the-lives-of-brazils-quilombos","fbAriaLabel":"article.facebookShare.ariaLabel","fbLabel":"article.facebookShare.label","fbButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_content_type":"article","content_title":"their identity was forged through resistance: inside the lives of brazil’s quilombos","share_method":"facebook"},"emailIcon":"email__filled","email":"mailto:?subject=Their%20identity%20was%20forged%20through%20resistance%3A%20Inside%20the%20lives%20of%20Brazil%E2%80%99s%20quilombos&body=Afro-Brazilians%20find%20strength%20in%20the%20nearly%206%2C000%20communities%20established%20by%20ancestors%20who%20escaped%20slavery.%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2Ftheir-identity-was-forged-through-resistance-inside-the-lives-of-brazils-quilombos","emailLabel":"Email","emailButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_content_type":"article","content_title":"their identity was forged through resistance: inside the lives of brazil’s quilombos","share_method":"email"},"twitter":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013120100/https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2Ftheir-identity-was-forged-through-resistance-inside-the-lives-of-brazils-quilombos&text=Their%20identity%20was%20forged%20through%20resistance%3A%20Inside%20the%20lives%20of%20Brazil%E2%80%99s%20quilombos&via=NatGeo","twitterLabel":"Tweet","twitterButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_content_type":"article","content_title":"their identity was forged through resistance: inside the lives of brazil’s quilombos","share_method":"twitter"}},"wrdcnt":1289,"pbDt":"2022-03-14T17:19:29.360Z","dt":"2022-03-14T17:19:29.360Z"}]}],"cmsType":"ArticleBodyFrame"},{"id":"email-sticky-footer-frame1","mods":[{"id":"48ca7a3b-81e4-4bcf-bfda-a532a973b6e9","cmsType":"StackModule","align":"left","edgs":[{"id":"c9eac64a-d280-45e8-9629-dd1510a489f0","cmsType":"EmailStickyFooterTile","title":"Enter your email to continue reading","errorMessage":"Please enter a valid e-mail address","mrktngMeta":{"cpgnCd":"2022085_global_email wall_history"},"subtitle":"Dig deeper and uncover history's mysteries. 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