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id="toc-Tower_of_David:_Herodian_tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tower_of_David:_Herodian_tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Tower of David: Herodian tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tower_of_David:_Herodian_tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Arabic names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button 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href="#Early_Muslims,_Crusaders,_Ayyubids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early Muslims, Crusaders, Ayyubids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Muslims,_Crusaders,_Ayyubids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_and_Ottoman_citadel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_and_Ottoman_citadel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mamluk and Ottoman citadel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_and_Ottoman_citadel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_and_Jordanian_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_and_Jordanian_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>British and Jordanian periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_and_Jordanian_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tower_of_David_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tower_of_David_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tower of David Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tower_of_David_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="برج القلعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برج القلعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_David" title="Torre de David – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Torre de David" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davud_Q%C3%BCll%C9%99si" title="Davud Qülləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Davud Qülləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_David" title="Torre de David – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torre de David" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidova_v%C4%9B%C5%BE" title="Davidova věž – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Davidova věž" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidszitadelle" title="Davidszitadelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Davidszitadelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B4" title="Πύργος του Δαβίδ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πύργος του Δαβίδ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_David" title="Torre de David – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torre de David" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turo_de_Davido" title="Turo de Davido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turo de Davido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF" title="برج داوود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برج داوود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_David" title="Tour de David – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tour de David" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9C%97%EC%9D%98_%ED%83%91" title="다윗의 탑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다윗의 탑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Դավթի աշտարակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դավթի աշտարակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_Daud" title="Menara Daud – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menara Daud" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_di_Davide" title="Torre di Davide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torre di Davide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93" title="מגדל דוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגדל דוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Давидова кула – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Давидова кула" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%93%E3%83%87%E3%81%AE%E5%A1%94" title="ダビデの塔 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダビデの塔" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytadela_Dawida" title="Cytadela Dawida – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cytadela Dawida" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_David" title="Torre de David – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torre de David" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnul_lui_David" title="Turnul lui David – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turnul lui David" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Башня Давида – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Башня Давида" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_David" title="Tower of David – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tower of David" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_ni_David" title="Torre ni David – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Torre ni David" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தாவீதின் கோபுரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாவீதின் கோபுரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davut_Kulesi" title="Davut Kulesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Davut Kulesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Давидова вежа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давидова вежа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93" title="מגדל דוד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מגדל דוד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%E5%A1%94" title="大卫塔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大卫塔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient citadel in the Old City of Jerusalem</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_David_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tower of David (disambiguation)">Tower of David (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DavidTower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/DavidTower.jpg/330px-DavidTower.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/DavidTower.jpg/500px-DavidTower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/DavidTower.jpg/620px-DavidTower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Tower of David and the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Jerusalem" title="Walls of Jerusalem">city walls</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Tower of David</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מגדל דוד</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Migdál Davíd</i></span>), also known as the <b>Citadel</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">القلعة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Qala'a</i></span>), is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> and contemporary <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a>, located near the <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Gate" title="Jaffa Gate">Jaffa Gate</a> entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. </p><p>The citadel that stands today dates to the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> periods. It was built on the site of a series of earlier ancient fortifications of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early Muslim</a> periods, after being destroyed repeatedly during the last decades of <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> presence in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> by their Muslim enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains artifacts from the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> including a quarry dated to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> and pottery, fishbones, and other archaeological finds dating from the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple Period">First Temple Period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a venue for benefit events, craft shows, concerts, and sound-and-light performances. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bahat" title="Dan Bahat">Dan Bahat</a>, an Israeli archaeologist, writes that the original three Hasmonean towers standing in this area of the city were altered by <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a>, and that "the northeastern tower was replaced by a much larger, more massive tower, dubbed the 'Tower of David' beginning in the 5th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Bahat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally referring to the Herodian tower in the northeast of the citadel, in the 19th century the name <i>Tower of David</i> began to refer to the 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> at the opposite side of the citadel, and since <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967</a> officially refers to the entire citadel.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawari_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawari-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:373px;max-width:373px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Kala_(the_Citadel)_and_David%27s_Tower_on_the_1865_Ordnance_Survey_of_Jerusalem_Old_City_full_map_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Al_Kala_%28the_Citadel%29_and_David%27s_Tower_on_the_1865_Ordnance_Survey_of_Jerusalem_Old_City_full_map_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Al_Kala_%28the_Citadel%29_and_David%27s_Tower_on_the_1865_Ordnance_Survey_of_Jerusalem_Old_City_full_map_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Al_Kala_%28the_Citadel%29_and_David%27s_Tower_on_the_1865_Ordnance_Survey_of_Jerusalem_Old_City_full_map_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Al_Kala_%28the_Citadel%29_and_David%27s_Tower_on_the_1865_Ordnance_Survey_of_Jerusalem_Old_City_full_map_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Al_Kala_%28the_Citadel%29_and_David%27s_Tower_on_the_1865_Ordnance_Survey_of_Jerusalem_Old_City_full_map_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Al_Kala_%28the_Citadel%29_and_David%27s_Tower_on_the_1865_Ordnance_Survey_of_Jerusalem_Old_City_full_map_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1349" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1865 <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_of_Jerusalem" title="Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem">Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Qala_and_Davids_Tower_in_the_1936_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_map_by_Survey_of_Palestine_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/El_Qala_and_Davids_Tower_in_the_1936_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_map_by_Survey_of_Palestine_map.jpg/165px-El_Qala_and_Davids_Tower_in_the_1936_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_map_by_Survey_of_Palestine_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/El_Qala_and_Davids_Tower_in_the_1936_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_map_by_Survey_of_Palestine_map.jpg/248px-El_Qala_and_Davids_Tower_in_the_1936_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_map_by_Survey_of_Palestine_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/El_Qala_and_Davids_Tower_in_the_1936_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_map_by_Survey_of_Palestine_map.jpg/330px-El_Qala_and_Davids_Tower_in_the_1936_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_map_by_Survey_of_Palestine_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="956" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1936 <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Palestine" title="Survey of Palestine">Survey of Palestine</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The citadel with the label "David's Tower" appearing in artifacts from 1865 and 1936. The label "Tower of David" is now commonly used to refer to the Ottoman minaret on the south west side of the citadel (shown as a small red circle on the 1936 map).</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tower_of_David:_Herodian_tower">Tower of David: Herodian tower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tower of David: Herodian tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Tower of David</i> was first used for the Herodian tower in the 5th century<span class="nowrap"> </span>CE by the Byzantine Christians, who believed the site to be the palace of King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahat_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They borrowed the name <i>Tower of David</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, King David's son, who wrote: "Thy neck is like the tower of David builded for an armoury, whereon there hang a thousand bucklers, all shields of mighty men" (Song of Songs, 4:4).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_names">Arabic names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arabic names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An Arabic name of the massive Herodian-Mamluk northeast tower is the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Burj al-Qalʾa</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">برج القلعة</span></span>, 'Citadel Tower').<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Early Muslim and <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> periods it was known in Arabic as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Miḥrāb Dāwūd</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">David's <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mi%E1%B8%A5r%C4%81b" class="mw-redirect" title="Miḥrāb">miḥrāb</a></i></span> (prayer place)</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. Note that there is also another mihrab called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ar-Latn">Miḥrāb Dāwūd</span></span>, built into the inner side of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Wall#Inside_the_Wall" title="Southern Wall">Southern Wall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Haram_esh-Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Haram esh-Sharif">Haram esh-Sharif</a>/<a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_07-2012_(7550258486).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jerusalem_07-2012_%287550258486%29.jpg/250px-Jerusalem_07-2012_%287550258486%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jerusalem_07-2012_%287550258486%29.jpg/330px-Jerusalem_07-2012_%287550258486%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jerusalem_07-2012_%287550258486%29.jpg/500px-Jerusalem_07-2012_%287550258486%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>View of Tower of David from above</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Modell_BW_10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_10.JPG/250px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_10.JPG/330px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_10.JPG/500px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Jerusalem Model, <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Palace_(Jerusalem)" title="Herod's Palace (Jerusalem)">Palace of Herod the Great</a> with the three towers (<a href="/wiki/Phasael" title="Phasael">Phasael</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippicus (page does not exist)">Hippicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariamne_I" title="Mariamne I">Mariamne</a> from left to right)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hasmonean_period">Hasmonean period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hasmonean period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 2nd century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a> expanded further onto the so-called Western Hill. This 773-metre (2,536 ft) high prominence, which comprises the modern <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Quarter" title="Armenian Quarter">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)">Jewish Quarters</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a>, was bounded by steep valleys on all sides except for the north. The first settlement in this area was about 150 BCE, around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a> kings,<sup id="cite_ref-Bahat_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when what <a href="/wiki/Josephus_Flavius" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephus Flavius">Josephus Flavius</a> called "the First Wall" was constructed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herod's_towers"><span id="Herod.27s_towers"></span><span class="anchor" id="Herod's_towers"></span>Herod's towers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Herod's towers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tower_of_Phasael,_in_David%27s_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Tower_of_Phasael%2C_in_David%27s_Tower.jpg/220px-The_Tower_of_Phasael%2C_in_David%27s_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Tower_of_Phasael%2C_in_David%27s_Tower.jpg/330px-The_Tower_of_Phasael%2C_in_David%27s_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Tower_of_Phasael%2C_in_David%27s_Tower.jpg/440px-The_Tower_of_Phasael%2C_in_David%27s_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Large Herodian ashlars topped by smaller Mamluk stones</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a>, who wrested power from the Hasmonean dynasty, added three massive towers to the fortifications in 37–34 BCE. He built these at the vulnerable northwest corner of the Western Hill, where the citadel is now located. His purpose was not only to defend the city, but to safeguard his own royal palace located nearby on Mount Zion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="He built the 3 towers BEFORE he built the palace. Explain. (June 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tower_of_David#Dubious" title="Talk:Tower of David">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Herod named the tallest of the towers, 44 metres (144 ft) in height, <a href="/wiki/Phasael" title="Phasael">Phasael</a>, in memory of his brother who had committed suicide while in captivity. Another tower was called <a href="/wiki/Mariamne_I" title="Mariamne I">Mariamne</a>, named for his second wife whom he had executed and buried in a cave to the west of the tower. He named the third tower Hippicus after one of his friends. Of the three towers, only the base of one of them survives today—either the Phasael or, as argued by archaeologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hillel_Geva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hillel Geva (page does not exist)">Hillel Geva</a> who excavated the citadel, the Hippicus Tower.<sup id="cite_ref-Geva_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geva-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the original tower itself (now called the <i>Tower of David</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="This was the case in Byzantine and following periods, but since the 19th c. the name has migrated to the minaret. So what's this claim meant to say here? (June 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tower_of_David#Dubious" title="Talk:Tower of David">discuss</a></i>]</sup>), some 16 courses of the Herodian stone <a href="/wiki/Ashlars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashlars">ashlars</a> still rise from ground level (partially hidden by a much later built <a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">glacis</a>), upon which were added smaller stones in a later period, that added back significantly to the height of the remaining stump of the Herodian tower. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Jewish war</a> with Rome, <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Giora" title="Simon bar Giora">Simon bar Giora</a> made the tower his place of residence.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of Jerusalem</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> in 70 CE, the three towers were preserved as a testimony of the might of the fortifications overcome by the Roman legions, and the site served as barracks for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman troops</a>. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> as its favoured religion in the 4th century, a community of monks established itself in the citadel. It was during the Byzantine period that the remaining Herodian tower, and by extension the citadel as a whole,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="What citadel? Not a word about if & when such a thing was built. Till here-just towers! (June 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tower_of_David#Dubious" title="Talk:Tower of David">discuss</a></i>]</sup> acquired its alternative name—the Tower of David—after the Byzantines, mistakenly identifying the hill as Mount Zion, presumed it to be David's palace mentioned in <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Samuel">2 Samuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Muslims,_Crusaders,_Ayyubids"><span id="Early_Muslims.2C_Crusaders.2C_Ayyubids"></span>Early Muslims, Crusaders, Ayyubids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Muslims, Crusaders, Ayyubids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Library_of_Israel,_Wahrman_Collection,_Palestine_in_1911_865136_m2682084_002r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The tower in 1911" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/National_Library_of_Israel%2C_Wahrman_Collection%2C_Palestine_in_1911_865136_m2682084_002r.jpg/250px-National_Library_of_Israel%2C_Wahrman_Collection%2C_Palestine_in_1911_865136_m2682084_002r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/National_Library_of_Israel%2C_Wahrman_Collection%2C_Palestine_in_1911_865136_m2682084_002r.jpg/330px-National_Library_of_Israel%2C_Wahrman_Collection%2C_Palestine_in_1911_865136_m2682084_002r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/National_Library_of_Israel%2C_Wahrman_Collection%2C_Palestine_in_1911_865136_m2682084_002r.jpg/500px-National_Library_of_Israel%2C_Wahrman_Collection%2C_Palestine_in_1911_865136_m2682084_002r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="1745" /></a><figcaption>The moat, main gate and tower in 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(637)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (637)">Arab conquest of Jerusalem</a> in 638, the new <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> rulers refurbished the citadel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The counter-theory is that there was no citadel, just the remains of the Herodian tower. (February 2021)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tower_of_David#Dubious" title="Talk:Tower of David">discuss</a></i>]</sup> This powerful structure withstood the assault of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">Crusaders</a> in 1099, and surrendered only when its defenders were guaranteed safe passage out of the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the Crusader period, thousands of pilgrims undertook the pilgrimage to Jerusalem by way of the port at <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>. To protect pilgrims from the menace of highway robbers, the Crusaders built a tower surrounded by a moat atop the citadel,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Atop? Makes zero sense. A perfect citadel they couldn't conquer-they demolish and build over it? And if the "Muslim citadel" consisted only of the ancient tower, they built around it, not on top of it. (February 2021)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tower_of_David#Dubious" title="Talk:Tower of David">discuss</a></i>]</sup> and posted lookouts to guard the road to Jaffa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="After tens of km of exposed road, a single tower protects the pilgrims? (October 2015)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tower_of_David#Dubious" title="Talk:Tower of David">discuss</a></i>]</sup> The citadel also protected the newly erected palace of the Crusader <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Jerusalem">kings of Jerusalem</a>, located immediately south of the citadel.<sup id="cite_ref-MGilbert_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGilbert-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1187, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> captured the city including the citadel. In 1239, the Ayyubid emir of <a href="/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak">Karak</a>, <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Dawud" title="An-Nasir Dawud">An-Nasir Dawud</a>, attacked the Crusader garrison and destroyed the citadel. In their <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1244)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1244)">1244 siege of the city</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazmians</a> defeated and banished the Crusaders from Jerusalem for a last time, destroying the entire city in the process. The <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Egypt">Mamluks</a> destroyed the citadel in 1260.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="How many times over was it destroyed between 1187-1239-1244-1260 without anyone ever rebuilding it in between? And why did they? Explanation needed. (June 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tower_of_David#Dubious" title="Talk:Tower of David">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_and_Ottoman_citadel">Mamluk and Ottoman citadel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mamluk and Ottoman citadel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_of_David_P8040024.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tower_of_David_P8040024.JPG/250px-Tower_of_David_P8040024.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tower_of_David_P8040024.JPG/330px-Tower_of_David_P8040024.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tower_of_David_P8040024.JPG/500px-Tower_of_David_P8040024.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>Masjid Mihrab ed-Dawood, the Ottoman "David's Prayer Niche Mosque", <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">minbar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1310 the citadel was rebuilt by Mamluk sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad">Al-Nasir Muhammad</a> ibn Qalawun, who gave it much of its present shape.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The citadel was expanded between 1537 and 1541 by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, whose architects designed a large entrance, behind which stood a cannon emplacement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Referring to western or eastern entrance? W: not that large, but artillery plaza. E: barbican, bridge etc., but built when, and where would the cannon empl. be? (October 2015)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tower_of_David#Dubious" title="Talk:Tower of David">discuss</a></i>]</sup> For 400 years, the citadel served as a <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> for Turkish troops. The Ottomans also installed a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> near the southwest corner of the citadel commonly known as the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ar-Latn">Mihrab el-Qal'a ed-Dawood</span></span> ('Prayer niche of David's fortress'),<sup id="cite_ref-MadainDawud_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadainDawud-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> erecting a minaret during the years 1635–1655. In the 19th century the conspicuous minaret, which still stands today, became commonly referred to as the <i>Tower of David</i>. At least two mosques are known to exist within the citadel.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawari_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawari-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MadainMosques_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadainMosques-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, British forces under General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a> successfully <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">captured Jerusalem</a>. Allenby formally proclaimed the event standing on a platform at the outer eastern gate of the citadel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_and_Jordanian_periods">British and Jordanian periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: British and Jordanian periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C_-_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_,_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D-JNF001108.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C_-_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%2C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D-JNF001108.jpeg/250px-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C_-_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%2C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D-JNF001108.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C_-_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%2C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D-JNF001108.jpeg/330px-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C_-_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%2C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D-JNF001108.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C_-_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%2C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D-JNF001108.jpeg/500px-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C_-_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%2C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D-JNF001108.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Main gate to citadel, 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>During the period of <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British rule</a> (1917–1948), the <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner for Palestine">High Commissioner for Palestine</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Pro-Jerusalem_Society" title="Pro-Jerusalem Society">Pro-Jerusalem Society</a> to protect the city's cultural heritage. This organisation cleaned and renovated the citadel and reopened it to the public as a venue for concerts, benefit events and exhibitions by local artists. In the 1930s, a museum of Palestinian folklore was opened in the citadel, displaying traditional crafts and clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a> captured Jerusalem and converted the citadel back to its historical role as a military position, as it commanded a dominant view across the armistice line into Jewish Jerusalem. It would keep this role until 1967. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tower_of_David_Museum">Tower of David Museum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tower of David Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chihuly_P8040009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chihuly_P8040009.JPG/250px-Chihuly_P8040009.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chihuly_P8040009.JPG/330px-Chihuly_P8040009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chihuly_P8040009.JPG/500px-Chihuly_P8040009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dale_Chihuly" title="Dale Chihuly">Dale Chihuly</a> chandelier hangs in the entrance hall of the Tower of David Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967, the citadel's cultural role was revived.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What did change in the first 22 years? (September 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Tower of David Museum of the History of Jerusalem was opened in 1989 by the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Foundation" title="Jerusalem Foundation">Jerusalem Foundation</a>. Located in a series of chambers in the original citadel, the museum includes a courtyard which contains archeological remains dating back 2,700 years. </p><p>The exhibits depict 4,000 years of Jerusalem's history, from its beginnings as a <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> city to modern times. Using maps, videos, <a href="/wiki/Hologram" class="mw-redirect" title="Hologram">holograms</a>, drawings and models, the exhibit rooms each depict Jerusalem under its various rulers. Visitors may also ascend to the ramparts, which command a 360-degree view of the Old City and New City of Jerusalem. </p><p>As of 2002, the Jerusalem Foundation reported that over 3.5 million visitors had toured the museum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_of_david_jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tower_of_david_jerusalem.jpg/220px-Tower_of_david_jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tower_of_david_jerusalem.jpg/330px-Tower_of_david_jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tower_of_david_jerusalem.jpg/440px-Tower_of_david_jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>View of archaeological finds in the courtyard and the Ottoman minaret</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2010, a survey of the site was conducted by Yehudah Rapuano on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> (IAA).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ill%C3%A9s_Relief" title="Illés Relief">Illés Relief</a>, model of Jerusalem built in 1867–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_David_Period" title="Tower of David Period">Tower of David Period</a>, nickname for Jewish art in Palestine during the 1920s</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Murphy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMurphy-O'Connor2008" class="citation book cs1">Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3Yy9FDcT8gC&pg=PA23"><i>The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700</i></a>. Oxford Archaeological Guides (5 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923666-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923666-4"><bdi>978-0-19-923666-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Land%3A+An+Oxford+Archaeological+Guide+from+Earliest+Times+to+1700&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+Archaeological+Guides&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923666-4&rft.aulast=Murphy-O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3Yy9FDcT8gC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+David" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAriel" class="citation book cs1">Ariel, Donald T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5564855/Ariel_D_T_and_De_Groot_A_eds_Excavations_in_the_City_of_David_Directed_by_Yigal_Shiloh_3_Stratigraphical_Environmental_and_Other_Reports_Qedem_33_Jerusalem_1992"><i>Ariel D.T. and De Groot A. eds. Excavations in the City of David Directed by Yigal Shiloh, 3. Stratigraphical, Environmental, and Other Reports (Qedem 33). Jerusalem 1992</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ariel+D.T.+and+De+Groot+A.+eds.+Excavations+in+the+City+of+David+Directed+by+Yigal+Shiloh%2C+3.+Stratigraphical%2C+Environmental%2C+and+Other+Reports+%28Qedem+33%29.+Jerusalem+1992.&rft.aulast=Ariel&rft.aufirst=Donald+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5564855%2FAriel_D_T_and_De_Groot_A_eds_Excavations_in_the_City_of_David_Directed_by_Yigal_Shiloh_3_Stratigraphical_Environmental_and_Other_Reports_Qedem_33_Jerusalem_1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+David" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bahat_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahat_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahat_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBahat2007" class="citation book cs1">Bahat, Dan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VTXsijtLLAC&pg=PA122">"Jerusalem Between the Hasmoneans and Herod the Great"</a>. In Arav, Rami (ed.). <i>Cities Through the Looking Glass: Esays on the History and Archaeology of Biblical Urbanism</i>. Eisenbraunds. pp. <span class="nowrap">122–</span>124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575061429" title="Special:BookSources/978-1575061429"><bdi>978-1575061429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jerusalem+Between+the+Hasmoneans+and+Herod+the+Great&rft.btitle=Cities+Through+the+Looking+Glass%3A+Esays+on+the+History+and+Archaeology+of+Biblical+Urbanism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.pub=Eisenbraunds&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1575061429&rft.aulast=Bahat&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VTXsijtLLAC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+David" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawari-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawari_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawari_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawari2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Hawari" title="Mahmoud Hawari">Hawari, Mahmoud</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fpp.25">"The Citadel of Jerusalem: A Case Study in the Cultural Appropriation of Archaeology in Palestine"</a>. <i>Present Pasts</i>. <b>2</b> (1). London, England: <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (UCL), Institute of Archaeology, Heritage Studies Section: 89–95 [94]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fpp.25">10.5334/pp.25</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Present+Pasts&rft.atitle=The+Citadel+of+Jerusalem%3A+A+Case+Study+in+the+Cultural+Appropriation+of+Archaeology+in+Palestine&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-95+94&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Fpp.25&rft.aulast=Hawari&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5334%252Fpp.25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+David" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song%20of%20Songs%204:4&version=KJV">"Song of Songs 4:4"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BibleGateway" title="BibleGateway">BibleGateway</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BibleGateway&rft.atitle=Song+of+Songs+4%3A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DSong%2520of%2520Songs%25204%3A4%26version%3DKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+David" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFإسرائيل" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">إسرائيل, طاقم تايمز أوف. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ar.timesofisrael.com/%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%86%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b6%d9%8a-%d9%81/">"مبادرة لتكنولوجيا الواقع الإفتراضي في مختبر الإبتكار الجديد في متحف برج قلعة القدس"</a>. <i>تايمز أوف إسرائيل</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B2+%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%81+%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC+%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3&rft.aulast=%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84&rft.aufirst=%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%85+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B2+%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Far.timesofisrael.com%2F%25d9%2585%25d8%25a8%25d8%25a7%25d8%25af%25d8%25b1%25d8%25a9-%25d9%2584%25d8%25aa%25d9%2583%25d9%2586%25d9%2588%25d9%2584%25d9%2588%25d8%25ac%25d9%258a%25d8%25a7-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2588%25d8%25a7%25d9%2582%25d8%25b9-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25a7%25d9%2581%25d8%25aa%25d8%25b1%25d8%25a7%25d8%25b6%25d9%258a-%25d9%2581%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+David" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElad1995" class="citation book cs1">Elad, Amikam (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDz_yctbQVgC&pg=PA137"><i>Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship: Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage</i></a>. Brill. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10010-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10010-7"><bdi>978-90-04-10010-7</bdi></a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Al-Suy%C5%AB%E1%B9%AD%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Suyūṭī">al-Suyūṭī</a> […] regarding the location of Miḥrāb Dāwūd in his time [1470s]. 1. The Great Miḥrāb in the wall adjacent to the <i>minbar</i> inside <a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">al-ʾAqṣā Mosque</a>; 2. The Great Miḥrāb in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Wall" title="Southern Wall">southern wall of the Ḥaram</a>; 3. In the citadel (al-Qalʾa) of Jerusalem. […] <a href="/wiki/Muj%C4%ABr_ad-D%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujīr ad-Dīn">Mujīr</a> states that the Miḥrāb in the southern wall of the Ḥaram, near the "Cradle of Jesus", is widely accepted as Miḥrāb Dāwūd.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Jerusalem+and+Islamic+Worship%3A+Holy+Places%2C+Ceremonies%2C+Pilgrimage&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10010-7&rft.aulast=Elad&rft.aufirst=Amikam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDz_yctbQVgC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+David" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geva-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geva_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeva1981" class="citation journal cs1">Geva, Hillel (1981). "The 'Tower of David' – Phasael or Hippicus?". <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>. <b>31</b> (1/2). Israel Exploration Society: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27925783">27925783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=The+%27Tower+of+David%27+%E2%80%93+Phasael+or+Hippicus%3F&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27925783%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Geva&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+David" class="Z3988"></span> Archaeologist H. Geva proposes that the "Tower of David", be identified with Josephus's Hippicus tower. Hillel Geva (Ph.D.) has excavated the Citadel, is Director of the Israel Exploration Society and currently edits and publishes the reports for the Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem. The identification with the Hippicus tower was already proposed by 19th-century biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Robinson</a> and by <a href="/wiki/James_Turner_Barclay" title="James Turner Barclay">James Turner Barclay</a>, a view opposed by other 19th-early 20th century scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/James_Fergusson_(architect)" title="James Fergusson (architect)">J. Fergusson</a>, Thomas Lewin, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Schick" title="Conrad Schick">Conrad Schick</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Adam_Smith" title="George Adam Smith">G.A. Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Warren" title="Charles Warren">C. Warren</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._R._Conder" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Conder">C.R. Conder</a>, who held that the "Tower of David" should be identified with the tower of Phasael, based on its size.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> (V.IV.3; VII.II.1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Samuel+5:11,+11:1%E2%80%9327,+16:22&version=NRSVUE">"Bible Gateway passage: 2 Samuel 5:11, 2 Samuel 11, 2 Samuel 16:22 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+2+Samuel+5%3A11%2C+2+Samuel+11%2C+2+Samuel+16%3A22+-+New+Revised+Standard+Version+Updated+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3D2%2BSamuel%2B5%3A11%2C%2B11%3A1%25E2%2580%259327%2C%2B16%3A22%26version%3DNRSVUE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+David" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MGilbert-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MGilbert_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1987" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150814163758/http://www.appuntisugerusalemme.it/Dati/Jerusalem_Historical_Atlas_1987_Martin_Gilbert.pdf"><i>Crusader Jerusalem (Map 11)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appuntisugerusalemme.it/Dati/Jerusalem_Historical_Atlas_1987_Martin_Gilbert.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusader+Jerusalem+%28Map+11%29&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appuntisugerusalemme.it%2FDati%2FJerusalem_Historical_Atlas_1987_Martin_Gilbert.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+David" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enjoyjerusalem.com/explore/paths-and-trails/stops/citadel">The Citadel: Position</a>, EnjoyJerusalem.com (EU-supported Palestinian website)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MadainDawud-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MadainDawud_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/al_qala_mosque_(jerusalem)">"al-Qal'a Mosque (Masjid Mehrab e Dawud)"</a>. <i>Madain Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madain+Project&rft.atitle=al-Qal%27a+Mosque+%28Masjid+Mehrab+e+Dawud%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fal_qala_mosque_%28jerusalem%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+David" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MadainMosques-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MadainMosques_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/tower_of_david_mosques">"Tower of David Mosques"</a>. <i>Madain Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madain+Project&rft.atitle=Tower+of+David+Mosques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Ftower_of_david_mosques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+David" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.towerofdavid.org.il/eng/upload/.castle/history.html">Tower of David: History of a Citadel</a>, at the homepage (2007) of the Tower of David Museum of the History of Jerusalem <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070905105941/http://www.towerofdavid.org.il/eng/upload/.castle/history.html">Archived</a> 2007-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/m_digs_eng.aspx?shana=2010">Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2010</a>, Survey Permit # A-5826</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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/></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_David" class="extiw" title="commons:Tower of David"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Tower of David</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://3disrael.com/jerusalem/david_tower.cfm">360 degrees HD virtual tour of the Tower of David Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117050547/http://www.3disrael.com/jerusalem/david_tower.cfm">Archived</a> 2008-01-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tod.org.il/en/museum/about-the-museum/">Tower of David Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://igoogledisrael.com/2011/06/the-majestic-tower-of-david-jerusalem/">A tourist's guide to the Tower of David Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509060911/http://igoogledisrael.com/2011/06/the-majestic-tower-of-david-jerusalem/">Archived</a> 2013-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_David&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>For <i>Mihrab Da'ud</i> and Early Muslim traditions regarding David see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMostafa2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mostafa, Heba (2017-10-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26551692">"From the Dome of the Chain to Miḥrāb Dāʾūd: The Transformation of an Umayyad Commemorative Site at the Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Muqarnas Online</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22118993_03401p002">10.1163/22118993_03401p002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0732-2992">0732-2992</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26551692">26551692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas+Online&rft.atitle=From+the+Dome+of+the+Chain+to+Mi%E1%B8%A5r%C4%81b+D%C4%81%CA%BE%C5%ABd%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Umayyad+Commemorative+Site+at+the+Haram+al-Sharif+in+Jerusalem&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2017-10-08&rft.issn=0732-2992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26551692%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22118993_03401p002&rft.aulast=Mostafa&rft.aufirst=Heba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26551692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+David" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tower_of_David&params=31_46_34_N_35_13_40_E_type:landmark_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°46′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°13′40″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.77611°N 35.22778°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.77611; 35.22778</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jaffa_Road" title="Template:Jaffa Road"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jaffa_Road" title="Template talk:Jaffa Road"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jaffa_Road" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jaffa Road"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jaffa_Road14" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Road" title="Jaffa Road">Jaffa Road</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align:top"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Places12"><b>Places</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Central_Bus_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Central Bus Station">Central Bus Station</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem%E2%80%93Yitzhak_Navon_railway_station" title="Jerusalem–Yitzhak Navon railway station">Yitzhak Navon railway station</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Mahane_Yehuda_Market" title="Mahane Yehuda Market">Mahane Yehuda Market</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Clal_Center" title="Clal Center">Clal Center</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_(Jerusalem)" title="Ben Yehuda Street (Jerusalem)">Ben Yehuda Street</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Nahalat_Shiv%27a" title="Nahalat Shiv'a">Nahalat Shiv'a</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Generali_Building" title="Generali Building">Generali Building</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Safra_Square" title="Safra Square">Safra Square</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_City_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Mamilla" title="Mamilla">Mamilla</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Gate" title="Jaffa Gate">Jaffa Gate</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tower of David</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Squares13"><b>Squares</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A. <a href="/wiki/Davidka_Square" title="Davidka Square">Davidka Square</a></li> <li>B. <a href="/wiki/Zion_Square" title="Zion Square">Zion Square</a></li> <li>C. <a href="/wiki/Tzahal_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzahal Square">Tzahal Square</a></li> <li>D. <a href="/wiki/Safra_Square" title="Safra Square">Safra Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;vertical-align:top"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaffa_Road_Template.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of Jaffa Road"><img alt="Plan of Jaffa Road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jaffa_Road_Template.PNG/250px-Jaffa_Road_Template.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jaffa_Road_Template.PNG/375px-Jaffa_Road_Template.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jaffa_Road_Template.PNG/500px-Jaffa_Road_Template.PNG 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="482" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1177765#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata859" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1177765#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata859" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1177765#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121089719">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126494048">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/3017993-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93118356">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007493928505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20038214">Structurae</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourism_in_Jerusalem285" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourism_in_Jerusalem" title="Template:Tourism in Jerusalem"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tourism_in_Jerusalem" title="Template talk:Tourism in Jerusalem"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourism_in_Jerusalem" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tourism in Jerusalem"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourism_in_Jerusalem285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tourism in Jerusalem</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armon_HaNatziv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armon HaNatziv (page does not exist)">Armon HaNatziv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chords_Bridge" title="Chords Bridge">Chords Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Gates of the Old City of Jerusalem">Gates of the Old City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Gate" title="Damascus Gate">Damascus Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dung_Gate" title="Dung Gate">Dung Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Golden Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Gate" title="Herod's Gate">Herod's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Gate" title="Jaffa Gate">Jaffa Gate</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Architects_Tombs_at_Jaffa_Gate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Architects Tombs at Jaffa Gate (page does not exist)">The Architects Tombs at Jaffa Gate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Gate" title="Lions' Gate">Lions' Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Gate" title="New Gate">New Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion_Gate" title="Zion Gate">Zion Gate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montefiore_Windmill" title="Montefiore Windmill">Montefiore Windmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem%E2%80%93Yitzhak_Navon_railway_station" title="Jerusalem–Yitzhak Navon railway station">Navon railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tower of David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Jerusalem" title="Walls of Jerusalem">Walls of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardigian_Museum_of_Armenian_Art_and_Culture" title="Mardigian Museum of Armenian Art and Culture">Armenian Art and Culture Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian_Library" title="Calouste Gulbenkian Library">Armenian Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Lands_Museum" title="Bible Lands Museum">Bible Lands Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_Science_Museum" title="Bloomfield Science Museum">Bloomfield Science Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_House" title="Burnt House">Burnt House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_the_Holocaust" title="Chamber of the Holocaust">Chamber of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Zion_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends of Zion Museum">Friends of Zion Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heichal_Shlomo" title="Heichal Shlomo">Heichal Shlomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Quarter" title="Herodian Quarter">Herodian Quarter – Wohl Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Museum" title="Herzl Museum">Herzl Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin_Heritage_Center" title="Menachem Begin Heritage Center">Menachem Begin Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Tolerance_Jerusalem" title="Museum of Tolerance Jerusalem">Museum of Tolerance Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Underground_Prisoners" title="Museum of Underground Prisoners">Museum of Underground Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_on_the_Seam" title="Museum on the Seam">Museum on the Seam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_Jewish_Heritage_Center" title="North Africa Jewish Heritage Center">North Africa Jewish Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv_Courtyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Yishuv Courtyard">Old Yishuv Courtyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulus-Haus" title="Paulus-Haus">Paulus-Haus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Archeological_Museum" title="Rockefeller Archeological Museum">Rockefeller Archeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Compound" title="Russian Compound">Russian Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schottenstein_campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Schottenstein campus">Schottenstein campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebenberg_House" title="Siebenberg House">Siebenberg House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern_House" title="Stern House">Stern House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Institute" title="Temple Institute">Temple Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancta_Museum" title="Terra Sancta Museum">Terra Sancta Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticho_House" title="Ticho House">Ticho House</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tower of David</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U._Nahon_Museum_of_Italian_Jewish_Art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U. Nahon Museum of Italian Jewish Art (page does not exist)">U. Nahon Museum of Italian Jewish Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Levi_Eshkol" title="Yad Levi Eshkol">Yad Levi Eshkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judaism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ades_Synagogue" title="Ades Synagogue">Ades Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv_Courtyard#Ari_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Yishuv Courtyard">Ari Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_El_Kabbalist_yeshiva" title="Beit El Kabbalist yeshiva">Beit El Kabbalist yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belz_Great_Synagogue" title="Belz Great Synagogue">Belz Great Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Sephardic_Synagogues" title="Four Sephardic Synagogues">Four Sephardic Synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Synagogue (Jerusalem)">Great Synagogue of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecht_Synagogue" title="Hecht Synagogue">Hecht Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heichal_Shlomo" title="Heichal Shlomo">Heichal Shlomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurva_Synagogue" title="Hurva Synagogue">Hurva Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_Yitzchak_Synagogue" title="Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue">Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohr_ha-Chaim_Synagogue" title="Ohr ha-Chaim Synagogue">Ohr ha-Chaim Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Motza_Synagogue" title="Old Motza Synagogue">Old Motza Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Or_Zaruaa_Synagogue" title="Or Zaruaa Synagogue">Or Zaruaa Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Dr._I._Goldstein_Synagogue" title="Rabbi Dr. I. Goldstein Synagogue">Rabbi Dr. I. Goldstein Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramban_Synagogue" title="Ramban Synagogue">Ramban Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiferet_Yisrael_Synagogue" title="Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue">Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzuf_Dvash_Synagogue" title="Tzuf Dvash Synagogue">Tzuf Dvash Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Plaza" title="Western Wall Plaza">Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_Arch_(Jerusalem)" title="Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)">Wilson's Arch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoharei_Chama_Synagogue" title="Zoharei Chama Synagogue">Zoharei Chama Synagogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Chapel of Simon of Cyrene">Chapel of Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Annunciation,_Jerusalem" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Annunciation, Jerusalem">Cathedral of the Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Flagellation" title="Church of the Flagellation">Church of the Flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_es-Sultan" title="Deir es-Sultan">Deir es-Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Helena,_Jerusalem" title="Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem">Chapel of Saint Helena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Anne,_Jerusalem" title="Church of Saint Anne, Jerusalem">Church of Saint Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Family,_Jerusalem" title="Church of the Holy Family, Jerusalem">Church of the Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Cathedral_of_the_Most_Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus">Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_Tomb" title="The Garden Tomb">Garden Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_All_Nations" title="Church of All Nations">Church of All Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Saviour" title="Monastery of Saint Saviour">Monastery of Saint Saviour</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_James,_Jerusalem" title="Cathedral of Saint James, Jerusalem">Cathedral of Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Toros" title="Church of Saint Toros">Church of Saint Toros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Archangels,_Jerusalem" title="Church of the Holy Archangels, Jerusalem">Church of the Holy Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Monastery_of_Saint_Saviour_(Jerusalem)" title="Armenian Monastery of Saint Saviour (Jerusalem)">Armenian Monastery of Saint Saviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mark" title="Monastery of Saint Mark">Monastery of Saint Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Jerusalem" title="Christ Church, Jerusalem">Christ Church</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khanqah_al-Salahiyya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khanqah al-Salahiyya Mosque">Al-Khanqah al-Salahiyya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Al-Ashrafiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasa Al-Ashrafiyya">Madrasa Al-Ashrafiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwani_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Marwani Mosque">Marwani Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Omar_(Jerusalem)" title="Mosque of Omar (Jerusalem)">Mosque of Omar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Wall_(Jerusalem)" title="Broad Wall (Jerusalem)">Broad Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Nicanor" title="Cave of Nicanor">Cave of Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Minor_Sanhedrin" title="Cave of the Minor Sanhedrin">Cave of the Minor Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Ramban" title="Cave of the Ramban">Cave of the Ramban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(archaeological_site)" title="City of David (archaeological site)">City of David</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siloam_tunnel" title="Siloam tunnel">Siloam tunnel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Lavan" title="Ein Lavan">Ein Lavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelite_Tower" title="Israelite Tower">Israelite Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason%27s_Tomb" title="Jason's Tomb">Jason's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Archaeological_Park" title="Jerusalem Archaeological Park">Jerusalem Archaeological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Walls_National_Park" title="Jerusalem Walls National Park">Jerusalem Walls National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketef_Hinnom" title="Ketef Hinnom">Ketef Hinnom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamilla_Pool" title="Mamilla Pool">Mamilla Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Seat_of_Mary" title="Church of the Seat of Mary">Old Kathisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cardo_(Jerusalem)" title="The Cardo (Jerusalem)">The Cardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Absalom" title="Tomb of Absalom">Tomb of Absalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Benei_Hezir" title="Tomb of Benei Hezir">Tomb of Benei Hezir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Kings_(Jerusalem)" title="Tombs of the Kings (Jerusalem)">Tombs of the Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Prophets" title="Tomb of the Prophets">Tomb of the Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Sanhedrin" title="Tombs of the Sanhedrin">Tombs of the Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Zechariah" title="Tomb of Zechariah">Tomb of Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_David_(northeast_tower)" title="Tower of David (northeast tower)">Tower of David (northeast tower)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel" title="Western Wall Tunnel">Western Wall Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah%27s_Cave" title="Zedekiah's Cave">Zedekiah's Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gates, streets, squares, areas of interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Quarter" title="Bukharan Quarter">Bukharan Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutzot_HaYotzer" title="Hutzot HaYotzer">Artists' Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Kerem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein Kerem">Ein Kerem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_Street" title="Ethiopia Street">Ethiopia Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Road" title="Jaffa Road">Jaffa Road</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidka_Square" title="Davidka Square">Davidka Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion_Square" title="Zion Square">Zion Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzahal_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzahal Square">Tzahal Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safra_Square" title="Safra Square">Safra Square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)">Jewish Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Quarter" title="Christian Quarter">Christian Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Quarter (Jerusalem)">Armenian Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Muslim Quarter (Jerusalem)">Muslim Quarter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muristan" title="Muristan">Muristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahalat_Shiv%27a" title="Nahalat Shiv'a">Nahalat Shiv'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Square_(Jerusalem)" title="Paris Square (Jerusalem)">Paris Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemin_Moshe" title="Yemin Moshe">Yemin Moshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion_Square" title="Zion Square">Zion Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Hill,_Jerusalem" title="Bible Hill, Jerusalem">Bible Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations">Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazelle_Valley" title="Gazelle Valley">Gazelle Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Park_(Jerusalem)" title="Independence Park (Jerusalem)">Independence Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Biblical_Zoo" title="Jerusalem Biblical Zoo">Jerusalem Biblical Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bird_Observatory" title="Jerusalem Bird Observatory">Jerusalem Bird Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Botanical_Gardens" title="Jerusalem Botanical Gardens">Jerusalem Botanical Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Trail" title="Jerusalem Trail">Jerusalem Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Park" title="Liberty Bell Park">Liberty Bell Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Metropolitan_Park" title="Jerusalem Metropolitan Park">Jerusalem Metropolitan Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Hyde_Memorial_Garden" title="Orson Hyde Memorial Garden">Orson Hyde Memorial Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacher_Park" title="Sacher Park">Sacher Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Park_%26_Galleries,_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="The Nature Park & Galleries, Hebrew University of Jerusalem">The Nature Park & Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Park_(Jerusalem)" title="Teddy Park (Jerusalem)">Teddy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_Track_Park" title="Train Track Park">Train Track Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wohl_Rose_Park" title="Wohl Rose Park">Wohl Rose Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Kennedy" title="Yad Kennedy">Yad Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Givat_Ram_Stadium" title="Givat Ram Stadium">Givat Ram Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Sports_Quarter" title="Jerusalem Sports Quarter">Jerusalem Sports Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malha_Arena" title="Malha Arena">Malha Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pais_Arena" title="Pais Arena">Pais Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Stadium" title="Teddy Stadium">Teddy Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hotels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Colony_Hotel" title="American Colony Hotel">American Colony Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Pilgrim_Hospice_to_the_Holy_Family" title="Austrian Pilgrim Hospice to the Holy Family">Austrian Pilgrim Hospice to the Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Citadel_Hotel" title="David Citadel Hotel">David Citadel Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_House" title="The Heritage House">The Heritage House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbal_Jerusalem_Hotel" title="Inbal Jerusalem Hotel">Inbal Jerusalem Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Gate_Hotel" title="Jerusalem Gate Hotel">Jerusalem Gate Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_David_Hotel" title="King David Hotel">King David Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Plaza_Hotel_Jerusalem" title="Leonardo Plaza Hotel Jerusalem">Leonardo Plaza Hotel Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives_Hotel" title="Mount of Olives Hotel">Mount of Olives Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Arches_Hotel" title="Seven Arches Hotel">Seven Arches Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Har_HaMenuchot" title="Har HaMenuchot">Har HaMenuchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamilla_Cemetery" title="Mamilla Cemetery">Mamilla Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives_Jewish_Cemetery" title="Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery">Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Herzl" title="Mount Herzl">Mount Herzl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_Missing_in_Action" title="Garden of the Missing in Action">Garden of the Missing in Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Acts_of_Terror_Memorial" title="Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial">Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedria_Cemetery" title="Sanhedria Cemetery">Sanhedria Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaare_Zedek_Cemetery,_Jerusalem" title="Shaare Zedek Cemetery, Jerusalem">Shaare Zedek Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Badr_Cemetery" title="Sheikh Badr Cemetery">Sheikh Badr Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabachnik_Garden" title="Tabachnik Garden">Tabachnik Garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment and performance arts centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Behar_Center" title="Gerard Behar Center">Gerard Behar Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Center_(Jerusalem)" title="International Convention Center (Jerusalem)">International Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Cinematheque" title="Jerusalem Cinematheque">Jerusalem Cinematheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Theatre" title="Jerusalem Theatre">Jerusalem Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Khan_Theatre" title="Jerusalem Khan Theatre">Khan Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Markets and shopping centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_(Jerusalem)" title="Ben Yehuda Street (Jerusalem)">Ben Yehuda Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahane_Yehuda_Market" title="Mahane Yehuda Market">Mahane Yehuda Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malha_Mall" title="Malha Mall">Malha Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamilla_Mall" title="Mamilla Mall">Mamilla Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Souk_(Old_City)" title="Arab Souk (Old City)">Suq el-Bazaar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Jerusalem_Biennale_(2013)" title="1st Jerusalem Biennale (2013)">1st Jerusalem Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Prayer_for_the_Peace_of_Jerusalem" title="Day of Prayer for the Peace of Jerusalem">Day of Prayer for the Peace of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Fire" title="Holy Fire">Holy Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Festival" title="Israel Festival">Israel Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Festival_of_Light" title="Jerusalem Festival of Light">Jerusalem Festival of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Film_Festival" title="Jerusalem Film Festival">Jerusalem Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Jerusalem#Events_and_festivals" title="Cuisine of Jerusalem">Jerusalem Food Truck Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_Sifting_Project" title="Temple Mount Sifting Project">Temple Mount Sifting Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Jerusalem" title="Cuisine of Jerusalem">cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_ceramics_in_Jerusalem" title="Armenian ceramics in Jerusalem">Armenian ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placing_notes_in_the_Western_Wall" title="Placing notes in the Western Wall">Placing notes in the Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_bagel" title="Jerusalem bagel">Jerusalem bagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_mixed_grill" title="Jerusalem mixed grill">Jerusalem mixed grill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubbeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubbeh">Kubbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerushalmi_Kugel" title="Yerushalmi Kugel">Yerushalmi Kugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaroni_Hamin" title="Macaroni Hamin">Macaroni Hamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orez_Shu%27it" title="Orez Shu'it">Orez Shu'it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofrito_(stew)" title="Sofrito (stew)">Sofrito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_syndrome" title="Jerusalem syndrome">Jerusalem syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Jerusalem" title="Cuisine of Jerusalem">Cuisine of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Israel" title="Tourism in Israel">Tourism in Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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