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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Hamburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Hamburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Medieval Hamburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Hamburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Post-war history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portuguese_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Portuguese community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghan_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghan_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Afghan community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghan_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_citizens_in_Hamburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_citizens_in_Hamburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Foreign citizens in Hamburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_citizens_in_Hamburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boroughs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boroughs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Boroughs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boroughs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cityscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Parks and gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Theatres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_regular_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_regular_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Festivals and regular events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_regular_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Alternative culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British,_American_and_English-speaking_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British,_American_and_English-speaking_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>British, American and English-speaking culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British,_American_and_English-speaking_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Port</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Industrial production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HafenCity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HafenCity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>HafenCity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HafenCity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creative_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creative_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Creative industries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creative_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Health systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Public transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Utilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hamburg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 191 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-191" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">191 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A1%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%8D" title="ሃምቡርግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሃምቡርግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="هامبورغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هامبورغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgo" title="Hamburgo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hamburgo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%97%DC%90%DC%A1%DC%92%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%93" title="ܗܐܡܒܘܪܓ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܗܐܡܒܘܪܓ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Համպուրկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Համպուրկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgu" title="Hamburgu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hamburgu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgo" title="Hamburgo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hamburgo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburq" title="Hamburq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hamburq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82" title="هامبورق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هامبورق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="হামবুর্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হামবুর্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гамбург – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гамбург" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гамбург – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гамбург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гамбург – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гамбург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="हैम्बर्ग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हैम्बर्ग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Хамбург – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хамбург" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Һамбург – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һамбург" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гамбург – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гамбург" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" title="Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburk" title="Hamburk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hamburk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amburgu" title="Amburgu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Amburgu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamborg" title="Hamborg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hamborg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamborg" title="Hamborg – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Hamborg" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF" title="Αμβούργο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμβούργο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amb%C3%BBrg" title="Ambûrg – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ambûrg" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Гамбург ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Гамбург ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgo" title="Hamburgo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hamburgo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgo" title="Hamburgo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hamburgo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amburgu" title="Amburgu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Amburgu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanburgo" title="Hanburgo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hanburgo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="هامبورگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هامبورگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambourg" title="Hambourg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hambourg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburch" title="Hamburch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hamburch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amburc" title="Amburc – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Amburc" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgo" title="Hamburgo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hamburgo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гамбург – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Гамбург" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%A8%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="함부르크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="함부르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamepuka" title="Hamepuka – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hamepuka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Համբուրգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համբուրգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="हैम्बर्ग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हैम्बर्ग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гамбург – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гамбург" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamborg" title="Hamborg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hamborg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amburgo" title="Amburgo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amburgo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="המבורג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המבורג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹ್ಯಾಂಬರ್ಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹ್ಯಾಂಬರ್ಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ჰამბურგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰამბურგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamb%C3%B9rg" title="Hambùrg – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Hambùrg" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гамбург – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гамбург" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гамбург – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гамбург" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гамбург – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Гамбург" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgo" title="Hamburgo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hamburgo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgum" title="Hamburgum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hamburgum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburga" title="Hamburga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hamburga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гьамбург – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гьамбург" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgas" title="Hamburgas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hamburgas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amb%C3%BBrgo" title="Ambûrgo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ambûrgo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amburgh" title="Amburgh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Amburgh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Хамбург – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хамбург" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹാംബർഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാംബർഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amburgu" title="Amburgu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Amburgu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="हांबुर्ग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हांबुर्ग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ჰამბურგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰამბურგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="هامبورج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هامبورج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="هامبورگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هامبورگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гамбург – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Гамбург" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Хамбург – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хамбург" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဟမ်းဗတ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟမ်းဗတ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamb%C3%B6rg" title="Hambörg – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hambörg" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="ह्याम्बर्ग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ह्याम्बर्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="ह्याम्बर्ग – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ह्याम्बर्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="ハンブルク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンブルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гамбург – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гамбург" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamborj" title="Hamborj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hamborj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amborg" title="Amborg – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amborg" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гамбург – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гамбург" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamburg" title="Gamburg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gamburg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95" title="ਹਾਮਬੁਰਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਮਬੁਰਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ہامبرگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہامبرگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AB" title="هامبورګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هامبورګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambourq" title="Hambourq – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hambourq" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amborgh" title="Amborgh – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Amborgh" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamborg" title="Hamborg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hamborg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgo" title="Hamburgo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hamburgo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamburg" title="Gamburg – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gamburg" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гамбург – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гамбург" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гамбург – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гамбург" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amburgu" title="Amburgu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Amburgu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgh" title="Hamburgh – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hamburgh" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambuurich" title="Hambuurich – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Hambuurich" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgu" title="Hamburgu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hamburgu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amburgu" title="Amburgu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Amburgu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF(%D8%B4%DA%BE%D8%B1)" title="ھئمبرگ(شھر) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھئمبرگ(شھر)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ھامبورگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھامبورگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Хамбург – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хамбург" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampuri" title="Hampuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hampuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgo" title="Hamburgo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hamburgo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="ஆம்பர்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆம்பர்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Һамбург – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һамбург" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84" title="ฮัมบวร์ค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮัมบวร์ค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Ҳамбург – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳамбург" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamb%C9%94g" title="Hambɔg – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Hambɔg" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гамбург – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гамбург" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ہمبورگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہمبورگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anburgo" title="Anburgo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Anburgo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamburg" title="Gamburg – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gamburg" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%A0%A1" title="漢堡 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢堡" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A0%A1" title="汉堡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉堡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="האמבורג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האמבורג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%A0%A1" title="漢堡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="漢堡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgs" title="Hamburgs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Hamburgs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A0%A1" title="汉堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1055#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamburg&params=53_33_N_10_00_E_type:city(1964021)_region:DE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°33′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.550°N 10.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.550; 10.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg,_Germany&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg, Germany">Hamburg, Germany</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and state in Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Germany. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hamburg (disambiguation)">Hamburg (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Municipality and state in Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Hamburg</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><small><span title="Low German-language text"><i lang="nds">Hamborg</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German</a>)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany" title="Municipalities of Germany">Municipality</a> and <a href="/wiki/States_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="States in Germany">state</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:56px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlsterPanorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Inner Alster Lake at dusk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AlsterPanorama.jpg/268px-AlsterPanorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AlsterPanorama.jpg/402px-AlsterPanorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AlsterPanorama.jpg/536px-AlsterPanorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="1472" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Alster_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Alster Lake">Inner Alster Lake</a> at dusk</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg,_Landungsbr%C3%BCcken_--_2016_--_3131-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="City hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hamburg%2C_Landungsbr%C3%BCcken_--_2016_--_3131-7.jpg/132px-Hamburg%2C_Landungsbr%C3%BCcken_--_2016_--_3131-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hamburg%2C_Landungsbr%C3%BCcken_--_2016_--_3131-7.jpg/198px-Hamburg%2C_Landungsbr%C3%BCcken_--_2016_--_3131-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hamburg%2C_Landungsbr%C3%BCcken_--_2016_--_3131-7.jpg/264px-Hamburg%2C_Landungsbr%C3%BCcken_--_2016_--_3131-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5434" data-file-height="3622" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/St._Pauli_Piers" title="St. Pauli Piers">St. Pauli Piers</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elbphilharmonie_Eastside_View_With_Sandtorkai_Quay_Magellan_Terraces_Sandtorpark_2022-06-04_16-32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hafencity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Elbphilharmonie_Eastside_View_With_Sandtorkai_Quay_Magellan_Terraces_Sandtorpark_2022-06-04_16-32.jpg/132px-Elbphilharmonie_Eastside_View_With_Sandtorkai_Quay_Magellan_Terraces_Sandtorpark_2022-06-04_16-32.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Elbphilharmonie_Eastside_View_With_Sandtorkai_Quay_Magellan_Terraces_Sandtorpark_2022-06-04_16-32.jpg/198px-Elbphilharmonie_Eastside_View_With_Sandtorkai_Quay_Magellan_Terraces_Sandtorpark_2022-06-04_16-32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Elbphilharmonie_Eastside_View_With_Sandtorkai_Quay_Magellan_Terraces_Sandtorpark_2022-06-04_16-32.jpg/264px-Elbphilharmonie_Eastside_View_With_Sandtorkai_Quay_Magellan_Terraces_Sandtorpark_2022-06-04_16-32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4375" data-file-height="2916" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/HafenCity" title="HafenCity">HafenCity</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HamburgSpeicherstadt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Speicherstadt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/HamburgSpeicherstadt.jpg/139px-HamburgSpeicherstadt.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/HamburgSpeicherstadt.jpg/209px-HamburgSpeicherstadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/HamburgSpeicherstadt.jpg/278px-HamburgSpeicherstadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Speicherstadt" title="Speicherstadt">Speicherstadt</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elbphilharmonie_zum_Sonnenaufgang_(cropped)_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elbe Philharmonic Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Elbphilharmonie_zum_Sonnenaufgang_%28cropped%29_b.jpg/125px-Elbphilharmonie_zum_Sonnenaufgang_%28cropped%29_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Elbphilharmonie_zum_Sonnenaufgang_%28cropped%29_b.jpg/188px-Elbphilharmonie_zum_Sonnenaufgang_%28cropped%29_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Elbphilharmonie_zum_Sonnenaufgang_%28cropped%29_b.jpg/250px-Elbphilharmonie_zum_Sonnenaufgang_%28cropped%29_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2329" data-file-height="1722" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Philharmonic_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbe Philharmonic Hall">Elbe Philharmonic Hall</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:79px;max-width:79px"><div style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankt-Michaelis-Kirche_Hamburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St. Michael's Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sankt-Michaelis-Kirche_Hamburg.jpg/77px-Sankt-Michaelis-Kirche_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sankt-Michaelis-Kirche_Hamburg.jpg/116px-Sankt-Michaelis-Kirche_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sankt-Michaelis-Kirche_Hamburg.jpg/154px-Sankt-Michaelis-Kirche_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3246" data-file-height="5239" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Hamburg" title="St. Michael's Church, Hamburg">St. Michael's Church</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rathaus_Hbg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="City hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Rathaus_Hbg.jpg/187px-Rathaus_Hbg.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Rathaus_Hbg.jpg/281px-Rathaus_Hbg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Rathaus_Hbg.jpg/374px-Rathaus_Hbg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_City_Hall" title="Hamburg City Hall">City hall</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamburg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hamburg"><img alt="Flag of Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/120px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/180px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/240px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hamburg" title="Flag of Hamburg">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_der_Hamburgischen_B%C3%BCrgerschaft.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Hamburg"><img alt="Coat of arms of Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wappen_der_Hamburgischen_B%C3%BCrgerschaft.svg/70px-Wappen_der_Hamburgischen_B%C3%BCrgerschaft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wappen_der_Hamburgischen_B%C3%BCrgerschaft.svg/105px-Wappen_der_Hamburgischen_B%C3%BCrgerschaft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wappen_der_Hamburgischen_B%C3%BCrgerschaft.svg/140px-Wappen_der_Hamburgischen_B%C3%BCrgerschaft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hamburg" title="Coat of arms of Hamburg">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Hamburg"><img alt="Official logo of Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hamburg-logo.svg/120px-Hamburg-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hamburg-logo.svg/180px-Hamburg-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hamburg-logo.svg/240px-Hamburg-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="48" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Brandmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandmark">Brandmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_Hamburg_in_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamburg highlighted in Germany"><img alt="Hamburg highlighted in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locator_map_Hamburg_in_Germany.svg/250px-Locator_map_Hamburg_in_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locator_map_Hamburg_in_Germany.svg/375px-Locator_map_Hamburg_in_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locator_map_Hamburg_in_Germany.svg/500px-Locator_map_Hamburg_in_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Hamburg highlighted in Germany</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamburg is located in Germany"><img alt="Hamburg is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.62%;left:45%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hamburg"><img alt="Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Hamburg</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamburg is located in Europe"><img alt="Hamburg is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/250px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/375px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/500px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.955%;left:36.388%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hamburg"><img alt="Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Hamburg</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamburg&params=53_33_N_10_00_E_type:city(1964021)_region:DE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°33′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.550°N 10.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.550; 10.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Parliament" title="Hamburg Parliament">Hamburg Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Hamburg" title="List of mayors of Hamburg">First Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tschentscher" title="Peter Tschentscher">Peter Tschentscher</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Hamburg" title="List of mayors of Hamburg">Second Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Katharina_Fegebank" title="Katharina Fegebank">Katharina Fegebank</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing parties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat votes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 (of 69)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2021_German_federal_election#Hamburg" title="Results of the 2021 German federal election">16 (of 736)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">755.22 km<sup>2</sup> (291.59 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,964,021</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,600/km<sup>2</sup> (6,700/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,496,600<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation_urban_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation_urban-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,425,628</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">German: <i lang="de">Hamburger</i> (male), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hamburgerin</i></span> (female)<br />English: <span lang="en">Hamburger(s),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamburgian(s)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • City</th><td class="infobox-data">€144.220 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">€76,910 (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central (CET)</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">Central (CEST)</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">20001–21149, 22001–22769</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Area codes in Germany">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">040</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">DE-HH</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>HH <span style="font-size:85%;">(1906–1945; again since 1956) </span></li> <li>MGH <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945) </span></li> <li>H <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1947) </span></li> <li>HG <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947) </span></li> <li>BH <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948–1956) </span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First_level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="First level NUTS of the European Union">NUTS Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">DE6</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.972<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">very high</span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of German states by Human Development Index">1st of 16</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamburg.com/">hamburg.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hamburg</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈhambʊʁk]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a4\/GeoTrinity_Hamburg.ogg\/GeoTrinity_Hamburg.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"GeoTrinity Hamburg.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/GeoTrinity_Hamburg.ogg/GeoTrinity_Hamburg.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:GeoTrinity_Hamburg.ogg" title="File:GeoTrinity Hamburg.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">locally also</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈhambʊɪ̯ç]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d8\/GeoTrinity_Hamburch.ogg\/GeoTrinity_Hamburch.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"GeoTrinity Hamburch.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/GeoTrinity_Hamburch.ogg/GeoTrinity_Hamburch.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:GeoTrinity_Hamburch.ogg" title="File:GeoTrinity Hamburch.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_German" title="Hamburg German">Low Saxon</a>: <i lang="nds">Hamborg</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nds-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈhambɔːç]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ec\/GT_Hamborch.ogg\/GT_Hamborch.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"GT Hamborch.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/GT_Hamborch.ogg/GT_Hamborch.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:GT_Hamborch.ogg" title="File:GT Hamborch.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), officially the <b>Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constitution_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">second-largest city</a> in Germany after <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">6th-largest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> with a population of over 1.9 million.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation_urban_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation_urban-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hamburg Metropolitan Region">Hamburg Metropolitan Region</a> has a population of over 5.1 million and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_EU_metropolitan_areas_by_GDP" title="List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP">eighth-largest metropolitan region by GDP</a> in the European Union. </p><p>At the southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Jutland_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutland Peninsula">Jutland Peninsula</a>, Hamburg stands on the branching <a href="/wiki/River_Elbe" class="mw-redirect" title="River Elbe">River Elbe</a> at the head of a 110 km (68 mi) <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, on the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Alster" title="Alster">Alster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bille_(Elbe)" title="Bille (Elbe)">Bille</a>. Hamburg is one of Germany's three city-states alongside Berlin and <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a>, and is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> to the south. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a> is Germany's largest and Europe's <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_ports_in_Europe" title="List of busiest ports in Europe">third-largest</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rotterdam" title="Port of Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_German" title="Hamburg German">local dialect</a> is a variant of <a href="/wiki/Low_Saxon" title="Low Saxon">Low Saxon</a>. </p><p>The official name reflects <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamburg" title="History of Hamburg">Hamburg's history</a> as a member of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. Before the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a>, it was a fully <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/City_state" class="mw-redirect" title="City state">city state</a>, and before 1919 formed a civic republic <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">headed constitutionally</a> by a class of hereditary <a href="/wiki/Grand_Burgher" title="Grand Burgher">Grand Burghers</a> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></i></span>. Beset by disasters such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fire of Hamburg">Great Fire of Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1962" title="North Sea flood of 1962">North Sea flood of 1962</a> and military conflicts including <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">World War II bombing raids</a>, the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe. </p><p>Major regional broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">NDR</a>, the printing and publishing firm <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gruner_%2B_Jahr" title="Gruner + Jahr">Gruner + Jahr</a></span></span> and the newspapers <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i></span> are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Stock_Exchange" title="Hamburg Stock Exchange">stock exchange</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_banks_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest banks in continuous operation">world's oldest merchant bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berenberg_Bank" title="Berenberg Bank">Berenberg Bank</a>. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Blohm_%2B_Voss" class="mw-redirect" title="Blohm + Voss">Blohm + Voss</a></span></span>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aurubis" title="Aurubis">Aurubis</a></span></span>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beiersdorf" title="Beiersdorf">Beiersdorf</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Technik" title="Lufthansa Technik">Lufthansa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>. Hamburg is also a major European <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hamburg" title="Education in Hamburg">science, research, and education hub</a>, with several universities and institutions, including the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Laboratory <a href="/wiki/DESY" title="DESY">DESY</a>. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.<sup id="cite_ref-mercer2019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercer2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Hamburg" title="List of diplomatic missions in Hamburg">consular and diplomatic missions</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Tribunal_for_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea">International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/EU-LAC_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="EU-LAC Foundation">EU-LAC Foundation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Lifelong_Learning" title="UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning">UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning</a>, multipartite international political conferences and summits such as <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Summit:_China_meets_Europe" title="Hamburg Summit: China meets Europe">Europe and China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit" title="2017 G20 Hamburg summit">G20</a>. Former German chancellors <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> were both born in Hamburg. The former <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Hamburg" title="List of mayors of Hamburg">Mayor of Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a>, has been the current German chancellor since December 2021. </p><p>Hamburg is a major international and domestic <a href="#Tourism">tourist destination</a>. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Speicherstadt" title="Speicherstadt">Speicherstadt</a></i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kontorhaus_District" title="Kontorhaus District">Kontorhausviertel</a></i></span> were declared <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_church_buildings#Overview_-_church_buildings_≥_99_m_(325_ft)_-_country_and_city_list" title="List of tallest church buildings">5 of the world's 29 tallest churches standing in Hamburg</a>, it is also the city with the highest number of churches surpassing 100 metres (330 ft) worldwide. Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elbphilharmonie" title="Elbphilharmonie">Elbphilharmonie</a></span></span> and <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Laeiszhalle" title="Laeiszhalle">Laeiszhalle</a></span></span> concert halls. It gave birth to movements like <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Schule" title="Hamburger Schule">Hamburger Schule</a></i></span> and paved the way for bands including <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles_in_Hamburg" title="The Beatles in Hamburg">the Beatles</a>. Hamburg is also known for several <a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hamburg" title="List of theatres in Hamburg">theatres</a> and a variety of musical shows. <a href="/wiki/St._Pauli" title="St. Pauli">St. Pauli</a>'s <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reeperbahn" title="Reeperbahn">Reeperbahn</a></span></span> is among the best-known European red light districts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamburg" title="History of Hamburg">History of Hamburg</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hamburg" title="Timeline of Hamburg">Timeline of Hamburg</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a> (2nd century AD) reported the first name for the vicinity as <a href="/wiki/Treva" title="Treva">Treva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a castle which the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the <a href="/wiki/Alster" title="Alster">River Alster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">River Elbe</a> as a defence against <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> incursion, and acquired the name <i>Hammaburg</i>, <i>burg</i> meaning castle or fort. The origin of the <i>Hamma</i> term remains uncertain,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Hamburg" title="St. Mary's Cathedral, Hamburg">Domplatz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Hamburg">Medieval Hamburg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval Hamburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg_in_1150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hamburg_in_1150.jpg/220px-Hamburg_in_1150.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hamburg_in_1150.jpg/330px-Hamburg_in_1150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hamburg_in_1150.jpg/440px-Hamburg_in_1150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Hamburg in 1150</figcaption></figure> <p>In 834 CE, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Bishop">bishopric</a>. The first bishop, <a href="/wiki/Ansgar" title="Ansgar">Ansgar</a>, became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Bremen">Bremen</a> as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators,_archbishops,_bishops,_and_prince-archbishops_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators, archbishops, bishops, and prince-archbishops of Bremen">Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-verg15_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verg15-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, 600 <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> ships sailed up the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">River Elbe</a> and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-verg15_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verg15-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1030, King <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_II_Lambert" title="Mieszko II Lambert">Mieszko II Lambert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">Poland</a> burned down the city. <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_II_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar II of Denmark">Valdemar II of Denmark</a> raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> killed at least 60% of the population in 1350.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1189, by imperial charter, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I "Barbarossa"</a> granted Hamburg the status of a <a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Imperial City">Free Imperial City</a> and tax-free access (or <a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">free-trade zone</a>) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-verg26_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verg26-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This charter, along with Hamburg's proximity to the main trade routes of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, quickly made it a major port in Northern Europe. Its trade alliance with <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a <i>hanse</i> in London. This was the first time in history that the word <i>hanse</i> was used for the trading guild of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-verg30_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verg30-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1270, the solicitor of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Hamburg">senate of Hamburg</a>, <i>Jordan von <a href="/wiki/Boitzenburger_Land" title="Boitzenburger Land">Boitzenburg</a></i>, wrote the first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language, the <i>Ordeelbook</i> (<i>Ordeel</i>: sentence).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 August 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: <i>Rezeß</i>, literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered the first <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hamburg" title="Constitution of Hamburg">constitution of Hamburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1356, the <i>Matthiae-Mahl</i> feast dinner for <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> cities was celebrated for the first time on 25 February, the first day of spring in medieval times. It continues today as the world's oldest ceremonial meal.<sup id="cite_ref-mattmahl_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mattmahl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg_um_1600_Brook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hamburg_um_1600_Brook.jpg/220px-Hamburg_um_1600_Brook.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hamburg_um_1600_Brook.jpg/330px-Hamburg_um_1600_Brook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hamburg_um_1600_Brook.jpg/440px-Hamburg_um_1600_Brook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>Hamburg, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1529, the city embraced <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, and it received <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed church">Reformed</a> refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and France. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Valckenborgh" title="Jan van Valckenborgh">Jan van Valckenborgh</a> introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" (<i>Neustadt</i>) whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the autumn of 1696 to the spring of 1697 the <a href="/wiki/Company_of_Scotland_Trading_to_Africa_and_the_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies">Company of Scotland trading to Africa and the Indies</a> was active in Hamburg. While it was unsuccessful in raising capital locally, it commissioned the construction of four vessels in the port. The <i>Caledonia</i>, a ship of 600 tons with 56 guns, and the <i>Instuaration</i> (later renamed the <i>St. Andrew</i>), a vessel of 350 tons, were launched in March 1697.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1806, the <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial City</a> of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges (<a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">mediatised</a>), but became a <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> state with the official title of the <i>Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg</i>. Hamburg was briefly annexed by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> to the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> (1804–1814/1815). Russian forces under <a href="/wiki/Levin_August,_Count_von_Bennigsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Levin August, Count von Bennigsen">General Bennigsen</a> finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg re-assumed its pre-1811 status as a city-state in 1814. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Vienna Congress</a> of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1815–1866). </p><p>In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fire of Hamburg">Great Fire</a>". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JMDavid_Hamburg_vom_westlichen_Wall_1811.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/JMDavid_Hamburg_vom_westlichen_Wall_1811.jpg/220px-JMDavid_Hamburg_vom_westlichen_Wall_1811.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/JMDavid_Hamburg_vom_westlichen_Wall_1811.jpg/330px-JMDavid_Hamburg_vom_westlichen_Wall_1811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/JMDavid_Hamburg_vom_westlichen_Wall_1811.jpg/440px-JMDavid_Hamburg_vom_westlichen_Wall_1811.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3747" data-file-height="2559" /></a><figcaption>Hamburg in 1811</figcaption></figure> <p>After periodic political unrest, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">1848</a>, Hamburg adopted in 1860 a semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the governing body of the city-state, by adult taxpaying males. Other innovations included the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (1866–1871) and of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (1919–1933). <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Hamburg_to_the_German_Customs_Union_(Zollverein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accession of Hamburg to the German Customs Union (Zollverein)">Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein</a> in 1888, the last (along with Bremen) of the German states to join. The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> trade helped make it Europe's second-largest port.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_America_Line" title="Hamburg America Line">Hamburg-America Line</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ballin" title="Albert Ballin">Albert Ballin</a> as its director, became the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">transatlantic</a> shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to South America, Africa, India and East Asia were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and Eastern Europeans to emigrate to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there. </p><p>A major <a href="/wiki/1881%E2%80%931896_cholera_pandemic#1892_outbreak_in_Hamburg" title="1881–1896 cholera pandemic">outbreak of cholera in 1892</a> was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command,_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg/220px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg/330px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg/440px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2143" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Hamburg <a href="/wiki/Eilbek" title="Eilbek">Eilbek</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">1943 bombing</a>; today around 25% of Hamburg's buildings are from before WW2<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Hamburg was a <i>Gau</i> within the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division_of_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative division of Nazi Germany">administrative division of Nazi Germany</a> from 1934 until 1945. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Allied bombing of Hamburg</a> devastated much of the city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Air Force">United States Army Air Force</a> firebombing created a <a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">firestorm</a> which spread from the <i>Hauptbahnhof</i> (main railway station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as <a href="/wiki/Hammerbrook" title="Hammerbrook">Hammerbrook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billbrook" title="Billbrook">Billbrook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamm,_Hamburg" title="Hamm, Hamburg">Hamm South</a>. Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs. The raids, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gomorrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Gomorrah">Operation Gomorrah</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a>, killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known. About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office, retail and limited residential or industrial districts. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Cemetery" title="Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery">Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery</a> is in the greater <a href="/wiki/Ohlsdorf_Cemetery" title="Ohlsdorf Cemetery">Ohlsdorf Cemetery</a> in the north of Hamburg. </p><p>At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished<sup id="cite_ref-kz-neuengamme_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kz-neuengamme-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme concentration camp</a> (about 25 km (16 mi) outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the <a href="/wiki/SS_Cap_Arcona_(1927)" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Cap Arcona (1927)">destruction of Kriegsmarine vessels</a> housing evacuees at the end of the war. </p><p>Systematic <a href="/wiki/Deportation#Deportation_during_World_War_II" title="Deportation">deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent</a> started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to <a href="/wiki/Ghettos_in_Nazi-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe">ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>. Most deported persons perished in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. By the end of 1942, the <i>Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg</i> was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a> (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> dissolved the association by a decree.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws#Nazi_Germany" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">mixed marriage</a> were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt">Theresienstadt</a>, where most of them perished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_history">Post-war history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phb_dt_8107_CTA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Phb_dt_8107_CTA.jpg/220px-Phb_dt_8107_CTA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Phb_dt_8107_CTA.jpg/330px-Phb_dt_8107_CTA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Phb_dt_8107_CTA.jpg/440px-Phb_dt_8107_CTA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4156" data-file-height="2769" /></a><figcaption>Container Terminal at the Port of Hamburg</figcaption></figure> <p>The city was surrendered to <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Forces</a> on 3 May 1945, in the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Hamburg" title="Capture of Hamburg">Battle of Hamburg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three days after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s death. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Hamburg formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">British Zone of Occupation</a>; it became a state of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> in 1949. </p><p>On 16 February 1962, a <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1962" title="North Sea flood of 1962">North Sea flood</a> caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Inner_German_border" title="Inner German border">inner German border</a> – only 50 kilometres (30 mi) east of Hamburg – separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in 1990, and the accession of several Central European and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a> countries into the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a> has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the <a href="/wiki/Jutland_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutland Peninsula">Jutland Peninsula</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> to the south and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> to the north, with the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to the northeast. It is on the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">River Elbe</a> at its confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Alster" title="Alster">Alster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bille_(Elbe)" title="Bille (Elbe)">Bille</a>. The city centre is around the <a href="/wiki/Binnenalster" title="Binnenalster">Binnenalster</a> ("Inner Alster") and <a href="/wiki/Au%C3%9Fenalster" title="Außenalster">Außenalster</a> ("Outer Alster"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of <a href="/wiki/Neuwerk" title="Neuwerk">Neuwerk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scharh%C3%B6rn" title="Scharhörn">Scharhörn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nigeh%C3%B6rn" title="Nigehörn">Nigehörn</a>, 100 kilometres (60 mi) away in the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Wadden_Sea_National_Park" title="Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park">Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park</a>, are also part of the city of Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The neighbourhoods of <a href="/wiki/Neuenfelde" title="Neuenfelde">Neuenfelde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cranz,_Hamburg" title="Cranz, Hamburg">Cranz</a>, Francop and <a href="/wiki/Finkenwerder" title="Finkenwerder">Finkenwerder</a> are part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Altes_Land" title="Altes Land">Altes Land</a></i> (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in Central Europe. <a href="/wiki/Neugraben-Fischbek" title="Neugraben-Fischbek">Neugraben-Fischbek</a> has Hamburg's highest elevation, the <a href="/wiki/Hasselbrack" title="Hasselbrack">Hasselbrack</a> at 116.2 metres (381 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">AMSL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamburg borders the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hamburg has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb</i>; <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a>: <i>Dobk</i>), influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the Atlantic Ocean. The location in the north of Germany provides extremes greater than typical marine climates, but definitely in the category due to the prevailing westerlies.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate. The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, heavy snowfall sometimes occurred,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the winters of recent years have been less cold, with snowfall just a few days per year.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of 20.1 to 22.5 °C (68.2 to 72.5 °F). The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of −0.3 to 1.0 °C (31.5 to 33.8 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Deutscher_Wetterdienst_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutscher_Wetterdienst-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual extreme temperatures range from −29.1 °C (−20.4 °F) on 13 February 1940, to 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) on <a href="/wiki/2022_European_heatwaves#July_heatwave_2" title="2022 European heatwaves">20 July 2022</a>, and the latter was measured at Hamburg-Neuwiedenthal Meteorological Station, on the same day, a high temperature record of 39.1 °C (102.4 °F) was recorded at <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Airport" title="Hamburg Airport">Hamburg Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sklima_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sklima-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Airport" title="Hamburg Airport">Hamburg-Fuhlsbuttel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Location_identifier#WMO_station_identifiers" title="Location identifier">WMO ID</a>: 10147; coordinates <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamburg&params=53_37_59_N_9_59_17_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°37′59″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°59′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.63306°N 9.98806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.63306; 9.98806</span></span></span></a></span></span>; elevation: 10.7 m (35 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1936–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8<br />(94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.1<br />(102.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3<br />(99.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.1<br />(102.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.5<br />(14.9) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.1<br />(17.4) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7<br />(27.1) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br />(47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.9<br />(30.4) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7<br />(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.4<br />(18.7) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−11.6<br />(11.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.8<br />(−9.0) </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.1<br />(−20.4) </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.3<br />(4.5) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1<br />(19.2) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0<br />(23.0) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1<br />(19.2) </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.4<br />(4.3) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.5<br />(−1.3) </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−29.1<br />(−20.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.7<br />(2.63) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.9<br />(2.16) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.7<br />(2.23) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.2<br />(1.54) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.8<br />(2.28) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.4<br />(2.93) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.8<br />(3.22) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.5<br />(3.05) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.7<br />(2.55) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.0<br />(2.48) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.1<br />(2.41) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.6<br />(2.86) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">770.5<br />(30.33) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">trace </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.8<br />(3.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.7 </td> <td style="background: #2323FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.2 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.2 </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.8 </td> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.3 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.0 </td> <td style="background: #3C3CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.8 </td> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #3737FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.2 </td> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.9 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.0 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">188.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.8 </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.6 </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.7 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.0 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.8 </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.1 </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.6 </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.3 </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.4 </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.4 </td> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.1 </td> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.6 </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #525252; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.9 </td> <td style="background: #858585; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.8 </td> <td style="background: #B6B660; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.9 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.8 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">221.2 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.3 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">218.8 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">202.7 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152.4 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">109.3 </td> <td style="background: #616161; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.4 </td> <td style="background: #414141; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">36.1 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE30; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,616.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMO_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">DWD</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sklima_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sklima-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Weather Atlas<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><i>View climate chart <a href="/wiki/File:Climate_chart_Hamburg_1986-2016.png" title="File:Climate chart Hamburg 1986-2016.png">1986–2016</a> or <a href="/wiki/File:Climatediagram-metric-english-HamburgFuhlsbuettel-Germany-1961-1990.png" title="File:Climatediagram-metric-english-HamburgFuhlsbuettel-Germany-1961-1990.png">1960–1990</a></i> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hamburg" title="Demographics of Hamburg">Demographics of Hamburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hamburg_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/220px-Hamburg_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hamburg_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/330px-Hamburg_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hamburg_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/440px-Hamburg_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption>Hamburg population pyramid in 2022</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1430</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3100.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1840</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">136,956</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+756.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">705,738</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+415.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">931,035</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+31.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,026,989</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,145,124</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1940</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,725,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+50.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1945</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,350,278</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−21.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,605,606</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+18.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,840,543</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,793,640</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1975</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,717,383</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,645,095</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1985</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,579,884</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−4.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,652,363</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,726,363</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,706,696</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,808,846</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%;"> <caption style="text-align:center;"><b> Largest groups of foreign residents</b><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Population (31 December 2022) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>44,280 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>33,570 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>24,635 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>23,310 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>17,725 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>11,465 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>10,510 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>9,725 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>9,375 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>8,830 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td> <td>7,770 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>7,570 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td>7,550 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>7,405 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>6,685 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>6,420 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>6,235 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>6,095 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>6,040 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>5,400 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of 755.3 km<sup>2</sup> (291.6 sq mi). The population density was 2,464/km<sup>2</sup> (6,380/sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Hamburger_Melderegister_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamburger_Melderegister-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region (<a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hamburg Metropolitan Region">Hamburg Metropolitan Region</a>) is home to 5,107,429 living on 196/km<sup>2</sup> (510/sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, and 18.3% were 65 years of age or older. 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistikamt_Nord_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistikamt_Nord-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, the number of people with a migrant background is at 34% (631,246).<sup id="cite_ref-statistik-nord.de_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistik-nord.de-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immigrants come from 200 countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-statistik-nord.de1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistik-nord.de1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8.<sup id="cite_ref-Haushalte_nach_Stadtteilen_in_Hamburg_am_31.12.2016_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haushalte_nach_Stadtteilen_in_Hamburg_am_31.12.2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_community">Portuguese community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Portuguese community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hamburg has the largest <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> community in Germany with about 30,000 people with <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese diaspora">Portuguese heritage</a>. Many Portuguese sailors and merchants came to Hamburg beginning in the 15th century due to its <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">port</a>. Since the 1970s, there has been a district in Hamburg called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugiesenviertel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portugiesenviertel (page does not exist)">Portugiesenviertel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugiesenviertel" class="extiw" title="de:Portugiesenviertel">de</a>]</span> (Portuguese quarter) where many Portuguese people settled and which has a variety of Portuguese restaurants, cafes and shops that attract many tourists. There are several statues, squares and streets in Hamburg that are named after Portuguese historical figures. These include the <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> statue on the Kornhaus bridge, which was suggested by Portuguese residents to bring visibility to the Portuguese community in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghan_community">Afghan community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Afghan community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Germany" title="Afghans in Germany">Afghans in Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_diaspora" title="Afghan diaspora">Afghan diaspora</a></div> <p>Hamburg's <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghan</a> community of about 50,000 people is the largest not only in Germany, but also in Europe. They first came to Hamburg in the 1970s before expanding during the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> in the 1980s and 1990s where many Afghan migrants chose to live in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-BPB_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BPB-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 2015 the Afghan population almost doubled due to a new influx from the migrant crisis. There is an area in Hamburg behind the central station where many Afghan restaurants and shops are located. Many <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">carpet</a> businesses in <a href="/wiki/Speicherstadt" title="Speicherstadt">Speicherstadt</a> are operated by Afghan traders,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Hamburg still a global leader in the trade of oriental rugs.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_citizens_in_Hamburg">Foreign citizens in Hamburg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign citizens in Hamburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hamburg residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2016 is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-statistik-nord.de1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistik-nord.de1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Citizenship </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Number </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>288,338</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe</td> <td>193,812</td> <td>67.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td> <td>109,496</td> <td>38% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a></td> <td>59,292</td> <td>20.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="African people">African</a></td> <td>18,996</td> <td>6.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">North and South American</a></td> <td>11,315</td> <td>3.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australian and Oceanian</td> <td>1,234</td> <td>0.4% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hamburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburgisch dialect">Hamburgisch dialect</a></div> <p>As elsewhere in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> is spoken in Hamburg, but as typical for northern Germany, the original language of Hamburg is <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, usually referred to as <i>Hamborger Platt</i> (German <i>Hamburger Platt</i>) or <i><a href="/wiki/Hamburgisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburgisch">Hamborgsch</a></i>. Since large-scale <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardisation</a> of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century, various Low German-coloured dialects have developed (contact-varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates). Originally, there was a range of such <a href="/wiki/Missingsch" title="Missingsch">Missingsch</a> varieties, the best-known being the low-prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois <i>Hanseatendeutsch</i> (Hanseatic German), although the term is used in appreciation.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media. However, the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">sea shanty</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamborger_Veermaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamborger Veermaster">Hamborger Veermaster</a>, written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently. Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary, partially even in Low Saxon spelling, which is not standardised, and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Hamburg – 2018</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">None</a> or other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:SlateGray; width:65.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">65.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">EKD Protestants</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DodgerBlue; width:24.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">24.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholics</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkOrchid; width:9.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.9%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>65.2% of the population is not religious or adherent other religions than the Evangelical Church or Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, 24.9% of the population belonged to the <a href="/wiki/North_Elbian_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church">North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church</a>, the largest religious body, and 9.9% to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. Hamburg is seat of one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_Hamburg#Bishops_of_Hamburg_and_Lübeck_(as_of_2008)" title="List of bishops of Hamburg">three</a> bishops of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Northern_Germany" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany</a> and seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Hamburg" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg</a>. </p><p>According to the publication <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland</i></span> ("<i>Muslim life in Germany</i>"), an estimated 141,900 Muslim migrants (from nearly 50 countries of origin) lived in Hamburg in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About three years later (May 2011) calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in a figure of about 143,200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg, making up 8.4% percent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were more than 50 mosques in the city,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> run <a href="/wiki/Fazle_Omar_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazle Omar Mosque">Fazle Omar Mosque</a>, which is the oldest in the city,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which hosts the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Centre_Hamburg" title="Islamic Centre Hamburg">Islamic Centre Hamburg</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Jewish_community_of_Hamburg" title="Jewish community of Hamburg">Jewish community</a> also exists.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, around 2,500 Jews live in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hamburg" title="Government of Hamburg">Government of Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Hamburg" title="List of mayors of Hamburg">List of mayors of Hamburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg_Rathausmarkt_und_Rathaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hamburg_Rathausmarkt_und_Rathaus.jpg/220px-Hamburg_Rathausmarkt_und_Rathaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hamburg_Rathausmarkt_und_Rathaus.jpg/330px-Hamburg_Rathausmarkt_und_Rathaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hamburg_Rathausmarkt_und_Rathaus.jpg/440px-Hamburg_Rathausmarkt_und_Rathaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3151" data-file-height="3151" /></a><figcaption>Hamburg City Hall (front view)</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Hamburg is one of 16 <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German states</a>, therefore the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hamburg" title="Government of Hamburg">Mayor of Hamburg</a>'s office corresponds more to the role of a <a href="/wiki/Minister-president" title="Minister-president">minister-president</a> than to that of a city mayor. As a <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany#Politics" title="States of Germany">German state government</a>, it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services. </p><p>Since 1897, the seat of the government has been <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_City_Hall" title="Hamburg City Hall">Hamburg City Hall</a> (Hamburg Rathaus), with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Parliament" title="Hamburg Parliament">Hamburg Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rathaus_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rathaus-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was <a href="/wiki/Ole_von_Beust" title="Ole von Beust">Ole von Beust</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-usatoday2008_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday2008-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who governed in Germany's first statewide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative <a href="/wiki/CDU_Hamburg" title="CDU Hamburg">CDU Hamburg</a> and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance '90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Beust was briefly succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Ahlhaus" title="Christoph Ahlhaus">Christoph Ahlhaus</a> in 2010, but the coalition broke apart on 28 November 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 March 2011 <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>) became mayor. After the 2015 election the SPD and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance '90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> formed a coalition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boroughs">Boroughs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Boroughs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_and_quarters_of_Hamburg" title="Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg">Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg_Subdivisions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hamburg_Subdivisions.svg/250px-Hamburg_Subdivisions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hamburg_Subdivisions.svg/375px-Hamburg_Subdivisions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hamburg_Subdivisions.svg/500px-Hamburg_Subdivisions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="1689" /></a><figcaption>The 7 boroughs and 104 quarters of Hamburg</figcaption></figure> <p>Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs (German: <i>Bezirke</i>) and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: <i>Stadtteile</i>). There are 181 localities (German: <i>Ortsteile</i>). The urban organisation is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-borough_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borough-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the quarters were former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Hamburg_Act" title="Greater Hamburg Act">Greater Hamburg Act</a> of 1937, when the cities <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harburg,_Hamburg" title="Harburg, Hamburg">Harburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Wandsbek" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg-Wandsbek">Wandsbek</a> were merged into the state of Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-greateract_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greateract-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg</i> established Hamburg as a state and a municipality.<sup id="cite_ref-reichconst_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reichconst-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times. </p><p>Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: <i>Bezirksversammlung</i>) and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: <i>Bezirksamtsleiter</i>). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Hamburg">Senate of Hamburg</a>. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-borough_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borough-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quarters have no governing bodies of their own. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_(2),_Neuwerk,_Scharh%C3%B6rn,_Nigeh%C3%B6rn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Germany_%282%29%2C_Neuwerk%2C_Scharh%C3%B6rn%2C_Nigeh%C3%B6rn.jpg/220px-Germany_%282%29%2C_Neuwerk%2C_Scharh%C3%B6rn%2C_Nigeh%C3%B6rn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Germany_%282%29%2C_Neuwerk%2C_Scharh%C3%B6rn%2C_Nigeh%C3%B6rn.jpg/330px-Germany_%282%29%2C_Neuwerk%2C_Scharh%C3%B6rn%2C_Nigeh%C3%B6rn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Germany_%282%29%2C_Neuwerk%2C_Scharh%C3%B6rn%2C_Nigeh%C3%B6rn.jpg/440px-Germany_%282%29%2C_Neuwerk%2C_Scharh%C3%B6rn%2C_Nigeh%C3%B6rn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1941" data-file-height="1684" /></a><figcaption>The part of the North Sea in this aerial picture is called the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Wadden_Sea_National_Park" title="Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park">Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park</a> and belongs administratively to the borough of Hamburg-Mitte. Some 50 people live here on the island Neuwerk (visible just above the centre).</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the latest territorial reform of March 2008, the boroughs are <a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Mitte" title="Hamburg-Mitte">Hamburg-Mitte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eimsb%C3%BCttel" title="Eimsbüttel">Eimsbüttel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Nord" title="Hamburg-Nord">Hamburg-Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wandsbek" title="Wandsbek">Wandsbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergedorf" title="Bergedorf">Bergedorf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harburg,_Hamburg" title="Harburg, Hamburg">Harburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Mitte" title="Hamburg-Mitte">Hamburg-Mitte</a></i> ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters <a href="/wiki/Billbrook" title="Billbrook">Billbrook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billstedt" title="Billstedt">Billstedt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borgfelde" title="Borgfelde">Borgfelde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finkenwerder" title="Finkenwerder">Finkenwerder</a>, <a href="/wiki/HafenCity" title="HafenCity">HafenCity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamm,_Hamburg" title="Hamm, Hamburg">Hamm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammerbrook" title="Hammerbrook">Hammerbrook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn,_Hamburg" title="Horn, Hamburg">Horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kleiner_Grasbrook" title="Kleiner Grasbrook">Kleiner Grasbrook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuwerk" title="Neuwerk">Neuwerk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rothenburgsort" title="Rothenburgsort">Rothenburgsort</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Georg,_Hamburg" title="St. Georg, Hamburg">St. Georg</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Pauli" title="St. Pauli">St. Pauli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steinwerder" title="Steinwerder">Steinwerder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veddel" title="Veddel">Veddel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waltershof" title="Waltershof">Waltershof</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmsburg,_Hamburg" title="Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg">Wilhelmsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quarters <a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Altstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg-Altstadt">Hamburg-Altstadt</a> ("old town") and <a href="/wiki/Neustadt,_Hamburg" title="Neustadt, Hamburg">Neustadt</a> ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a></i> is the westernmost urban borough, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Danish monarchy</a>. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: <a href="/wiki/Altona-Altstadt" title="Altona-Altstadt">Altona-Altstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altona-Nord" title="Altona-Nord">Altona-Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrenfeld" title="Bahrenfeld">Bahrenfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottensen" title="Ottensen">Ottensen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Othmarschen" title="Othmarschen">Othmarschen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Flottbek" title="Groß Flottbek">Groß Flottbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osdorf,_Hamburg" title="Osdorf, Hamburg">Osdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurup" title="Lurup">Lurup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nienstedten" title="Nienstedten">Nienstedten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blankenese" title="Blankenese">Blankenese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iserbrook" title="Iserbrook">Iserbrook</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BClldorf" title="Sülldorf">Sülldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rissen" title="Rissen">Rissen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sternschanze" title="Sternschanze">Sternschanze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Bergedorf" title="Bergedorf">Bergedorf</a></i> consists of the quarters <a href="/wiki/Allerm%C3%B6he" title="Allermöhe">Allermöhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altengamme" title="Altengamme">Altengamme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergedorf_(quarter)" title="Bergedorf (quarter)">Bergedorf</a>—the centre of the former independent town, <a href="/wiki/Billwerder" title="Billwerder">Billwerder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curslack" title="Curslack">Curslack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirchwerder" title="Kirchwerder">Kirchwerder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lohbr%C3%BCgge" title="Lohbrügge">Lohbrügge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moorfleet" title="Moorfleet">Moorfleet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuengamme,_Hamburg" title="Neuengamme, Hamburg">Neuengamme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuallerm%C3%B6he" title="Neuallermöhe">Neuallermöhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ochsenwerder" title="Ochsenwerder">Ochsenwerder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reitbrook" title="Reitbrook">Reitbrook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spadenland" title="Spadenland">Spadenland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tatenberg" title="Tatenberg">Tatenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Eimsb%C3%BCttel" title="Eimsbüttel">Eimsbüttel</a></i> is split into nine-quarters: <a href="/wiki/Eidelstedt" title="Eidelstedt">Eidelstedt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eimsb%C3%BCttel_(quarter)" title="Eimsbüttel (quarter)">Eimsbüttel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvestehude" title="Harvestehude">Harvestehude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoheluft-West" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoheluft-West">Hoheluft-West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lokstedt" title="Lokstedt">Lokstedt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niendorf,_Hamburg" title="Niendorf, Hamburg">Niendorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotherbaum" title="Rotherbaum">Rotherbaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schnelsen" title="Schnelsen">Schnelsen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stellingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellingen">Stellingen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Nord" title="Hamburg-Nord">Hamburg-Nord</a></i> contains the quarters <a href="/wiki/Alsterdorf" title="Alsterdorf">Alsterdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barmbek-Nord" title="Barmbek-Nord">Barmbek-Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barmbek-S%C3%BCd" title="Barmbek-Süd">Barmbek-Süd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dulsberg" title="Dulsberg">Dulsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eppendorf,_Hamburg" title="Eppendorf, Hamburg">Eppendorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuhlsb%C3%BCttel" title="Fuhlsbüttel">Fuhlsbüttel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Borstel" title="Groß Borstel">Groß Borstel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoheluft-Ost" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoheluft-Ost">Hoheluft-Ost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hohenfelde,_Hamburg" title="Hohenfelde, Hamburg">Hohenfelde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langenhorn,_Hamburg" title="Langenhorn, Hamburg">Langenhorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohlsdorf,_Hamburg" title="Ohlsdorf, Hamburg">Ohlsdorf</a> with <a href="/wiki/Friedhof_Ohlsdorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedhof Ohlsdorf">Ohlsdorf cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uhlenhorst" title="Uhlenhorst">Uhlenhorst</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winterhude" title="Winterhude">Winterhude</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_71-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Harburg,_Hamburg" title="Harburg, Hamburg">Harburg</a></i> is situated on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are <a href="/wiki/Altenwerder" title="Altenwerder">Altenwerder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cranz,_Hamburg" title="Cranz, Hamburg">Cranz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ei%C3%9Fendorf" title="Eißendorf">Eißendorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francop" title="Francop">Francop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gut_Moor" title="Gut Moor">Gut Moor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harburg_(quarter)" title="Harburg (quarter)">Harburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hausbruch" title="Hausbruch">Hausbruch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heimfeld" title="Heimfeld">Heimfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langenbek" title="Langenbek">Langenbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marmstorf" title="Marmstorf">Marmstorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moorburg" title="Moorburg">Moorburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuenfelde" title="Neuenfelde">Neuenfelde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neugraben-Fischbek" title="Neugraben-Fischbek">Neugraben-Fischbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuland,_Hamburg" title="Neuland, Hamburg">Neuland</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6nneburg" title="Rönneburg">Rönneburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinstorf" title="Sinstorf">Sinstorf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilstorf" title="Wilstorf">Wilstorf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_71-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Wandsbek" title="Wandsbek">Wandsbek</a></i> is divided into the quarters <a href="/wiki/Bergstedt" title="Bergstedt">Bergstedt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bramfeld" title="Bramfeld">Bramfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duvenstedt" title="Duvenstedt">Duvenstedt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eilbek" title="Eilbek">Eilbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farmsen-Berne" title="Farmsen-Berne">Farmsen-Berne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummelsb%C3%BCttel" title="Hummelsbüttel">Hummelsbüttel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jenfeld" title="Jenfeld">Jenfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemsahl-Mellingstedt" title="Lemsahl-Mellingstedt">Lemsahl-Mellingstedt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marienthal,_Hamburg" title="Marienthal, Hamburg">Marienthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poppenb%C3%BCttel" title="Poppenbüttel">Poppenbüttel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rahlstedt" title="Rahlstedt">Rahlstedt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasel" title="Sasel">Sasel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steilshoop" title="Steilshoop">Steilshoop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonndorf,_Hamburg" title="Tonndorf, Hamburg">Tonndorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volksdorf" title="Volksdorf">Volksdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wandsbek_(quarter)" title="Wandsbek (quarter)">Wandsbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wellingsb%C3%BCttel" title="Wellingsbüttel">Wellingsbüttel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wohldorf-Ohlstedt" title="Wohldorf-Ohlstedt">Wohldorf-Ohlstedt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_71-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlsterPanorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of the Hamburg skyline of the Binnenalster taken from Lombardsbrücke"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AlsterPanorama.jpg/900px-AlsterPanorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AlsterPanorama.jpg/1350px-AlsterPanorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AlsterPanorama.jpg/1800px-AlsterPanorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="1472" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:AlsterPanorama.jpg" title="File:AlsterPanorama.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of the Hamburg skyline of the <a href="/wiki/Binnenalster" title="Binnenalster">Binnenalster</a> taken from Lombardsbrücke</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmaille_126_126b.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Palmaille_126_126b.JPG/220px-Palmaille_126_126b.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Palmaille_126_126b.JPG/330px-Palmaille_126_126b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Palmaille_126_126b.JPG/440px-Palmaille_126_126b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>Historicist Palmaille, <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a>. Nearly 25.000 buildings in Hamburg are from those <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a> times.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marco-Polo-Center_und_Unilever_Haus_am_Strandhafen_der_Norderelbe_in_Hamburg_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_P1270870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Marco-Polo-Center_und_Unilever_Haus_am_Strandhafen_der_Norderelbe_in_Hamburg_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_P1270870.jpg/220px-Marco-Polo-Center_und_Unilever_Haus_am_Strandhafen_der_Norderelbe_in_Hamburg_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_P1270870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Marco-Polo-Center_und_Unilever_Haus_am_Strandhafen_der_Norderelbe_in_Hamburg_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_P1270870.jpg/330px-Marco-Polo-Center_und_Unilever_Haus_am_Strandhafen_der_Norderelbe_in_Hamburg_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_P1270870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Marco-Polo-Center_und_Unilever_Haus_am_Strandhafen_der_Norderelbe_in_Hamburg_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_P1270870.jpg/440px-Marco-Polo-Center_und_Unilever_Haus_am_Strandhafen_der_Norderelbe_in_Hamburg_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_P1270870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The Marco-Polo-Centre (left) and Unilever HQ Germany</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on a building type for school buildings in Hamburg: <a href="/wiki/Kreuzbau_(Hamburg)" title="Kreuzbau (Hamburg)">Kreuzbau</a></div> <p>Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and just one skyscraper under construction (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Hamburg" title="List of tallest buildings in Hamburg">List of tallest buildings in Hamburg</a>). Churches are important landmarks, such as <a href="/wiki/St._Nikolai,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nikolai, Hamburg">St Nicholas'</a>, which for a short time in the 19th century was the world's tallest building. The skyline features the tall spires of the most important churches (<i>Hauptkirchen</i>) <a href="/wiki/St._Michaelis_Church,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg">St Michael's</a> (nicknamed "Michel"), <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter's Church, Hamburg">St Peter's</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Jacobi,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Jacobi, Hamburg">St James's</a> (<i>St. Jacobi</i>), and <a href="/wiki/St._Catherine%27s_Church,_Hamburg" title="St. Catherine's Church, Hamburg">St. Catherine's</a> covered with copper plates, and the <a href="/wiki/Heinrich-Hertz-Turm" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich-Hertz-Turm">Heinrich-Hertz-Turm</a>, the radio and television tower (no longer publicly accessible). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg/220px-Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg/330px-Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg/440px-Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="3330" /></a><figcaption>The Chilehaus with a typical brick expressionist façade</figcaption></figure> <p>The many <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Hamburg" title="List of rivers of Hamburg">streams, rivers, and canals</a> are crossed by <a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Hamburg" title="List of bridges in Hamburg">some 2,500 bridges</a>, more than London, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> put together.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke" class="mw-redirect" title="Köhlbrandbrücke">Köhlbrandbrücke</a>, Freihafen Elbbrücken, <a href="/wiki/Lombardsbr%C3%BCcke" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardsbrücke">Lombardsbrücke</a>, and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Rathaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg Rathaus">town hall</a> is a richly decorated Neo-Renaissance building finished in 1897. The tower is 112 metres (367 ft) high. Its façade, 111 m (364 ft) long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chilehaus" title="Chilehaus">Chilehaus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brick_Expressionism" title="Brick Expressionism">brick expressionist</a> office building built in 1922 and designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_H%C3%B6ger" title="Johann Friedrich Höger">Fritz Höger</a>, is shaped like an ocean liner. </p><p>Europe's largest urban development since 2008, the <a href="/wiki/HafenCity" title="HafenCity">HafenCity</a>, will house about 15,000 inhabitants and 45,000 workers.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan includes designs by <a href="/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas" title="Rem Koolhaas">Rem Koolhaas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Elbphilharmonie" title="Elbphilharmonie">Elbphilharmonie</a> <i>(Elbe Philharmonic Hall)</i>, opened in January 2017, houses concerts in a sail-shaped building on top of an old warehouse, designed by architects <i><a href="/wiki/Herzog_%26_de_Meuron" title="Herzog & de Meuron">Herzog & de Meuron</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The many parks are distributed over the whole city, which makes Hamburg a very verdant city. The biggest parks are the <i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Stadtpark" title="Hamburg Stadtpark">Stadtpark</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Ohlsdorf_Cemetery" title="Ohlsdorf Cemetery">Ohlsdorf Cemetery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Planten_un_Blomen" title="Planten un Blomen">Planten un Blomen</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Stadtpark" title="Hamburg Stadtpark">Stadtpark</a></i>, Hamburg's "Central Park", has a great lawn and a huge water tower, which houses one of Europe's biggest <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetaria</a>. The park and its buildings were designed by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Schumacher_(architect)" title="Fritz Schumacher (architect)">Fritz Schumacher</a> in the 1910s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parks and gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Hamburg" title="List of parks and gardens in Hamburg">List of parks and gardens in Hamburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wasserlichtkonzert_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wasserlichtkonzert_3.jpg/220px-Wasserlichtkonzert_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wasserlichtkonzert_3.jpg/330px-Wasserlichtkonzert_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wasserlichtkonzert_3.jpg/440px-Wasserlichtkonzert_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="2089" /></a><figcaption>A water-light concert at <i>Planten un Blomen</i> park</figcaption></figure> <p>The lavish and spacious <i><a href="/wiki/Planten_un_Blomen" title="Planten un Blomen">Planten un Blomen</a></i> park (Low German dialect for "plants and flowers") located in the centre of Hamburg is the green heart of the city. Within the park are various thematic gardens, the biggest Japanese garden in Germany, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Alter_Botanischer_Garten_Hamburg" title="Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg">Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg</a></i>, which is a historic <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> that now consists primarily of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a>. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanischer Garten Hamburg">Botanischer Garten Hamburg</a></i> is a modern <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> maintained by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a>. Besides these, there are many more parks of various sizes. In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture, where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up. Moreover, every year there are water-light-concerts in the <i><a href="/wiki/Planten_un_Blomen" title="Planten un Blomen">Planten un Blomen</a></i> park, from May to early October. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abel_Seyler_silhouette_-_Basel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Abel_Seyler_silhouette_-_Basel.svg/220px-Abel_Seyler_silhouette_-_Basel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Abel_Seyler_silhouette_-_Basel.svg/330px-Abel_Seyler_silhouette_-_Basel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Abel_Seyler_silhouette_-_Basel.svg/440px-Abel_Seyler_silhouette_-_Basel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abel_Seyler" title="Abel Seyler">Abel Seyler</a>, one of the great theatre principals of 18th century Europe, established Hamburg as a major centre of theatrical innovation in the 1760s.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 1760s the theatre director <a href="/wiki/Abel_Seyler" title="Abel Seyler">Abel Seyler</a>—the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_National_Theatre" title="Hamburg National Theatre">Hamburg National Theatre</a> and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Seyler_Theatre_Company" title="Seyler Theatre Company">Seyler Theatre Company</a>—established Hamburg as one of the leading European centres of theatrical innovation, promoting experimental productions and pioneering a new more realist style of acting, introducing Shakespeare to a German language audience, and promoting the concept of a national theatre in the tradition of Ludvig Holberg, the <a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a> playwrights, and serious <a href="/wiki/German_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="German opera">German opera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today Hamburg has more than 40 theatres, 60 museums, and 100 music venues and clubs. With 6.6 music venues per 100,000 inhabitants, Hamburg has the second-highest density of music venues of Germany's largest cities, after Munich and ahead of Cologne and Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-fazemag_20210920_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fazemag_20210920-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clubstudy_2021_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clubstudy_2021-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, more than 18 million people visited concerts, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, museums, and cultural events, and 8,552 taxable companies (average size 3.16 employees) were engaged in the culture sector, which includes music, performing arts, and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creative industries represent almost one fifth of all companies in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-creative_industry_report_2016_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative_industry_report_2016-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamburg has entered the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Capital_Award" title="European Green Capital Award">European Green Capital Award</a> scheme, and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatres">Theatres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Theatres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hamburg" title="List of theatres in Hamburg">List of theatres in Hamburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Schauspielhaus_at_Hamburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Deutsches_Schauspielhaus_at_Hamburg.jpg/220px-Deutsches_Schauspielhaus_at_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Deutsches_Schauspielhaus_at_Hamburg.jpg/330px-Deutsches_Schauspielhaus_at_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Deutsches_Schauspielhaus_at_Hamburg.jpg/440px-Deutsches_Schauspielhaus_at_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2780" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Deutsches Schauspielhaus</i> in the St. Georg quarter</figcaption></figure> <p>Theatres in the city include the state-owned <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Schauspielhaus" title="Deutsches Schauspielhaus">Deutsches Schauspielhaus</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Thalia_Theatre_(Hamburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalia Theatre (Hamburg)">Thalia Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohnsorg-Theater" title="Ohnsorg-Theater">Ohnsorg Theatre</a>, "Schmidts Tivoli", and the <i><a href="/wiki/Kampnagel" title="Kampnagel">Kampnagel</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/The_English_Theatre_of_Hamburg" title="The English Theatre of Hamburg">English Theatre of Hamburg</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/U3_(Hamburg_U-Bahn)" title="U3 (Hamburg U-Bahn)">U3</a> station Mundsburg, was founded in 1976 and is the oldest professional English-language theatre in Germany, with exclusively English-speaking actors in its company. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hamburg" title="List of museums in Hamburg">List of museums in Hamburg</a></div> <p>Hamburg has several large museums and galleries showing classical and contemporary art, for example the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthalle_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunsthalle Hamburg">Kunsthalle Hamburg</a> with its contemporary art gallery (<i>Galerie der Gegenwart</i>), the <i><a href="/wiki/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Kunst_und_Gewerbe_Hamburg" title="Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg">Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe</a></i> (Museum of Art and Design), and the <a href="/wiki/Deichtorhallen" title="Deichtorhallen">Deichtorhallen</a> (with the House of Photography and Hall of Contemporary Art). The <a href="/wiki/Internationales_Maritimes_Museum_Hamburg" title="Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg">Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg</a> opened in the HafenCity quarter in 2008. There are various specialised museums in Hamburg, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Museum_Hamburg" title="Archäologisches Museum Hamburg">Archäologisches Museum Hamburg</a></i> (Hamburg Archaeological Museum) in the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Harburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg-Harburg">Harburg</a> borough, the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Museum_of_Work" title="Hamburg Museum of Work">Hamburg Museum of Work</a> (<i>Museum der Arbeit</i>), and several museums of local history, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiekeberg_Open_Air_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiekeberg Open Air Museum (page does not exist)">Kiekeberg Open Air Museum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freilichtmuseum_am_Kiekeberg" class="extiw" title="de:Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg">de</a>]</span> (<i>Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg</i>) at <a href="/wiki/Kiekeberg" title="Kiekeberg">Kiekeberg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Harburg_Hills" title="Harburg Hills">Harburg Hills</a>, just outside of Hamburg, in <a href="/wiki/Rosengarten,_Lower_Saxony" title="Rosengarten, Lower Saxony">Rosengarten</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/Museum_ship" title="Museum ship">museum ships</a> near <a href="/wiki/St._Pauli_Piers" title="St. Pauli Piers">St. Pauli Piers</a> (<i>Landungsbrücken</i>) bear witness to the freight ship (<i><a href="/wiki/Cap_San_Diego" title="Cap San Diego">Cap San Diego</a></i>) and cargo sailing ship era (<i><a href="/wiki/Rickmer_Rickmers" title="Rickmer Rickmers">Rickmer Rickmers</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 the Hamburg-built iron-hulled sailing ship <i><a href="/wiki/Peking_(ship)" title="Peking (ship)">Peking</a></i> returned to the city and was installed in the <a href="/wiki/German_Port_Museum" title="German Port Museum">German Port Museum</a> in 2020. The world's largest model railway museum, <a href="/wiki/Miniatur_Wunderland" title="Miniatur Wunderland">Miniatur Wunderland</a>, with 15.4 km (9.57 mi) total railway length, is also situated near St. Pauli Piers in a former warehouse. </p><p><a href="/wiki/BallinStadt" title="BallinStadt">BallinStadt</a>, a memorial park and former emigration station, is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939. Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg/220px-Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg/330px-Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg/440px-Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5379" data-file-height="3589" /></a><figcaption>The 110-metre-high (361-foot) Elbphilharmonie concert hall</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_State_Opera" title="Hamburg State Opera">Hamburg State Opera</a> is a leading opera company. Its orchestra is the <a href="/wiki/Philharmoniker_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Philharmoniker Hamburg">Philharmoniker Hamburg</a>. The city's other major orchestra is the <a href="/wiki/NDR_Elbphilharmonie_Orchestra" title="NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra">NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra</a>. The main concert venue is the new concert hall <a href="/wiki/Elbphilharmonie" title="Elbphilharmonie">Elbphilharmonie</a>. Before it was the <a href="/wiki/Laeiszhalle" title="Laeiszhalle">Laeiszhalle</a>, <i>Musikhalle Hamburg</i>. The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra, the <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Symphoniker" title="Hamburger Symphoniker">Hamburger Symphoniker</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a> taught at the <a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_und_Theater_Hamburg" title="Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg">Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamburg is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, who spent his formative early years in the city, and the birthplace and home of waltz composer <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Fetr%C3%A1s" title="Oscar Fetrás">Oscar Fetrás</a>, who wrote the "Mondnacht auf der Alster" waltz. </p><p>Since the German premiere of <i><a href="/wiki/Cats_(musical)" title="Cats (musical)">Cats</a></i> in 1986, there have always been musicals running, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1986_musical)" title="The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)">The Phantom of the Opera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King_(musical)" title="The Lion King (musical)">The Lion King</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Dancing#Stage_adaptation" title="Dirty Dancing">Dirty Dancing</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Vampires_(musical)" title="Dance of the Vampires (musical)">Dance of the Vampires (musical)</a></i>. This density, the highest in Germany, is partly due to the major musical production company <i><a href="/wiki/Stage_Entertainment" title="Stage Entertainment">Stage Entertainment</a></i> being based in the city. </p><p>In addition to musicals, opera houses, concert halls, and theatres, the cityscape is characterised by a large music scene. This includes, among other things, over 100 music venues, several annual festivals and over 50 event organisers based in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger venues include the <a href="/wiki/Barclaycard_Arena_(Hamburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclaycard Arena (Hamburg)">Barclaycard Arena</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trabrennbahn_Bahrenfeld" title="Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld">Bahrenfeld harness racing track</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Stadtpark" title="Hamburg Stadtpark">Hamburg City Park</a>. </p><p>Hamburg was an important centre of rock music in the early 1960s. <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962. They proved popular and gained local acclaim. Prior to the group's initial recording and widespread fame, Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there. One of the venues they performed at was the <a href="/wiki/Star-Club" title="Star-Club">Star Club</a> on St. Pauli. </p><p>Pop musicians from Hamburg include <a href="/wiki/Udo_Lindenberg" title="Udo Lindenberg">Udo Lindenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deichkind" title="Deichkind">Deichkind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Delay" title="Jan Delay">Jan Delay</a>. The singer <a href="/wiki/Annett_Louisan" title="Annett Louisan">Annett Louisan</a> lives in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid-80s was the jazz pub <a href="/wiki/Onkel_P%C3%B6" title="Onkel Pö">Onkel Pö</a>, which was originally founded in the Pöseldorf neighbourhood and later moved to Eppendorf. Many musicians who were counted as part of the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg_scene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamburg scene (page does not exist)">Hamburg scene</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Szene" class="extiw" title="de:Hamburger Szene">de</a>]</sup>" met here. In addition to Udo Lindenberg, these included <a href="/wiki/Otto_Waalkes" title="Otto Waalkes">Otto Waalkes</a>, Hans Scheibner and groups such as <a href="/wiki/Torfrock" title="Torfrock">Torfrock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frumpy" title="Frumpy">Frumpy</a>. One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg-born singer and composer <a href="/wiki/Inga_Rumpf" class="mw-redirect" title="Inga Rumpf">Inga Rumpf</a>. </p><p>Hamburg is the origin of the "<a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Schule" title="Hamburger Schule">Hamburger Schule</a>", a term used for alternative music bands like <a href="/wiki/Tocotronic" title="Tocotronic">Tocotronic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blumfeld" title="Blumfeld">Blumfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomte_(band)" title="Tomte (band)">Tomte</a> or Kante. The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Pudel_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden Pudel Club (page does not exist)">Golden Pudel Club</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Pudel_Club" class="extiw" title="de:Golden Pudel Club">de</a>]</sup> in Altona's old town, near the Fischmarkt. Alongside clubs such as the Pal, the Moondoo or the Waagenbau, today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene. Artists of this scene include the DJ duo <a href="/wiki/Moonbootica" title="Moonbootica">Moonbootica</a>, Mladen Solomun, and <a href="/wiki/Helena_Hauff" title="Helena Hauff">Helena Hauff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamburg is also home to many music labels, music distributors and publishers. These include <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kontor_Records" title="Kontor Records">Kontor Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/PIAS_Recordings" title="PIAS Recordings">PIAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edel_SE_%26_Co._KGaA" title="Edel SE & Co. KGaA">Edel SE & Co. KGaA</a>, Believe Digital, and Indigo. The high proportion of independent labels in the city, which include <a href="/wiki/Audiolith_Records" title="Audiolith Records">Audiolith</a>, Dial Records, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Hotel_van_Cleef" title="Grand Hotel van Cleef">Grand Hotel van Cleef</a>, among others, is striking. Before its closure, the label <a href="/wiki/L%27Age_D%27Or_(record_label)" title="L'Age D'Or (record label)">L'Âge d'or</a> also belonged to these. </p><p>In addition, Hamburg has a considerable <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> scene, which gathers around the <a href="/wiki/Rote_Flora" title="Rote Flora">Rote Flora</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatted</a> former theatre located in the <a href="/wiki/Sternschanze" title="Sternschanze">Sternschanze</a>. </p><p>The city was a major centre for <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal music</a> in the 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Helloween" title="Helloween">Helloween</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_Ray_(band)" title="Gamma Ray (band)">Gamma Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Running_Wild_(band)" title="Running Wild (band)">Running Wild</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grave_Digger_(band)" title="Grave Digger (band)">Grave Digger</a> started in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">industrial rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/KMFDM" title="KMFDM">KMFDM</a> was also formed in Hamburg, initially as a performance art project. The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">power metal</a>. </p><p>In the late 1990s, Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip-hop scene. Bands like <a href="/wiki/Beginner_(band)" title="Beginner (band)">Beginner</a> shaped the city's hip-hop style and made it a serious location for the hip-hop scene through songs like "Hamburg City Blues". In addition to Beginner, German hip-hop acts from Hamburg include <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCnf_Sterne_deluxe" title="Fünf Sterne deluxe">Fünf Sterne Deluxe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samy_Deluxe" title="Samy Deluxe">Samy Deluxe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fettes_Brot" title="Fettes Brot">Fettes Brot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/187_Strassenbande" title="187 Strassenbande">187 Strassenbande</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamburg has a vibrant psychedelic trance community, with record labels such as <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Zone_Records" title="Spirit Zone Records">Spirit Zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_regular_events">Festivals and regular events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Festivals and regular events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburger_Hafengeburtstag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hamburger_Hafengeburtstag.jpg/220px-Hamburger_Hafengeburtstag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hamburger_Hafengeburtstag.jpg/330px-Hamburger_Hafengeburtstag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hamburger_Hafengeburtstag.jpg/440px-Hamburger_Hafengeburtstag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4491" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption>Annual <i>Hafengeburtstag</i> (Port Anniversary)</figcaption></figure> <p>Hamburg is noted for several festivals and regular events. Some of them are street festivals, such as the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT pride">LGBT pride</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Pride" title="Hamburg Pride">Hamburg Pride</a></i> festival<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Alster fair (German: <i><a href="/wiki/Alstervergn%C3%BCgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Alstervergnügen">Alstervergnügen</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held at the <i><a href="/wiki/Binnenalster" title="Binnenalster">Binnenalster</a></i>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_DOM" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburger DOM">Hamburger DOM</a></i> is northern Germany's biggest funfair, held three times a year.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Hafengeburtstag" title="Hafengeburtstag">Hafengeburtstag</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Funfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Funfair">funfair</a> to honour the birthday of the port of Hamburg with a party and a ship parade.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual biker's service in <a href="/wiki/St._Michaelis_Church,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg">Saint Michael's Church</a> attracts tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">bikers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christmas markets in December are held at the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Rathaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg Rathaus">Hamburg Rathaus</a> square, among other places.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>long night of museums</i> (German: <i>Lange Nacht der Museen</i>) offers one entrance fee for about 40 museums until midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sixth <i>Festival of Cultures</i> was held in September 2008, celebrating multi-cultural life.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Filmfest_Hamburg" title="Filmfest Hamburg">Filmfest Hamburg</a> — a film festival originating from the 1950s <i>Film Days</i> (German: <i>Film Tage</i>) — presents a wide range of films.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Messe_und_Congress" title="Hamburg Messe und Congress">Hamburg Messe and Congress</a></i> offers a venue for trade shows, such <i>hanseboot</i>, an international boat show, or <i>Du und deine Welt</i>, a large consumer products show.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular sports events—some open to pro and amateur participants—are the cycling competition <a href="/wiki/EuroEyes_Cyclassics" class="mw-redirect" title="EuroEyes Cyclassics">EuroEyes Cyclassics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Marathon" title="Hamburg Marathon">Hamburg Marathon</a>, the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tennis tournament <a href="/wiki/International_German_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="International German Open">Hamburg Masters</a>, and equestrian events like the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Derby" title="Deutsches Derby">Deutsches Derby</a>. </p><p>Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture. For example, the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 and 30 million visitors every year. In addition, there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamburg's festivals include the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elbjazz.de/de/pressekit?file=files/pdf%20downloads/ELBJAZZ_2020_Presseinfo_Basistext.pdf">Elbjazz Festival</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084311/https://www.elbjazz.de/de/pressekit?file=files/pdf%20downloads/ELBJAZZ_2020_Presseinfo_Basistext.pdf">Archived</a> 20 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, which takes place 2 days a year (usually on the Whitsun weekend) in Hamburg's harbour and HafenCity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shellac-Band_Live-Hamburg-2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shellac-Band_Live-Hamburg-2014.jpg/220px-Shellac-Band_Live-Hamburg-2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shellac-Band_Live-Hamburg-2014.jpg/330px-Shellac-Band_Live-Hamburg-2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shellac-Band_Live-Hamburg-2014.jpg/440px-Shellac-Band_Live-Hamburg-2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><i>Shellac performing live in Hamburg @Kampnagel, Nov. 1, 2014</i></figcaption></figure> <p>For contemporary and experimental music, the "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vamh.de/index.php?what=blurred_edges&year=2020&sub=concerts">blurred edges</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084311/https://www.vamh.de/index.php?what=blurred_edges&year=2020&sub=concerts">Archived</a> 20 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" festival usually follows in May at various venues within Hamburg. In mid-August, the <a href="/wiki/Dockville" title="Dockville">MS Dockville</a> music and arts festival has run annually since 2007 in the <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmsburg,_Hamburg" title="Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg">Wilhelmsburg</a> district.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is followed at the end of September by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reeperbahn_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reeperbahn Festival (page does not exist)">Reeperbahn Festival</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeperbahn_Festival" class="extiw" title="de:Reeperbahn Festival">de</a>]</sup>, which has been running since 2006. As Europe's largest club festival, it offers several hundred program points around the Reeperbahn in Hamburg over four days and is one of the most important meeting places for the music industry worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November, the ÜBERJAZZ Festival, which aims to expand the stylistic boundaries of the concept of jazz, starts every year at Kampnagel.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hamburg" title="Cuisine of Hamburg">Cuisine of Hamburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-05-01_Scholle_Finkenwerder_Art.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2017-05-01_Scholle_Finkenwerder_Art.JPG/220px-2017-05-01_Scholle_Finkenwerder_Art.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2017-05-01_Scholle_Finkenwerder_Art.JPG/330px-2017-05-01_Scholle_Finkenwerder_Art.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2017-05-01_Scholle_Finkenwerder_Art.JPG/440px-2017-05-01_Scholle_Finkenwerder_Art.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Fried <a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finkenwerder" title="Finkenwerder">Finkenwerder</a> style</figcaption></figure> <p>Original Hamburg dishes are <i><a href="/wiki/Birnen,_Bohnen_und_Speck" title="Birnen, Bohnen und Speck">Birnen, Bohnen und Speck</a></i> (green beans cooked with pears and bacon).<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Aalsuppe</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hamburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburgisch dialect">Hamburgisch</a> <i>Oolsupp</i>) is often mistaken to be German for "eel soup" (<i>Aal</i>/<i>Ool</i> translated 'eel'), but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon <i>allns</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aˑlns]</span>, meaning "all", "everything and the kitchen sink", not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is <i>Bratkartoffeln</i> (<a href="/wiki/Home_fries" title="Home fries">pan-fried potato slices</a>), <i>Finkenwerder Scholle</i> (Low Saxon <i>Finkwarder Scholl</i>, pan-fried plaice), <i>Pannfisch</i> (pan-fried fish with mustard sauce),<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8dgr%C3%B8d" title="Rødgrød">Rote Grütze</a></i> (Low Saxon <i>Rode Grütt</i>, related to Danish <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8dgr%C3%B8d" title="Rødgrød">rødgrød</a></i>, a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish <i>rødgrød med fløde</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Labskaus" title="Labskaus">Labskaus</a></i> (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes, and beetroot, a cousin of the Norwegian <i>lapskaus</i> and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Scouse_(food)" title="Scouse (food)">lobscouse</a>, all offshoots off an old-time one-pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor's humdrum diet on the high seas).<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Alsterwasser</i> (in reference to the city's river, the <a href="/wiki/Alster" title="Alster">Alster</a>) is the local name for a type of <a href="/wiki/Shandy" title="Shandy">shandy</a>, a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade (<i>Zitronenlimonade</i>), the lemonade being added to the beer.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A regional dessert pastry called "<a href="/wiki/Franzbr%C3%B6tchen" title="Franzbrötchen">Franzbrötchen</a>" is similar in preparation to a <a href="/wiki/Croissant" title="Croissant">croissant</a>, but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar <a href="/wiki/Streusel" title="Streusel">streusel</a>. Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval-shaped and of the French bread variety. The local name is <i>Schrippe</i> (scored lengthways) for the oval kind and, for the round kind, <i>Rundstück</i> ("round piece" rather than mainstream German <i><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B6tchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Brötchen">Brötchen</a></i>, diminutive form of <i>Brot</i> "bread"),<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a relative of Denmark's <i>rundstykke</i>. The cuisines of Hamburg and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, especially of <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, have a lot in common. This also includes a predilection for open-faced sandwiches of all sorts, especially topped with cold-smoked or pickled fish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The American <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburger</a> may have developed from Hamburg's <i><a href="/wiki/Frikadeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Frikadeller">Frikadeller</a></i>: a pan-fried patty (usually larger and thicker than its American counterpart) made from a mixture of ground beef, soaked <a href="/wiki/Staling" title="Staling">stale bread</a>, egg, chopped onion, salt, and pepper, usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat, not usually on a bun. The Oxford Dictionary defined a <i>Hamburger steak</i> in 1802: a sometimes-smoked and -salted piece of meat, that, according to some sources, came from Hamburg to America.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name and food, "hamburger", has entered all English-speaking countries, and derivative words in non-English speaking countries. </p><p>There are restaurants which offer most of these dishes, especially in the <a href="/wiki/HafenCity" title="HafenCity">HafenCity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg_Elbphilharmonie_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elbphilharmonie ("Elphi")"><img alt="Elbphilharmonie ("Elphi")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hamburg_Elbphilharmonie_2016.jpg/313px-Hamburg_Elbphilharmonie_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hamburg_Elbphilharmonie_2016.jpg/470px-Hamburg_Elbphilharmonie_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hamburg_Elbphilharmonie_2016.jpg/626px-Hamburg_Elbphilharmonie_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="1090" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Elbphilharmonie" title="Elbphilharmonie">Elbphilharmonie</a></i> ("Elphi")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 248px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 246px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburger_Hafen-St._Michaelis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Port of Hamburg"><img alt="Port of Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hamburger_Hafen-St._Michaelis.jpg/369px-Hamburger_Hafen-St._Michaelis.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hamburger_Hafen-St._Michaelis.jpg/553px-Hamburger_Hafen-St._Michaelis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hamburger_Hafen-St._Michaelis.jpg/737px-Hamburger_Hafen-St._Michaelis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6081" data-file-height="2974" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Pauli Piers and cruise ship"><img alt="St. Pauli Piers and cruise ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg/270px-Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg/405px-Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg/540px-Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Pauli_Piers" title="St. Pauli Piers">St. Pauli Piers</a> and <a href="/wiki/MS_Freedom_of_the_Seas" title="MS Freedom of the Seas">cruise ship</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Speicherstadt_abends.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Speicherstadt (Warehouse district)"><img alt="Speicherstadt (Warehouse district)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Speicherstadt_abends.jpg/302px-Speicherstadt_abends.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Speicherstadt_abends.jpg/452px-Speicherstadt_abends.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Speicherstadt_abends.jpg/603px-Speicherstadt_abends.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5565" data-file-height="3325" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Speicherstadt" title="Speicherstadt">Speicherstadt</a></i> (Warehouse district)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rathaus_Hamburg_bei_Nacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamburg City Hall"><img alt="Hamburg City Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rathaus_Hamburg_bei_Nacht.jpg/270px-Rathaus_Hamburg_bei_Nacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rathaus_Hamburg_bei_Nacht.jpg/405px-Rathaus_Hamburg_bei_Nacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rathaus_Hamburg_bei_Nacht.jpg/540px-Rathaus_Hamburg_bei_Nacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4866" data-file-height="3248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_City_Hall" title="Hamburg City Hall">Hamburg City Hall</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Michaelis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Michael's Church ("Michel")"><img alt="St. Michael's Church ("Michel")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/St._Michaelis.jpg/206px-St._Michaelis.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/St._Michaelis.jpg/308px-St._Michaelis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/St._Michaelis.jpg/411px-St._Michaelis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Hamburg" title="St. Michael's Church, Hamburg">St. Michael's Church</a> ("Michel")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reeperbahn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reeperbahn, nightlife district of St. Pauli"><img alt="Reeperbahn, nightlife district of St. Pauli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Reeperbahn.jpg/124px-Reeperbahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Reeperbahn.jpg/186px-Reeperbahn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Reeperbahn.jpg/249px-Reeperbahn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Reeperbahn" title="Reeperbahn">Reeperbahn</a></i>, nightlife district of <a href="/wiki/St._Pauli" title="St. Pauli">St. Pauli</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniatur_wunderland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miniatur Wunderland (Miniature Wonderland)"><img alt="Miniatur Wunderland (Miniature Wonderland)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Miniatur_wunderland.jpg/277px-Miniatur_wunderland.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Miniatur_wunderland.jpg/416px-Miniatur_wunderland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Miniatur_wunderland.jpg/554px-Miniatur_wunderland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Miniatur_Wunderland" title="Miniatur Wunderland">Miniatur Wunderland</a></i> (Miniature Wonderland)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grosse_Freiheit_Hamburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Große Freiheit ("Great Freedom")"><img alt="Große Freiheit ("Great Freedom")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Grosse_Freiheit_Hamburg.jpg/240px-Grosse_Freiheit_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Grosse_Freiheit_Hamburg.jpg/360px-Grosse_Freiheit_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Grosse_Freiheit_Hamburg.jpg/480px-Grosse_Freiheit_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Freiheit" title="Große Freiheit">Große Freiheit</a></i> ("Great Freedom")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nikolai Memorial"><img alt="Nikolai Memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg/119px-St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg/178px-St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg/238px-St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3134" data-file-height="4740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas%27_Church,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nicholas' Church, Hamburg">Nikolai Memorial</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 278.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 276.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandtorpark_2013-05-24_12-03-35_Germany_Hamburg-HafenCity_2h.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HafenCity"><img alt="HafenCity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sandtorpark_2013-05-24_12-03-35_Germany_Hamburg-HafenCity_2h.jpg/415px-Sandtorpark_2013-05-24_12-03-35_Germany_Hamburg-HafenCity_2h.jpg" decoding="async" width="277" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sandtorpark_2013-05-24_12-03-35_Germany_Hamburg-HafenCity_2h.jpg/622px-Sandtorpark_2013-05-24_12-03-35_Germany_Hamburg-HafenCity_2h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sandtorpark_2013-05-24_12-03-35_Germany_Hamburg-HafenCity_2h.jpg/829px-Sandtorpark_2013-05-24_12-03-35_Germany_Hamburg-HafenCity_2h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5908" data-file-height="2568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/HafenCity" title="HafenCity">HafenCity</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dockland_by_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dockland at night"><img alt="Dockland at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dockland_by_Night.jpg/271px-Dockland_by_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dockland_by_Night.jpg/406px-Dockland_by_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dockland_by_Night.jpg/541px-Dockland_by_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dockland at night</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alstereisvergn%C3%BCgen_11-02-2012_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View over frozen Alster towards Radisson Hotel and Hertz-Turm"><img alt="View over frozen Alster towards Radisson Hotel and Hertz-Turm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Alstereisvergn%C3%BCgen_11-02-2012_09.jpg/240px-Alstereisvergn%C3%BCgen_11-02-2012_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Alstereisvergn%C3%BCgen_11-02-2012_09.jpg/360px-Alstereisvergn%C3%BCgen_11-02-2012_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Alstereisvergn%C3%BCgen_11-02-2012_09.jpg/480px-Alstereisvergn%C3%BCgen_11-02-2012_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View over frozen <a href="/wiki/Alster" title="Alster">Alster</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Radisson_Blu_Hotel_Hamburg" title="Radisson Blu Hotel Hamburg">Radisson Hotel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich-Hertz-Turm" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich-Hertz-Turm">Hertz-Turm</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg_Wallanlagen_Brunnen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planten un Blomen"><img alt="Planten un Blomen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hamburg_Wallanlagen_Brunnen.jpg/240px-Hamburg_Wallanlagen_Brunnen.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hamburg_Wallanlagen_Brunnen.jpg/360px-Hamburg_Wallanlagen_Brunnen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hamburg_Wallanlagen_Brunnen.jpg/480px-Hamburg_Wallanlagen_Brunnen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Planten_un_Blomen" title="Planten un Blomen">Planten un Blomen</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DE_Hamburg_Centerview.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jungfernstieg Boulevard"><img alt="Jungfernstieg Boulevard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DE_Hamburg_Centerview.JPG/227px-DE_Hamburg_Centerview.JPG" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DE_Hamburg_Centerview.JPG/341px-DE_Hamburg_Centerview.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DE_Hamburg_Centerview.JPG/455px-DE_Hamburg_Centerview.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jungfernstieg" title="Jungfernstieg">Jungfernstieg</a> Boulevard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg-Blankenese(01).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hills and mansions in Blankenese"><img alt="Hills and mansions in Blankenese" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hamburg-Blankenese%2801%29.JPG/271px-Hamburg-Blankenese%2801%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hamburg-Blankenese%2801%29.JPG/407px-Hamburg-Blankenese%2801%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hamburg-Blankenese%2801%29.JPG/542px-Hamburg-Blankenese%2801%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hills and mansions in <a href="/wiki/Blankenese" title="Blankenese">Blankenese</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laeisz-Halle_(Hamburg-Neustadt).1.29179.ajb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laeiszhalle concert venue"><img alt="Laeiszhalle concert venue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Laeisz-Halle_%28Hamburg-Neustadt%29.1.29179.ajb.jpg/270px-Laeisz-Halle_%28Hamburg-Neustadt%29.1.29179.ajb.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Laeisz-Halle_%28Hamburg-Neustadt%29.1.29179.ajb.jpg/405px-Laeisz-Halle_%28Hamburg-Neustadt%29.1.29179.ajb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Laeisz-Halle_%28Hamburg-Neustadt%29.1.29179.ajb.jpg/540px-Laeisz-Halle_%28Hamburg-Neustadt%29.1.29179.ajb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Laeiszhalle" title="Laeiszhalle">Laeiszhalle</a></i> concert venue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-06-08_Highflyer_HP_L4729.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamburg Hauptbahnhof, the busiest railway station in Germany"><img alt="Hamburg Hauptbahnhof, the busiest railway station in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2013-06-08_Highflyer_HP_L4729.JPG/277px-2013-06-08_Highflyer_HP_L4729.JPG" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2013-06-08_Highflyer_HP_L4729.JPG/415px-2013-06-08_Highflyer_HP_L4729.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2013-06-08_Highflyer_HP_L4729.JPG/553px-2013-06-08_Highflyer_HP_L4729.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5647" data-file-height="3676" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Hauptbahnhof" title="Hamburg Hauptbahnhof">Hamburg Hauptbahnhof</a>, the busiest railway station in Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg_OLG_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht ("HansOLG"), upper court"><img alt="Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht ("HansOLG"), upper court" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hamburg_OLG_1.jpg/221px-Hamburg_OLG_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hamburg_OLG_1.jpg/331px-Hamburg_OLG_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hamburg_OLG_1.jpg/442px-Hamburg_OLG_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="2410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht ("HansOLG"), upper court</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neue_Skyline_Hamburg.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Highrises in St. Pauli (Hafenkrone)"><img alt="Highrises in St. Pauli (Hafenkrone)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Neue_Skyline_Hamburg.JPG/270px-Neue_Skyline_Hamburg.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Neue_Skyline_Hamburg.JPG/405px-Neue_Skyline_Hamburg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Neue_Skyline_Hamburg.JPG/540px-Neue_Skyline_Hamburg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Hamburg" title="List of tallest buildings in Hamburg">Highrises</a> in St. Pauli (<i>Hafenkrone</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Köhlbrand Bridge"><img alt="Köhlbrand Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke_2010.jpg/120px-K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke_2010.jpg/180px-K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke_2010.jpg/240px-K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6hlbrand_Bridge" title="Köhlbrand Bridge">Köhlbrand Bridge</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich-Hertz-Turm_-_PHB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="TV Tower"><img alt="TV Tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Heinrich-Hertz-Turm_-_PHB.jpg/120px-Heinrich-Hertz-Turm_-_PHB.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Heinrich-Hertz-Turm_-_PHB.jpg/180px-Heinrich-Hertz-Turm_-_PHB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Heinrich-Hertz-Turm_-_PHB.jpg/240px-Heinrich-Hertz-Turm_-_PHB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3351" data-file-height="5026" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich-Hertz-Turm" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich-Hertz-Turm">TV Tower</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HafenCity_Traditionsschiffhafen_Sandtorkai_Hamburg_3943_v3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional sailing ships at Sandtorkai in HafenCity"><img alt="Traditional sailing ships at Sandtorkai in HafenCity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/HafenCity_Traditionsschiffhafen_Sandtorkai_Hamburg_3943_v3.jpg/252px-HafenCity_Traditionsschiffhafen_Sandtorkai_Hamburg_3943_v3.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/HafenCity_Traditionsschiffhafen_Sandtorkai_Hamburg_3943_v3.jpg/378px-HafenCity_Traditionsschiffhafen_Sandtorkai_Hamburg_3943_v3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/HafenCity_Traditionsschiffhafen_Sandtorkai_Hamburg_3943_v3.jpg/504px-HafenCity_Traditionsschiffhafen_Sandtorkai_Hamburg_3943_v3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional sailing ships at Sandtorkai in HafenCity</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HP_L4224.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="View over Hamburg and the Alster"><img alt="View over Hamburg and the Alster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HP_L4224.JPG/270px-HP_L4224.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HP_L4224.JPG/405px-HP_L4224.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HP_L4224.JPG/540px-HP_L4224.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View over Hamburg and the <a href="/wiki/Alster" title="Alster">Alster</a></div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rote_Flora_Sternschanze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rote Flora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Rote_Flora_Sternschanze.jpg/220px-Rote_Flora_Sternschanze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Rote_Flora_Sternschanze.jpg/330px-Rote_Flora_Sternschanze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Rote_Flora_Sternschanze.jpg/440px-Rote_Flora_Sternschanze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Rote_Flora" title="Rote Flora">Rote Flora</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Sternschanze" title="Sternschanze">Sternschanze</a> neighbourhood, Hamburg</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_culture">Alternative culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Alternative culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter-culture movements. The boroughs of <a href="/wiki/St._Pauli" title="St. Pauli">St. Pauli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sternschanze" title="Sternschanze">Sternschanze</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a> are known for being home to many radical left-wing and anarchist groups, culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit" title="2017 G20 Hamburg summit">2017 G20 summit</a>, which took place in Hamburg from 7–8 July that year, protestors clashed violently with the police in the <a href="/wiki/Sternschanze" title="Sternschanze">Sternschanze</a> area and particularly around the Rote Flora. On 7 July, several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area. In response to that, the police made heavy use of water cannons and tear gas in order to scatter the protestors. However, this was met with strong resistance by protestors, resulting in a total of 160 injured police and 75 arrested participants in the protests.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the summit, however, the Rote Flora issued a statement, in which it condemns the arbitrary acts of violence that were committed by some of the protestors whilst generally defending the right to use violence as a means of self-defence against police oppression. In particular, the spokesperson of the Rote Flora said that the autonomous cultural centre had a traditionally good relationship with its neighbours and local residents, since they were united in their fight against gentrification in that neighbourhood.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British,_American_and_English-speaking_culture"><span id="British.2C_American_and_English-speaking_culture"></span>British, American and English-speaking culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: British, American and English-speaking culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammonia-Bad_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hammonia-Bad_01.jpg/220px-Hammonia-Bad_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hammonia-Bad_01.jpg/330px-Hammonia-Bad_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hammonia-Bad_01.jpg/440px-Hammonia-Bad_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5080" data-file-height="3932" /></a><figcaption>The English Theatre of Hamburg at Lerchenfeld 14</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several English-speaking communities, such as the Caledonian Society of Hamburg, The British Club Hamburg, British and Commonwealth Luncheon Club, Anglo-German Club <a href="/wiki/Eingetragener_Verein" class="mw-redirect" title="Eingetragener Verein">e.V.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional Women's Forum,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Decorative and Fine Arts Society, The English Speaking Union of the Commonwealth, The Scottish Country Dancers of Hamburg, The Hamburg Players e.V. English Language Theatre Group, The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Exiles_RFC" title="Hamburg Exiles RFC">Hamburg Exiles Rugby Club</a>, several cricket clubs, and The Morris Minor Register of Hamburg. Furthermore, the Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge No. 850<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the Grand Lodge of British Freemasons of Germany<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the United Grand Lodges of Germany<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> works in Hamburg, and has a diverse expat membership. There is also a 400-year-old Anglican church community worshipping at <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Thomas_Becket_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Thomas Becket Church (page does not exist)">St Thomas Becket Church</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englische_Kirche_(Hamburg)" class="extiw" title="de:Englische Kirche (Hamburg)">de</a>]</sup></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American and international English-speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg <a href="/wiki/Eingetragener_Verein" class="mw-redirect" title="Eingetragener Verein">e.V.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the American Women's Club of Hamburg,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the English Speaking Union, the German-American Women's Club,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and The International Women's Club of Hamburg e.V. <i>The American Chamber of Commerce</i> handles matters related to business affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Hamburg" title="International School of Hamburg">International School of Hamburg</a> serves school children. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Wordsworth" title="Dorothy Wordsworth">Dorothy Wordsworth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a> spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg. Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay, labelled "The Hamburg Journal (1798) by noted Wordsworth scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_de_Selincourt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward de Selincourt (page does not exist)">Edward de Selincourt</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Hamburg saying, referring to its anglophile nature, is: "Wenn es in London anfängt zu regnen, spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf". ... "When it starts raining in London, people in Hamburg open their umbrellas". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A memorial for English engineer <a href="/wiki/William_Lindley" title="William Lindley">William Lindley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who, beginning in 1842, reorganised the drinking water and sewerage system and thus helped to fight against cholera, is near Baumwall railway station in Vorsetzen street.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamburg&params=53.544198_N_9.979411_E_region:DE-HH_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°32′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°58′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.544198°N 9.979411°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.544198; 9.979411</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p><p>In 2009, more than 2,500 "stumbling blocks" (<i><a href="/wiki/Stolpersteine" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolpersteine">Stolpersteine</a></i>) were laid, engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens. Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses, the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gross domestic product (GDP) of Hamburg was 119.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €59,600 or 197% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 132% of the EU average.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has a relatively high employment rate, at 88 percent of the working-age population, employed in over 160,000 businesses. The median gross salary in 2021 was €47,544, which is 9.29% higher than the median gross salary in Germany overall.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in October 2018 and was higher than the German average.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2001 </th> <th>2002 </th> <th>2003 </th> <th>2004 </th> <th>2005 </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2007 </th> <th>2008 </th> <th>2009 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Unemployment rate in % </td> <td>8.9 </td> <td>8.3 </td> <td>9.0 </td> <td>9.9 </td> <td>9.7 </td> <td>11.3 </td> <td>11.0 </td> <td>9.1 </td> <td>8.1 </td> <td>8.6 </td> <td>8.2 </td> <td>7.8 </td> <td>7.5 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>7.6 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>7.1 </td> <td>6.8 </td> <td>6.3 </td> <td>6.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hh-boerse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hh-boerse.jpg/220px-Hh-boerse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hh-boerse.jpg/330px-Hh-boerse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hh-boerse.jpg/440px-Hh-boerse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Hamburg Stock Exchange</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hamburg has for centuries been a commercial centre of Northern Europe, and is the most important banking city of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a>. The city is the seat of <a href="/wiki/History_of_banking" title="History of banking">Germany's oldest bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Berenberg_Bank" title="Berenberg Bank">Berenberg Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/M.M.Warburg_%26_CO" class="mw-redirect" title="M.M.Warburg & CO">M.M.Warburg & CO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Commercial_Bank" title="Hamburg Commercial Bank">Hamburg Commercial Bank</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Stock_Exchange" title="Hamburg Stock Exchange">Hamburg Stock Exchange</a> is the oldest of its kind in Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port">Port</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Port"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankunft_der_Queen_Mary_2_in_Hamburg_-_panoramio_-_Arnold_Schott_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ankunft_der_Queen_Mary_2_in_Hamburg_-_panoramio_-_Arnold_Schott_%283%29.jpg/220px-Ankunft_der_Queen_Mary_2_in_Hamburg_-_panoramio_-_Arnold_Schott_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ankunft_der_Queen_Mary_2_in_Hamburg_-_panoramio_-_Arnold_Schott_%283%29.jpg/330px-Ankunft_der_Queen_Mary_2_in_Hamburg_-_panoramio_-_Arnold_Schott_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ankunft_der_Queen_Mary_2_in_Hamburg_-_panoramio_-_Arnold_Schott_%283%29.jpg/440px-Ankunft_der_Queen_Mary_2_in_Hamburg_-_panoramio_-_Arnold_Schott_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary_2" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Queen Mary 2">Queen Mary 2</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg, which ranks third to <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerpen</a> in Europe and 17th-largest worldwide, with transshipments of 8.9 million <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">twenty-foot equivalent units</a> (TEU) of cargo and 138.2 million tons of goods in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Although situated 110 kilometres (70 mi) up the Elbe, it is considered a sea port due to its ability to handle large ocean-going vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_production">Industrial production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Industrial production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel, aluminium, copper and various large shipyards such as <a href="/wiki/Blohm_%2B_Voss" class="mw-redirect" title="Blohm + Voss">Blohm + Voss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamburg, along with <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, is an important location of the civil <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> industry. <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>, which operates the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Hamburg-Finkenwerder" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder">Hamburg-Finkenwerder assembly plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finkenwerder" title="Finkenwerder">Finkenwerder</a>, employs over 13,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HafenCity">HafenCity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: HafenCity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HafenCity" title="HafenCity">HafenCity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_-_Highflyer_-IMG-1414.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_-_Highflyer_-IMG-1414.jpg/220px-Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_-_Highflyer_-IMG-1414.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_-_Highflyer_-IMG-1414.jpg/330px-Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_-_Highflyer_-IMG-1414.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_-_Highflyer_-IMG-1414.jpg/440px-Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_-_Highflyer_-IMG-1414.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Western HafenCity area and Speicherstadt</figcaption></figure> <p>The HafenCity is Europe's largest urban development project and is located in the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Mitte" title="Hamburg-Mitte">Hamburg-Mitte</a> district. It consists of the area of the Great Grasbrook, the northern part of the former Elbe island <a href="/wiki/Grasbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasbrook">Grasbrook</a>, and the warehouse district on the former Elbe island Kehrwieder and Wandrahm. It is bordered to the north, separated by the customs channel to Hamburg's city centre, west and south by the Elbe, and to the east, bounded by the upper harbour, <a href="/wiki/Rothenburgsort" title="Rothenburgsort">Rothenburgsort</a>. The district is full of rivers and streams and is surrounded by channels, and has a total area of about 2.2 square-kilometres. </p><p>HafenCity has 155 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> (383 <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a>) in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook. Residential units for up to 12,000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid-2020s, and jobs for up to 40,000 people, mainly in the office sector, should be created. It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg. </p><p>Construction work started in 2003, and in 2009 the first part of the urban development project was finished with the completion of the Dalmannkai / Sandtorkai neighbourhood – which is the first stage of the HafenCity project. According to the person responsible for the development and commercialisation of HafenCity, <i>HafenCity Hamburg GmbH</i>, half of the master plan underlying structural construction is already completed, whereas the other half is either under construction or is in the construction preparation stages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hamburg-logo.svg/220px-Hamburg-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hamburg-logo.svg/330px-Hamburg-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hamburg-logo.svg/440px-Hamburg-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="48" /></a><figcaption>City logo of Hamburg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HH_Neuer_Wall_Dezember_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/HH_Neuer_Wall_Dezember_2012.jpg/220px-HH_Neuer_Wall_Dezember_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/HH_Neuer_Wall_Dezember_2012.jpg/330px-HH_Neuer_Wall_Dezember_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/HH_Neuer_Wall_Dezember_2012.jpg/440px-HH_Neuer_Wall_Dezember_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neuer_Wall" title="Neuer Wall">Neuer Wall</a>, one of Europe's most luxurious shopping streets</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2017, more than 6,783,000 visitors with 13,822,000 overnight stays visited the city.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tourism sector employs more than 175,000 people full-time and brings in <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> of almost €9 billion, making the tourism industry a major economic force in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Hamburg has one of the fastest-growing tourism industries in Germany. From 2001 to 2007, the overnight stays in the city increased by 55.2% (Berlin +52.7%, <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> +33%).<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area of <a href="/wiki/Reeperbahn" title="Reeperbahn">Reeperbahn</a>, in the quarter <a href="/wiki/St._Pauli" title="St. Pauli">St. Pauli</a>, is Europe's largest red light district and home of strip clubs, brothels, bars, and nightclubs. The singer and actor <a href="/wiki/Hans_Albers" title="Hans Albers">Hans Albers</a> is strongly associated with St. Pauli, and wrote the neighbourhood's unofficial anthem, "Auf der Reeperbahn Nachts um Halb Eins" ("<a href="/wiki/On_the_Reeperbahn_at_Half_Past_Midnight_(song)" title="On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight (song)">On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight</a>"), in the 1940s. <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> had stints on the Reeperbahn early in their careers. Others prefer the laid-back neighbourhood <i>Schanze</i>, with its street cafés, or a barbecue on one of the beaches along the river Elbe. Hamburg's zoo, the <a href="/wiki/Tierpark_Hagenbeck" title="Tierpark Hagenbeck">Tierpark Hagenbeck</a>, was founded in 1907 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hagenbeck" title="Carl Hagenbeck">Carl Hagenbeck</a> as the first zoo with moated, barless enclosures.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the average visitor spent two nights in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-statistik-nord1_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistik-nord1-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of visitors come from Germany. Most foreigners are European, especially from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (395,681 overnight stays), the United Kingdom (301,000 overnight stays), <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (340,156 overnight stays), <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (about 252,397 overnight stays), and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (about 182,610 overnight stays).<sup id="cite_ref-statistik-nord1_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistik-nord1-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest group from outside Europe comes from the United States (206,614 overnight stays).<sup id="cite_ref-statistik-nord1_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistik-nord1-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary_2" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Queen Mary 2">Queen Mary 2</a></i> has docked regularly since 2004, and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creative_industries">Creative industries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Creative industries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiegel_building_Hamburg,_Ericusspitze,_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Spiegel_building_Hamburg%2C_Ericusspitze%2C_at_night.jpg/220px-Spiegel_building_Hamburg%2C_Ericusspitze%2C_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Spiegel_building_Hamburg%2C_Ericusspitze%2C_at_night.jpg/330px-Spiegel_building_Hamburg%2C_Ericusspitze%2C_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Spiegel_building_Hamburg%2C_Ericusspitze%2C_at_night.jpg/440px-Spiegel_building_Hamburg%2C_Ericusspitze%2C_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Spiegel</i></span> headquarters</figcaption></figure> <p>Media businesses employ over 70,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">Norddeutscher Rundfunk</a>, which includes the television station <a href="/wiki/NDR_Fernsehen" title="NDR Fernsehen">NDR Fernsehen</a>, is based in Hamburg, including the news program <i><a href="/wiki/Tagesschau_(German_TV_programme)" title="Tagesschau (German TV programme)">Tagesschau</a></i>, as are the commercial television station <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamburg 1 (page does not exist)">Hamburg 1</a></i>, the Christian television station <i><a href="/wiki/Bibel_TV" title="Bibel TV">Bibel TV</a></i>, and the civil media outlet <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tide_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tide TV (page does not exist)">Tide TV</a></i>. There are regional radio stations such as <a href="/wiki/Radio_Hamburg" title="Radio Hamburg">Radio Hamburg</a>. Some of Germany's largest publishing companies, <a href="/wiki/Axel_Springer_SE" title="Axel Springer SE">Axel Springer AG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gruner_%2B_Jahr" title="Gruner + Jahr">Gruner + Jahr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bauer_Media_Group" title="Bauer Media Group">Bauer Media Group</a>, are located in the city. Many national newspapers and magazines, such as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i></span>, are produced in Hamburg, as well as some special-interest newspapers such as <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times_Deutschland" title="Financial Times Deutschland">Financial Times Deutschland</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Abendblatt" title="Hamburger Abendblatt">Hamburger Abendblatt</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Morgenpost" title="Hamburger Morgenpost">Hamburger Morgenpost</a></i> are daily regional newspapers with a large circulation. There are music publishers, such as <a href="/wiki/Warner_Records" title="Warner Records">Warner Bros. Records</a> Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">ICT</a> firms such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe Systems</a> and Google Germany. </p><p>A total of about 2,000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry. With over 17,000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros, this industry is one of the strongest in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interessengemeinschaft_Hamburger_Musikwirtschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interessengemeinschaft Hamburger Musikwirtschaft (page does not exist)">Interessengemeinschaft Hamburger Musikwirtschaft</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interessengemeinschaft_Hamburger_Musikwirtschaft" class="extiw" title="de:Interessengemeinschaft Hamburger Musikwirtschaft">de</a>]</sup> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clubkombinat.de/">Clubkombinat</a> represent the companies in the industry. The interests of Hamburg musicians* are represented, for example, by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rockcity.de/rockcity/vision/">RockCity Hamburg e.V.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509065236/https://www.rockcity.de/rockcity/vision/">Archived</a> 9 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </p><p>Hamburg was one of the locations for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_films" title="List of James Bond films">James Bond series</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Dies" title="Tomorrow Never Dies">Tomorrow Never Dies</a></i>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Reeperbahn" title="Reeperbahn">Reeperbahn</a></i> has been the location for many scenes, including the 1994 Beatles film <i><a href="/wiki/Backbeat_(film)" title="Backbeat (film)">Backbeat</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Most_Wanted_Man_(film)" title="A Most Wanted Man (film)">A Most Wanted Man</a></i> was set in and filmed in Hamburg. Hamburg was also shown in <i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Tail" title="An American Tail">An American Tail</a></i>, where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_systems">Health systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Health systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The <a href="/wiki/University_Medical_Center_Hamburg-Eppendorf" title="University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf">University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf</a>, with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hamburg" title="Transport in Hamburg">Transport in Hamburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CTB-CTW_Port_of_Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CTB-CTW_Port_of_Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg/220px-CTB-CTW_Port_of_Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CTB-CTW_Port_of_Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg/330px-CTB-CTW_Port_of_Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CTB-CTW_Port_of_Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg/440px-CTB-CTW_Port_of_Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">river Elbe</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U-Bahnhof_Baumwall_2015_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/U-Bahnhof_Baumwall_2015_01.jpg/220px-U-Bahnhof_Baumwall_2015_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/U-Bahnhof_Baumwall_2015_01.jpg/330px-U-Bahnhof_Baumwall_2015_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/U-Bahnhof_Baumwall_2015_01.jpg/440px-U-Bahnhof_Baumwall_2015_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baumwall_station" title="Baumwall station">Baumwall</a> station of the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_U-Bahn" title="Hamburg U-Bahn">Hamburg U-Bahn</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg.NorderElbbr%C3%BCcken.2.wmt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hamburg.NorderElbbr%C3%BCcken.2.wmt.jpg/220px-Hamburg.NorderElbbr%C3%BCcken.2.wmt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hamburg.NorderElbbr%C3%BCcken.2.wmt.jpg/330px-Hamburg.NorderElbbr%C3%BCcken.2.wmt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hamburg.NorderElbbr%C3%BCcken.2.wmt.jpg/440px-Hamburg.NorderElbbr%C3%BCcken.2.wmt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Neue and Freihafen-Elbbrücke</figcaption></figure> <p>Hamburg is a major transportation hub, connected to four <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahnen</a> (motorways) and the most important railway junction on the route to Scandinavia. </p><p>Bridges and tunnels connect the northern and southern parts of the city, such as the <a href="/wiki/Elbe_Tunnel_(1911)" title="Elbe Tunnel (1911)">old Elbe Tunnel</a> (<i>Alter Elbtunnel</i>) or St. Pauli Elbtunnel (official name), which opened in 1911, today a major tourist sight, and the <a href="/wiki/Elbe_Tunnel_(1975)" title="Elbe Tunnel (1975)">Elbe Tunnel</a> (<i>Elbtunnel</i>), the crossing of a <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_7" title="Bundesautobahn 7">motorway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Airport" title="Hamburg Airport">Hamburg Airport</a> is the oldest airport in Germany still in operation.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also the smaller <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Finkenwerder_Airport" title="Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport">Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport</a>, used only as a company airport for <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>. Some airlines market <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_Airport" title="Lübeck Airport">Lübeck Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> as serving Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamburg's <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Germany" title="Vehicle registration plates of Germany">licence plate</a> prefix was "HH" (Hansestadt Hamburg; English: Hanseatic City of Hamburg) between 1906 and 1945 and from 1956 onwards, rather than the single letter normally used for large cities since the federal registration reform in 1956, such as B for Berlin or M for Munich. "H" was Hamburg's prefix in the years between 1945 and 1947 (used by <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> since 1956).<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Public transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahnlinien_im_HVV.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bahnlinien_im_HVV.png/220px-Bahnlinien_im_HVV.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bahnlinien_im_HVV.png/330px-Bahnlinien_im_HVV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bahnlinien_im_HVV.png/440px-Bahnlinien_im_HVV.png 2x" data-file-width="6387" data-file-height="4527" /></a><figcaption>A map of the transit rail lines in Hamburg</figcaption></figure><p> Public transport by rail, bus, and ship is organised by the <i><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Verkehrsverbund" title="Hamburger Verkehrsverbund">Hamburger Verkehrsverbund</a></i> ("Hamburg transit authority") (HVV). Tickets sold by one company are valid on all other HVV companies' services. The HVV was the first organisation of this kind worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>33 mass transit rail lines across the city are the backbone of public transport.<sup id="cite_ref-Zahlen_{{!}}_HVV-Verbundbericht_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahlen_{{!}}_HVV-Verbundbericht-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_S-Bahn" title="Hamburg S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a> (commuter train system) comprises six lines and the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_U-Bahn" title="Hamburg U-Bahn">U-Bahn</a> four lines – <i>U-Bahn</i> is short for <i>Untergrundbahn</i> (underground railway). Approximately 41 km (25 mi) of 101 km (63 mi) of the U-Bahn is underground; most is on embankments or viaduct or at ground level. Older residents still speak of the system as <i>Hochbahn</i> (elevated railway), also because the operating company of the subway is the <i><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Hochbahn" title="Hamburger Hochbahn">Hamburger Hochbahn</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/AKN_Eisenbahn" title="AKN Eisenbahn">AKN railway</a> connects satellite towns in Schleswig-Holstein to the city. On some routes regional trains of Germany's major railway company <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn AG</a> and the regional <i><a href="/wiki/Metronom_Eisenbahngesellschaft" title="Metronom Eisenbahngesellschaft">metronom</a></i> trains may be used with an HVV ticket. Regional trains stop at various stations within city limits such as the four larger stations, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Hauptbahnhof" title="Hamburg Hauptbahnhof">Hauptbahnhof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Dammtor_station" title="Hamburg Dammtor station">Dammtor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Altona_station" title="Hamburg-Altona station">Altona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Harburg_station" title="Hamburg-Harburg station">Harburg</a>, as well as Hamburg Hasselbrook and Hamburg Bergedorf. The <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Hamburg" title="Trams in Hamburg">tram system</a> was opened in 1866 and shut down in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-tramway-atlas-germany-1996_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tramway-atlas-germany-1996-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaps in the rail network are filled by more than 669 bus routes, operated by single-deck two-, three- and four-axle diesel buses.<sup id="cite_ref-Zahlen_{{!}}_HVV-Verbundbericht_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahlen_{{!}}_HVV-Verbundbericht-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamburg has no trams or <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>, but has hydrogen-fuelled buses. The buses run frequently during working hours, with buses on the <a href="/wiki/Metrobus_(Germany)" title="Metrobus (Germany)">MetroBus</a> routes running every ten minutes from 6 am to 9 pm. On special weekday night lines the intervals can be 30 minutes or more, while on normal days (Monday-Friday) normal buses stop running at night (some lines run 24 hours a day, every day of the year at least every half hour).<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are eight ferry lines along the <a href="/wiki/River_Elbe" class="mw-redirect" title="River Elbe">River Elbe</a>, operated by <i><a href="/wiki/HADAG_Seetouristik_und_F%C3%A4hrdienst" class="mw-redirect" title="HADAG Seetouristik und Fährdienst">HADAG</a></i>, that fall under the aegis of the HVV. While mainly used by citizens and dock workers, they can also be used for sightseeing tours.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A321_final_assembly_(9351765668).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A321_final_assembly_%289351765668%29.jpg/220px-A321_final_assembly_%289351765668%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A321_final_assembly_%289351765668%29.jpg/330px-A321_final_assembly_%289351765668%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A321_final_assembly_%289351765668%29.jpg/440px-A321_final_assembly_%289351765668%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A321" title="Airbus A321">Airbus A321</a> on <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">final assembly line</a> 3 in the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Hamburg-Finkenwerder" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder">Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder</a> plant</figcaption></figure> <p>The international airport serving Hamburg, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Airport" title="Hamburg Airport">Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a>: HAM, <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a>: EDDH), is the fifth biggest and oldest airport in Germany, having been established in 1912 and located about 5 miles (8 kilometres) from the city centre. About 60 airlines provide service to 125 destination airports, including some long-distance destinations like <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a> on <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> on <a href="/wiki/Emirates_(airline)" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> on <a href="/wiki/Iran_Air" title="Iran Air">Iran Air</a>. Hamburg is a secondary hub for <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>, which is the largest carrier at the airport, and the airline also operates one of its biggest <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Technik" title="Lufthansa Technik">Lufthansa Technik</a> maintenance facilities there. The second airport is located in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Finkenwerder" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg-Finkenwerder">Hamburg-Finkenwerder</a>, officially named <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Finkenwerder_Airport" title="Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport">Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a>: XFW, <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a>: EDHI). It is about 10 km (6 mi) from the city centre and is a nonpublic airport for the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Operations_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus Operations GmbH">Airbus</a> plant. It is the second biggest Airbus plant, after <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, and the third biggest aviation manufacturing plant after <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> and Toulouse; the plant houses the final assembly lines for <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">A318, A319, A320, A321</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">A380</a> aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Public transportation statistics</dt></dl> <p>The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hamburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 58 min. 16% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 11% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Utilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electricity for Hamburg and Northern Germany is largely provided by <i><a href="/wiki/Vattenfall" title="Vattenfall">Vattenfall Europe</a></i>, formerly the state-owned <i>Hamburgische Electricitäts-Werke</i>. Vattenfall Europe used to operate the <a href="/wiki/Brunsb%C3%BCttel_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant">Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%BCmmel_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant">Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant</a>, both taken out of service as part of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Germany#Closures_and_phase-out" title="Nuclear power in Germany">nuclear power phase-out</a>. In addition, <a href="/wiki/E.ON" title="E.ON">E.ON</a> operates the <a href="/wiki/Brokdorf_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant">Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant</a>, near Hamburg. There are also the coal-fired <a href="/wiki/Wedel_Power_Station" title="Wedel Power Station">Wedel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiefstack_Power_Station" title="Tiefstack Power Station">Tiefstack</a>, and Moorburg <a href="/wiki/Combined_Heat_And_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Heat And Power">CHP</a> Plant, and the fuel-cell power plant in the HafenCity quarter. <i>VERA Klärschlammverbrennung</i> uses the <a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">biosolids</a> of the Hamburg wastewater treatment plant; the <i>Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht</i> is a pump storage power plant and a solid waste combustion power station is <i>Müllverwertung Borsigstraße</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2019, Hamburg introduced a law governing the phasing out of coal based thermal and electric energy production ("Kohleausstiegsgesetz").<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This move was the result of negotiations between parliamentary parties and representatives of a campaign called <i>Tschuess Kohle] ("Goodbye Coal").</i> In 2020, the city's Ministry for Environment and Energy announced a partnership with <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> as a potential supplier of woody biomass, sourced through landscape maintenance in areas affected by <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">woody plant encroachment</a>, to replace coal.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Hamburg" title="Sport in Hamburg">Sport in Hamburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg_City_Man_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hamburg_City_Man_2007.jpg/220px-Hamburg_City_Man_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hamburg_City_Man_2007.jpg/330px-Hamburg_City_Man_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hamburg_City_Man_2007.jpg/440px-Hamburg_City_Man_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><i>Hamburg City Man</i> 2007 at the Binnenalster</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG/220px-Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG/330px-Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG/440px-Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barclays_Arena_(Hamburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclays Arena (Hamburg)">Barclays Arena</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HH_imtech_arena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/HH_imtech_arena.jpg/220px-HH_imtech_arena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/HH_imtech_arena.jpg/330px-HH_imtech_arena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/HH_imtech_arena.jpg/440px-HH_imtech_arena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Volksparkstadion</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_SV" title="Hamburger SV">Hamburger SV</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> team playing in the <a href="/wiki/2._Bundesliga" title="2. Bundesliga">2. Bundesliga</a>. HSV was six times German champion, three times winner of the German Cup, and triumphed in the European Cup in 1983, as well as having participated in the group stages of the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">Champions League</a> twice: in 2000–01 and 2006–07. They play at the <a href="/wiki/Volksparkstadion" title="Volksparkstadion">Volksparkstadion</a> (average attendance in the <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Bundesliga" title="2012–13 Bundesliga">12–13 season</a> was 52,916). The HSV was the oldest team of the Bundesliga, playing in the league since its beginning in 1963, until a change of results saw them relegated from the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a> in 2018. In addition, <a href="/wiki/FC_St._Pauli" title="FC St. Pauli">FC St. Pauli</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a> football club that came in second place in the <a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_2._Bundesliga" title="2009–10 2. Bundesliga">2009–10 2. Bundesliga</a> season and qualified to play alongside <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_SV" title="Hamburger SV">Hamburger SV</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">first division</a> for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Bundesliga" title="2001–02 Bundesliga">2001–02 season</a>. They are currently a division above HSV for the first time ever following promotion to the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2023-24_2._Bundesliga" class="mw-redirect" title="2023-24 2. Bundesliga">2023-24 season</a>. St. Pauli's home games take place at the <a href="/wiki/Millerntor-Stadion" title="Millerntor-Stadion">Millerntor-Stadion</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Freezers" title="Hamburg Freezers">Hamburg Freezers</a> represented Hamburg until 2016 in the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga" title="Deutsche Eishockey Liga">DEL</a>, the premier <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> league in Germany. </p><p><a href="/wiki/HSV_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="HSV Hamburg">HSV Handball</a> represented Hamburg until 2016 in the German <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga_(handball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesliga (handball)">handball league</a>. In 2007, HSV Handball won the European Cupwinners Cup. The Club won the league in the 2010–11 season and had an average attendance of 10.690 in the <a href="/wiki/O2_World_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="O2 World Hamburg">O2 World Hamburg</a> the same year. The most recent success for the team was the <a href="/wiki/EHF_Champions_League" title="EHF Champions League">EHF Champions League</a> win in 2013. Since 2014, the club has suffered from economic problems and was almost not allowed the playing licence for the 2014–15 season; but due to economic support from the former club president/sponsor Andreas Rudolf, the club was allowed the licence in the last minute. On 20 January 2016, however, their licence was removed due to violations following the continued economic struggles. In 2016–17, they were not allowed to play in the first or second league. The team lives on through their former second team (now their main team) in the third division (2016–2018) and in second division (since 2018). </p><p>The <i>BCJ Hamburg</i> played in the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_Bundesliga" title="Basketball Bundesliga">Basketball Bundesliga</a> from 1999 to 2001. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Towers" title="Hamburg Towers">Hamburg Towers</a> became the city's prime team. The Towers promoted to Germany's top division in 2019. In 2022, they already reached the playoffs. The Towers play their home games at the <a href="/wiki/Edel-optics.de_Arena" title="Edel-optics.de Arena">Edel-optics.de Arena</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmsburg,_Hamburg" title="Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg">Wilhelmsburg</a>. </p><p>Hamburg is the nation's <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> capital and dominates the men's as well as the women's Bundesliga. Hamburg hosts many top teams such as Uhlenhorster Hockey Club, Harvesterhuder Hockey Club, and Club An Der Alster. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg_Warriors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamburg Warriors (page does not exist)">Hamburg Warriors</a> are one of Germany's top lacrosse clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The club has grown immensely in the last several years and includes at least one youth team, three men's, and two women's teams. The team participates in the Deutsch Lacrosse Verein. The Hamburg Warriors are part of the Harvestehuder Tennis- und Hockey-Club e.V (HTHC).<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Blue_Devils" title="Hamburg Blue Devils">Hamburg Blue Devils</a> was one of the prominent <a href="/wiki/American_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="American Football">American Football</a> teams playing in <a href="/wiki/German_Football_League" title="German Football League">German Football League</a> before its exit in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Sea_Devils_(ELF)" title="Hamburg Sea Devils (ELF)">Hamburg Sea Devils</a> is a team of <a href="/wiki/European_League_of_Football" title="European League of Football">European League of Football</a> (ELF), which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of <a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">NFL Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sea Devils will start playing games in June 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Dockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg Dockers">Hamburg Dockers</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> club.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FC St. Pauli team dominates women's rugby in Germany. Other first-league teams include VT Aurubis Hamburg (Volleyball) and Hamburger Polo Club.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eimsb%C3%BCtteler_TV" title="Eimsbütteler TV">Eimsbütteler TV</a> plays in the <a href="/wiki/German_Women%27s_2_Volleyball_Bundesliga" title="German Women's 2 Volleyball Bundesliga">German Women's 2 Volleyball Bundesliga</a>. There are also several minority sports clubs, including four <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> clubs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_am_Rothenbaum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tennis_am_Rothenbaum.jpg/220px-Tennis_am_Rothenbaum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tennis_am_Rothenbaum.jpg/330px-Tennis_am_Rothenbaum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tennis_am_Rothenbaum.jpg/440px-Tennis_am_Rothenbaum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Am Rothenbaum is the main tennis stadium of the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_European_Open" title="Hamburg European Open">International German Open</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Centre Court of the Tennis <a href="/wiki/Am_Rothenbaum" title="Am Rothenbaum">Am Rothenbaum</a> venue, with a capacity of 13,200 people, is the largest in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamburg also hosts <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> events at <i>Reitstadion <a href="/wiki/Klein_Flottbek" title="Klein Flottbek">Klein Flottbek</a></i> (Deutsches Derby in jumping and dressage) and <i><a href="/wiki/Horner_Rennbahn" title="Horner Rennbahn">Horner Rennbahn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Derby" title="Deutsches Derby">Deutsches Derby</a> <a href="/wiki/Flat_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat racing">flat racing</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city also owns the <a href="/wiki/Harness_racing" title="Harness racing">harness racing</a> track "<a href="/wiki/Trabrennbahn_Bahrenfeld" title="Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld">Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld</a>". The Hamburg Marathon is the biggest <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a> in Germany after Berlin's. In 2008, 23,230 participants were registered.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World Cup events in cycling, the UCI ProTour competition <a href="/wiki/EuroEyes_Cyclassics" class="mw-redirect" title="EuroEyes Cyclassics">EuroEyes Cyclassics</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">triathlon</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Triathlon_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Triathlon Union">ITU</a> World Cup event <i>Hamburg City Man</i> are also held in here.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volksparkstadion was used as a site for the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 World Cup</a>. In 2010 UEFA held the final of the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League" title="UEFA Europa League">UEFA Europa League</a> in the arena.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamburg made a bid for the <a href="/wiki/2024_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Olympic Games">2024 Olympic Games</a>, but 51.7 percent of those city residents participating in a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> in November 2015 voted against continuing Hamburg's bid to host the games. Meanwhile, Hamburg's partner city <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> voted in favour of hosting the event, with almost 66 percent of all participants supporting the bid. Opponents of the bid had argued that hosting the 33rd Olympic Games would cost the city too much in public funds.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hamburg" title="Education in Hamburg">Education in Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-06-08_Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_DSCF0784.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/2013-06-08_Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_DSCF0784.jpg/220px-2013-06-08_Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_DSCF0784.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/2013-06-08_Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_DSCF0784.jpg/330px-2013-06-08_Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_DSCF0784.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/2013-06-08_Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_DSCF0784.jpg/440px-2013-06-08_Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_DSCF0784.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption>The main building of the University of Hamburg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hh-budgepalais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hh-budgepalais.jpg/220px-Hh-budgepalais.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hh-budgepalais.jpg/330px-Hh-budgepalais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hh-budgepalais.jpg/440px-Hh-budgepalais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2572" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>The University of Music and Theatre</figcaption></figure> <p>The school system is managed by the Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training (<i>Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung</i>). The system had approximately 191,148 students in 221 primary schools and 188 secondary schools in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 32 public libraries in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nineteen universities are located in Hamburg, with about 100,589 university students in total, including 9,000 resident students.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six universities are public, including the largest, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a> (Universität Hamburg) with the <a href="/wiki/University_Medical_Center_Hamburg-Eppendorf" title="University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf">University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_und_Theater_Hamburg" title="Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg">University of Music and Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Hamburg University of Applied Sciences">Hamburg University of Applied Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/HafenCity_University_Hamburg" title="HafenCity University Hamburg">HafenCity University Hamburg</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_University_of_Technology" title="Hamburg University of Technology">Hamburg University of Technology</a>. Seven universities are private, like the <a href="/wiki/Bucerius_Law_School" title="Bucerius Law School">Bucerius Law School</a>, the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BChne_Logistics_University" title="Kühne Logistics University">Kühne Logistics University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/HSBA_Hamburg_School_of_Business_Administration" title="HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration">HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration</a>. The city has also smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt_University" title="Helmut Schmidt University">Helmut Schmidt University</a> (formerly the University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg).<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamburg is home to one of the oldest international schools in Germany, the <a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Hamburg" title="International School of Hamburg">International School of Hamburg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <p>Hamburg is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia (1957)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, France (1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China (1986)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany (1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a>, Nicaragua (1989)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, Japan (1989)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic (1990)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, United States (1994)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, Tanzania (2010)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Hamburg" title="Category:People from Hamburg">Category:People from Hamburg</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Hamburg it's hard to find a native Hamburger. A hurried and superficial search turns up only crayfish, people from <a href="/wiki/Pinneberg" title="Pinneberg">Pinneberg</a>, and those from <a href="/wiki/Bergedorf" title="Bergedorf">Bergedorf</a>. One accompanies the contented little kippers of a striving society; mackerels from <a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a>, sole from <a href="/wiki/Finkenwerder" title="Finkenwerder">Finkenwerder</a>, herrings from <a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a> swim in expectant throngs through the streets of my city and lobsters patrol the stock exchange with open claws.... The first so-called unguarded glance always lands on the bottom of the sea and falls into twilight of the aquarium. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a> must have had the same experience when he tried, with his cultivated scorn and gifted melancholy, to find the people of Hamburg.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Lenz" title="Siegfried Lenz">Siegfried Lenz</a>, in <i>Leute von Hamburg</i> (People of Hamburg) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-423-11538-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-423-11538-4">978-3-423-11538-4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><br /> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes.jpg/140px-Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes.jpg/210px-Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes.jpg/280px-Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes" title="Barthold Heinrich Brockes">Barthold Heinrich Brockes</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy.jpg/140px-Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy.jpg/210px-Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy.jpg/280px-Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="1803" /></a><figcaption>Painting of <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> Bartholdy, 1833</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohannesBrahms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JohannesBrahms.jpg/140px-JohannesBrahms.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JohannesBrahms.jpg/210px-JohannesBrahms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JohannesBrahms.jpg/280px-JohannesBrahms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, 1899</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Holstenius" title="Lucas Holstenius">Lucas Holstenius</a> (1596–1661), German Catholic humanist, geographer, historian and librarian<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Andreas Schlüter">Andreas Schlüter</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1659</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1714</span>), German baroque sculptor and architect<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes" title="Barthold Heinrich Brockes">Barthold Heinrich Brockes</a> (1680–1747), German poet<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Samuel_Reimarus" title="Hermann Samuel Reimarus">Hermann Samuel Reimarus</a> (1694–1768), German philosopher and writer of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Ekhof" title="Konrad Ekhof">Konrad Ekhof</a> (1720–1778), the foremost German actor of the 18th century<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Basedow" title="Johann Bernhard Basedow">Johann Bernhard Basedow</a> (1724–1790), German educational reformer, teacher and writer<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Klopstock" title="Meta Klopstock">Meta Klopstock</a> (1728–1758), writer<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Seyler" title="Abel Seyler">Abel Seyler</a> (1730–1800), one of the foremost theatre principals of 18th century Europe, who made Hamburg a center of theatrical innovation<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Elizabeth_de_LaFite" title="Marie Elizabeth de LaFite">Marie Elizabeth de LaFite</a> (1737–1794), German-born translator and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Eschenburg" title="Johann Joachim Eschenburg">Johann Joachim Eschenburg</a> (1743–1820), German critic and literary historian<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Elert_Bode" title="Johann Elert Bode">Johann Elert Bode</a> (1747–1826), astronomer. He named and determined the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Dominicus_Fiorillo" title="Johann Dominicus Fiorillo">Johann Dominicus Fiorillo</a> (1748–1821), German painter and historian of art<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_of_Stolberg-Stolberg" title="Christian of Stolberg-Stolberg">Christian, Count of Stolberg-Stolberg</a> (1748–1821), poet, brother of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Leopold_zu_Stolberg-Stolberg" title="Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg">Frederick Leopold</a><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Leopold_zu_Stolberg-Stolberg" title="Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg">Friedrich Leopold Graf zu Stolberg-Stolberg</a> (1750–1819), German lawyer and translator<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_von_Martens" title="Georg Friedrich von Martens">Georg Friedrich von Martens</a> (1756–1821), German jurist and diplomat<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erdwin_Seyler" title="Ludwig Erdwin Seyler">Ludwig Erdwin Seyler</a> (1758–1836), banker and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Franz_Encke" title="Johann Franz Encke">Johann Franz Encke</a> (1791–1865), astronomer. He measured the distance from Earth to the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ami_Bou%C3%A9" title="Ami Boué">Ami Boué</a> (1794–1881), geologist of French Huguenot origin<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Friedrich_Waagen" title="Gustav Friedrich Waagen">Gustav Friedrich Waagen</a> (1794–1868), German art historian<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Poggendorff" title="Johann Christian Poggendorff">Johann Christian Poggendorff</a> (1796–1877), physicist. He dealt with electricity and magnetism.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Jakob_Schleiden" title="Matthias Jakob Schleiden">Matthias Jakob Schleiden</a> (1804–1881), German botanist, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">cell theory</a><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a> (1808–1888), Orthodox rabbi. He founded the <i><a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Torah im Derech Eretz</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> (1809–1847), German composer, pianist, organist and conductor<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Preller" title="Ludwig Preller">Ludwig Preller</a> (1809–1861), German philologist and antiquarian<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gerst%C3%A4cker" title="Friedrich Gerstäcker">Friedrich Gerstäcker</a> (1816–1872), German traveler, writer and novelist<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Ludwig_Adolf_Roth" title="Justus Ludwig Adolf Roth">Justus Ludwig Adolf Roth</a> (1818–1892), German geologist and mineralogist<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Barth" title="Heinrich Barth">Heinrich Barth</a> (1821–1865), German explorer of Africa and a scholar<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Bernays" title="Jakob Bernays">Jacob Bernays</a> (1824–1881), German philologist and philosophical writer<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Oppert" title="Julius Oppert">Julius Oppert</a> (1825–1905), French-German <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyriologist</a><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Tietjens" title="Thérèse Tietjens">Thérèse Tietjens</a> (1831–1877), leading opera and oratorio soprano<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> (1833–1897), German composer, pianist and conductor<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bernays" title="Michael Bernays">Michael Bernays</a> (1834–1897), German literary historian, scholar of Goethe and Shakespeare<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Rudolph_Fittig" title="Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig">Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig</a> (1835–1910), German chemist. He discovered the <a href="/wiki/Pinacol_coupling_reaction" title="Pinacol coupling reaction">pinacol coupling reaction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Solomon_Oppert" title="Gustav Solomon Oppert">Gustav Solomon Oppert</a> (1836–1908), <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indologist</a> and professor<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BChne" title="Wilhelm Kühne">Wilhelm Kühne</a> (1837–1900), German physiologist. He coined the word "<a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a>" in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rosa" title="Carl Rosa">Carl Rosa</a> (1842–1889), musical impresario. He founded the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rosa_Opera_Company" title="Carl Rosa Opera Company">Carl Rosa Opera Company</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hagenbeck" title="Carl Hagenbeck">Carl Hagenbeck</a> (1844–1913), a merchant of wild animals who supplied many European zoos<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hinrich_Wendt" title="Hans Hinrich Wendt">Hans Hinrich Wendt</a> (1853–1928), German Protestant theologian<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Bartels" title="Hans von Bartels">Hans von Bartels</a> (1856–1913), German painter<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> (1857–1894), physicist who first proved the existence of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic waves</a><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Albers" title="Hans Albers">Hans Albers</a> (1891-1960), actor and one of the most popular German movie stars of the 20th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> (1918–2015), politician and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor of West Germany</a> from 1974 to 1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marione_Ingram" title="Marione Ingram">Marione Ingram</a> (born 1935), Holocaust survivor, civil rights activist, author and artist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (born 1954), retired politician and scientist, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor of Germany</a> from 2005 to 2021</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> (born 1958), politician, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Hamburg" title="List of mayors of Hamburg">First Mayor of Hamburg</a> from 2011 to 2018, and the current chancellor of Germany since 2021</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_cell" title="Hamburg cell">Hamburg Cell</a>'s terrorists, committed the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hamburg" title="Portal:Hamburg">Hamburg portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" 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title="Novo Hamburgo">Novo Hamburgo</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-citypopulation_urban-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation_urban_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation_urban_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcitypopulation.de_quoting_Federal_Statistics_Office" class="citation web cs1">citypopulation.de quoting Federal Statistics Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypopulation.de/en/germany/urbanareas/">"Germany: Urban Areas"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603133151/http://citypopulation.de/en/germany/urbanareas/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+Urban+Areas&rft.au=citypopulation.de+quoting+Federal+Statistics+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fgermany%2Furbanareas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fragdenstaat.de/anfrage/bevolkerung-in-hamburg-am-31-12-2023-nach-stadtteilen/">"Bevölkerung in Hamburg am 31.12.2023 nach Stadtteilen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistisches_Amt_f%C3%BCr_Hamburg_und_Schleswig-Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein">Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein</a>. May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+in+Hamburg+am+31.12.2023+nach+Stadtteilen&rft.pub=Statistisches+Amt+f%C3%BCr+Hamburg+und+Schleswig-Holstein&rft.date=2024-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffragdenstaat.de%2Fanfrage%2Fbevolkerung-in-hamburg-am-31-12-2023-nach-stadtteilen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hamburg">"Definition of HAMBURG"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kz-neuengamme-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kz-neuengamme_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de">"Gedenkstätte Konzentrationslager Neuengamme"</a>. Kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGermany%2FCSV%2FHamburg-Fuhlsbuettel_10147.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140612043121/http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue">"Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue">the original</a> on 12 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausgabe+der+Klimadaten%3A+Monatswerte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2Fbvbw%2Fappmanager%2Fbvbw%2FdwdwwwDesktop%3F_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_pageLabel%3D_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland%26T82002gsbDocumentPath%3DNavigation%252FOeffentlichkeit%252FKlima__Umwelt%252FKlimadaten%252Fkldaten__kostenfrei%252Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%253F__nnn%253Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/germany/hamburg-climate">"Hamburg, Germany – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast"</a>. <i>Weather Atlas</i>. Yu Media Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather+Atlas&rft.atitle=Hamburg%2C+Germany+%E2%80%93+Detailed+climate+information+and+monthly+weather+forecast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Fgermany%2Fhamburg-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/995591/umfrage/auslaender-in-hamburg-nach-herkunftslaendern/">"Ausländer in Hamburg nach Herkunftsländern 2021"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausl%C3%A4nder+in+Hamburg+nach+Herkunftsl%C3%A4ndern+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F995591%2Fumfrage%2Fauslaender-in-hamburg-nach-herkunftslaendern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamburger_Melderegister-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamburger_Melderegister_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_S_1_j_H/A_I_S1_j16.pdf"><i>Hamburger Melderegister</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German), Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein), 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamburger+Melderegister&rft.pub=Statistical+office+Hamburg+and+Schleswig-Holstein+%28Statistisches+Amt+f%C3%BCr+Hamburg+und+Schleswig-Holstein%29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik-nord.de%2Ffileadmin%2FDokumente%2FStatistische_Berichte%2Fbevoelkerung%2FA_I_S_1_j_H%2FA_I_S1_j16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Tabellen%2C_Tabellenb%C3%A4nde%2C_Brosch%C3%BCren/Metropolregion_Hamburg/T01_Bev%C3%B6lkerung.xlsx"><i>Hamburg Metropolitan Area fact sheet</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Office of Statistics for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamburg+Metropolitan+Area+fact+sheet&rft.pub=Office+of+Statistics+for+Hamburg+and+Schleswig-Holstein+%28Statistisches+Amt+f%C3%BCr+Hamburg+und+Schleswig-Holstein%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik-nord.de%2Ffileadmin%2FDokumente%2FTabellen%252C_Tabellenb%25C3%25A4nde%252C_Brosch%25C3%25BCren%2FMetropolregion_Hamburg%2FT01_Bev%25C3%25B6lkerung.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistikamt_Nord-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Statistikamt_Nord_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_S_1_j_H/A_I_S1_j16.pdf">Bevölkerung in Hamburg am 31.12.2016</a> statistik-nord.de (in German) Retrieved 27 June 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statistik-nord.de-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statistik-nord.de_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistik_informiert_SPEZIAL/SI_SPEZIAL_V_2017_Korrektur.pdf">Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund in den Hamburger Stadtteilen Ende 2016</a> statistik-nord.de (in German) Retrieved 27 June 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statistik-nord.de1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statistik-nord.de1_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistik-nord.de1_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Jahrb%C3%BCcher/Hamburg/JB16HH_Gesamt_Internet_min.pdf">Statistisches Jahrbuch. Hamburg 2016</a> statistik-nord.de (in German) Retrieved 27 June 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haushalte_nach_Stadtteilen_in_Hamburg_am_31.12.2016-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haushalte_nach_Stadtteilen_in_Hamburg_am_31.12.2016_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selectable data base: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSource:_Residents_registration_office" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Source: Residents registration office, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistik_informiert_SPEZIAL/SI_SPEZIAL_VI_2017_Korrektur.pdf"><i>Regionalergebnisse</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German), Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regionalergebnisse&rft.pub=Statistical+office+Hamburg+and+Schleswig-Holstein&rft.au=Source%3A+Residents+registration+office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik-nord.de%2Ffileadmin%2FDokumente%2FStatistik_informiert_SPEZIAL%2FSI_SPEZIAL_VI_2017_Korrektur.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/wams_print/article1466208/Wie-Portugiesen-in-Hamburg-heimisch-wurden.html">"Wie Portugiesen in Hamburg heimisch wurden"</a>. <i>www.welt.de</i> (in German). 16 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.welt.de&rft.atitle=Wie+Portugiesen+in+Hamburg+heimisch+wurden&rft.date=2011-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fwams_print%2Farticle1466208%2FWie-Portugiesen-in-Hamburg-heimisch-wurden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BPB-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BPB_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpb.de/gesellschaft/migration/laenderprofile/288934/afghan-migration-to-germany"><i>Afghan Migration to Germany: History and Current Debates</i></a>, 5 April 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+Migration+to+Germany%3A+History+and+Current+Debates&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fgesellschaft%2Fmigration%2Flaenderprofile%2F288934%2Fafghan-migration-to-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/regionales/hamburg/article233317215/Evakuierung-aus-Afghanistan-Warum-es-viele-Afghanen-nach-Hamburg-zieht.html">"Warum es viele Afghanen nach Hamburg zieht"</a>. <i>www.welt.de</i> (in German). 23 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.welt.de&rft.atitle=Warum+es+viele+Afghanen+nach+Hamburg+zieht&rft.date=2021-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fregionales%2Fhamburg%2Farticle233317215%2FEvakuierung-aus-Afghanistan-Warum-es-viele-Afghanen-nach-Hamburg-zieht.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldheritage.hamburg/kehrwieder-the-way-to-the-top/">"Welterbe Info Point Hamburg - All info on the UNESCO World Heritage Site"</a>. 16 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welterbe+Info+Point+Hamburg+-+All+info+on+the+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Site&rft.date=2020-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldheritage.hamburg%2Fkehrwieder-the-way-to-the-top%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBausch2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bausch, Karl-Heinz (2007), "Die deutsche Sprache—eine Dialektlandschaft", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043439/http://www.ifl-nationalatlas.de/download/bsppdf/Band_6_bsp.pdf"><i>Nationalatlas Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German), Leipzig: Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde, pp. 94–95, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8274-0947-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8274-0947-8"><bdi>978-3-8274-0947-8</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifl-nationalatlas.de/download/bsppdf/Band_6_bsp.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+deutsche+Sprache%E2%80%94eine+Dialektlandschaft&rft.btitle=Nationalatlas+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=Leibniz-Institut+f%C3%BCr+L%C3%A4nderkunde&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-8274-0947-8&rft.aulast=Bausch&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifl-nationalatlas.de%2Fdownload%2Fbsppdf%2FBand_6_bsp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Several places are named ...brook (Billbrook, Brooktor, Grasbrook, Hammerbrook, Hellbrook, Iserbrook) rather than Standard German ...bruch (neutr.; =brook riverscape), Bullenhusen rather than Bullenhausen, Lohbrügge rather than Lohbrücke, several localities starting with Nien... (Niendorf, Nienstedten) rather than Neuen..., or ending ...hude (Dockenhuden, Harvestehude, Winterhude) rather than ...hut[ung] (fem.; =pasture), Uhlenhorst rather than Eulenhorst, several places and water bodies are named ...bek (Barmbek, Eilbek, Fischbek, Flottbek, Goldbek, Isebek, Kirchsteinbek, Langenbek, Osterbek, Pepermölenbek, Wandsbek) rather than ...bach, several places and water bodies are called ...fleet (Alsterfleet, Bleichenfleet, Moorfleet) rather than ...fließ (=brook, stream). Further toponyms with no close Standard German correspondents appear, such as ...büttel (=inhabited place; Eimsbüttel, Fuhlsbüttel, Hummelsbüttel, Poppenbüttel, Wellingsbüttel) or Twiete (=alley wedged between buildings). Like in other parts of Northern Germany ...stedt (Bergstedt, Billstedt, Duvenstedt, Eidelstedt, Lokstedt, Mellingstedt, Nienstedten, Ohlstedt, Rahlstedt) prevails over ...stadt (=town, originally simply stead).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Ber_Kirchenmitglieder_2018.pdf">Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2018</a> EKD, January 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sonja Haug et al.: Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland, Nuremberg, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823025135/https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_landkreisen_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf">"Kartenseite: Muslime in den Landkreisen beim Zensus 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_landkreisen_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719095348/http://www.trimet.de/hamburg0.html"><i>Trimet Website / Hamburg</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trimet.de/hamburg0.html">the original</a> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trimet+Website+%2F+Hamburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trimet.de%2Fhamburg0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110308182802/http://www.aurubis.com/en/corporate-group/group-structure/sites/"><i>Aurubis Website / Hamburg</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aurubis.com/en/corporate-group/group-structure/sites/">the original</a> on 8 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurubis+Website+%2F+Hamburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aurubis.com%2Fen%2Fcorporate-group%2Fgroup-structure%2Fsites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328081957/http://www.blohmvossyachts.com/index.php?level=2&CatID=2.8&inhalt_id=8"><i>Blohm + Voss Website / Hamburg</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blohmvossyachts.com/index.php?level=2&CatID=2.8&inhalt_id=8">the original</a> on 28 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blohm+%2B+Voss+Website+%2F+Hamburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blohmvossyachts.com%2Findex.php%3Flevel%3D2%26CatID%3D2.8%26inhalt_id%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,428905,00.html"><i>Past Cost-Cutting and Layoffs Haunt Airbus in Germany</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiegel Online">Spiegel Online</a>, 28 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Past+Cost-Cutting+and+Layoffs+Haunt+Airbus+in+Germany&rft.pub=Spiegel+Online&rft.date=2006-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fspiegel%2F0%2C1518%2C428905%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Presseinformationen/SI18_032.pdf">"Tourismus in Hamburg 2017 [in German]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Statistik informiert ..</i>. 21 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ebersole (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070906144905/http://www.audubonmagazine.org/features0111/newzoo.html">"The New Zoo"</a>. <i>Audubon Magazine</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">National Audubon Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://audubonmagazine.org/features0111/newzoo.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Audubon+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+New+Zoo&rft.date=2001-11&rft.au=Rene+S.+Ebersole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faudubonmagazine.org%2Ffeatures0111%2Fnewzoo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statistik-nord1-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statistik-nord1_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistik-nord1_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistik-nord1_145-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/zahlen-fakten/handel-tourismus-dienstleistungen/tourismus/dokumentenansicht/tourismus-in-hamburg-im-dezember-und-im-gesamten-jahr-2016-59350/">"Tourismus in Hamburg im Dezember und im gesamten Jahr 2016 – Statistikamt Nord"</a>. <i>www.statistik-nord.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statistik-nord.de&rft.atitle=Tourismus+in+Hamburg+im+Dezember+und+im+gesamten+Jahr+2016+%E2%80%93+Statistikamt+Nord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik-nord.de%2Fzahlen-fakten%2Fhandel-tourismus-dienstleistungen%2Ftourismus%2Fdokumentenansicht%2Ftourismus-in-hamburg-im-dezember-und-im-gesamten-jahr-2016-59350%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hamburg wird heimlicher Heimathafen der <i>Queen Mary 2</i>" (in English: Hamburg nearly a home port for <i>Queen Mary 2</i>). In: <i>Hamburger Abendblatt</i> from 15 January 2010, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309015715/http://www.hamburg.de/medien-hamburg/nofl/8930/arbeiten-in-hamburg.html"><i>Von der Faszination, in Hamburg zu arbeiten</i></a> (in German), hamburg.de, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamburg.de/medien-hamburg/nofl/8930/arbeiten-in-hamburg.html">the original</a> on 9 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Von+der+Faszination%2C+in+Hamburg+zu+arbeiten&rft.pub=hamburg.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamburg.de%2Fmedien-hamburg%2Fnofl%2F8930%2Farbeiten-in-hamburg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084312/https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf">"Standpunktepapier Musikstadt Hamburg"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Hamburg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hamburg.de&rft.atitle=Partnerst%C3%A4dte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamburg.de%2Fpartnerstaedte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2003" class="citation cs2">Jenkins, Jennifer (2003), <i>Provincial modernity: local culture and liberal politics in fin-de-siècle Hamburg</i>, Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-4025-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-4025-4"><bdi>0-8014-4025-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provincial+modernity%3A+local+culture+and+liberal+politics+in+fin-de-si%C3%A8cle+Hamburg&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8014-4025-4&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Holstenius, Lucas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Holstenius,_Lucas">"Holstenius, Lucas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 619.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holstenius%2C+Lucas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=619&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schlüter, Andreas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Schl%C3%BCter,_Andreas">"Schlüter, Andreas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schl%C3%BCter%2C+Andreas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=343&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brockes, Barthold Heinrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brockes,_Barthold_Heinrich">"Brockes, Barthold Heinrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 624.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brockes%2C+Barthold+Heinrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=624&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Reimarus, Hermann Samuel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Reimarus,_Hermann_Samuel">"Reimarus, Hermann Samuel" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reimarus%2C+Hermann+Samuel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ekhof, Konrad"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ekhof,_Konrad">"Ekhof, Konrad" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 139–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ekhof%2C+Konrad&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=139-140&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Basedow, Johann Bernhard"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Basedow,_Johann_Bernhard">"Basedow, Johann Bernhard" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 461–462.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basedow%2C+Johann+Bernhard&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=461-462&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1991" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, K.M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wf1SVbGFg8C&pg=PA641"><i>An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers</i></a>. Garland Pub. p. 641. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-8547-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-8547-6"><bdi>978-0-8240-8547-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Continental+Women+Writers&rft.pages=641&rft.pub=Garland+Pub.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-8547-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=K.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Wf1SVbGFg8C%26pg%3DPA641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrea Heinz: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118613642.html">Seyler, Abel</a>." In: <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a></i> (NDB). 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Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 394.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fiorillo%2C+Johann+Dominicus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=394&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Stolberg,_Friedrich_Leopold,_Graf_zu">"Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 953;see para 2. <q>Stolberg's brother, Christian, Graf zu Stolberg (1748–1821).....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stolberg%2C+Friedrich+Leopold%2C+Graf+zu&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=953%3Bsee+para+2&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Stolberg,_Friedrich_Leopold,_Graf_zu">"Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 953.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stolberg%2C+Friedrich+Leopold%2C+Graf+zu&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=953&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Martens, Georg Friedrich von"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Martens,_Georg_Friedrich_von">"Martens, Georg Friedrich von" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 786–787.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martens%2C+Georg+Friedrich+von&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=786-787&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClerke1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Mary_Clerke" title="Agnes Mary Clerke">Clerke, Agnes Mary</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Encke, Johann Franz"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Encke,_Johann_Franz">"Encke, Johann Franz" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). p. 369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encke%2C+Johann+Franz&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=369&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Clerke&rft.aufirst=Agnes+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boué, Ami"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bou%C3%A9,_Ami">"Boué, Ami" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 315.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bou%C3%A9%2C+Ami&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=315&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Waagen, Gustav Friedrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Waagen,_Gustav_Friedrich">"Waagen, Gustav Friedrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 223–224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waagen%2C+Gustav+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=223-224&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Poggendorff, Johann Christian"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Poggendorff,_Johann_Christian">"Poggendorff, Johann Christian" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 890.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poggendorff%2C+Johann+Christian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=890&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schleiden, Matthias Jakob"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Schleiden,_Matthias_Jakob">"Schleiden, Matthias Jakob" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schleiden%2C+Matthias+Jakob&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=330&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Abrahams" title="Israel Abrahams">Abrahams, Israel</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hirsch, Samson Raphael"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hirsch,_Samson_Raphael">"Hirsch, Samson Raphael" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). p. 525.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hirsch%2C+Samson+Raphael&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=525&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockstroTovey1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smyth_Rockstro" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smyth Rockstro">Rockstro, William Smyth</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Francis_Tovey" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Francis Tovey">Tovey, Donald Francis</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Jakob Ludwig Felix"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mendelssohn-Bartholdy,_Jakob_Ludwig_Felix">"Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Jakob Ludwig Felix" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 123–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mendelssohn-Bartholdy%2C+Jakob+Ludwig+Felix&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=123-124&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rockstro&rft.aufirst=William+Smyth&rft.au=Tovey%2C+Donald+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Preller, Ludwig"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Preller,_Ludwig">"Preller, Ludwig" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preller%2C+Ludwig&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=278&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gerstäcker, Friedrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gerst%C3%A4cker,_Friedrich">"Gerstäcker, Friedrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 906–907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gerst%C3%A4cker%2C+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=906-907&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Roth, Justus Ludwig Adolf"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Roth,_Justus_Ludwig_Adolf">"Roth, Justus Ludwig Adolf" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 756.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roth%2C+Justus+Ludwig+Adolf&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=756&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Barth, Heinrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Barth,_Heinrich">"Barth, Heinrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 447.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barth%2C+Heinrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=447&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bernays, Jakob"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bernays,_Jakob">"Bernays, Jakob" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 800.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bernays%2C+Jakob&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=800&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oppert, Julius"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Oppert,_Julius">"Oppert, Julius" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oppert%2C+Julius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=140&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tietjens, Thérèse Johanne Alexandra"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tietjens,_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Johanne_Alexandra">"Tietjens, Thérèse Johanne Alexandra" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tietjens%2C+Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se+Johanne+Alexandra&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=966&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaitland1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Fuller_Maitland" title="John Alexander Fuller Maitland">Maitland, John Alexander Fuller</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brahms, Johannes"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brahms,_Johannes">"Brahms, Johannes" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 389–390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brahms%2C+Johannes&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=389-390&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Maitland&rft.aufirst=John+Alexander+Fuller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bernays, Jakob"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bernays,_Jakob">"Bernays, Jakob" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 800; see para 2. <q>His brother, Michael Bernays (1834–1897).....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bernays%2C+Jakob&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=800%3B+see+para+2&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fittig, Rudolf"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fittig,_Rudolf">"Fittig, Rudolf" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 440.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fittig%2C+Rudolf&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=440&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingerGray1906" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; <a href="/wiki/Louis_Herbert_Gray" title="Louis Herbert Gray">Gray, Louis H.</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11744-oppert-gustav-solomon">"Oppert, Gustav Solomon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">JewishEncyclopedia.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Oppert%2C+Gustav+Solomon&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rft.au=Gray%2C+Louis+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F11744-oppert-gustav-solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kühne, Willy"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/K%C3%BChne,_Willy">"Kühne, Willy" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 942.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%C3%BChne%2C+Willy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=942&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rosa, Carl August Nicholas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rosa,_Carl_August_Nicholas">"Rosa, Carl August Nicholas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 720.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rosa%2C+Carl+August+Nicholas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=720&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hagenbeck, Carl"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hagenbeck,_Carl">"Hagenbeck, Carl" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 814.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hagenbeck%2C+Carl&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=814&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wendt, Hans Hinrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wendt,_Hans_Hinrich">"Wendt, Hans Hinrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 518.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wendt%2C+Hans+Hinrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=518&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bartels, Hans von"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bartels,_Hans_von">"Bartels, Hans von" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 447.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bartels%2C+Hans+von&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=447&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hertz,_Heinrich_Rudolf">"Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 400–401.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hertz%2C+Heinrich+Rudolf&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=400-401&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hamburg" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Hamburg">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" class="extiw" title="c:Hamburg">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="q:Special:Search/Hamburg">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hamburg" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Hamburg">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hamburg" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Hamburg">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hamburg" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Hamburg">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hamburg" class="extiw" title="voy:Hamburg">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamburg.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/62782">Hamburg</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hamburg (city)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hamburg_(city)">"Hamburg (city)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hamburg+%28city%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hamburg-von-oben.de/">Hamburg panorama view</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Hamburg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Hamburg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Hamburg</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Hamburg</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a>, Berlin</td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Hamburg&#124;link=Hamburg_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hamburg" title="Template:Hamburg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hamburg" title="Template talk:Hamburg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hamburg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hamburg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Hamburg&#124;link=Hamburg_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg"><img alt="Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"><div>Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hamburg" title="Government of Hamburg">Government</a> and symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Parliament" title="Hamburg Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hamburg" title="Constitution of Hamburg">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_and_quarters_of_Hamburg" title="Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hamburg" title="Elections in Hamburg">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hamburg" title="Flag of Hamburg">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hamburg" title="Coat of arms of Hamburg">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Police" title="Hamburg Police">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamburg" title="History of Hamburg">History</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Hamburg">culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hamburg" title="Timeline of Hamburg">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_culture" title="Hamburg culture">Hamburg culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hamburg" title="Demographics of Hamburg">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburgisch dialect">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hamburg" title="Education in Hamburg">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Hamburg" title="Sport in Hamburg">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hamburg" title="List of museums in Hamburg">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hamburg" title="List of theatres in Hamburg">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hamburg" title="Cuisine of Hamburg">Cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Hamburg">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hamburg" title="Transport in Hamburg">transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hamburg Metropolitan Region">Hamburg Metropolitan Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Hamburg Chamber of Commerce">Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Airport" title="Hamburg Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Hamburg" title="List of bridges in Hamburg">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hamburg_S-Bahn_stations" title="List of Hamburg S-Bahn stations">Hamburg S-Bahn stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hamburg_U-Bahn_stations" title="List of Hamburg U-Bahn stations">Hamburg U-Bahn stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Lists</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Hamburg" title="List of mayors of Hamburg">Mayors</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Hamburg" title="List of honorary citizens of Hamburg">Honorary citizens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Hamburg" title="List of diplomatic missions in Hamburg">Diplomatic missions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Hamburg" title="List of rivers of Hamburg">Rivers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Hamburg" title="List of parks and gardens in Hamburg">Parks and gardens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Hamburg" title="List of churches in Hamburg">Churches</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Hamburg" title="List of libraries in Hamburg">Libraries</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hamburg" title="List of museums in Hamburg">Museums</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hamburg" title="List of theatres in Hamburg">Theatres</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Hamburg" title="List of castles in Hamburg">Castles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Hamburg" title="List of railway stations in Hamburg">Railway stations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boroughs_and_quarters_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boroughs_of_Hamburg" title="Template:Boroughs of Hamburg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boroughs_of_Hamburg" title="Template talk:Boroughs of Hamburg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boroughs_of_Hamburg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boroughs of Hamburg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boroughs_and_quarters_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_and_quarters_of_Hamburg" title="Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg">Boroughs and quarters</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg"> Altona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergedorf" title="Bergedorf">Bergedorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eimsb%C3%BCttel" title="Eimsbüttel">Eimsbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Mitte" title="Hamburg-Mitte">Hamburg-Mitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Nord" title="Hamburg-Nord">Hamburg-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harburg,_Hamburg" title="Harburg, Hamburg"> Harburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandsbek" title="Wandsbek">Wandsbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allerm%C3%B6he" title="Allermöhe">Allermöhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsterdorf" title="Alsterdorf">Alsterdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altengamme" title="Altengamme">Altengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altenwerder" title="Altenwerder">Altenwerder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altona-Altstadt" title="Altona-Altstadt">Altona-Altstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altona-Nord" title="Altona-Nord">Altona-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Altstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg-Altstadt">Altstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrenfeld" title="Bahrenfeld">Bahrenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbek-Nord" title="Barmbek-Nord">Barmbek-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbek-S%C3%BCd" title="Barmbek-Süd">Barmbek-Süd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergedorf_(quarter)" title="Bergedorf (quarter)"> Bergedorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergstedt" title="Bergstedt">Bergstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billbrook" title="Billbrook">Billbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billwerder" title="Billwerder">Billwerder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billstedt" title="Billstedt">Billstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blankenese" title="Blankenese">Blankenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgfelde" title="Borgfelde">Borgfelde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramfeld" title="Bramfeld">Bramfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranz,_Hamburg" title="Cranz, Hamburg"> Cranz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curslack" title="Curslack">Curslack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulsberg" title="Dulsberg">Dulsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvenstedt" title="Duvenstedt">Duvenstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidelstedt" title="Eidelstedt">Eidelstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilbek" title="Eilbek">Eilbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eimsb%C3%BCttel_(quarter)" title="Eimsbüttel (quarter)"> Eimsbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ei%C3%9Fendorf" title="Eißendorf">Eißendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eppendorf,_Hamburg" title="Eppendorf, Hamburg"> Eppendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmsen-Berne" title="Farmsen-Berne">Farmsen-Berne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finkenwerder" title="Finkenwerder">Finkenwerder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francop" title="Francop">Francop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuhlsb%C3%BCttel" title="Fuhlsbüttel">Fuhlsbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Borstel" title="Groß Borstel">Groß Borstel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Flottbek" title="Groß Flottbek">Groß Flottbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_Moor" title="Gut Moor">Gut Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HafenCity" title="HafenCity">HafenCity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_Hamburg" title="Hamm, Hamburg">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerbrook" title="Hammerbrook">Hammerbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harburg_(quarter)" title="Harburg (quarter)"> Harburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvestehude" title="Harvestehude">Harvestehude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausbruch" title="Hausbruch">Hausbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimfeld" title="Heimfeld">Heimfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoheluft-Ost" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoheluft-Ost">Hoheluft-Ost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoheluft-West" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoheluft-West">Hoheluft-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenfelde,_Hamburg" title="Hohenfelde, Hamburg"> Hohenfelde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn,_Hamburg" title="Horn, Hamburg"> Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hummelsb%C3%BCttel" title="Hummelsbüttel">Hummelsbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iserbrook" title="Iserbrook">Iserbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenfeld" title="Jenfeld">Jenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchwerder" title="Kirchwerder">Kirchwerder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleiner_Grasbrook" title="Kleiner Grasbrook">Kleiner Grasbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langenbek" title="Langenbek">Langenbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langenhorn,_Hamburg" title="Langenhorn, Hamburg"> Langenhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemsahl-Mellingstedt" title="Lemsahl-Mellingstedt">Lemsahl-Mellingstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohbr%C3%BCgge" title="Lohbrügge">Lohbrügge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokstedt" title="Lokstedt">Lokstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurup" title="Lurup">Lurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marienthal,_Hamburg" title="Marienthal, Hamburg"> Marienthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmstorf" title="Marmstorf">Marmstorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorburg" title="Moorburg">Moorburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorfleet" title="Moorfleet">Moorfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuallerm%C3%B6he" title="Neuallermöhe">Neuallermöhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuenfelde" title="Neuenfelde">Neuenfelde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme,_Hamburg" title="Neuengamme, Hamburg">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neugraben-Fischbek" title="Neugraben-Fischbek">Neugraben-Fischbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuland,_Hamburg" title="Neuland, Hamburg"> Neuland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neustadt,_Hamburg" title="Neustadt, Hamburg"> Neustadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuwerk" title="Neuwerk">Neuwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niendorf,_Hamburg" title="Niendorf, Hamburg"> Niendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nienstedten" title="Nienstedten">Nienstedten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochsenwerder" title="Ochsenwerder">Ochsenwerder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlsdorf,_Hamburg" title="Ohlsdorf, Hamburg"> Ohlsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osdorf,_Hamburg" title="Osdorf, Hamburg"> Osdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmarschen" title="Othmarschen">Othmarschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottensen" title="Ottensen">Ottensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppenb%C3%BCttel" title="Poppenbüttel">Poppenbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahlstedt" title="Rahlstedt">Rahlstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reitbrook" title="Reitbrook">Reitbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissen" title="Rissen">Rissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6nneburg" title="Rönneburg">Rönneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothenburgsort" title="Rothenburgsort">Rothenburgsort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotherbaum" title="Rotherbaum">Rotherbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasel" title="Sasel">Sasel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnelsen" title="Schnelsen">Schnelsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinstorf" title="Sinstorf">Sinstorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spadenland" title="Spadenland">Spadenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Georg,_Hamburg" title="St. Georg, Hamburg"> St. Georg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Pauli" title="St. Pauli">St. Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steilshoop" title="Steilshoop">Steilshoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinwerder" title="Steinwerder">Steinwerder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellingen">Stellingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternschanze" title="Sternschanze">Sternschanze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BClldorf" title="Sülldorf">Sülldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatenberg" title="Tatenberg">Tatenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonndorf,_Hamburg" title="Tonndorf, Hamburg"> Tonndorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhlenhorst" title="Uhlenhorst">Uhlenhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veddel" title="Veddel">Veddel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdorf" title="Volksdorf">Volksdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandsbek_(quarter)" title="Wandsbek (quarter)"> Wandsbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltershof" title="Waltershof">Waltershof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellingsb%C3%BCttel" title="Wellingsbüttel">Wellingsbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmsburg,_Hamburg" title="Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg"> Wilhelmsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilstorf" title="Wilstorf">Wilstorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterhude" title="Winterhude">Winterhude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wohldorf-Ohlstedt" title="Wohldorf-Ohlstedt">Wohldorf-Ohlstedt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template talk:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> (since 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> (since 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> (since 1990)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:States_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="States of Germany"><img alt="States of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/70px-States_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/105px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/140px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City-states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a> (since 1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> (1949–1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals of area states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">City of Bremen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">State of Bremen</a>)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals of former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Unlike the mono-city states Berlin and Hamburg, the State of Bremen consists of two cities, thus state and capital are not identical.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></i>, Berlin</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li> <li><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a></b></i>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></b></i>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></b></i>, Perm Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></b></i>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></b></i>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></b></i>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></b></i>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></b></i>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></b></i>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></b></i>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></b></i>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></b></i>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></b></i>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></b></i>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></b></i>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a></b></i>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></b></i>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></b></i>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></b></i>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></b></i>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a></b></i>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></b></i>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></b></i>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></b></i>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b></i>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></b></i>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></b></i>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></b></i>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></b></i>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></b></i>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></b></i>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></b></i>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a></b></i>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></b></i>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></b></i>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></b></i>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b></i>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencian Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities in Germany by population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rapid_transit_and_commuter_rail_in_Hamburg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hamburg_rail" title="Template:Hamburg rail"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hamburg_rail" title="Template talk:Hamburg rail"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hamburg_rail" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hamburg rail"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rapid_transit_and_commuter_rail_in_Hamburg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hamburg" title="Transport in Hamburg">Rapid transit and commuter rail</a> in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Verkehrsverbund" title="Hamburger Verkehrsverbund">Hamburger Verkehrsverbund</a> (HVV) Public transport rail systems and operators in the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hamburg Metropolitan Region">Hamburg Metropolitan Region</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:transparent;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U-Bahn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/U-Bahn.svg/14px-U-Bahn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/U-Bahn.svg/21px-U-Bahn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/U-Bahn.svg/28px-U-Bahn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_U-Bahn" title="Hamburg U-Bahn">U-Bahn</a> <ul><li><i>lines:</i> <a href="/wiki/U1_(Hamburg_U-Bahn)" title="U1 (Hamburg U-Bahn)">U1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U2_(Hamburg_U-Bahn)" title="U2 (Hamburg U-Bahn)">U2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U3_(Hamburg_U-Bahn)" title="U3 (Hamburg U-Bahn)">U3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U4_(Hamburg_U-Bahn)" title="U4 (Hamburg U-Bahn)">U4</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_U-Bahn#Current_projects" title="Hamburg U-Bahn">U5</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S-Bahn-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/S-Bahn-Logo.svg/14px-S-Bahn-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/S-Bahn-Logo.svg/21px-S-Bahn-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/S-Bahn-Logo.svg/28px-S-Bahn-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_S-Bahn" title="Hamburg S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HVV_Logo_AKN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HVV_Logo_AKN.svg/14px-HVV_Logo_AKN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HVV_Logo_AKN.svg/21px-HVV_Logo_AKN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HVV_Logo_AKN.svg/28px-HVV_Logo_AKN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/AKN_Eisenbahn" title="AKN Eisenbahn">A-Bahn</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HVV_Logo_Regionalbahn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HVV_Logo_Regionalbahn.svg/14px-HVV_Logo_Regionalbahn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HVV_Logo_Regionalbahn.svg/21px-HVV_Logo_Regionalbahn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HVV_Logo_Regionalbahn.svg/28px-HVV_Logo_Regionalbahn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> R-Bahn</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:transparent;">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">U-Bahn</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Hochbahn" title="Hamburger Hochbahn">Hamburger Hochbahn</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">S-Bahn</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_S-Bahn#Operating_company" title="Hamburg S-Bahn">S-Bahn Hamburg GmbH</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">A-Bahn</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/AKN_Eisenbahn" title="AKN Eisenbahn">AKN Eisenbahn</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">R-Bahn</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/DB_Regio" title="DB Regio">DB Regio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erixx" title="Erixx">Erixx</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eisenbahnen_und_Verkehrsbetriebe_Elbe-Weser" title="Eisenbahnen und Verkehrsbetriebe Elbe-Weser">evb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metronom" class="mw-redirect" title="Metronom">Metronom</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nordbahn_Eisenbahngesellschaft" title="Nordbahn Eisenbahngesellschaft">Nordbahn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Regionalverkehre_Start_Deutschland" title="Regionalverkehre Start Deutschland">Start</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Hamburg" title="List of railway stations in Hamburg">Long distance railway stations</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Hauptbahnhof" title="Hamburg Hauptbahnhof">Hamburg Hauptbahnhof</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Altona_station" title="Hamburg-Altona station">Hamburg-Altona</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Dammtor_station" title="Hamburg Dammtor station">Hamburg Dammtor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Harburg_station" title="Hamburg-Harburg station">Hamburg-Harburg</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hamburg_U-Bahn_stations" title="List of Hamburg U-Bahn stations">List of Hamburg U-Bahn stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hamburg_S-Bahn_stations" title="List of Hamburg S-Bahn stations">List of Hamburg S-Bahn stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hamburg_in_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Hamburg_in_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hamburg in history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in <span class="smallcaps">smallcaps</span>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kołobrzeg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde <span style="font-size:85%;">(Darłowo)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Szczecin)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp <span style="font-size:85%;">(Słupsk)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk"><span class="smallcaps">Danzig</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(Gdańsk)</span></span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wrocław)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tartu)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elbląg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kraków)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tallinn)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rīga)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn <span style="font-size:85%;">(Toruń)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span><br /><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Vitten</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_imperial_cities_of_the_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free_imperial_cities" title="Template:Free imperial cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_imperial_cities" title="Template talk:Free imperial cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_imperial_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free imperial cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_imperial_cities_of_the_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial cities</a> of the <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_1792" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By 1792</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Aachen" title="Free Imperial City of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen">Aalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biberach_an_der_Ri%C3%9F" title="Biberach an der Riß">Biberach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopfingen" title="Bopfingen">Bopfingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Buchau" title="Bad Buchau">Buchau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Buchhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Eßlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedberg,_Hesse" title="Friedberg, Hesse">Friedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengenbach" title="Gengenbach">Gengenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giengen" title="Giengen">Giengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isny_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Isny im Allgäu">Isny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufbeuren" title="Kaufbeuren">Kaufbeuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Kempten" title="Free Imperial City of Kempten">Kempten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kessenich" title="Kessenich">Kessenich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leutkirch_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Leutkirch im Allgäu">Leutkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memmingen" title="Memmingen">Memmingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mülhausen</a><sup><small>D, S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Nuremberg" title="Free Imperial City of Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenburg" title="Offenburg">Offenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfullendorf" title="Pfullendorf">Pfullendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottweil" title="Rottweil">Rottweil</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Gm%C3%BCnd" title="Schwäbisch Gmünd">Schwäbisch Gmünd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall" title="Schwäbisch Hall">Schwäbisch Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberlingen" title="Überlingen">Überlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Ulm" title="Free Imperial City of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangen_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Wangen im Allgäu">Wangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weil_der_Stadt" title="Weil der Stadt">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenburg_in_Bayern" title="Weißenburg in Bayern">Weißenburg in Bayern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen" title="Bad Wimpfen">Wimpfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Windsheim" title="Bad Windsheim">Windsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zell_am_Harmersbach" title="Zell am Harmersbach">Zell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png/150px-Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png/225px-Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png/300px-Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span><br /><small>Free Imperial Cities by 1792</small></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lost_imperial_immediacy_or_no_longer_part_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_by_1792" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lost <a href="/wiki/Imperial_immediacy" title="Imperial immediacy">imperial immediacy</a> or no longer part of the Holy Roman Empire by 1792</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bern" title="History of Bern">Bern</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Free Imperial City of Besançon">Besançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakel,_Germany" title="Brakel, Germany">Brakel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diessenhofen" title="Diessenhofen">Diessenhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donauw%C3%B6rth" title="Donauwörth">Donauwörth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCren" title="Düren">Düren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelnhausen" title="Gelnhausen">Gelnhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haguenau" title="Haguenau">Hagenau</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysersberg" title="Kaysersberg">Kaysersberg</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Kolmar</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau" title="Landau">Landau</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemgo" title="Lemgo">Lemgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munster,_Haut-Rhin" title="Munster, Haut-Rhin">Munster</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obernai" title="Obernai">Obernai</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfeddersheim" title="Pfeddersheim">Pfeddersheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheinfelden_(Aargau)" title="Rheinfelden (Aargau)">Rheinfelden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosheim" title="Rosheim">Rosheim</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarrebourg" title="Sarrebourg">Sarrebourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkalden" title="Schmalkalden">Schmalkalden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lestat" title="Sélestat">Schlettstadt</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seltz" title="Seltz">Seltz</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Straßburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toul" title="Toul">Toul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turckheim" title="Turckheim">Turckheim</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verden_an_der_Aller" class="mw-redirect" title="Verden an der Aller">Verden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warburg" title="Warburg">Warburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wissembourg" title="Wissembourg">Weißenburg in Elsaß</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Zürich">Zürich</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>D</small></sup> Member of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9capole" title="Décapole">Décapole</a></li> <li><sup><small>H</small></sup> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li> <li><sup><small>S</small></sup> Member or associate of the <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Lower_Saxon_Circle_(1500–1806)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Template:Lower Saxon Circle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Template talk:Lower Saxon Circle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lower Saxon Circle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Lower_Saxon_Circle_(1500–1806)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Lower Saxon Circle">Lower Saxon Circle</a> (1500–1806) of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">Ecclesiastical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Bremen" title="Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen">Bremen</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Halberstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Hildesheim" title="Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-bishopric_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-bishopric of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg" title="Archbishopric of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Ratzeburg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Ratzeburg">Ratzeburg</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_and_prince-bishopric_of_Schwerin" title="Diocese and prince-bishopric of Schwerin">Schwerin</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating the Lower Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Map indicating the Lower Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg/100px-Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg/150px-Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg/200px-Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick and Lunenburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Blankenburg" title="County of Blankenburg">Blankenburg</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Calenberg" title="Principality of Calenberg">Calenberg</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Principality of Lüneburg">Celle</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Grubenhagen" title="Principality of Grubenhagen">Grubenhagen</a><sup><small>6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a><sup><small>7</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gl%C3%BCckstadt" title="Holstein-Glückstadt">Glückstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Gottorp</a><sup><small>8</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holstein-Pinneberg" title="Holstein-Pinneberg">Pinneberg</a><sup><small>9</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-G%C3%BCstrow" title="Mecklenburg-Güstrow">Güstrow</a><sup><small>10</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Strelitz</a><sup><small>11</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Rantzau" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial County of Rantzau">Rantzau</a><sup><small>12</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Regenstein" title="County of Regenstein">Regenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.3em 0 0.2em;"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> until 1648.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>2</small></sup> until 1701.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>3</small></sup> from 1648.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>4</small></sup> until 1731.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>5</small></sup> until 1705.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>6</small></sup> until 1596.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>7</small></sup> from 1708.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>8</small></sup> until 1773.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>9</small></sup> until 1640.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>10</small></sup> until 1695.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>11</small></sup> from 1701.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>12</small></sup> until 1734. <p>Circles est. 1500: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Circle" title="Bavarian Circle">Bavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Circle" title="Swabian Circle">Swabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Circle" title="Franconian Circle">Franconian</a>, <b>(Lower) Saxon</b> </p> Circles est. 1512: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Circle" title="Austrian Circle">Austrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Upper Saxon Circle">Upper Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Rhenish_Circle" title="Electoral Rhenish Circle">Electoral Rhenish</a> <span class="nowrap">   </span> · <span class="nowrap">   </span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_outside_the_Imperial_Circles" title="Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles">Unencircled territories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template talk:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States of the German Confederation</a> (1815–1866)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bund.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/175px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/263px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/350px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Limburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1839)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Anhalt (Ascania)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1847)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg-Saalfeld</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Gotha-Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Hesse-Homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Reuss" title="Imperial County of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuss-Ebersdorf</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Lobenstein" title="Reuss-Lobenstein">Reuss-Lobenstein</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf </a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1824-1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Schleiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss-Schleiz">Reuss-Schleiz</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1848)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hechingen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> partially</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_North_German_Confederation_(1866–1871)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" title="Template:States of the North German Confederation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" title="Template talk:States of the North German Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the North German Confederation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_North_German_Confederation_(1866–1871)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="States of the North German Confederation">States of the North German Confederation</a> (1866–1871)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NB_1866-1871.99.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the North German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the North German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NB_1866-1871.99.svg/175px-NB_1866-1871.99.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NB_1866-1871.99.svg/263px-NB_1866-1871.99.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NB_1866-1871.99.svg/350px-NB_1866-1871.99.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="899" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template talk:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Empire" title="States of the German Empire">States of the German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> as a whole <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(including the <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_(1871-1918)-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Empire"><img alt="Map of the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/175px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/263px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/350px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <span style="font-size:85%;">(Junior Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elder Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imperial Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_Weimar_Republic_(1919–1933)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Template:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Template talk:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Weimar_Republic_(1919–1933)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="States of the Weimar Republic">States of the Weimar Republic</a> (1919–1933)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Anhalt" title="Free State of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick" title="Free State of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Hesse" title="People's State of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Lippe" title="Free State of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Oldenburg" title="Free State of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Thuringia_(1920%E2%80%931952)" title="State of Thuringia (1920–1952)">Thuringia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Waldeck-Pyrmont" title="Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont">Waldeck</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1929)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Free People's State of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches,_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Weimar Republic"><img alt="Map of the Weimar Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/175px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/263px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/350px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Coburg" title="Free State of Coburg">Coburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Gotha">Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_State_of_Saxe-Gotha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free State of Saxe-Gotha (page does not exist)">Saxe-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1920)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Reuss" title="People's State of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Reuss" title="People's State of Reuss">Reuss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized<br /><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bottleneck" title="Free State of Bottleneck">Bottleneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Republic" title="Rhenish Republic">Rhenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg SR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Template:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative divisions in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and German occupations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">Administrative<br />divisions of<br />Nazi Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gaus</a></i></span> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Altreich_(pre-1938_Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altreich (pre-1938 Nazi Germany)">Altreich</a></i></span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Baden" title="Gau Baden">Baden-Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Bayreuth" title="Gau Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Berlin" title="Gau Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Cologne-Aachen" title="Gau Cologne-Aachen">Cologne–Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Gau Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Eastern_Hanover" title="Gau Eastern Hanover">Eastern Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_East_Prussia" title="Gau East Prussia">East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Electoral_Hesse" title="Gau Electoral Hesse">Electoral Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Essen" title="Gau Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Franconia" title="Gau Franconia">Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Halle-Merseburg" title="Gau Halle-Merseburg">Halle-Merseburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Hamburg" title="Gau Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Hesse-Nassau" title="Gau Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Lower_Silesia" title="Gau Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Magdeburg-Anhalt" title="Gau Magdeburg-Anhalt">Magdeburg-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Main_Franconia" title="Gau Main Franconia">Main Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_March_of_Brandenburg" title="Gau March of Brandenburg">March of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Mecklenburg" title="Gau Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Moselland" title="Gau Moselland">Moselland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Munich-Upper_Bavaria" title="Gau Munich-Upper Bavaria">Munich–Upper Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Pomerania" title="Gau Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Saxony" title="Gau Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Gau Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Silesia" title="Gau Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Swabia" title="Gau Swabia">Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Southern_Hanover-Brunswick" title="Gau Southern Hanover-Brunswick">Southern Hanover–Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Thuringia" title="Gau Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Upper_Silesia" title="Gau Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Weser-Ems" title="Gau Weser-Ems">Weser-Ems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-North" title="Gau Westphalia-North">Westphalia-North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-South" title="Gau Westphalia-South">Westphalia-South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westmark" title="Gau Westmark">Westmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Gau Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinz-Eugen_Gau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinz-Eugen Gau (page does not exist)">Prinz-Eugen</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsfestung_Belgrad" class="extiw" title="de:Reichsfestung Belgrad">Reichsfestung Belgrad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gau_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gau Holland (page does not exist)">Holland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau" title="Reichsgau">Reichsgaus</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Danzig–West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Sudetenland" title="Reichsgau Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Wartheland</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austria_within_Nazi_Germany" title="Austria within Nazi Germany">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_K%C3%A4rnten" title="Reichsgau Kärnten">Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Niederdonau" title="Reichsgau Niederdonau">Lower Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Oberdonau" title="Reichsgau Oberdonau">Upper Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Salzburg" title="Reichsgau Salzburg">Salzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Steiermark" title="Reichsgau Steiermark">Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Tirol-Vorarlberg" title="Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg">Tyrol–Vorarlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wien" title="Reichsgau Wien">Vienna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Banat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Banat (page does not exist)">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Beskidenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Beskidenland (page does not exist)">Beskidland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Brabant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Brabant (page does not exist)">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Burgund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Burgund (page does not exist)">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Flandern" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgau Flandern">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Galizien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Galizien (page does not exist)">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Gotenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Gotenland (page does not exist)">Gothland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Nordmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Nordmark (page does not exist)">Nordmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Vandalenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Vandalenland (page does not exist)">Vandalland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich#Role_of_Northern_Italy" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Weichselland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Weichselland (page does not exist)">Vistulaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wallonien" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgau Wallonien">Wallonia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">Westland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">Gelderland and Overijssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">North Holland and Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">South Holland and Zeeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">North Brabant and Limburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Partial annexations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General_Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Galicia" title="District of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_District" title="Kraków District">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_District" title="Lublin District">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_District" title="Radom District">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_District" title="Warsaw District">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)#SS_State_of_Burgundy" title="New Order (Nazism)">Burgundy (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Province_of_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Province of Holland (page does not exist)">Holland (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich#Role_of_Northern_Italy" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Lombardy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German<br />occupations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Civil_Administration" title="Chief of Civil Administration">Civil Administration Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Alsace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Alsace (page does not exist)">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Carinthia_and_Carniola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Carinthia and Carniola (page does not exist)">Carinthia and Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Gebiet_Bialystok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Gebiet Bialystok (page does not exist)">Gebiet Bialystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Administration_Area_of_Lorraine" title="Civil Administration Area of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Lower_Styria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Lower Styria (page does not exist)">Lower Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Administration_Area_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Administration Area of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Posen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Posen (page does not exist)">Posen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_the_Sudetenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of the Sudetenland (page does not exist)">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_West_Prussia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of West Prussia (page does not exist)">West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Zichenau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Zichenau (page does not exist)">Zichenau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bialystok_District" title="Bialystok District">Bialystok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Military Administration (Nazi Germany)">Military administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area_Command" title="Army Group Rear Area Command">Army Group Rear Area Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France">Belgium and Northern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia#Zones_of_influence" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zone_interdite#Coastal_military_zone" title="Zone interdite">Atlantic Wall</a> ‧ <a href="/wiki/Zone_interdite#Zone_of_intended_German_settlement" title="Zone interdite">zone réservée</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Zone_of_Protection_in_Slovakia" title="German Zone of Protection in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece#The_German_occupation_zone" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_of_Luxembourg" title="Military Administration of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Poland" title="Military Administration in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Banat (1941–1944)">Banat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational Zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Adriatic_Littoral" title="Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral">Adriatic Littoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana#The_German_period_(1943–1945)" title="Province of Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Alpine_Foothills" title="Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills">Alpine Foothills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Puppet administrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1#19th–20th_centuries" title="Aš">Asch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyss-Inquart_government" title="Seyss-Inquart government">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flemish_Liberation_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flemish Liberation Committee (page does not exist)">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepel_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepel Republic (page does not exist)">Lepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokot_Autonomy" title="Lokot Autonomy">Lokot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias#World_War_II" title="Nias">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime#1940_coup" title="Quisling regime">Norway (Quisling I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Council_(Norway)" title="Administrative Council (Norway)">Norway (Administrative Council)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norway (Quisling II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent State of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupied territory of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_Government" title="Commissioner Government">Serbia (Commissioner Government)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia (Council of Ministers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_national_government_(1941)" title="Ukrainian national government (1941)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walloon_Liberation_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walloon Liberation Committee (page does not exist)">Wallonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuyev_Republic" title="Zuyev Republic">Zuyev Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Exiled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council#Exile" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_government-in-exile" title="Bulgarian government-in-exile">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cossack_Central_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cossack Central Office (page does not exist)">Cossackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)#Exile_and_trial" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" title="German-occupied territory of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima#Exile" title="Horia Sima">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Liberation Movement">Russia (ODNR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia">Russia (KONR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation#After_the_war" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)#End" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiesta%C5%84ski_Komitet_Narodowy" class="extiw" title="pl:Turkiestański Komitet Narodowy">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamsche_Landsleiding" class="extiw" title="nl:Vlaamsche Landsleiding">Wallonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism_and_World_War_II" title="Breton nationalism and World War II">Brittany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat" title="Reichskommissariat">Reichskommissariats</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_of_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France">Belgium and Northern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Ostland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Kaukasien" title="Reichskommissariat Kaukasien">Caucasia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissariat_Don-Wolga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichskommissariat Don-Wolga (page does not exist)">Don-Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Moskowien" title="Reichskommissariat Moskowien">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Turkestan" title="Reichskommissariat Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissariat_Ural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichskommissariat Ural (page does not exist)">Ural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#The_German_occupation_(September_9,_1943_-_September_3,_1944)" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Station_Kurt" title="Weather Station Kurt">Weather Station Kurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schatzgr%C3%A4ber_(weather_station)" title="Schatzgräber (weather station)">Schatzgräber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holzauge" title="Holzauge">Holzauge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bassgeiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bassgeiger (page does not exist)">Bassgeiger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelweiss_base&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edelweiss base (page does not exist)">Edelweiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordstern_(city)" title="Nordstern (city)">Nordstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy" title="Strength Through Joy">Strength Through Joy</a> <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">holiday resorts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing during World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">Area bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities#Aerial_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Aerial bombing of cities">Aerial bombing of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-weapons" title="V-weapons">V-weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Innsbruck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Innsbruck in World War II">Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Vienna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vienna in World War II">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wiener_Neustadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wiener Neustadt in World War II">Wiener Neustadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Air_Raid" title="Aarhus Air Raid">Aarhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Carthage" title="Operation Carthage">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nex%C3%B8#Allied_air_attacks" title="Nexø">Nexø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8nne#Allied_air_attacks" title="Rønne">Rønne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Estonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Narva_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Narva in World War II">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tallinn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Tallinn in World War II">Tallinn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood#Preliminary_attacks" title="Operation Charnwood">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia#Allied_preparations" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royan#Destruction" title="Royan">Royan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Leu-d%27Esserent" title="Saint-Leu-d'Esserent">Saint-Leu-d'Esserent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of<br /> the Ruhr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bochum#Allied_air_attacks" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cologne_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cologne in World War II">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Duisburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Duisburg in World War II">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_D%C3%BCsseldorf_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Düsseldorf in World War II">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Essen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Essen in World War II">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen#Nazi_Germany" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld#Allied_air_attacks" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wuppertal_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wuppertal in World War II">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen#World_War_II" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Augsburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Augsburg in World War II">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aschersleben#Allied_air_attacks" title="Aschersleben">Aschersleben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Baden-Baden_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Baden-Baden in World War II">Baden-Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bamberg" title="Bombing of Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Berlin in World War II">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocholt,_Germany#Allied_air_attack" title="Bocholt, Germany">Bocholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Braunschweig_(October_1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Braunschweig (October 1944)">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bremen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bremen in World War II">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz#World_War_II" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crailsheim#Allied_air_attacks" title="Crailsheim">Crailsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darmstadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Darmstadt in World War II">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessau#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dessau">Dessau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dietzenbach_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dietzenbach in World War II">Dietzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emden#Allied_air_attacks" title="Emden">Emden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Frankfurt_am_Main_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Freiburg_on_10_May_1940" title="Bombing of Freiburg on 10 May 1940">Freiburg (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tigerfish" title="Operation Tigerfish">Freiburg (Allies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Friedrichshafen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Friedrichshafen in World War II">Friedrichshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giessen#Allied_air_attack" title="Giessen">Giessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Bombing of Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halberstadt#Allied_air_attacks" title="Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)#World_War_II_(1939–1945)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanau in World War II">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanover_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanover in World War II">Hannover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombings of Heilbronn in World War II">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hildesheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hildesheim in World War II">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena#Allied_air_attacks" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern#World_War_II" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe#Allied_air_attacks" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kassel in World War II">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleve#Allied_air_attacks" title="Kleve">Kleve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">Königsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Leipzig_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Leipzig in World War II">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCbeck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Lübeck in World War II">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ludwigshafen_and_Oppau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ludwigshafen and Oppau in World War II">Ludwigshafen / Oppau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Bombing of Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mainz_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mainz in World War II">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg#Allied_air_attacks" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mannheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mannheim in World War II">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers#Allied_air_attack" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster#Allied_air_attacks" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Munich_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Munich in World War II">Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nordhausen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nordhausen in World War II">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nuremberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nuremberg in World War II">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Obersalzberg" title="Bombing of Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck#Allied_air_attacks" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn#Allied_air_attacks" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II">Peenemünde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam#Allied_air_attacks" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock#Allied_air_attack" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken#World_War_II" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt#World_War_II" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen#Allied_air_attacks" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stralsund_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Stralsund in World War II">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II">Stuttgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ulm_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ulm in World War II">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wesel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wesel in World War II">Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wilhelmshaven_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II">Wilhelmshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany#Allied_air_attacks" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Würzburg in World War II">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest#Allied_air_strikes" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassa" title="Bombing of Kassa">Kassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alessandria#Allied_air_attacks" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ancona_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ancona in World War II">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Bari" title="Air raid on Bari">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento#Allied_air_attacks" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bologna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bologna in World War II">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cagliari_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cagliari in World War II">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania#Allied_air_attacks" title="Catania">Catania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ferrara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ferrara in World War II">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Foggia" title="Bombing of Foggia">Foggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Frascati" title="Air raid on Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Genoa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Genoa in World War II">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorla" title="Bombing of Gorla">Gorla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Grosseto_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Grosseto in World War II">Grosseto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Livorno_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Livorno in World War II">Livorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina#Allied_air_attacks" title="Messina">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Milan_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Milan in World War II">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Naples_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Naples in World War II">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Padua_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Padua in World War II">Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Palermo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Palermo in World War II">Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pescara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pescara in World War II">Pescara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pisa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pisa in World War II">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Reggio_Calabria_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Reggio Calabria in World War II">Reggio Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rimini_(1944)" title="Battle of Rimini (1944)">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rome_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rome in World War II">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terni#Allied_air_attacks" title="Terni">Terni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Treviso_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Treviso in World War II">Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste#Allied_air_attacks" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Turin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Turin in World War II">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Verona#20th_century" title="History of Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Vicenza_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vicenza in World War II">Vicenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo#Allied_air_attacks" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Zadar_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zadar in World War II">Zadar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Amsterdam" title="Bombing of Amsterdam">Amsterdam (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_bombings_of_Amsterdam-Noord" title="Allied bombings of Amsterdam-Noord">Amsterdam (Allied)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Oyster" title="Operation Oyster">Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enschede#World_War_II" title="Enschede">Enschede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Enkhuizen" title="Bombing of Enkhuizen">Enkhuizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland#Bombing_of_Middelburg" title="Battle of Zeeland">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nijmegen" title="Bombing of Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_bombing_of_Rotterdam_in_World_War_II" title="Allied bombing of Rotterdam in World War II">Rotterdam (Allied)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">The Hague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammerfest_(town)#Destruction_in_World_War_II" title="Hammerfest (town)">Hammerfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namsos_campaign#Air_attacks" title="Namsos campaign">Namsos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Frampol" title="Bombing of Frampol">Frampol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Warsaw in World War II">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Bombing of Wieluń">Wieluń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bucharest_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bucharest in World War II">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave">Ploiești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Timi%C8%99oara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Timișoara in World War II">Timișoara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad#Bombardment" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Minsk_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Minsk in World War II">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stalingrad" title="Bombing of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Switzerland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Schaffhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Schaffhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Stein_am_Rhein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Stein am Rhein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Zürich_and_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Zürich and Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United<br />Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrow_Blitz" title="Barrow Blitz">Barrow-in-Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Blitz" title="Bath Blitz">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz" title="Birmingham Blitz">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Blitz" title="Bournemouth Blitz">Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Blitz" title="Brighton Blitz">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blitz" title="Bristol Blitz">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Blitz" title="Cardiff Blitz">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clydebank_Blitz" title="Clydebank Blitz">Clydebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Blitz" title="Exeter Blitz">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenock_Blitz" title="Greenock Blitz">Greenock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_Blitz" title="Hull Blitz">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Blitz" title="Leeds Blitz">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Blitz" title="Liverpool Blitz">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Blitz" title="Manchester Blitz">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Blitz" title="Norwich Blitz">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Blitz" title="Nottingham Blitz">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Blitz" title="Plymouth Blitz">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Blitz" title="Sheffield Blitz">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Blitz" title="Southampton Blitz">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Blitz" title="Swansea Blitz">Swansea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Yugoslavia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgrade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Retribution (1941)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Belgrade_(1944)" title="Bombing of Belgrade (1944)">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Podgorica_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Podgorica in World War II">Podgorica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sarajevo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sarajevo in World War II">Sarajevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dublin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dublin in World War II">Dublin</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Helsinki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Helsinki in World War II">Helsinki</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Prague" title="Bombing of Prague">Prague</a> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sofia_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sofia in World War II">Sofia</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Zagreb_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zagreb in World War II">Zagreb</a> (Croatia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burma" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Burma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mandalay_(1942)" title="Bombing of Mandalay (1942)">Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rangoon_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rangoon in World War II">Allied Rangoon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Hong_Kong" title="Air raids on Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sukabumi" title="Bombing of Sukabumi">Sukabumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Transom" title="Operation Transom">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Akita_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Akita in World War II">Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Aomori_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Aomori in World War II">Aomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chiba_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Chiba in World War II">Chiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukui_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Fukui in World War II">Fukui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukuoka" title="Bombing of Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gifu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gifu in World War II">Gifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamamatsu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamamatsu in World War II">Hamamatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hiratsuka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hiratsuka in World War II">Hiratsuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kobe_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kobe in World War II">Kobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C5%8Dfu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kōfu in World War II">Kōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kumagaya" title="Bombing of Kumagaya">Kumagaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kure" title="Bombing of Kure">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagaoka" title="Bombing of Nagaoka">Nagaoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagoya" title="Bombing of Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Naha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Numazu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Numazu in World War II">Numazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Okazaki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Okazaki in World War II">Okazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Osaka" title="Bombing of Osaka">Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Rabaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cockpit" title="Operation Cockpit">Sabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sendai_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Sendai during World War II">Sendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Shizuoka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Shizuoka in World War II">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_(10_March_1945)" title="Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)">10 March 1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohashi_Air_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyohashi Air Raid">Toyohashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Toyokawa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Toyokawa in World War II">Toyokawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Utsunomiya_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Utsunomiya during World War II">Utsunomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Yawata">Yawata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata_(June_1944)" title="Bombing of Yawata (June 1944)">June 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yokkaichi_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Yokkaichi in World War II">Yokkaichi</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taihoku</a> (Taiwan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Singapore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">Allied Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1944–1945)">Axis Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Broome" title="Attack on Broome">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Darwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Unalaska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bangkok_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bangkok in World War II">Bangkok</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Colombo</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kuala_Lumpur_(1945)" title="Bombing of Kuala Lumpur (1945)">Kuala Lumpur</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Manila</a> (Philippines)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and<br />Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Mandatory Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Tel Aviv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_raids_on_Cyprus_during_World_War_II" title="Bombing raids on Cyprus during World War II">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II#Italian_bombing_of_Gibraltar" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chad" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_Blaich" title="Sonderkommando Blaich">Fort Lamy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000403911264">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148855657">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1214588/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkhJTY7xqwpdftGTDp3wC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4023118-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81086822">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864269d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864269d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628973">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35517266">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hamburk (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134202&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hamburk (Německo : spolková země)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134615&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453572">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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