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href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-概论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>概论</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-概论-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关概论子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-概论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-互补分布" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#互补分布"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>互补分布</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-互补分布-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-总结" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#总结"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>总结</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-总结-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-表記法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#表記法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>表記法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-表記法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-實例" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#實例"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>實例</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-實例-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音位變體" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音位變體"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>音位變體</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音位變體-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音位和字母系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音位和字母系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>音位和字母系統</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音位和字母系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音位組合的限制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音位組合的限制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>音位組合的限制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音位組合的限制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-不同語言中的音位數量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#不同語言中的音位數量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>不同語言中的音位數量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-不同語言中的音位數量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音位和字母之間的關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音位和字母之間的關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>音位和字母之間的關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音位和字母之間的關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>参考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">音位</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。120种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Foneem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" title="Phonem – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Phonem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وحدة صوتية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحدة صوتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="ধ্বনি – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ধ্বনি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" title="Phonem – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Phonem" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuonema" title="Fuonema – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fuonema" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фанема – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фанема" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фанэма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фанэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE" title="স্বনিম – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্বনিম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="སྒྲ་ཚན། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྒྲ་ཚན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" title="Phonem – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Phonem" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Абяалбари – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Абяалбари" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="فۆنیم – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆنیم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9m" title="Foném – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Foném" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%A1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фѡнима – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Фѡнима" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffonem" title="Ffonem – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffonem" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" title="Phonem – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phonem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Φώνημα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φώνημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phoneme" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonemo" title="Fonemo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fonemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Foneem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="واج – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneemi" title="Foneemi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Foneemi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phon%C3%A8me" title="Phonème – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phonème" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Foneem" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3in%C3%A9im" title="Fóinéim – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fóinéim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipu" title="Taipu – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Taipu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myn-heean" title="Myn-heean – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Myn-heean" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%94" title="פונמה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פונמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="स्वनिम – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वनिम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Phoneme" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A8m" title="Fonèm – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fonèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9ma" title="Fonéma – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fonéma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Հնչույթ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնչույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonema" title="Phonema – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Phonema" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponema" title="Ponema – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ponema" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonemo" title="Fonemo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fonemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlj%C3%B3%C3%B0an" title="Hljóðan – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hljóðan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0" title="音素 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ფონემა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფონემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%86%8C" title="음소 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vac" title="Vac – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vac" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonema" title="Phonema – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phonema" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Foneem" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funema" title="Funema – 伦巴第语" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Funema" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="伦巴第语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C4%93ma" title="Fonēma – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fonēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasimpeo" title="Hasimpeo – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hasimpeo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="സ്വനിമം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വനിമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneem" title="Phoneem – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Phoneem" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Foneem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneme" title="Foneme – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Foneme" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A8ma" title="Fonèma – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fonèma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%C3%A6" title="Фонемæ – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фонемæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE" title="ਧੁਨੀਮ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧੁਨੀਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA" title="صوت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صوت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DA%96%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87_%DA%85%D9%BE%D9%87" title="غږيزه څپه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غږيزه څپه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funemi" title="Funemi – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Funemi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Phoneme" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88" title="صوتيو – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صوتيو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phoneme" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9ma" title="Fonéma – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fonéma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" title="Phonem – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Phonem" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonimu" title="Fonimu – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fonimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒலியன் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒலியன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="หน่วยเสียง – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยเสียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponema" title="Ponema – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ponema" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesbirim" title="Sesbirim – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sesbirim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%81" title="صوتیہ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صوتیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_v%E1%BB%8B" title="Âm vị – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm vị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foninme" title="Foninme – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Foninme" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="音位 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="音位" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="פאנעם – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאנעם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E" title="ⴰⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Im-sò͘ – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Im-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0" title="音素 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="音素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8183#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project:上传" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&oldid=84864407" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&id=84864407&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%259F%25B3%25E4%25BD%258D"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%259F%25B3%25E4%25BD%258D"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phonemes" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8183" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="音韻">音韻</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可能需要<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B8%85%E7%90%86" title="Wikipedia:清理">清理</a>，以符合维基百科<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="Wikipedia:格式手册">质量标准</a>。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2024年11月5日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请尽量协助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，详情请参见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="Talk:音位">讨论页</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要<b>精通或熟悉<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="语音学">语音学</a>的编者</b>参与及协助编辑。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="Talk:音位">討論頁</a>。<br />另見其他<a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%97%9C%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:需要語音學專家關注的頁面">需要语音学專家關注的頁面</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>「<b>音韻</b>」重定向至此。关于漢語中的音韻，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語音韻學">漢語音韻學</a></b>」。</div> <p><b>音位</b>（英語：<span lang="en">phoneme</span>）是一种<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="语言">语言</a>中能够区别<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E8%AF%AD" title="词语">词</a>之间意义的最小<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="语音">语音</a>单位<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，其最重要的特性是它与该语音系统中的其他音位相对立，也是该特定语言的语音系统中最小对立单位。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概论"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.AE.BA"></span>概论</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：概论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>音位是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="音系學">音系学</a>分析的基礎概念。一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字">字</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="詞語">詞</a>可由一至數個<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="音節">音節</a>組成，一個音節可由一至數個「音段」（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="輔音">輔音</a>等）組成。音位與音段很類似，然而音位的基本定義是要能區分<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E4%B9%89" title="词义">語義</a>，如果兩個聲音所代表是同一個詞彙、同樣的意義，則異音可被視為同一個音位；反過來說，一個詞的任何一個音位若被換成別的，那麼它就不再是原來的那個詞，意義也會隨之改變。有意義的詞都可由音位組成，然而代換其中任何音位卻不能保證產生有意義的詞，也有可能變成無意義的一串音。 </p><p>每個語言都有自己的一組音位，這也就是這個語言的語音系統<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，音位可用來研究某個特定語言中如何將音組合成詞<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>音位並不是一個實際的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="語音">語音</a>。一個音位可以有數種不同的發音，但是語言使用者心理上認定這幾種發音是等同的，甚至可能不會察覺語音上有所不同。這種音位內的不同發音，稱為<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%95%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="同位異音">同位異音</a></b>或<b>音位變體</b>。音位可被視為一族相關的聲音，然而為了便於描述一個音位，通常會取這群聲音當中最具代表性的一個來稱呼整族聲音。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>中<span lang="en">lip</span>和<span lang="en">bell</span>的 <i>l</i> 發音是不同的，前者是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦邊音">齒齦邊音</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[l]</span> ，後者是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96" title="軟腭化">軟顎化</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈边近音">齒齦邊音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɫ]</span> ，然而這只是 <span lang="en">l</span> 在出現在不同位置、不同前後境環所發生的語音變化，因此這兩個音都視為同一個音位 /l/。 </p><p>確定是否為音位與否的準則有：一、辨義功能；二、互補分布；三、音感差異<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。假如<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">現代標準漢語</a>的「桑」 <sang> 說成英語的 <thong>（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/θɒŋ/</span>），聽者仍然能辨認，這是因為現代標準漢語中的<s>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">清齒齦擦音</a> [s]）與英語的<th>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒擦音">齒間音</a> [θ]）不起辨義作用，同屬一個音位。然而，在英語中， <s>、<th> 是能辨義的，sing（唱歌）和thing（東西）的意思不同，所以屬於兩個音位。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="互补分布"><span id=".E4.BA.92.E8.A1.A5.E5.88.86.E5.B8.83"></span>互补分布</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：互补分布"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A1%A5%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="互补分布"><b>互補分佈</b></a>是指：甲在這個環境中永不出現，乙卻可以出現，兩者不發生衝突。 </p><p>例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="官話">官話</a>中 <j>、<q>、<x> 後面只接<i>、<ü> ，不接<a>、<e>、<u>（汉语拼音中ju、qu、xu实为jü、qü、xü的简写）；<zh>、<ch>、<sh>或<z>、<c>、<s>后面只接<a>、<e>、<u>不接<i>、<ü>（zhi、chi、shi、ri、zi、ci、si中的i实为<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%86%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="闭央不圆唇元音">闭央不圆唇元音</a>⟨ɨ⟩，不是同一音位），這時兩者不衝突，因此，j、q、x可以與zh、ch、sh或z、c、s看作同一音位的不同變體。這在漢語音韻學上叫作<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E5%9C%98%E5%90%88%E6%B5%81" title="尖團合流">尖團合流</a>，即<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="尖音">尖音</a>z、c、s與團音j、q、x成為同一音位的不同變體。但在漢語族一些其他語言中，z、c、s與j、q、x是不同的音位，zia、cia、sia與jia、qia、xia是不同的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="总结"><span id=".E6.80.BB.E7.BB.93"></span>总结</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：总结"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一個語言當中的任何語音，若非音位，就是音位當中的同位音。要判斷兩個音在某種語言中是兩個有區別的音位、或是一個音位內的兩個同位音，最常使用的測試法是找出<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="最小對">最小對</a>（<span lang="en">minimal pair</span>），能找到最小對的判定為兩個音位<sup id="cite_ref-焘·林(北大教授)1995_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-焘·林(北大教授)1995-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。若找不到最小對，並且具有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A1%A5%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="互补分布">互補分布</a>、相近的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E5%88%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5" title="區別特徵">區辨特徵</a>（<span lang="en">distinctive feature</span>）等特性，則可判定為同一個音位。最小對是指一組兩個，只差一個音且意義不同的單詞。例如，英語的 <i>pen</i> [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">pʰɛn</span>] 及 <i>pin</i> [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">pʰɪn</span>] 只差一個音且字義可以區別，所以pen及pin是最小對。由這組最小對，可判定 /ɛ/ 及 /ɪ/ 是兩個有區別的音位。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="印度歷史">古印度</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="語法">語法</a>學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼">波你尼</a>（<span lang="en">Pāṇini</span>）在他的著作中首創了音位、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="詞素">詞素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="詞根">詞根</a>的概念。現代<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學">語言學</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="結構主義">結構主義</a>之父<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E7%B7%92%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="弗迪南·德·索緒爾">弗迪南·德·索緒爾</a>正是位梵語<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88" title="教授">教授</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼">波你尼</a>的文法書對他有顯著影響。 </p><p>第一個使用 <span lang="fr"><i>phonème</i></span>（音位）一詞的是迪弗里什-德熱內特（<span lang="fr">Dufriche-Desgenettes</span>），他在1873年提出了這個術語。波蘭<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學家">語言學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%9D%9C%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%86%85" title="博杜恩·德·库尔德内">揚·涅齊斯瓦夫·博杜安·德·庫爾特奈</a>（Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay）及他的學生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E7%A7%91%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%AD%AF%E8%AC%9D%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米科瓦伊·克魯謝夫斯基（页面不存在）">米科瓦伊·克魯謝夫斯基</a>（<span lang="pl">Mikołaj Kruszewski</span>）發展出音位的定義。<sup id="cite_ref-development_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-development-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而後，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="布拉格学派">布拉格學派</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E7%B7%92%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="弗迪南·德·索緒爾">索緒爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E4%B8%95%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="薩丕爾">薩丕爾</a>等更進一步完善了音位理論。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="表記法"><span id=".E8.A1.A8.E8.A8.98.E6.B3.95"></span>表記法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：表記法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一般所說的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="標音">標音</a>為了將語音細節表現出來，可能會把同位異音用不同的記號標記；而<b>音位標音</b>（<span lang="en">phonemic transcription</span>）則是只記錄音位。另一種稱呼是分別用嚴式、寬式來形容，然而音位標音法只是寬式標音的一種。音位理論認為語音與音位屬於不同層級，因此一般標音與音位標音各有不同用途，後者是前者的底層形式（<span lang="en">underlying form</span>）。 </p><p>在語言學當中，斜線 (/ /) 表示使用音位標音法，音位就在兩條斜線之間；而方括號 ([ ]) 表示語音標音。例如普通話 /n/ 和 /l/ 是兩個不同的音位，有懶音的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a>中/l/ 是一個音位，[n]則是/l/音位的變體。與語音或音位並列時，角括號 (< >) 常被用來表示文字的拼法或<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%9B%B8%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="正書法">正書法</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="實例"><span id=".E5.AF.A6.E4.BE.8B"></span>實例</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：實例"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>音位定義的要點是區別意義，例如<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ts]、[tsʰ]，[s]、[ʂ]，[tʂ]、[tʂʰ]</span>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音">汉语拼音</a>：z、c、s，zh、ch、sh）在漢語普通話是两组不同的音位，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="中國南方">中國南方</a>許多漢語則是同一组音位，也就是說沒有區分<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%BF%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="平翹音">平翹音</a>。同理，-[n]、-[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋ</span>]在漢語普通話是不同的音位，在中國南方一些漢語則是相同的音位；-[n]、-[m]在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="韓語">韓語</a>是不同音位，在漢語普通話卻是相同的音位，所以“音”“因”在粵語不是同音字，普通話裏卻是同音字。在中國南方一些漢語是相同發音位置不送氣與<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">送氣</a>的清<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[p]、[t]、[k]，[pʰ]、[tʰ]、[kʰ]</span>（汉语拼音：b、d、g，p、t、k）在漢語裏是两组不同的音位，而它們在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="葡語">葡語</a>是同一组音位。英語清輔音送氣與不送氣不別義，以送氣為標準音；葡語清輔音送氣與不送氣也不區別意義，以不送氣為標準音。漢語裡“八趴”“答他”“該開”均有不同的音位，英語葡語中各却为同一音位。 </p><p>不同语言中音位不同，如在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>中，不同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E8%B0%83" class="mw-redirect" title="声调">声调</a>代表不同的意义，是一种音位，声调在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>中只表示感情，同一个词以不同声调发出意义相同，所以声调在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>中不是音位。同样<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="重音">重音</a>在英语中是音位，在汉语和法语中则不是。不送气的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清音">清辅音</a>和对应的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="浊音">浊辅音</a>在法语中是不同的音位，在汉语（除了吴语、老湘语等、<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="閩南語">閩南語</a>）中则意义相同，因而不是音位。[n]和[l]在現代標準漢語中是不同的音位，在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="湖南">湖南</a>的漢語分支中则相同。/l/和/r/在英语中都是不同的音位，在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="日语">日语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="韓語">韓語</a>则相同。 </p><p>普通話有輔音音位、元音音位和聲調音位。<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%BC%AA%E5%BB%93" title="聲調輪廓">聲調音位</a>簡稱「調位」，例如普通話四聲（陰平、陽平、上、去）的調位是/1/、/2/、/3/、/4/；或者是/55/、/35/、/214/、/51/。我們說去聲的調位是/4/或/51/，這是去聲調位的典型，半上的調值[53]，是/4/或/51/這個調位的變體。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="音位變體"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E4.BD.8D.E8.AE.8A.E9.AB.94"></span>音位變體</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：音位變體"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoneme-allophone-determination-chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Phoneme-allophone-determination-chart.svg/250px-Phoneme-allophone-determination-chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Phoneme-allophone-determination-chart.svg/375px-Phoneme-allophone-determination-chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Phoneme-allophone-determination-chart.svg/500px-Phoneme-allophone-determination-chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>圖的基本程序是確定兩個語音是否為同位異音.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%95%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="同位異音">同位異音</a></div> <p>一個音位包含一些不同的音，這些音稱為音位變體、同位音或同位異音。例如普通話“三”字發音是 [san]，這是標準發音，是音位的“典型”；如果是一個大舌頭的人，他的發音可能是[θan]，但他以及其他人仍會將之視為「三」；那麼在普通話中[s]和[θ]便屬於同一個音位，這個音位有兩個變體。 </p> <ul><li>條件變體：出現在一定的條件下，如/a/音位有四個變體，它們分別出現在不同的條件下。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0" title="自由變異">自由變異</a>：無條件變體，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B3%E5%B9%B3" class="mw-disambig" title="阳平">陽平</a>無條件變爲上升調，例如:澳門、花園等詞的第二字。</li></ul> <p>普通話的元音音位、輔音音位、聲調音位就是根據音位理論整理出來的。例如普通話聲調不止四個，除了陰陽上去之外還有半上聲、半去聲、輕聲等等，輕聲的調值又有好幾個，但用音位理論考察，原來那麽多不同的調值是在一定條件下產生的：半去聲是在另一個去聲的後面才有；輕聲的調值是根據前一音節而變的，都是“條件變體”。 </p><p>現代標準漢語中有最多同位音的是 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ə/</span>，它有 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ə], [ɤ], [o], [ɔ], [e], [ɛ], [œ]</span> 等變體，相當於漢語拼音的e, ê, o，注音符號ㄛ、ㄜ、ㄝ、ㄟ、ㄡ、ㄣ、ㄥ都含有這個音位。e, ê, o（ㄜ、ㄝ、ㄛ）除了單獨出現，作為感嘆詞的用法之外，在其他實詞中都呈現<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A1%A5%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="互补分布">互補分布</a>，所以可以視為同一個音位的條件變體。其條件如下： </p> <dl><dd>後接<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/n/</span>或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ŋ/</span>，不變，發為<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ə]</span>，即en, eng 的 e。</dd> <dd>後接<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/i/</span>時，發為<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[e]</span>，即ei 的 e。</dd> <dd>後接<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/u/</span>時，發為<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[o]</span>，即ou 的 o。</dd> <dd>後無音，前接<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/i/</span>時，發為<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɛ]</span>，即ie 的 e。</dd> <dd>後無音，前接<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/y/</span>時，發為<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[œ]</span>，即üe 的 e。</dd> <dd>後無音，前接<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/u/</span>時，發為<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɔ]</span>，即uo 或 bo/po/mo/fo 的 o。</dd> <dd>後無音，前也不接元音時，發為<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɤ]</span>，即e。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="音位和字母系統"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E4.BD.8D.E5.92.8C.E5.AD.97.E6.AF.8D.E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1"></span>音位和字母系統</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：音位和字母系統"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一般認為音位是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="字母系統">字母</a>書寫系統的基礎，在這類系統中<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%8D" title="字位">字位</a>多半表示其<a class="mw-selflink selflink">音位</a>。若字母是針對某一種語言發明時，這種情形格外明顯。例如拉丁文是為了古拉丁語發明，因此當時的拉丁文幾乎是一個字位對應一個音位，不過不考慮用字位去表示音位的母音強度。不過因為口說語言時常在變化，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" title="正寫法">正寫法</a>不一定會隨之變化，再加上<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言">方言</a>的差異，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="形態音系學">形態音系學</a>在正寫法上的影響，以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="外來語">外來語</a>的使用，因此有些語言的字位和音位很不容易對應。 </p><p>英語被認為是一種典型的非音素化語言，由於英語詞彙的語源十分多樣化，許多單詞的拼寫法保留了原來的形式，再加上<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%8E%A8%E7%A7%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="元音大推移">元音大推移</a>等因素的影響，使得英語的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%AF%AB" title="拼寫">拼字</a>與實際發音呈現高度不對應。歷史上有許多英語拼寫改革方案曾被提出，可參見<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E5%AF%AB%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="英語拼寫改革">英語拼寫改革</a>。反之，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利語">義大利語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙語">西班牙語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="芬蘭語">芬蘭語</a>、人工語言的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="世界語">世界語</a>則是拼寫法與音位高度對應的實例。 </p><p>字母和音位之間的對應不一定是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="對射">一一對應</a>的關係。一個音位可能會用二個字母或是三個字母的組合表示（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%90%88%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="二合字母">二合字母</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%90%88%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="三合字母">三合字母</a>）。像<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="英文">英文</a>的<sh>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="德文">德文</a>的<sch>都表示音位<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ʃ/</span>)。而一個字母也可能表示多個音位，像西里爾字母<a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" title="Я">я</a>在不同位置下發音也可能會不同。也可能有些拼字及發音的規則（像<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利文">義大利文</a>的<c>），因此音位和字母的關係就更複雜了，不過若已知規則，大致上還是可能預設某一拼寫方式文字的發音。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="音位組合的限制"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E4.BD.8D.E7.B5.84.E5.90.88.E7.9A.84.E9.99.90.E5.88.B6"></span>音位組合的限制</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：音位組合的限制"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95" title="語音組合法">語音組合法</a></div> <p>一般語言不會出現所有可能的音位組合，語言會有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95" title="語音組合法">語音組合</a>的限制，限制某些特定的音位組合可以出現，在某些特殊情形下，只能使用某幾種特殊的音位。這些在某一語言中受到明顯限制的音位稱為限制音位。英文的音位組合的限制如下： </p> <ul><li>像<i>si<b>ng</b></i>中的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ŋ/</span>，只會在音節的最後，不會在一開始處（但像<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="毛利语">毛利语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%8C%E9%87%8C%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="斯瓦希里語">斯瓦希里語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E5%8A%A0%E7%A5%BF%E8%AA%9E" title="他加祿語">他加祿語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="泰語">泰語</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="閩語">閩語</a>等語言，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ŋ/</span>可以出現在音節的前面）。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/h/</span>只能出現在母音前面，而且是在音節的開頭，不會在音節的結束（像<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语">阿拉伯语</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞語">羅馬尼亞語</a>中，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/h/</span>可以出現在音節的最後）。</li> <li>在非捲舌的方言中，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/r/</span>只能出現在母音前，不能在音節的最後或是在辅音前。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/w/</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/j/</span>只能出現在母音前，不能在一個音節的最後。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="不同語言中的音位數量"><span id=".E4.B8.8D.E5.90.8C.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E9.9F.B3.E4.BD.8D.E6.95.B8.E9.87.8F"></span>不同語言中的音位數量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：不同語言中的音位數量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一個語言只會使用所有人類<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="发音器官">发音器官</a>可以發出音位中的一小部份，再加上<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%95%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="同位異音">同位異音</a>的情形，語言中音位總數會比可以識別的發音總數會少很多。不同語言有不同的系統，因此音位數量會有明顯的差異。語言中的音位總數最少的是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%E8%AA%9E" title="皮拉罕語">皮拉罕語</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%89%98%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="羅托卡特語">羅托卡特語</a>中的11個音位，最多的是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="!Kung語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="!Kung language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=!Kung%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="!Kung語（页面不存在）">!Xũ語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/!Kung_language" class="extiw" title="en:!Kung language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">!Kung language</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>中的141個音位 <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystal2010173_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal2010173-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>不同語言的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="母音">母音</a>個數也有所不同，像<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="尤比克语">尤比克語</a>及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Arrernte語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arrernte language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrernte%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrernte語（页面不存在）">Arrernte語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrernte_language" class="extiw" title="en:Arrernte language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arrernte language</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>只有2個母音，而像<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%9B%BE%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="班图语支">班圖語支</a>中的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ngwe語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ngwe language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngwe%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngwe語（页面不存在）">Ngwe語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwe_language" class="extiw" title="en:Ngwe language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ngwe language</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>有14個母音，其中有12個可以發長音或短音，加上6個有鼻音的母音，也可以發長音或短音，總共有38個母音。若不考慮母音的長短，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%AF%AD" title="宏语">宏語</a>（!Xóõ）中有31個母音。以<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3" title="辅音">辅音</a>，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Puinave語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Puinave language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puinave%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puinave語（页面不存在）">Puinave語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puinave_language" class="extiw" title="en:Puinave language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Puinave language</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>只有7個，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%89%98%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="羅托卡特語">羅托卡特語</a>只有6個，而宏語中有77個辅音，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="尤比克语">尤比克語</a>有81個。英文的母音約有13至21個，包括雙母音在內，而辅音約有22至26個。 </p><p>像<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="法文">法文</a>等語言，沒有音位上的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="聲調">聲調</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BB%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="轻重音">輕重音</a>，而<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%97%E6%B0%B4%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="侗水語支">侗水語支</a>有九種聲調，而Kru語言中的Wobe語宣稱有14種聲調。 </p><p>最常見的母音系統包括有以下五個母音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/</span>，最常見的辅音有<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p/, /t/, /k/, /m/, /n/</span>。相對來說很少有語言會沒有這些辅音，不過還是有些特例，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯語">阿拉伯語</a>沒有<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p/</span>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="夏威夷语">夏威夷语</a>少了<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t/</span>，Mohawk語及<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%9E%97%E5%90%89%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="特林吉特語">特林吉特語</a>沒有<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p/</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/m/</span>，Hupa語沒有<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p/</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/k/</span>，口頭的<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="薩摩亞語">薩摩亞語</a>少了<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t/</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/n/</span>，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%89%98%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="羅托卡特語">羅托卡特語</a>和Quileute語則沒有<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/m/</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/n/</span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="音位和字母之間的關係"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E4.BD.8D.E5.92.8C.E5.AD.97.E6.AF.8D.E4.B9.8B.E9.96.93.E7.9A.84.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>音位和字母之間的關係</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：音位和字母之間的關係"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一般認為音位是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="字母系統">字母系統</a>的基礎，原則上文字符號（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%8D" title="字位">字位</a>）會對應語言的音位。若是某字母系統是專門為某一語言而產生，此情形會更加明顯。例如拉丁字母衍生自古拉丁文，因此當時的拉丁文幾乎是一個音位對應一個字位。不過當語言變化時，對應的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="正字法">正字法</a>不一定會有變化（可能是因為<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言">方言</a>的差異，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="形态音位学">形态音位学</a>的影響，或者是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="外來語">外來語</a>），一語言的發音和拼寫方法可能會有相當的差異，像英文就是這樣的語言。 </p><p>字母系統中的字位和音位不一定是一對一對應的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="對射">對射</a>關係。一個音位可以由二個或多個字母組合成的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%90%88%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="二合字母">二合字母</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%90%88%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="三合字母">三合字母</a>等來表示，例如英文的<sh>及德文的<sch>都代表音標的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ʃ/</span>)。而一個字母也可以表示多個音位，例如西里爾字母的<a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" title="Я">я</a>在不同位置的變化。也可能有一些拼寫或發音上的規則（例如義大利文中<c>的發音），或是更複雜的字母－音位對應關係，不過若知道文法規則，仍然可以用拼寫方式來預測發音。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:4; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="語音">語音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="音韻學">音韻學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="语音学">语音学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="同位音">同位音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A1%A5%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="互补分布">互补分布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="英語國際音標">英語國際音標</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0" title="自由變異">自由變異</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E5%B0%8D%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%94" title="最小對立體">最小對立體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="音位學">音位學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95" title="語音組合法">語音組合法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="聲調">聲調</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoti" title="Ghoti">Ghoti</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>参考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：参考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/120707/1#s1">术语在线—权威的术语知识服务平台</a>. termonline.cn. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230824072336/https://www.termonline.cn/word/120707/1#s1">存档</a>于2023-08-24）. <q>特定语言的语音系统中最小的对立单位。常被定义为“能够区分意义的最小语音单位”。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&rft.atitle=%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E2%80%94%E6%9D%83%E5%A8%81%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=termonline.cn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.termonline.cn%2Fword%2F120707%2F1%23s1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/cbfa98872145e4678b5f30773e5cf7c0/?seq=1">https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/cbfa98872145e4678b5f30773e5cf7c0/?seq=1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=phoneme">phoneme <small>(Lexicon of Linguistics)</small></a>. Universiteit Utrecht. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-11-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002110359/http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=phoneme">存档</a>于2017-10-02） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&rft.btitle=phoneme+%3Csmall%3E%28Lexicon+of+Linguistics%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Universiteit+Utrecht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.let.uu.nl%2FUiL-OTS%2FLexicon%2Fzoek.pl%3Flemma%3Dphoneme&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhoneme.htm">What is a phoneme?</a>. SIL International. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-11-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217134008/http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhoneme.htm">存档</a>于2013-02-17） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&rft.btitle=What+is+a+phoneme%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Flinguistics%2FGlossaryOfLinguisticTerms%2FWhatIsAPhoneme.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/phonetic/phonemics_what.htm">何謂音位學</a>. 輔仁大學語言學研究所. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-11-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904111003/http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/phonetic/phonemics_what.htm">存档</a>于2019-09-04） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&rft.btitle=%E4%BD%95%E8%AC%82%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E5%AD%B8&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%BC%94%E4%BB%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.fju.edu.tw%2Fphonetic%2Fphonemics_what.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111114304/http://jwc.sru.jx.cn/youzhike/zhongwen/jiaoan/b.htm">第二章语音</a>. 上饶师范学院. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-11-07</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwc.sru.jx.cn/youzhike/zhongwen/jiaoan/b.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2014-11-11） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&rft.btitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0+%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E9%A5%B6%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwc.sru.jx.cn%2Fyouzhike%2Fzhongwen%2Fjiaoan%2Fb.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-焘·林(北大教授)1995-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-焘·林(北大教授)1995_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">焘·林; 理嘉·王 (北大教授). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=hp7SW7oudXwC&pg=PA238">語音學教程</a>. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. 1995: 238–. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-11-1078-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-11-1078-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-11-1078-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&rft.au=%E7%84%98%C2%B7%E6%9E%97&rft.au=%E7%90%86%E5%98%89%C2%B7%E7%8E%8B+%28%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%29&rft.btitle=%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-11-1078-3&rft.pages=238-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhp7SW7oudXwC%26pg%3DPA238&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-development-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-development_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/phonetic/phonemics_concept.htm">音位概念的發現</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-02-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920172142/http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/phonetic/phonemics_concept.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&rft.btitle=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.fju.edu.tw%2Fphonetic%2Fphonemics_concept.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal2010173-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystal2010173_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrystal2010">Crystal 2010</a>，第173頁.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-29719-2&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web">苏诚忠. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yywzw.com/jt/wgyy/wgyyb10.htm">音素phoneme</a>. 《语言的本质》. 语言文字网. 2005-11-30 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-02-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901085809/http://www.yywzw.com/jt/wgyy/wgyyb10.htm">存档</a>于2014-09-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D&rft.atitle=%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0phoneme&rft.au=%E8%8B%8F%E8%AF%9A%E5%BF%A0&rft.date=2005-11-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%A8%E3%80%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yywzw.com%2Fjt%2Fwgyy%2Fwgyyb10.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="Template:语言单位"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:语言单位（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:语言单位"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="語言單位" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>單位</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="语音学">语音</a>单位</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="語音">語音</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82" title="音节">音节</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3" title="辅音">辅音</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">音位</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%AE%B5" title="音段">音段</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E5%BE%8B%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="韵律单位">韵律</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语义单位" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q15916540"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语义单位（页面不存在）">语义单位</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">維基數據</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15916540" class="extiw" title="d:Q15916540"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q15916540</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E7%B4%A0" title="义素">义素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E4%BD%8D" title="义位">义位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80)" title="詞 (語言)">词</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" title="句子">句子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E9%A2%98" title="命题">命题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E6%8F%90" title="前提">前提</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%A6%E5%80%BC_(%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF)" title="賦值 (邏輯)">赋值</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%95%B4%E6%B6%B5" title="蕴涵">蕴涵</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="语法单位">语法单位</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="词法学">词法</a>单位</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%B4%A0" title="語素">語素</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%A0%B9" title="词根">词根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%B9%B9" title="詞幹">詞幹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%B6%B4" title="詞綴">詞綴</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="句法">句法</a>单位</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80)" title="詞 (語言)">词</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AF%AD" title="短语">短语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8E%E5%8F%A5" title="从句">子句</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" title="句子">句子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语篇（页面不存在）">语篇</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%8F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单句（页面不存在）">单句</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%8F%A5" title="複句">复句</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%B5%E8%90%BD" title="段落">段落</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AF%87%E7%AB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="篇章（页面不存在）">篇章</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="词汇学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lexicology" title="Template:Lexicology"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Lexicology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Lexicology（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Lexicology" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Lexicology"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="词汇学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E5%AD%A6" title="词汇学">词汇学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要術語</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詞彙項目" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lexical item"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詞彙項目（页面不存在）">詞彙項目</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_item" class="extiw" title="en:Lexical item"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lexical item</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E5%BA%93" title="词库">词库</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="词汇单元" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lexis (linguistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E5%8D%95%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="词汇单元（页面不存在）">词汇单元</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexis_(linguistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Lexis (linguistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lexis (linguistics)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80)" title="詞 (語言)">詞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E7%9B%AE" title="词目">词目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%8D" title="实词">实词</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E8%AF%8D" title="虚词">虚词</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">詞彙單元</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%BD%A2" title="字形">字形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%8D" title="字位">字位</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="词元" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lemma (psycholinguistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="词元（页面不存在）">词元</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma_(psycholinguistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Lemma (psycholinguistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lemma (psycholinguistics)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E4%BD%8D" title="词位">词位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%B4%A0" title="語素">語素</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">音位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E7%B4%A0" title="义素">义素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E4%BD%8D" title="义位">义位</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="语义学">語義關連</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="词汇语义学">词汇语义学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="语义网络">語義網絡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B9%89%E8%AF%8D" title="同义词">同义词</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E4%B9%89%E8%AF%8D" title="反义词">反义词</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E9%9F%B3%E8%AF%8D" title="同音词">同音词</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%82%E9%9F%B3%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="异音词（页面不存在）">异音词</a></li> <li><a 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