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grid-container container hfeed" style="padding-top:16px" align="center">  <div id="aje_1570310"></div>  <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript"> aj_server = 'https://eschool.nui.media/pipeline/'; aj_tagver = '1.0'; aj_scripts = 'https://img.nui.media/banners/'; aj_zone = 'eschool'; aj_adspot = '1570310'; aj_page = '0'; aj_dim =''; aj_ch = ''; aj_ct = ''; aj_kw = ''; aj_pv = true; aj_click = ''; </script> <div id="aje_tmp_1570310" style="display: none;"><script id="aje_scr_1570310" type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src=https://img.nui.media/banners/async-ajtg.js></script></div> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="https://eschool.nui.media/pipeline/663143/0/vj?z=eschool&dim=501863&kw=&click="></script><noscript><a href="https://eschool.nui.media/pipeline/663143/0/cc?z=eschool"><img src="https://eschool.nui.media/pipeline/663143/0/vc?z=eschool&dim=501863&kw=&click=&abr=$imginiframe" width="1" height="1" alt="" border="0"></a></noscript></div><div class="page-hero grid-container grid-parent"> <div class="inside-page-hero grid-container grid-parent"> <div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style=""> <div class="wp-show-posts-image wpsp-image-left "><img width="500" height="375" src="https://www.eschoolnews.com/files/2024/01/educational-equity-computer-science-generative-AI.jpeg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="Establishing educational equity in computer science with generative AI and UDL will cause ripple effects across all content areas." decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /></div> <header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"><span class="cat-links"> <a href="https://www.eschoolnews.com/educational-leadership/deia/" rel="DEIA (Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Access)"><u>DEIA (Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Access)</u></a></span></div> <h1> Advancing educational equity with UDL and generative AI </h1> <span class="author vcard" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.eschoolnews.com/author/contributor/" title="View all posts by Rowen Elsmore, Digital Learning Specialist, Jefferson High School & Dr. Alexandra Holter, Computer Science Coordinator for K-12, Bloomington Public Schools" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">Rowen Elsmore, Digital Learning Specialist, Jefferson High School & Dr. Alexandra Holter, Computer Science Coordinator for K-12, Bloomington Public Schools</span></a></span><br> <time class="updated" datetime="2023-12-18T13:18:32-05:00" itemprop="dateModified">December 18, 2023</time><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-01-12T04:22:00-05:00" itemprop="datePublished">January 12, 2024</time> <h3 class="subheader">Taking computer science, with its long history of exclusion, towards an inclusive future will cause ripple effects across all content areas</h3> </header> </div> </div> </div><div class="grid-container container" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid; border-top:#ccc 1px solid; padding:7px 0 0 0;"><div align="center"><script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="https://eschool.nui.media/pipeline/173767/0/vj?z=eschool&kw=&click="></script><noscript><a href="https://eschool.nui.media/pipeline/173767/0/cc?z=eschool"><img src="https://eschool.nui.media/pipeline/173767/0/vc?z=eschool&kw=&click=&abr=$imginiframe" width="" height="" alt="" border="0"></a></noscript></div></div> <div id="page" class="site grid-container container hfeed"> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article id="post-215871" class="post-215871 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-deia category-educational-leadership category-featured-on-eschool-news tag-classrooms tag-education tag-educational-leadership tag-educators tag-it tag-leadership tag-news tag-students tag-time tag-visit" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <header class="entry-header" aria-label="Content"> <div class="entry-meta"> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><strong><em>Key points:</em></strong></p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><em>Our education system produces inequitable outcomes–it’s time to change that</em></li> <li><em>See article: <a href="https://www.eschoolnews.com/educational-leadership/2023/12/14/how-to-work-for-equity-of-access-in-classrooms/">How to work for equity of access in classrooms</a></em></li> <li><em>See article: <a href="https://www.eschoolnews.com/educational-leadership/2023/10/20/schools-help-digital-equity/">How schools can help students overcome the digital divide</a></em></li> <li><em>For more news on equity, visit eSN’s <a href="https://www.eschoolnews.com/educational-leadership/">Educational Leadership</a> page</em></li> </ul> <p>As we all struggle down the path toward true educational inclusion, we are confronted with four pillars of equity as described by <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-2813-4_2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rochelle Guiterize</a>: Access, Success, Power and Identity. </p> <p>Educators with a mind towards equity typically excel at access. Opening doors to all students is an obvious move. However, we must continually push systems so that all students are able to be successful in spaces where they have ownership and feel a sense of belonging (identity). Otherwise, equity and inclusion are still just a dream. </p> <p>While we recognize that some of these elements require large systems change, we also want to challenge all computer science educators to be the example.Taking computer science, with its long history of exclusion, towards an inclusive future will cause ripple effects across all content areas. Utilizing the <a href="https://identityincs.org/resources/aiice-iic-tenets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AiiCE tenets</a>, which recommend taking approaches that are responsive to student identities (Alliance for Identity-Inclusive Computing Education, 2023) we will suggest steps towards inclusive education pedagogy with Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and generative AI thought partners. </p> <p>A first step towards inclusive education can be done through the adoption of UDL. According to the <a href="https://csteachers.org/inclusive-teaching-pedagogies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CSTA: Inclusive Teaching Pedagogies</a>, “UDL is an instructional planning approach designed to give all students an equal opportunity to learn by removing barriers that prevent students from fully engaging in their classroom communities” (White, 2023). However, this is a time-consuming (though worthwhile) task for already taxed teachers. </p> <p>In the frame of working smarter, not harder, we will describe a way to start integrating UDL principles into lessons, moving toward greater equity and inclusion through the use of Generative AI (GenAI) tools. The generative model being used is ChatGPT 3.5 (<a href="https://www.oneusefulthing.org/p/an-opinionated-guide-to-which-ai?utm_source=substack&publication_id=1180644&post_id=139374255&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&utm_campaign=email-share&triggerShare=true&isFreemail=true&r=2urutn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">for optimum use we recommend ChatGPT 4</a>). </p> <p>Teaching to the average student has never been effective. Our students possess a wide range of different brains, with different sensory and processing abilities. Good teachers are finding ways to meet the learning needs of all of these diverse brains within the same classroom. </p> <p>UDL uses fundamentals from neuroscience to give educators <a href="https://udlguidelines.cast.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a framework</a> to empower all learners (CAST, 2018). UDL is a process, not a product, and requires that teachers rethink their planning and delivery of instruction. Though this is not necessarily asking for teachers to do more, it is absolutely asking them to do something different. As teachers wrestle with transforming their teaching practice, generative AI offers robust opportunities. When we pair a tested, research-based framework like UDL with AI, it brings us a step closer to the goal of true inclusion of all learners in CS classes.</p> <p>Implementation of UDL requires rethinking the development and planning of lessons. Ralabate (2016) gives us five fundamental questions that allow teachers to begin to transform their practice. As teachers embrace this transformation, generative AI can be a thought partner in utilizing the five fundamental questions efficiently. These questions are around the accessibility, flexibility, lack of bias, validity, and reliability of our learning activities.</p> <p>We address the first four of these questions below, along with generative AI prompts that can be used to increase the velocity of implementing each of these questions.</p> <figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Question</strong></td><td><strong>Description</strong></td><td><strong>Generative AI Prompt</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Accessible</td><td>Who can participate in the lesson and who can not?</td><td>Please examine this lesson plan and tell me what type of student would be unable to fully participate in this lesson. </td></tr><tr><td>Flexible</td><td>Student choice in how they learn and how they demonstrate learning. </td><td>Please provide multiple methods for students to demonstrate [learning target/objective].</td></tr><tr><td>Free of Bias</td><td>What in my learning activity is inadvertently disadvantageous to students?</td><td>What components of this lesson assume similar prior knowledge to me, the instructor, or what components are…..</td></tr><tr><td>Valid</td><td>Does my assessment evaluate the specific learning objective I am attempting to assess?</td><td>Please change the reading level of this question to a 7th grade level (choose a level that is accessible to all students)</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> <p>The final question is around reliability. Reliability measures the ability for a learning activity to meet its goals. Is the variability in my student’s performance due entirely to their performance, or is there variance that is due to the design of the activity (Ralabate, 2016). It is impossible to truly eliminate variance due to design, but it will be minimized if the first four questions are carefully considered and implemented into the design process. As a final check for reliability, GenAI can be used for triangulating grading – ask it to evaluate student data against a rubric. By comparing multiple GenAI responses with results from the teacher, we can minimize implicit bias, and ensure that the grades we are giving are authentic measures of student learning.</p> <p>Systems produce what they are designed to produce. Our education system was constructed to produce inequitable outcomes, and that is what it produces. We believe that computer science educators can rise to the challenge of the day and remake their instruction in a way that effectively educates every brain–brains that come with extremely diverse needs. We know the why (equity), we know the how (UDL), and with generative AI, we now have the means to accomplish what is demanded of the moment.</p> <p>References</p> <p>Alliance for Identity-Inclusive Computing Education (2023). AIICE IIC Tenets. https://identityincs.org/resources/aiice-iic-tenets/</p> <p>CAST (2018). UDL and the learning brain. Wakefield, MA. Retrieved from http://www.cast.org/products-services/resources/2018/udl-learning-brain-neuroscience</p> <p>Gutiérrez, R. (2011). Context matters: How Should We Conceptualize Equity in Mathematics Education?. In Equity in Discourse for Mathematics Education: Theories, Practices, and Policies (pp. 17-33). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</p> <p>Ralabate P. (2016). Your UDL Lesson Planner: the Step-By-Step Guide for Teaching All Learners. Brookes Publishing.</p> <p>White, S. V., et al. (2023, June 5). Inclusive Teaching Pedagogies. 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Their commitment to serving the next generation and their dedication to going above and beyond make them pillars of the community. </p> </div> </div><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-218734 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-article category-education-policy-funding category-educational-leadership category-featured-on-eschool-news category-sponsored tag-10746 tag-budget tag-budget-cuts tag-devices tag-digital tag-district tag-district-technology tag-districts tag-dollars tag-funding" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style=""> <header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"><span class="cat-links"> <a href="https://www.eschoolnews.com/educational-leadership/education-policy-funding/" rel="Education Policy & Funding"><u>Education Policy & Funding</u></a></span></div><h4 class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" 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This file is auto-generated */ !function(d,l){"use strict";l.querySelector&&d.addEventListener&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&(d.wp=d.wp||{},d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage||(d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage=function(e){var t=e.data;if((t||t.secret||t.message||t.value)&&!/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/.test(t.secret)){for(var s,r,n,a=l.querySelectorAll('iframe[data-secret="'+t.secret+'"]'),o=l.querySelectorAll('blockquote[data-secret="'+t.secret+'"]'),c=new RegExp("^https?:$","i"),i=0;i<o.length;i++)o[i].style.display="none";for(i=0;i<a.length;i++)s=a[i],e.source===s.contentWindow&&(s.removeAttribute("style"),"height"===t.message?(1e3<(r=parseInt(t.value,10))?r=1e3:~~r<200&&(r=200),s.height=r):"link"===t.message&&(r=new URL(s.getAttribute("src")),n=new URL(t.value),c.test(n.protocol))&&n.host===r.host&&l.activeElement===s&&(d.top.location.href=t.value))}},d.addEventListener("message",d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage,!1),l.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){for(var e,t,s=l.querySelectorAll("iframe.wp-embedded-content"),r=0;r<s.length;r++)(t=(e=s[r]).getAttribute("data-secret"))||(t=Math.random().toString(36).substring(2,12),e.src+="#?secret="+t,e.setAttribute("data-secret",t)),e.contentWindow.postMessage({message:"ready",secret:t},"*")},!1)))}(window,document); </script> ' title="Embed Code" class="input-embed input-embed-221528" readonly/> </div> <button class="copy-embed copy-embed-221528" title="Copy Embed Code"></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p style="margin-top:10px">Palmdale School District Superintendent Dr. Raúl Maldonado discusses the district’s “Palmdale Promise” initiative, focusing on technological equity and early literacy. ... 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ginput_container_text'><input name='input_12' id='input_664_12' type='text' value='' class='large' aria-invalid="false" /> </div></div><div id="field_664_6" class="gfield gfield--type-select gfield--input-type-select field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_hidden" data-js-reload="field_664_6" ><div class='admin-hidden-markup'><i class='gform-icon gform-icon--hidden'></i><span>Hidden</span></div><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_664_6'>Where do you work?</label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_select'><select name='input_6' id='input_664_6' class='large gfield_select' aria-invalid="false" ><option value='' ></option><option value='School Building' >School Building</option><option value='School District' >School District</option><option value='Higher Education' >Higher Education</option><option value='Federal/State Level Education' >Federal/State Level Education</option><option value='Other' >Other</option></select></div></div><div id="field_664_61" class="gfield gfield--type-text gfield--input-type-text gfield--width-full field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_hidden" data-js-reload="field_664_61" ><div class='admin-hidden-markup'><i class='gform-icon gform-icon--hidden'></i><span>Hidden</span></div><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_664_61'>Title</label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_61' id='input_664_61' type='text' value='' class='large' aria-invalid="false" /> </div></div><div id="field_664_7" class="gfield gfield--type-text gfield--input-type-text gplaceholder field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_hidden" data-js-reload="field_664_7" ><div class='admin-hidden-markup'><i class='gform-icon gform-icon--hidden'></i><span>Hidden</span></div><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_664_7'>Address</label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_7' id='input_664_7' type='text' value='' class='large' aria-invalid="false" /> </div></div><div id="field_664_8" class="gfield gfield--type-text gfield--input-type-text gplaceholder field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_hidden" data-js-reload="field_664_8" ><div class='admin-hidden-markup'><i class='gform-icon gform-icon--hidden'></i><span>Hidden</span></div><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_664_8'>Address (cont.)</label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_8' id='input_664_8' type='text' value='' class='large' aria-invalid="false" /> </div></div><div id="field_664_9" class="gfield gfield--type-text gfield--input-type-text gplaceholder field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_hidden" data-js-reload="field_664_9" ><div class='admin-hidden-markup'><i class='gform-icon gform-icon--hidden'></i><span>Hidden</span></div><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_664_9'>City</label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_9' id='input_664_9' type='text' value='' class='large' aria-invalid="false" /> </div></div><div id="field_664_10" class="gfield gfield--type-select gfield--input-type-select gf_left_half gplaceholder gfield--width-half field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_hidden" data-js-reload="field_664_10" ><div class='admin-hidden-markup'><i class='gform-icon gform-icon--hidden'></i><span>Hidden</span></div><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_664_10'>State</label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_select'><select name='input_10' id='input_664_10' class='large gfield_select' aria-invalid="false" ><option value='' ></option><option value='AL' >Alabama</option><option value='AK' >Alaska</option><option value='AB' >Alberta</option><option value='AZ' >Arizona</option><option value='AK' >Arkansas</option><option value='BC' >British Columbia</option><option value='CA' >California</option><option value='CO' >Colorado</option><option value='CT' >Connecticut</option><option value='DE' >Delaware</option><option value='DC' >District of Columbia</option><option value='FL' >Florida</option><option value='GA' >Georgia</option><option value='HI' >Hawaii</option><option value='ID' >Idaho</option><option value='IL' >Illinois</option><option value='IN' >Indiana</option><option value='IA' >Iowa</option><option value='KS' >Kansas</option><option value='KY' >Kentucky</option><option value='LA' >Louisiana</option><option value='ME' >Maine</option><option value='MB' >Manitoba</option><option value='MD' >Maryland</option><option value='MA' >Massachusetts</option><option value='MI' >Michigan</option><option value='MN' >Minnesota</option><option value='MS' >Mississippi</option><option value='MO' >Missouri</option><option value='MT' >Montana</option><option value='NE' >Nebraska</option><option value='NV' >Nevada</option><option value='NB' >New Brunswick</option><option value='NH' >New Hampshire</option><option value='NJ' >New Jersey</option><option value='NM' >New Mexico</option><option value='NY' >New York</option><option value='NF' >Newfoundland & Labrador</option><option value='NC' >North Carolina</option><option value='ND' >North Dakota</option><option value='NT' >Northwest Territories</option><option value='NS' >Nova Scotia</option><option value='NU' >Nunavut</option><option value='OH' >Ohio</option><option value='OK' >Oklahoma</option><option value='ON' >Ontario</option><option value='OR' >Oregon</option><option value='PA' >Pennsylvania</option><option value='PE' >Prince Edward Island</option><option value='QC' >Quebec</option><option value='RI' >Rhode Island</option><option value='SK' >Saskatchewan</option><option value='SC' >South Carolina</option><option value='SD' >South Dakota</option><option value='TN' >Tennessee</option><option value='TX' >Texas</option><option value='UT' >Utah</option><option value='VT' >Vermont</option><option value='VA' >Virginia</option><option value='WA' >Washington</option><option value='WV' >West Virginia</option><option value='WI' >Wisconsin</option><option value='WY' >Wyoming</option><option value='YT' >Yukon</option><option value='Not Listed' >Not Listed</option></select></div></div><div id="field_664_13" class="gfield gfield--type-select gfield--input-type-select gf_right_half gplaceholder gfield--width-half field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_hidden" data-js-reload="field_664_13" ><div class='admin-hidden-markup'><i class='gform-icon gform-icon--hidden'></i><span>Hidden</span></div><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_664_13'>Country</label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_select'><select name='input_13' id='input_664_13' class='large gfield_select' aria-invalid="false" ><option value='' ></option><option value='United States' >United States</option><option value='Canada' >Canada</option><option value='Afghanistan' >Afghanistan</option><option value='Albania' >Albania</option><option value='Algeria' >Algeria</option><option value='American Samoa' >American Samoa</option><option value='Andorra' >Andorra</option><option value='Angola' >Angola</option><option value='Antigua and Barbuda' >Antigua and Barbuda</option><option value='Argentina' >Argentina</option><option value='Armenia' >Armenia</option><option value='Australia' >Australia</option><option value='Austria' >Austria</option><option value='Azerbaijan' >Azerbaijan</option><option value='Bahamas' >Bahamas</option><option value='Bahrain' >Bahrain</option><option value='Bangladesh' 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value='China' >China</option><option value='Colombia' >Colombia</option><option value='Comoros' >Comoros</option><option value='Congo' >Congo</option><option value='Costa Rica' >Costa Rica</option><option value='Côte d'Ivoire' >Côte d'Ivoire</option><option value='Croatia' >Croatia</option><option value='Cuba' >Cuba</option><option value='Cyprus' >Cyprus</option><option value='Czech Republic' >Czech Republic</option><option value='Denmark' >Denmark</option><option value='Djibouti' >Djibouti</option><option value='Dominica' >Dominica</option><option value='Dominican Republic' >Dominican Republic</option><option value='East Timor' >East Timor</option><option value='Ecuador' >Ecuador</option><option value='Egypt' >Egypt</option><option value='El Salvador' >El Salvador</option><option value='Equatorial Guinea' >Equatorial Guinea</option><option value='Eritrea' >Eritrea</option><option value='Estonia' >Estonia</option><option value='Ethiopia' >Ethiopia</option><option value='Fiji' 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value='Ireland' >Ireland</option><option value='Israel' >Israel</option><option value='Italy' >Italy</option><option value='Jamaica' >Jamaica</option><option value='Japan' >Japan</option><option value='Jordan' >Jordan</option><option value='Kazakhstan' >Kazakhstan</option><option value='Kenya' >Kenya</option><option value='Kiribati' >Kiribati</option><option value='North Korea' >North Korea</option><option value='South Korea' >South Korea</option><option value='Kuwait' >Kuwait</option><option value='Kyrgyzstan' >Kyrgyzstan</option><option value='Laos' >Laos</option><option value='Latvia' >Latvia</option><option value='Lebanon' >Lebanon</option><option value='Lesotho' >Lesotho</option><option value='Liberia' >Liberia</option><option value='Libya' >Libya</option><option value='Liechtenstein' >Liechtenstein</option><option value='Lithuania' >Lithuania</option><option value='Luxembourg' >Luxembourg</option><option value='Macedonia' >Macedonia</option><option value='Madagascar' >Madagascar</option><option value='Malawi' >Malawi</option><option value='Malaysia' >Malaysia</option><option value='Maldives' >Maldives</option><option value='Mali' >Mali</option><option value='Malta' >Malta</option><option value='Marshall Islands' >Marshall Islands</option><option value='Mauritania' >Mauritania</option><option value='Mauritius' >Mauritius</option><option value='Mexico' >Mexico</option><option value='Micronesia' >Micronesia</option><option value='Moldova' >Moldova</option><option value='Monaco' >Monaco</option><option value='Mongolia' >Mongolia</option><option value='Montenegro' >Montenegro</option><option value='Morocco' >Morocco</option><option value='Mozambique' >Mozambique</option><option value='Myanmar' >Myanmar</option><option value='Namibia' >Namibia</option><option value='Nauru' >Nauru</option><option value='Nepal' >Nepal</option><option value='Netherlands' >Netherlands</option><option value='New Zealand' >New Zealand</option><option value='Nicaragua' >Nicaragua</option><option value='Niger' >Niger</option><option value='Nigeria' >Nigeria</option><option value='Norway' >Norway</option><option value='Northern Mariana Islands' >Northern Mariana Islands</option><option value='Oman' >Oman</option><option value='Pakistan' >Pakistan</option><option value='Palau' >Palau</option><option value='Palestine' >Palestine</option><option value='Panama' >Panama</option><option value='Papua New Guinea' >Papua New Guinea</option><option value='Paraguay' >Paraguay</option><option value='Peru' >Peru</option><option value='Philippines' >Philippines</option><option value='Poland' >Poland</option><option value='Portugal' >Portugal</option><option value='Puerto Rico' >Puerto Rico</option><option value='Qatar' >Qatar</option><option value='Romania' >Romania</option><option value='Russia' >Russia</option><option value='Rwanda' >Rwanda</option><option value='Saint Kitts and Nevis' >Saint Kitts and Nevis</option><option value='Saint Lucia' >Saint Lucia</option><option value='Saint Vincent and the Grenadines' >Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</option><option value='Samoa' >Samoa</option><option value='San Marino' >San Marino</option><option value='Sao Tome and Principe' >Sao Tome and Principe</option><option value='Saudi Arabia' >Saudi Arabia</option><option value='Senegal' >Senegal</option><option value='Serbia and Montenegro' >Serbia and Montenegro</option><option value='Seychelles' >Seychelles</option><option value='Sierra Leone' >Sierra Leone</option><option value='Singapore' >Singapore</option><option value='Slovakia' >Slovakia</option><option value='Slovenia' >Slovenia</option><option value='Solomon Islands' >Solomon Islands</option><option value='Somalia' >Somalia</option><option value='South Africa' >South Africa</option><option value='Spain' >Spain</option><option value='Sri Lanka' >Sri Lanka</option><option value='Sudan' >Sudan</option><option value='Suriname' >Suriname</option><option value='Swaziland' >Swaziland</option><option value='Sweden' >Sweden</option><option value='Switzerland' >Switzerland</option><option value='Syria' >Syria</option><option value='Taiwan' >Taiwan</option><option value='Tajikistan' >Tajikistan</option><option value='Tanzania' >Tanzania</option><option value='Thailand' >Thailand</option><option value='Togo' >Togo</option><option value='Tonga' >Tonga</option><option value='Trinidad and Tobago' >Trinidad and Tobago</option><option value='Tunisia' >Tunisia</option><option value='Turkey' >Turkey</option><option value='Turkmenistan' >Turkmenistan</option><option value='Tuvalu' >Tuvalu</option><option value='Uganda' >Uganda</option><option value='Ukraine' >Ukraine</option><option value='United Arab Emirates' >United Arab Emirates</option><option value='United Kingdom' >United Kingdom</option><option value='United States' >United States</option><option value='Uruguay' >Uruguay</option><option value='Uzbekistan' >Uzbekistan</option><option value='Vanuatu' 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