CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91359c416dc9603f',cH: '3Mr0u1YvwABoKRV34_1M3cibMeD9R42il5j1hW3Ph7g-1739793556-1.2.1.1-fcbF69XXXbV6stGbGAo8472hy3Kj2AfC12e9GpVxyiU3HuPwYFZthvJP6B9ML8dF',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=vacuum%20residue&__cf_chl_tk=fOCiGb9cc43gHegiqQMuMvvFdYUwgdHv7T69kyNoxSk-1739793556-1.0.1.1-Fg7SJ38Tkua3_9z0Y3ymuCOFXDxjUMxdyq.2qVXFAvc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739793556',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=vacuum%20residue&__cf_chl_f_tk=fOCiGb9cc43gHegiqQMuMvvFdYUwgdHv7T69kyNoxSk-1739793556-1.0.1.1-Fg7SJ38Tkua3_9z0Y3ymuCOFXDxjUMxdyq.2qVXFAvc",md: "1tGk2mW3BgHvRhaVBcvzMLxngBYSSGygTG_s9ktQ4c0-1739793556-1.2.1.1-scRCQDRx9hHEJio4_nrva4NrgnVrXdiUNYiQc5l3gc8fcsh4eI2xZry3fTVX8o1HN8b2jLIHpEDvAAGeA7KSi2fp2bliJt_988_9kVZgrtpQ1SISJhwnLwU_VplgxTfs7z.LBvryTxoeL24wYqWEoFEcnNgzKvBranhg815oWaxPs6icufvZQ8uFAkWCtNefnrU1WkJmUOL1TFwGmZoNoa4q19CHobgrUql2apwsePrtrwnPwhK6Avb9h18sNIzAK_QA0NGf0lk5GuXmP7fLAqyoRqJXypuXYG_5rws_fbvPv9CzfV1Hsm0WiOATJU0Qx2k9UxlzSghrhp3km5WQKkxHBwCcSmepcyImsMJzVK7h4h5iS9nN6c.MRLm95cO18Xxd16tLZ.gmVV0dolxxJ8MYoHrmj_eRQ_lCkHOV3tahiYD1MonXcgsTgcj0vpirUGAz0.6b7mtwbv.1zqrR.ADLBJkCDuzqMVYtCcRMdAv2uN4wzKKn86V65mjDX241pyjFFos_ZLtv8OzBazs2tStkDrPqpogJEPyNWb5E8xNoFtl7jjr9avl8f8lFMXtRDMxZuwUig8iA0HuHtZHRRKtbvBXarmNa1GACbXXC6EBUjcrjmXTZtlS6PrO0f.mgIzCRlu0NEQrKktl0ttfRBb4ngeXwGNXh3R_vMMsse2r9rtswcmUbFq12jcfG5h9vc_uwZYDnkNnmAvDhZ5woHEZQ0FVCUyI9d1VK9EQv8Hts0Pm7lEBMX9u5pRkNuM4tCSsXIwQpBTaZ.hkO.8s62cTUB5YyBXy9Dl8fQsXYyv5XYYlZ0cw._.zRStTikySPhSOelLBC0T1uEd2xTbO4zz8tVRssXXtvNozQTgxYX_bLxRCONbFb9XWhqLGOCQuWbpLSaW4qhn4GrhtadHCI1XyeizkBx0hU43JWj9qcfH5SiqFfg3GJuHZlSPj18FTqP2RRi9Syx14xFyXfaVjxay5AJCL6SchuxgtKukMESipUkYxTBkyx6ap_.zMgdCqxJBHwSjyo_t3q28Fo05mNtS_3yci6BCh.yU6a5vf0C1FuTtAkv8GNV6zbcKOZXbdKsdPPcpKZR7HmOZ2F5ZfsPaf4TmTPrqf.qdF4qdi.m8tS0sLlMevk4bbN745EmjK0uBJv50HIli1rcdzWQLnjbui290sHVXztwRAw8_XCTTNnY09SWWmaMQGhFJXNqGC.hYwqvZu34LMgOtZXH64zJLMgo.N4a3ceKW2dJWV9oIf.eSO6tgUBLffsK6.E3BFEKQv_5DAI79rQFKxzOq4Oypa.ymqnyIr9LuMsG0x5hLUXuV3LdQ3iG96IYYIfSM85fnwK63_VYEztjs03BFCu6g89v6TtlHQmSkDOfjGXsBO81XgF34p9yTqdhFJSWiKJWj5NlNqHrrogSvEzl00Gfl_MkKg2fa0NanSiudM.7QC0rP9aDv3JrQxPq1tnfdH9bwwTNRYstHyb0O1eKyiNOlZhKBsagJqNmNDKgRykbn6dWyS9_QivxN7FwxyP3Y2TyHfKkZoSd89wd_nCBo7ygP6dzb7tFhIMp7bEBywnEVxVGNL2cCo3N0s18HLShh4.k9iSoLB_Z0Ff5_MWhSCJKJOejcL7sAdGWjMcqILRhg.CeCW60Ua2sfk4nvywB6Iu6y7NFORjdg0XYSNuVuM3yw0z_BY60YQAZACdFviE0YywfcEgZJFCurCDCIyneUXPh9agJIorGEdpA7nOGZ.erKJC4I86imkxrFbNCtJLV6m03hsLT5c8q4aAMO4Ve6zqsOYyTKhtQKwZFoToOWUS5Nt6rxdQ59DCIZ6tzvujYYsKnLZYToE8qB9bVDNKcVwll1I5YvLc4aoDSxZfgfC6JII5IoewsQzT9OcZGiB0f0R_MZ291n1fDYz1cLP8wKFJqPqlLk4p15uKRUHz7CYhIqoGrYeDY.IfEDwTkHBDHZk",mdrd: "XeV03lA7EWAx6poZ08AQgSLtktTXVezJtUYqXe.rBcM-1739793556-1.2.1.1-Fxnvp_ExsmQ.KJn3Bapy47Xqc058zLMNm2MD0hlyZkXWS_s9Ry7PpUs07nkgKtxugSHrPxAOv_ouyaaSmF66WuL0viDt2eKbEMh6JklepTmlSndJqUZH.x9zUpRvqXHhX5aRSKHTYxRzwGNPttlXYmyN1o3PY4oTmrWS5RRrr8qYX83dCTFx5GvQ6YPcUKM13hWUjGVErhIdRlHFivn9I5_4mpn1PKqqEG18GjHwXh8YiPrAs7HdtHG0DI1izbgwikXPOKKvX4kZFukWOPG6oWoztjtAdflpKlNhjhRKq80le893MlYZmvvS07F4k2Q5C1o7WbQAeT3RuSKpS6Tto2y_khcACWMGm8mGheH.LaDmfJaZN3hEvzqNDuAvNebfrn0yMjbUxi9QIia2WUES3hHk1MQshiRYaG5ZBJKMTqCOtGQAwkE0FyJAQRx3y3Y8N3VTbQCntD8PeYlbEQ3ME4BX9nBuhIFFlHnPD70BRNY0YTt9hehMV30UunAnI8OhGf.SYSqlIUirbNbzDDx0Tp_sUNfzYo6lmwfh4.ghX2ZTy_TWGFVAyNoeRYjNSyyr7_VrdMCAf6ZXxwZj1Y5WjFVYujE1zK0rDhrWoEFI1vaQwksajlmqNHx.vjeSieGrLSyNc6Z6SMZ2wqQ2lF8nr8CjMJVoT1dtSY_y3M.5YaHAm8I7zm4KygcanGxoPvfcFfDGzTfsMNB3eFIjzy2bEclrnz_xOsAVRgp2z0zzvM7XS9mj7IQ6.xD7dmgNM1RruGwzuUGNOFmfJz9vAyMcJWgHl5F8w14JWrqbJWmU0QcfclLoRctv8oMSnbRPUzBMuzPc3vBxen0aX1eIzkIvdtXV3TVz_QW6qk2Sw8r.54syOIfDN7Jh_6KGobuHLo7QT4Pq1dJnI45kjfhAbGo2583DsaUVHv8qwLdxuDR.3q4oZCOlSrURAEOW.pFm88CJZSc9asRIXp_k0sUCdAtG.w7md6VV7XWZM9Nz.RhjPJ7xH1RFz4uFtRw4._j.jiRNuypQcv5NS35_B54rdxi7I4ekSp.SbDNrjzf4pH_MQ8N1hlYeZvexNtHp2eniKcByIeIyU54r0MU.xIz04Vl1Z69PoPtGvnKptf9I_PzNEY6_sWTCPM2dJ9nHAyINi69Fb23tyyVcfhXSHhbMBNwTN8oeVp5rFAcvrEep46mD.WUxQtz_cHpngamuFkbflBoneBrNvEcHUnCNRc_iPu.jrRsa66WO_EqqzkwmkQAO1r6qRdzyE2UIpjPisj.nDVUanQYJCqOZCsDEpJ.bmS61tgFcNx3dibzrorSwbeqK34jCnGRs9.8kXD_7uYadJFhnA6yfgVsY8us14GhmCiXMQW6F_70TXCiq_nwCcnUWCMzwCMkeNeNO.IS2dZ4vQwD4GYZ0t1U.q7hcEHKVSPsbR9BgKqeACYjxsL_hmaZK4GYn0VtdgZ0O_AeikwXrfJZgPaK7C_vMSImJech316XXfkb6Q73355yOQBK6BNfvq5r_r3R4w1yEsMUnCfV84vruMoH8ngmjIqI7y_kdf1IKk4eIZ.HwbLlp6cLHuHr8Lr4OBy232VrxE.fuh6w2dfUqm_YBxrmb_tq60hU4ixIjtztD7U_XIBTS3s.HmeRh8_3eTi4udOck1QTRzqMrRvXGTSJfa061qrRNo.EMtTHzHDvwA1Cw7Ku9EQ0AjclDKtXw5JhAJYEZiMk555DVURsi_PK3hWB2iZgYpJWLaAiBVYD9kcb_tjDvu2l5zVVdOXZlN_ctn_dbDBXjlEWJ_CmPckJB07IOVcrfTBy3vYQu6EkuEQiNS8R2jIgzWyPX3fvOGd2LffPwtTiCBmdghnly9_WoPRzTdScOf_n2npyqXM_Mmh16CGegE4.2Lfg2ZrQcrSbvSSxpOhJIaOU7Ak60C.Ezw9ndXFRLdbP36eMzfWwvgpTFSTcG6g8mskJoMJtUqMqvv5MQU4VG_pcQNAB7CAvDuhVHUzAc0IjWmtyWaQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91359c416dc9603f';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=vacuum%20residue&__cf_chl_rt_tk=fOCiGb9cc43gHegiqQMuMvvFdYUwgdHv7T69kyNoxSk-1739793556-1.0.1.1-Fg7SJ38Tkua3_9z0Y3ymuCOFXDxjUMxdyq.2qVXFAvc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>