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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battlefield_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battlefield_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Battlefield today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battlefield_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_1525" title="معركة بافيا 1525 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة بافيا 1525" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1525)" title="Битка при Павия (1525) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Павия (1525)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_Pavia_(1525)" title="Emgann Pavia (1525) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann Pavia (1525)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Pavia" title="Batalla de Pavia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Pavia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Pavie" title="Bitva u Pavie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Pavie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Pavia_(1525)" title="Schlacht bei Pavia (1525) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Pavia (1525)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia_lahing" title="Pavia lahing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pavia lahing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(1525)" title="Μάχη της Παβίας (1525) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη της Παβίας (1525)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Pav%C3%ADa" title="Batalla de Pavía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Pavía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paviako_gudua" title="Paviako gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paviako gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نبرد پاویا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد پاویا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Pavie_(1525)" title="Bataille de Pavie (1525) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Pavie (1525)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Pavia" title="Batalla de Pavia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Pavia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="파비아 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파비아 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Pavia" title="Pertempuran Pavia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Pavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Pavia_(1525)" title="Battaglia di Pavia (1525) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Pavia (1525)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="קרב פאביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב פאביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugna_Papiensis" title="Pugna Papiensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pugna Papiensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalia_de_Pavia" title="Batalia de Pavia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Batalia de Pavia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paviai_csata_(1525)" title="Paviai csata (1525) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paviai csata (1525)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Pavia" title="Pertempuran Pavia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Pavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Pavia_(1525)" title="Slag bij Pavia (1525) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Pavia (1525)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="パヴィアの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パヴィアの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Pavia" title="Slaget ved Pavia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Pavia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Pawi%C4%85" title="Bitwa pod Pawią – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Pawią" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Pavia" title="Batalha de Pavia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Pavia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Битва при Павии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Павии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Pavii_(1525)" title="Bitka pri Pavii (1525) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka pri Pavii (1525)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Битка код Павије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Павије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavian_taistelu" title="Pavian taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pavian taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Pavia" title="Slaget vid Pavia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Pavia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia_Muharebesi" title="Pavia Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pavia Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%97_(1525)" title="Битва при Павії (1525) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва при Павії (1525)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_by_Pavia_(1525)" title="Slag by Pavia (1525) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Slag by Pavia (1525)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="帕维亚之战 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="帕维亚之战" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="帕维亚之战 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帕维亚之战" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q63468#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Pavia&params=45.1975_N_9.1650_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°11′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°09′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.1975°N 9.1650°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.1975; 9.1650</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the Italian War (1521–1526)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other battles at Pavia, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Battle of Pavia (disambiguation)">Battle of Pavia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;;width:315px"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Pavia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">Italian War of 1521–1526</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Pavia,_1525_(by_Rupert_Heller)_-_Nationalmuseum,_Stockholm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Battle_of_Pavia%2C_1525_%28by_Rupert_Heller%29_-_Nationalmuseum%2C_Stockholm.jpg/300px-The_Battle_of_Pavia%2C_1525_%28by_Rupert_Heller%29_-_Nationalmuseum%2C_Stockholm.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Battle_of_Pavia%2C_1525_%28by_Rupert_Heller%29_-_Nationalmuseum%2C_Stockholm.jpg/450px-The_Battle_of_Pavia%2C_1525_%28by_Rupert_Heller%29_-_Nationalmuseum%2C_Stockholm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Battle_of_Pavia%2C_1525_%28by_Rupert_Heller%29_-_Nationalmuseum%2C_Stockholm.jpg/600px-The_Battle_of_Pavia%2C_1525_%28by_Rupert_Heller%29_-_Nationalmuseum%2C_Stockholm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3635" data-file-height="3242" /></a></span><br />Ruprecht Heller, <i>The Battle of Pavia</i> (1529), <a href="/wiki/Nationalmuseum" title="Nationalmuseum">Nationalmuseum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>24 February 1525</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>)</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Pavia&params=45.1975_N_9.1650_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°11′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°09′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.1975°N 9.1650°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.1975; 9.1650</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Marquistate_of_Saluzzo_(14th_century-c._1507).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Marquistate_of_Saluzzo_%2814th_century-c._1507%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Marquistate_of_Saluzzo_%2814th_century-c._1507%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Marquistate_of_Saluzzo_%2814th_century-c._1507%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Marquistate_of_Saluzzo_%2814th_century-c._1507%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Marquistate_of_Saluzzo_%2814th_century-c._1507%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Marquistate_of_Saluzzo_%2814th_century-c._1507%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Empire_of_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Empire of Charles V">Empire of Charles V</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_de_La_Marck" title="Robert III de La Marck">Robert de La Marck</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Montmorency" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne de Montmorency">Anne de Montmorency</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre" title="Henry II of Navarre">Henry II of Navarre</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francois_de_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois de Lorraine">Francois de Lorraine</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_la_Pole" title="Richard de la Pole">Richard de la Pole</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_la_Palice" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques de la Palice">Jacques de la Palice</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_de_la_Tremoille" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II de la Tremoille">Louis de la Tremoille</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Gouffier,_seigneur_de_Bonnivet" title="Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet">Seigneur de Bonnivet</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Duke_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="Charles IV, Duke of Alençon">Charles IV, Duke of Alençon</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michele_Antonio,_Marquess_of_Saluzzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Michele Antonio, Marquess of Saluzzo">Marquess of Saluzzo</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Charles III, Duke of Bourbon">Charles de Bourbon</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Lannoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Lannoy">Charles de Lannoy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fernando_d%27%C3%81valos" title="Fernando d'Ávalos">Fernando d'Ávalos</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Frundsberg" title="Georg von Frundsberg">Georg von Frundsberg</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Andrade_de_las_Mari%C3%B1as" title="Fernando de Andrade de las Mariñas">Fernando de Andrade</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio de Leyva">Antonio de Leyva</a> (Pavia)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p>26,200<sup id="cite_ref-Livio_Agostini,_Piero_Pastoretto_1999_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livio_Agostini,_Piero_Pastoretto_1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>6,000 French foot soldiers</li> <li>2,000 <i><a href="/wiki/Gendarme_(historical)" title="Gendarme (historical)">gendarmes</a></i></li> <li>1,200 <a href="/wiki/Lances_fournies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lances fournies">lances fournies</a></li> <li>8,000 Swiss mercenaries</li> <li>5,000 German Black Bands</li> <li>4,000 Italian <a href="/wiki/Black_Bands" title="Black Bands">Black Bands</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p>28,300<sup id="cite_ref-Livio_Agostini,_Piero_Pastoretto_1999_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livio_Agostini,_Piero_Pastoretto_1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>12,000 Germans</li> <li>5,000 Spaniards</li> <li>3,000 Italians</li> <li>6,000 troops stationed in Pavia<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1,500 knights and 800 lances</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 8,000 killed, wounded or captured<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_2011_163_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker_2011_163-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,500 killed or wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_2011_163_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker_2011_163-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931495" title="Italian War of 1494–1495">1494–1498</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars_of_1499%E2%80%931504" title="Italian Wars of 1499–1504">1499–1504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">League of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Urbino" title="War of Urbino">Urbino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">1521–1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%931538" title="Italian War of 1536–1538">1536–1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">1542–1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">1551–1559</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Italian_Wars" title="List of battles of the Italian Wars"><i>Full list of battles</i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italian_War_of_1521–1526" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Template:Campaignbox Italian War of 1521–1526"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Italian War of 1521–1526"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Italian War of 1521–1526"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian_War_of_1521–1526" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526"><span class="wrap">Italian War of 1521–1526</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pampeluna" title="Battle of Pampeluna">Pampeluna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Logro%C3%B1o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Logroño (page does not exist)">Logroño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_No%C3%A1in" title="Battle of Noáin">Noáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_M%C3%A9zi%C3%A8res" title="Siege of Mézières">Mézières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tournai_(1521)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Tournai (1521)">Tournai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_in_Val_Vestino_(1521)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation in Val Vestino (1521) (page does not exist)">Val Vestino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Parma_(1521)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Parma (1521) (page does not exist)">Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vaprio_d%27Adda_(1521)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vaprio d'Adda (1521) (page does not exist)">Vaprio d'Adda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Genoa_(1522)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Genoa (1522)">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_San_Marcial_(1522)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of San Marcial (1522) (page does not exist)">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fuenterrab%C3%ADa_(1523%E2%80%931524)" title="Siege of Fuenterrabía (1523–1524)">Fuenterrabía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sesia_(1524)" title="Battle of the Sesia (1524)">Sesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marseille_(1524)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Marseille (1524)">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_of_1524%E2%80%931525" title="Italian campaign of 1524–1525">Italy 1524–1525</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Pavia</b>, fought on the morning of 24 February 1525, was the decisive engagement of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">Italian War of 1521–1526</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Empire">Habsburg Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, Holy Roman Emperor as well as ruler of Spain, Austria, the Low Countries, and the Two Sicilies. </p><p>The French army was led by King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a>, who laid siege to the city of <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> (then part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>) in October 1524 with 26,200 troops. The French infantry consisted of 6,000 French foot soldiers and 17,000 foreign mercenaries: 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss</a>, 5,000 Germans, and 4,000 Italians (<a href="/wiki/Black_Bands" title="Black Bands">Black Bands</a>). The French cavalry consisted of 2,000 <i><a href="/wiki/Gendarme_(historical)" title="Gendarme (historical)">gendarmes</a></i> and 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Lances_fournies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lances fournies">lances fournies</a>. Charles V, intending to break the siege, sent a relief force of 22,300 troops to Pavia (where the Imperial garrison stationed consisted of 5,000 Germans and 1,000 Spaniards) under the command of the Fleming <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Lannoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Lannoy">Charles de Lannoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Army_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial lieutenant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Naples">viceroy of Naples</a>, and of the French renegade and captain-general <a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Charles III, Duke of Bourbon">Charles III, Duke of Bourbon</a>. Other major Imperial commanders were the Italian condottiero <a href="/wiki/Fernando_d%27Avalos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando d'Avalos">Fernando d'Avalos</a>, the German military leader <a href="/wiki/Georg_Frundsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Frundsberg">Georg Frundsberg</a>, and the Spanish captain <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio de Leyva">Antonio de Leyva</a>, who was in charge of the Imperial garrison inside Pavia. The Habsburg infantry consisted of 12,000 Germans (<a href="/wiki/Landsknechte" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsknechte">Landsknechte</a>), 5,000 Spaniards, and 3,000 Italians. Within the infantry, Imperial arquebusiers formed a part of the Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Tercio#History" title="Tercio">colunellas</a></i> and of the German <a href="/wiki/Doppels%C3%B6ldner" title="Doppelsöldner">doppelsöldners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010495_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010495-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Imperial cavalry consisted of 1,500 knights and 800 lances.<sup id="cite_ref-Livio_Agostini,_Piero_Pastoretto_1999_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livio_Agostini,_Piero_Pastoretto_1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle was fought in the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Park" title="Visconti Park">Visconti Park</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mirabello_di_Pavia" title="Mirabello di Pavia">Mirabello di Pavia</a>, outside the city walls. In the four-hour battle, the French army was split and <a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">defeated in detail</a>. Many of the chief nobles of France were killed, and others – including Francis I himself – were captured. The historian <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Francesco Guicciardini</a> summarised the clash as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The King, fighting very gallantly, sustained the shock of the enemy, who, however, with their firearms obliged those about him to give way, till, the Swiss arriving and the cavalry charging them in flank, the Spaniards were repulsed. But the Germans easily broke the Swiss with great slaughter, their valour no way corresponding that day with the courage they had shown in previous battles. The King, in the meantime, having been with a great number of his men at arms in the midst of the battle, and endeavoured to stop the flight of his men, after a long combat, his horse killed under him, himself wounded in the face and in the hand, and fallen to the ground, was taken by some soldiers who did not know him. But when the Viceroy came up he discovered himself to him, who, after kissing his hand with profound reverence, received him prisoner in the name of the Emperor.</p></blockquote> <p>Francis was imprisoned in the nearby tower of <a href="/wiki/Pizzighettone" title="Pizzighettone">Pizzighettone</a> and later transferred to Spain, where Charles V was residing for his upcoming marriage with <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a>. Together they signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1526)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Madrid (1526)">Treaty of Madrid</a> of 1526, by which Francis abandoned claims over the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> and ceded <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a> to the House of Habsburg in exchange for his freedom. Francis, however, denounced the treaty after his liberation and soon re-opened hostilities over Burgundy and Milan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pavia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_of_1524%E2%80%9325" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian campaign of 1524–25">Italian campaign of 1524–25</a></div> <p>The French, in possession of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> at the start of the Italian War of 1521–26, had been forced to abandon it after their defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Battle of Bicocca</a> in 1522. Determined to regain it, Francis ordered an invasion of the region in late 1523, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Gouffier,_Seigneur_de_Bonnivet" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Gouffier, Seigneur de Bonnivet">Guillaume Gouffier, Seigneur de Bonnivet</a>; but Bonnivet was defeated by Imperial troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Sesia">Battle of the Sesia</a> and forced to withdraw to France.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Charles de Lannoy now launched an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Fernando_d%27%C3%81valos" title="Fernando d'Ávalos">Fernando d'Ávalos, Marquis of Pescara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Charles III, Duke of Bourbon">Charles III, Duke of Bourbon</a> (who had recently betrayed Francis and allied himself with the Emperor). While initially successful, the Imperial offensive lost valuable time during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marseille_(1524)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Marseille (1524)">Siege of Marseille</a> and was forced to withdraw back to Italy by the arrival of Francis and the main French army at <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavia_campaign_(1524-25).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pavia_campaign_%281524-25%29.png/250px-Pavia_campaign_%281524-25%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pavia_campaign_%281524-25%29.png/375px-Pavia_campaign_%281524-25%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Pavia_campaign_%281524-25%29.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>The French advance into <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, and the Pavia campaign of 1524–25. French movements are indicated in blue and Imperial movements in red.</figcaption></figure> <p>In mid-October 1524, Francis himself crossed the Alps and advanced on Milan at the head of an army numbering more than 40,000. Bourbon and Pescara, their troops not yet recovered from the campaign in Provence, were in no position to offer serious resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French army moved in several columns, brushing aside Imperial attempts to hold its advance, but failed to bring the main body of Imperial troops to battle. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Lannoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Lannoy">Charles de Lannoy</a>, who had concentrated some 16,000 men to resist the 33,000 French troops closing on Milan, decided that the city could not be defended and withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Lodi,_Lombardy" title="Lodi, Lombardy">Lodi</a> on 26 October.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having entered Milan and installed <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_de_la_Tr%C3%A9moille" title="Louis II de la Trémoille">Louis II de la Trémoille</a> as the governor, Francis (at the urging of Bonnivet and against the advice of his other senior commanders, who favoured a more vigorous pursuit of the retreating Lannoy) advanced on <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio de Leyva">Antonio de Leyva</a> remained with a sizable Imperial garrison of about 9,000.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bulk of the French army arrived at Pavia in the last days of October. By 2 November, <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Montmorency" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne de Montmorency">Anne de Montmorency</a> had crossed the <a href="/wiki/Ticino_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticino River">Ticino River</a> and invested the city from the south, completing its encirclement. Inside were about 9,000 men, mainly mercenaries whom Antonio de Leyva was able to pay only by melting the church plate.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A period of skirmishing and artillery bombardments followed, and several breaches had been made in the walls by mid-November. On 21 November, Francis attempted an assault on the city through two of the breaches but was beaten back with heavy casualties; hampered by rainy weather and a lack of gunpowder, the French decided to wait for the defenders to starve.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joachim_Patinir_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Joachim_Patinir_009.jpg/350px-Joachim_Patinir_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Joachim_Patinir_009.jpg/525px-Joachim_Patinir_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Joachim_Patinir_009.jpg/700px-Joachim_Patinir_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3053" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Pavia, by a follower of <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Patinir" title="Joachim Patinir">Joachim Patinir</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In early December, a Spanish force commanded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_de_Moncada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo de Moncada (page does not exist)">Hugo de Moncada</a> landed near <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, intending to interfere in a conflict between pro-Valois and pro-Habsburg factions in the city. Francis dispatched a larger force under the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Saluzzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Saluzzo">Marquis of Saluzzo</a> to intercept them. Confronted by the more numerous French and left without naval support by the arrival of a pro-Valois fleet commanded by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a>, the Spanish troops surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis then signed a secret agreement with Pope <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a>, who pledged not to assist Charles in exchange for Francis's assistance with the conquest of Naples. Against the advice of his senior commanders, Francis detached a portion of his forces under the <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="John Stewart, Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a> and sent them south to aid the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lannoy attempted to intercept the expedition near <a href="/wiki/Fiorenzuola" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiorenzuola">Fiorenzuola</a>, but suffered heavy casualties and was forced to return to Lodi by the intervention of the infamous <a href="/wiki/Black_Bands" title="Black Bands">Black Bands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_dalle_Bande_Nere" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni dalle Bande Nere">Giovanni de' Medici</a>, Italian mercenaries which had just entered French service. Medici then returned to Pavia with a supply train of gunpowder and shot gathered by the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Ferrara">Duke of Ferrara</a>; but the French position was simultaneously weakened by the departure of nearly 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a>, who returned to their <a href="/wiki/Canton_(administrative_division)" title="Canton (administrative division)">cantons</a> to defend them against marauding <a href="/wiki/Landsknechts" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsknechts">landsknechts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In January 1525, Lannoy was reinforced by the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Frundsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Frundsberg">Georg Frundsberg</a> with 15,000 fresh <a href="/wiki/Landsknecht" title="Landsknecht">landsknechts</a> from <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire_of_the_German_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation">Germany</a> and renewed the offensive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAPPAparcovisconteopavia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/MAPPAparcovisconteopavia.svg/220px-MAPPAparcovisconteopavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/MAPPAparcovisconteopavia.svg/330px-MAPPAparcovisconteopavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/MAPPAparcovisconteopavia.svg/440px-MAPPAparcovisconteopavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Park" title="Visconti Park">Visconti Park</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> Pescara captured the French outpost at <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_Lomellina" title="Sant'Angelo Lomellina">Sant'Angelo Lomellina</a>, cutting the lines of communication between Pavia and Milan, while a separate column of landsknechts advanced on <a href="/wiki/Belgiojoso,_Lombardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgiojoso, Lombardy">Belgiojoso</a> and, despite being briefly pushed back by a raid led by Medici and Bonnivet, occupied the town.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2 February, Lannoy was only a few miles from Pavia. Francis had encamped the majority of his forces in the great walled <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Park" title="Visconti Park">Visconti Park</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mirabello_Castle" title="Mirabello Castle">Mirabello</a> outside the city walls, placing them between Leyva's garrison and the approaching relief army.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skirmishing and sallies by the garrison continued through February. Medici was seriously wounded and withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a> to recuperate, forcing Francis to recall much of the Milan garrison to offset the departure of the Black Band; but the fighting had little overall effect. On 21 February, the Imperial commanders, running low on supplies and mistakenly believing that the French forces were more numerous than their own, decided to launch an attack on <a href="/wiki/Mirabello_Castle" title="Mirabello Castle">Mirabello Castle</a> in order to save face and demoralize the French sufficiently to ensure a safe withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Pavia_(woodcut).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Battle_of_Pavia_%28woodcut%29.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_Pavia_%28woodcut%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Battle_of_Pavia_%28woodcut%29.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_Pavia_%28woodcut%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Battle_of_Pavia_%28woodcut%29.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_Pavia_%28woodcut%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Joerg Breu, The Battle of Pavia, woodcut. c. 1525.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Imperial and Spanish armaments and soldiers for the battle were substantially financed by the <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Fugger" title="Jakob Fugger">Jakob Fugger</a> German bank, and the Castilian bank <a href="/wiki/Warburg_family" title="Warburg family">Banca Palenzuela Levi Kahana</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pavia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>The times given here are taken from <a href="/wiki/Angus_Konstam" title="Angus Konstam">Konstam's</a> reconstruction of the battle</i>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movements_in_the_dark">Movements in the dark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pavia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Movements in the dark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porta_Pescarina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Porta_Pescarina.jpg/220px-Porta_Pescarina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Porta_Pescarina.jpg/330px-Porta_Pescarina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Porta_Pescarina.jpg/440px-Porta_Pescarina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the Porta Pescarina of the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Park" title="Visconti Park">Visconti Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Genesio_ed_Uniti" title="San Genesio ed Uniti">San Genesio ed Uniti</a>, where the Imperial troops entered the Park.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the evening of 23 February, Lannoy's imperial troops, who had been encamped outside the east wall of the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Park" title="Visconti Park">Visconti Park</a>, began their march north along the walls. Although Konstam indicates that at the same time, the Imperial artillery began a bombardment of the French siege lines – which had become routine during the extended siege – to conceal Lannoy's movement,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juan de Oznaya (a soldier who participated in the battle and wrote about it in 1544) indicates that at that moment, the Imperial troops set their tents on fire to mislead the French into believing that they were retreating.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Imperial engineers quickly worked to create a breach in the park walls, at the Porta Pescarina near the village of <a href="/wiki/San_Genesio_ed_Uniti" title="San Genesio ed Uniti">San Genesio</a>, through which the Imperial army could enter.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 5:00 am, some 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebusiers</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a> had entered the park and were rapidly advancing on Mirabello Castle, where they believed the French headquarters to be; simultaneously, Imperial <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a> spread out from the breach into the park, intending to intercept any French movements.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, a detachment of French cavalry under Charles Tiercelin encountered the Imperial cavalry and began a series of skirmishes with them. A mass of Swiss pikemen under <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_la_Marck,_Seigneur_de_la_Flourance" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert de la Marck, Seigneur de la Flourance">Robert de la Marck, Seigneur de la Flourance</a> moved up to assist them, overrunning a battery of Spanish artillery that had been dragged into the park.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They missed De Basto's arcabuceros – who had by 6:30 am emerged from the woods near the castle, and swiftly overrun it – and blundered into 6,000 of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Frundsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Frundsberg">Georg Frundsberg</a>'s landsknechts. By 7:00 am, a full-scale infantry battle had developed not far from the original breach.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Francis_attacks">Francis attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pavia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Francis attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley,_IGMN144483,_1526-31.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/330px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/495px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/660px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>Detail of tapestry illustrating the Battle of Pavia</figcaption></figure> <p>A third mass of troops – the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> heavy <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> under Lannoy himself, as well as d'Avalos's Spanish infantry – had meanwhile been moving through the woods to the west, closer to where Francis was encamped. The French did not realize the magnitude of the Imperial attack for some time; however, by about 7:20 am, d'Avalos's advance had been spotted by a battery of French artillery, which commenced firing on the Spanish lines. This alerted Francis, who launched a charge against Lannoy's outnumbered cavalry with the entire force of French <a href="/wiki/Gendarme_(historical)" title="Gendarme (historical)">gendarmes</a>, scattering the Spanish by 7:40 am.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francis's precipitate advance, however, had not only masked the fire of the French artillery, but also pulled him away from the mass of French infantry, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_la_Pole" title="Richard de la Pole">Richard de la Pole</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Francois_de_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois de Lorraine">Francois de Lorraine</a>, who led the <a href="/wiki/Black_Band_(landsknechts)" title="Black Band (landsknechts)">Black Band</a> of renegade landsknecht pikemen (not to be confused with the Italian mercenary company of arquebusiers by the same name), which was 4,000 to 5,000 men strong. Pescara, left in command of the Spanish forces after Lannoy had followed the retreating cavalry, formed his men up at the edge of the woods and sent messengers to Bourbon, Frundsberg, and De Vasto requesting assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frundsberg meanwhile mauled the heavily outnumbered Swiss infantry opposing him; Tiercelin and Flourance were unable to hold their troops together, and the French foot began to flee the field.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endgame">Endgame</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pavia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Endgame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavia_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pavia_relief.jpg/250px-Pavia_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pavia_relief.jpg/375px-Pavia_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pavia_relief.jpg/500px-Pavia_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="1828" /></a><figcaption><i>The Battle of Pavia</i> by Juan de Orea.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 8:00 am, a mass of Imperial pikemen and arquebusiers descended on the French cavalry from all sides. Lacking room to manoeuvre because of the surrounding woods, the French gendarmes were surrounded and systematically killed. <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_la_Pole" title="Richard de la Pole">Richard de la Pole</a> and Lorraine, advancing to assist Francis, were met by Frundsberg's arriving landsknechts; the French infantry was broken and routed, and de la Pole and Lorraine were both killed. In a particularly bitter contest between Imperial and freelance landsknechts, the Black Band was surrounded by Frundsberg's pikemen and exterminated where it stood. The French king fought on as his horse was killed under him by <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Hercolani" title="Cesare Hercolani">Cesare Hercolani</a>, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Condottiero" title="Condottiero">Condottiero</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-tkline.pgcc.net_2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tkline.pgcc.net_2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surrounded by Spanish arquebusiers and German <a href="/wiki/Landsknecht" title="Landsknecht">Landsknecht</a>, he was taken prisoner and escorted from the field.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emperor:_A_new_life_of_Charles_V_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emperor:_A_new_life_of_Charles_V-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavia-Vernavola_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pavia-Vernavola_Park.jpg/220px-Pavia-Vernavola_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pavia-Vernavola_Park.jpg/330px-Pavia-Vernavola_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pavia-Vernavola_Park.jpg/440px-Pavia-Vernavola_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>In the central part of the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Park" title="Visconti Park">Visconti Park</a> there is now the <a href="/wiki/Vernavola_Park" title="Vernavola Park">Vernavola Park</a>, along these banks the imperial arquebusiers decimated the French <a href="/wiki/Gendarme_(historical)" title="Gendarme (historical)">gendarmes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, Antonio de Leyva had sortied with the garrison, overrunning the 3,000 Swiss under Montmorency that had been manning the siege lines. The remnants of the Swiss – both Montmorency's and Flourance's – tried to flee across the river, suffering massive casualties as they did.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French rearguard, under the Duke of Alençon, had taken no part in the battle; when the Duke realized what had occurred in the park, he quickly began to retreat towards Milan. By 9:00 am, the battle was over.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Francis'_capture_and_consequences"><span id="Francis.27_capture_and_consequences"></span>Francis' capture and consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pavia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Francis' capture and consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley,_arazzi_della_battaglia_di_pavia,_cattura_di_francesco_I_di_francia,_IGMN144489,_1526-31.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_arazzi_della_battaglia_di_pavia%2C_cattura_di_francesco_I_di_francia%2C_IGMN144489%2C_1526-31.JPG/330px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_arazzi_della_battaglia_di_pavia%2C_cattura_di_francesco_I_di_francia%2C_IGMN144489%2C_1526-31.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_arazzi_della_battaglia_di_pavia%2C_cattura_di_francesco_I_di_francia%2C_IGMN144489%2C_1526-31.JPG/495px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_arazzi_della_battaglia_di_pavia%2C_cattura_di_francesco_I_di_francia%2C_IGMN144489%2C_1526-31.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_arazzi_della_battaglia_di_pavia%2C_cattura_di_francesco_I_di_francia%2C_IGMN144489%2C_1526-31.JPG/660px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_arazzi_della_battaglia_di_pavia%2C_cattura_di_francesco_I_di_francia%2C_IGMN144489%2C_1526-31.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>The capture of the French king Francis</figcaption></figure> <p>The exact nature of Francis's surrender—in particular, who exactly had taken him prisoner—is uncertain, with a variety of candidates put forward by historians, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Lannoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Lannoy">Charles de Lannoy</a> himself, who made King Francis his prisoner as the two exchanged their swords. According to an account, Lannoy kneeled in front of Francis out of respect.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Three Spanish soldiers: namely <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Pita_da_Veiga" title="Alonso Pita da Veiga">Alonso Pita da Veiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Urbieta" title="Juan de Urbieta">Juan de Urbieta</a> and Diego Dávila.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Some Germans" who, according to an early report of the battle, found Francis on the ground and wanted to kill him but spared his life after he shouted that he was the king of France.<sup id="cite_ref-Emperor:_A_new_life_of_Charles_V_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emperor:_A_new_life_of_Charles_V-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas,_Count_of_Salm" title="Nicholas, Count of Salm">Nicholas, Count of Salm</a>, made a member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a> for the capture of King Francis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The Italian condottiero <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Hercolani" title="Cesare Hercolani">Cesare Hercolani</a>, who was rewarded as a "hero of Pavia" by Charles V.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Other individuals proposed in some accounts as crucial for the capture are <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">conqueror of Chile</a>, who may have prevented another soldier from killing Francis by mistake<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two French traitors, followers of <a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Charles III, Duke of Bourbon">Charles de Bourbon</a>, who might have persuaded King Francis to surrender.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The fact of the matter is that the individuals mentioned above were all given credit for the capture of Francis I in various ways, and Charles V himself honoured different people for the achievement over the years. The decree granting a coat of arms to Alonso Pita da Veiga for his deeds at the Battle of Pavia, was archived at the General Archive of Simanca (Archivo general de Simancas, legajo 388, rotulado de "Mercedes y Privilegios.') and was issued by Emperor Charles V on 24 July 1529. In that decree, Charles V does not credit a single individual but, rather, a group of individuals that includes da Veiga: " ..... and in the same battle, you (Alonso Pita da Veiga) accomplished so much that you reached the person of said King (Francis I of France) and captured him, jointly with the other persons that captured him." (" .... <i>y en la misma batalla ficistes tanto que allegastes á la misma persona del dicho Rey, y fuistes en prenderle, juntamente con las otras personas que le prendieron</i> ....")<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, in his autobiography, Charles V claimed that "the King was made prisoner by his principal captains", crediting the Duke of Bourbon, Charles de Lannoy, and the Marquis of Pescara.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pavia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Pavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Battle_of_Pavia.jpg/370px-Battle_of_Pavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Battle_of_Pavia.jpg/555px-Battle_of_Pavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Battle_of_Pavia.jpg/740px-Battle_of_Pavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption><i>The Flight of the French Women in the Battle of Pavia</i>, one of a <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a> suite woven at <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> c. 1528–31 after <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_van_Orley" title="Bernard van Orley">Bernard van Orley</a></figcaption></figure><p> The French defeat was decisive. Aside from Francis, a number of leading French nobles, including Montmorency and Flourance, had been captured; an even greater number – among them Bonnivet, La Tremoille, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Foix-Lescun" title="Thomas de Foix-Lescun">Thomas de Foix-Lescun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Savoy" title="René of Savoy">René of Savoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Palice" class="mw-redirect" title="La Palice">La Palice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_la_Pole" title="Richard de la Pole">Richard de la Pole</a> (the last <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">Yorkist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretender</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">English crown</a>) and Lorraine – had been killed in the fighting. Francis was taken to the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Pizzighettone" title="Pizzighettone">Pizzighettone</a>, where he wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Savoy" title="Louise of Savoy">Louise of Savoy</a>, his mother: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To inform you of how the rest of my ill-fortune is proceeding, all is lost to me save honour and life, which is safe...<sup id="cite_ref-Konstam,_Pavia_1525,_76_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstam,_Pavia_1525,_76-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Soon afterwards, he finally learned that the Duke of Albany had lost the larger part of his army to attrition and desertion, and had returned to France without ever having reached Naples.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The broken remnants of the French forces, aside from a small garrison left to hold the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sforzesco" class="mw-redirect" title="Castel Sforzesco">Castel Sforzesco</a> in Milan, retreated across the Alps under the nominal command of <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Alen%C3%A7on" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles IV of Alençon">Charles IV of Alençon</a>, reaching <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> by March.<sup id="cite_ref-Konstam,_Pavia_1525,_76_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstam,_Pavia_1525,_76-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Lannoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Lannoy">Charles de Lannoy</a> kept Francis I in his custody and imprisoned him in a tower of <a href="/wiki/Pizzighettone" title="Pizzighettone">Pizzighettone</a>. The king was then brought to <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and from there he was taken to Spain. He remained jailed in a tower in Madrid until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1526)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Madrid (1526)">Treaty of Madrid</a> was signed. According to the treaty, Francis I abandoned his claims over Flanders, Milan and Burgundy. However, the peace treaty was broken in the same year and a new French-Imperial war lasted from 1526 to 1529.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pavia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Bernardi_-_The_Battle_of_Pavia_-_Walters_4168.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Giovanni_Bernardi_-_The_Battle_of_Pavia_-_Walters_4168.jpg/220px-Giovanni_Bernardi_-_The_Battle_of_Pavia_-_Walters_4168.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Giovanni_Bernardi_-_The_Battle_of_Pavia_-_Walters_4168.jpg/330px-Giovanni_Bernardi_-_The_Battle_of_Pavia_-_Walters_4168.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Giovanni_Bernardi_-_The_Battle_of_Pavia_-_Walters_4168.jpg/440px-Giovanni_Bernardi_-_The_Battle_of_Pavia_-_Walters_4168.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1526" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Pavia in an engraved <a href="/wiki/Rock_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock crystal">rock crystal</a> <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameo</a> relief commissioned by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_de%27_Medici" title="Ippolito de' Medici">Ippolito de' Medici</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bernardi" title="Giovanni Bernardi">Giovanni Bernardi</a>, Rome, <i>c</i> 1531–35 (Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Don_Juan_Lopez_Quixada_-_Leather_Box_for_the_Pennant_of_Francis_I_at_the_Battle_of_Pavia_-_Walters_731_-_Right_Side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Don_Juan_Lopez_Quixada_-_Leather_Box_for_the_Pennant_of_Francis_I_at_the_Battle_of_Pavia_-_Walters_731_-_Right_Side.jpg/175px-Don_Juan_Lopez_Quixada_-_Leather_Box_for_the_Pennant_of_Francis_I_at_the_Battle_of_Pavia_-_Walters_731_-_Right_Side.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Don_Juan_Lopez_Quixada_-_Leather_Box_for_the_Pennant_of_Francis_I_at_the_Battle_of_Pavia_-_Walters_731_-_Right_Side.jpg/263px-Don_Juan_Lopez_Quixada_-_Leather_Box_for_the_Pennant_of_Francis_I_at_the_Battle_of_Pavia_-_Walters_731_-_Right_Side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Don_Juan_Lopez_Quixada_-_Leather_Box_for_the_Pennant_of_Francis_I_at_the_Battle_of_Pavia_-_Walters_731_-_Right_Side.jpg/350px-Don_Juan_Lopez_Quixada_-_Leather_Box_for_the_Pennant_of_Francis_I_at_the_Battle_of_Pavia_-_Walters_731_-_Right_Side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption><i>Leather Box for the Pennant of Francis I at the Battle of Pavia</i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Rome Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_de%27_Medici" title="Ippolito de' Medici">Ippolito de' Medici</a>, who acted as Florentine emissary to Charles V in 1535, expressed support for the Emperor's victory by commissioning a <a href="/wiki/Rock_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock crystal">rock crystal</a> low relief in the manner of an Antique <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameo</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Gem_engraver" class="mw-redirect" title="Gem engraver">gem engraver</a> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bernardi" title="Giovanni Bernardi">Giovanni Bernardi</a>. The classicizing treatment of the event lent it a timeless, mythic quality and reflected on the culture and taste of the patron.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An oil-on-panel <i>Battle of Pavia</i>, painted by an anonymous Flemish artist, depicts the military engagement between the armies of Charles V and Francis I. Because of its detail, the painting is considered an accurate visual record, probably based on eyewitness accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A suite of seven <a href="/wiki/Brussels_tapestry" title="Brussels tapestry">Brussels tapestries</a> after <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_van_Orley" title="Bernard van Orley">Bernard van Orley</a> (above right) celebrate the Imperial–Spanish victory. A set is kept in the <a href="/wiki/Capodimonte_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Capodimonte Museum">Capodimonte Museum</a> in Naples; they were donated to Charles V in 1531 by the Estates General of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battlefield_today">Battlefield today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pavia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battlefield today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Much of the battle took place within the immense hunting reserve of the Dukes of Milan, the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Park" title="Visconti Park">Visconti Park</a>, which extended for over 2,200 hectares. The Visconti Park no longer exists, most of its woods were cut between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to make room for the fields, however three natural reserves survive that can be considered the heirs of the park, they are the heronry of the Carola, that of Porta Chiossa and the <a href="/wiki/Vernavola_Park" title="Vernavola Park">Vernavola Park</a>, which cover an area of 148 hectares. In particular, some of the most important episodes of the battle took place inside the Vernavola park, which extends southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Mirabello_Castle" title="Mirabello Castle">Mirabello Castle</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MirabelloCastle4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MirabelloCastle4.jpg/220px-MirabelloCastle4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MirabelloCastle4.jpg/330px-MirabelloCastle4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MirabelloCastle4.jpg/440px-MirabelloCastle4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mirabello_Castle" title="Mirabello Castle">Mirabello Castle</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> Near the park, in 2015, two cannonballs were found during some agricultural work, probably fired by French artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although partially mutilated during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when it was transformed into a farm, the Mirabello Castle, once the seat of the ducal captain of the park, still stands today a short distance from Vernavola and preserves inside some curious decorative elements (fireplaces, frescoes and windows) not yet adequately restored and studied, in French late Gothic style, added to the structure of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sforza" title="House of Sforza">Sforza</a> period during the first French domination of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> (1500- 1513). About two kilometres to the north, along the Cantone Tre Miglia road, is the Repentita farmhouse, where Francesco I was captured and, according to tradition, was housed. The complex still retains parts of the fifteenth-century masonry and an inscription placed on the external wall recalls the event.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musei_civici_pavia10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Musei_civici_pavia10.jpg/220px-Musei_civici_pavia10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Musei_civici_pavia10.jpg/330px-Musei_civici_pavia10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Musei_civici_pavia10.jpg/440px-Musei_civici_pavia10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3454" data-file-height="2993" /></a><figcaption>Tombstone of <a href="/wiki/Eitel_Friedrich_III,_Count_of_Hohenzollern" title="Eitel Friedrich III, Count of Hohenzollern">Eitel Friedrich III</a>, captain of the Landsknechte from the basilica of <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro" title="San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro">San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Civic_Museums" title="Pavia Civic Museums">Civic Museums</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/San_Genesio_ed_Uniti" title="San Genesio ed Uniti">San Genesio ed Uniti</a> in via Porta Pescarina there are some of the remains of the park gate where, in the night between 23 and 24 February 1525, the imperials made the three breaches that started the battle. Less evident are the traces of the battle in Pavia: the city walls, which defended the city during the siege, were replaced, around the middle of the sixteenth century, by robust bastions, partly preserved. Instead, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">Visconti Castle</a> (where the tombstone of <a href="/wiki/Eitel_Friedrich_III,_Count_of_Hohenzollern" title="Eitel Friedrich III, Count of Hohenzollern">Eitel Friedrich III</a>, Count of Hohenzollern, captain of the Landsknechte is preserved), two gates of the medieval walls: Porta Nuova<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Porta Calcinara.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern outskirts of Pavia are home to some monasteries (almost all now deconsecrated) that hosted the Swiss and German mercenaries of Francis I, such as the monastery of Santi Spirito and Gallo, that of <a href="/wiki/San_Giacomo_della_Vernavola" title="San Giacomo della Vernavola">San Giacomo della Vernavola</a>, that of <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Verzolo" title="San Pietro in Verzolo">San Pietro in Verzolo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Lazzaro,_Pavia" title="San Lazzaro, Pavia">Church of San Lazzaro</a>, while in the western one there is the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Lanfranco,_Pavia" title="San Lanfranco, Pavia">San Lanfranco</a> (where Francis I was based) and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Santissimo_Salvatore" title="Basilica of Santissimo Salvatore">basilica of Santissimo Salvatore</a>. In the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Teodoro,_Pavia" title="San Teodoro, Pavia">San Teodoro</a> there is a large fresco depicting the city during the siege of 1522, in it, with a certain wealth of detail, Pavia and its surroundings are depicted, exactly as they must have appeared at the time of the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pavia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEisler1977" class="citation book cs1">Eisler, Colin T. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5vqAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ruprecht+Heller%22"><i>This is the only identified work of the master Ruprecht Heller</i></a>. Phaidon Press for the Samuel H. Kress Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714814537" title="Special:BookSources/9780714814537"><bdi>9780714814537</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224033100/https://books.google.com/books?id=o5vqAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ruprecht+Heller%22">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+is+the+only+identified+work+of+the+master+Ruprecht+Heller&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press+for+the+Samuel+H.+Kress+Foundation&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780714814537&rft.aulast=Eisler&rft.aufirst=Colin+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do5vqAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Ruprecht%2BHeller%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livio_Agostini,_Piero_Pastoretto_1999-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livio_Agostini,_Piero_Pastoretto_1999_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livio_Agostini,_Piero_Pastoretto_1999_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livio_Agostini,_Piero_Pastoretto_1999_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livio_Agostini,_Piero_Pastoretto_1999_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivio_Agostini,_Piero_Pastoretto1999" class="citation book cs1">Livio Agostini, Piero Pastoretto (1999). <i>Le grandi Battaglie della Storia</i>. Milano: Viviani Editore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+grandi+Battaglie+della+Storia&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Viviani+Editore&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Livio+Agostini%2C+Piero+Pastoretto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker_2011_163-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_2011_163_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_2011_163_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2011" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHpVn68GCogC&q=spencer+tucker+rocroi&pg=PA201"><i>Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-429-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-429-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-429-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+that+Changed+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+World+Conflict&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-429-0&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHpVn68GCogC%26q%3Dspencer%2Btucker%2Brocroi%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010495-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010495_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker2010">Tucker 2010</a>, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrugh2019" class="citation book cs1">Brugh, Patrick (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P4C3DwAAQBAJ&q=landsknecht+Arquebus+pavia&pg=PA41"><i>Gunpowder, Masculinity, and Warfare in German Texts, 1400–1700</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580469685" title="Special:BookSources/9781580469685"><bdi>9781580469685</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224033118/https://books.google.com/books?id=P4C3DwAAQBAJ&q=landsknecht+Arquebus+pavia&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunpowder%2C+Masculinity%2C+and+Warfare+in+German+Texts%2C+1400%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781580469685&rft.aulast=Brugh&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP4C3DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlandsknecht%2BArquebus%2Bpavia%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2002" class="citation book cs1">Morris, T. A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1uOEAgAAQBAJ&q=Battle+of+pavia+numbers&pg=PT244"><i>Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134748198" title="Special:BookSources/9781134748198"><bdi>9781134748198</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224033208/https://books.google.com/books?id=1uOEAgAAQBAJ&q=Battle+of+pavia+numbers&pg=PT244">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+and+England+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134748198&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1uOEAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DBattle%2Bof%2Bpavia%2Bnumbers%26pg%3DPT244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of Italy</i>, p.205, Francesco Guicciardini, J.Towers, 1755</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 30–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 36–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blockmans, <i>Emperor Charles V</i>, 57; Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 43–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blockmans, <i>Emperor Charles V</i>, 59; Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 46–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOznaya._de1842" class="citation book cs1">Oznaya. de, Juan (1842). Pidal, Marquis of; Miraflores, Marquis of; Salvá, M. (eds.). <i>Historia de la Guerra de Lombardia, Batalla de Pavía y Prisión del Rey Francisco de Francia</i>. Colección de Documentos Inéditos Para la Historia de España. Vol. XXXVIII. Madrid: Imprenta de la viuda de Calero. pp. 289–405.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+Guerra+de+Lombardia%2C+Batalla+de+Pav%C3%ADa+y+Prisi%C3%B3n+del+Rey+Francisco+de+Francia&rft.place=Madrid&rft.series=Colecci%C3%B3n+de+Documentos+In%C3%A9ditos+Para+la+Historia+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.pages=289-405&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+la+viuda+de+Calero&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Oznaya.+de&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 56–58. It is unclear whether the breach was in the east wall of the park or the north one; Konstam, based on an analysis of the later course of the battle, suggests that the north is the more likely option.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 58–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>PavÍa 1525</i>, 63–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 65–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 69–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tkline.pgcc.net_2007-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tkline.pgcc.net_2007_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070425162247/http://tkline.pgcc.net/PITBR/Chateaubriand/ChatindexP.htm">"Chateabriand's Memoirs: Index P"</a>. <i>tkline.pgcc.net</i>. 8 February 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tkline.pgcc.net/PITBR/Chateaubriand/ChatindexP.htm">the original</a> on 25 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tkline.pgcc.net&rft.atitle=Chateabriand%27s+Memoirs%3A+Index+P&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftkline.pgcc.net%2FPITBR%2FChateaubriand%2FChatindexP.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informagiovani-italia.com/storia-di-pavia.htm">"Storia di Pavia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713032057/http://www.informagiovani-italia.com/storia-di-pavia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+di+Pavia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informagiovani-italia.com%2Fstoria-di-pavia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 72–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emperor:_A_new_life_of_Charles_V-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emperor:_A_new_life_of_Charles_V_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emperor:_A_new_life_of_Charles_V_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2019" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3IKVDwAAQBAJ&q=Pavia"><i>Emperor: A new life of Charles V</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300241020" title="Special:BookSources/9780300241020"><bdi>9780300241020</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224033147/https://books.google.it/books?id=3IKVDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Geoffrey+parker+Battle+of+Pavia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjpzuadyuHkAhUH3qQKHdD5BlkQ6AEILDAA#v=snippet&q=Pavia&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor%3A+A+new+life+of+Charles+V&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780300241020&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3IKVDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPavia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525</i>, 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5i5UAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Court of France in the Sixteenth Century, 1514–1559</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iberoam%C3%A9rica+Social%3A+Revista-red+de+Estudios+Sociales&rft.atitle=In%C3%A9s+Su%C3%A1rez+y+la+conquista+de+Chile&rft.volume=III&rft.pages=38-42&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=C%C3%B3rdoba&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiberoamericasocial.com%2Fines-suarez-y-la-conquista-de-chile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé1862" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">José, Ferrer de Couto (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisolhistorico00coutgoog"><i>Crisol historico español y restauracion de glorias nacionales</i></a> (in Spanish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Provincia+Pavese&rft.atitle=Due+palle+di+cannone+nel+campo%3A+%22Sono+della+battaglia+di+Pavia%22&rft.date=2015-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvideo.laprovinciapavese.gelocal.it%2Flocale%2Fdue-palle-di-cannone-nel-campo-sono-della-battaglia-di-pavia%2F39734%2F39874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paviaedintorni.it/temi/eventi_file/eventi_bellici_file/descrizione_battagliamirabello.htm">"1525 Battaglia di Pavia"</a>. <i>Pavia e dintorni</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111135513/http://www.paviaedintorni.it/temi/eventi_file/eventi_bellici_file/descrizione_battagliamirabello.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pavia+e+dintorni&rft.atitle=1525+Battaglia+di+Pavia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paviaedintorni.it%2Ftemi%2Feventi_file%2Feventi_bellici_file%2Fdescrizione_battagliamirabello.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/PV240-01128/">"Porta Nuova"</a>. <i>Lombardia Beni Culturali</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221109102319/https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/PV240-01128/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Dynasty Forged by Fire." <i>MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History</i> 18, no. 3 (Spring 2006): 34–43. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1040-5992">1040-5992</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Blockmans" title="Wim Blockmans">Blockmans, Wim</a>. <i>Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558.</i> Translated by Isola van den Hoven-Vardon. 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Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00800-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00800-0">0-691-00800-0</a>.</li> <li>Hall, Bert S. <i>Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics.</i> Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5531-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5531-4">0-8018-5531-4</a>.</li> <li>Knecht, Robert J. <i>Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57885-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57885-X">0-521-57885-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Konstam" title="Angus Konstam">Konstam, Angus</a>. <i>Pavia 1525: The Climax of the Italian Wars.</i> Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-504-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-504-7">1-85532-504-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Oman, Charles</a>. <i>A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century.</i> London: Methuen & Co., 1937.</li> <li>Phillips, Charles and Alan Axelrod. <i>Encyclopedia of Wars.</i> Volume 2. New York: Facts on File, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-2851-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-2851-6">0-8160-2851-6</a>.</li> <li>Taylor, Frederick Lewis. <i>The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529.</i> Westport: Greenwood Press, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-5025-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-5025-6">0-8371-5025-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tucker, Stephen, ed. (2010). <i>A Global Chronology of Conflict:From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</i>. Vol. II. ABC-CLIO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3AFrom+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMoCAAAAYAAJ&q=Crisol+historico+espa%C3%B1ol+y+restauracion+de+glorias+nacionales">Ferrer de Couto, Jose, (1862) "Crisol historico español y restauracion de glorias nacionales – Alonso Pita da Veiga en la Batalla de Pavía", pp. 167</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the 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href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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