CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91360ee0accd3e14',cH: 'zza.ELnLHmLJUw8xuJg5jBiGYS5ZxiLOgiNCJdKhx_g-1739798251-1.2.1.1-c6rZPQ_1ENwS4CWNO.EgxPHcMiNO0Twz_bIFJfvjBAO0F4pujk0Ea7XD73XXAlvh',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Aida%20Mustapha&__cf_chl_tk=j_UDKWVVTqE78MCzAXbJXjCTF_SKFLt3xY312LxzGtQ-1739798251-1.0.1.1-s9KkeEEfSKFlDygpyz83JHTKFMGICjZ.UbsanG2bSUg",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739798251',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Aida%20Mustapha&__cf_chl_f_tk=j_UDKWVVTqE78MCzAXbJXjCTF_SKFLt3xY312LxzGtQ-1739798251-1.0.1.1-s9KkeEEfSKFlDygpyz83JHTKFMGICjZ.UbsanG2bSUg",md: "TGb.anYCBUMiXDBq0Ert27.ezYXVvx7I5znaozXK9nM-1739798251-1.2.1.1-dQLb3g2gR3Y6Suw1aV5zOYnYFnzGfSg2wtnx95jVhYAaU.SLBWNkp2qP9guEBqGq3.mr9peBUDLFBNg68IcE6N_4aRyKX6yPZ_2mL03PMnvOlPAm6rnq_xa51pQvjg6pbfLPR_JtHK5lRIGxdAAHOpwalPYcaVQbne1VhT16RxLZQJC6wduIyDLHNt6sJtqM0nmrayOxr647zq_nV5_AUN7HfyPUc48kVQZoJSwMFoJxzfGwgsceGJbBYNZxZ2oWl3jQYV5uIfVn2ii4uo.P9Iyn74jnGr0yC96WLNWZ.gcjDyKj.V7eLiBqvXZ4vVbHF28kKdEJa7_ta_z_41FV4OmHLu1c7576ob3PkJqednT8Ll4ocnzq9ga7X7tKnqQhgRAkkZsw8Jnwfep4oaIKqDKDD0132usOJZn2ihjcZiKSuMGZXCzbSXFNacu370lDvxvgcWgSY5gkslVc8RL8q57jWMMQ5Ua3Dh0o3uOt5qRzCtDRBCBzJp9CA7AeBe9PldLQob31QvIIjZSzW2ZqT79dfqWfRJ5HQb.Gtf0IpcmfOgiPo8KAxCirLguBoscUos8kp7rELCJAIaUA0JsLksFaauJ3fxjeDp.SN.PI2umAYa49DLo_JlUaHAgoxmOtmWl6_Z3NYJeySSfnOAuEmTDAvhz9f0dbPLOuipSLj1GJ0srM2gLBas5vUBIMWaRImuWPM54LzB7gFBxy6pZcEvA3nuyfsa4N4jxUMFfRW1Jm2OmdnF0S_H6luZAlndy2yG0aJ3PfT.P1IJ7ugjOwKWpeaIPfQpkR5Z65CpuDNkY1dhpMU6KofxbUOQnof59924GnlgU9tc96OqVjuFquMiVBe46JiDK4raP.iObS4LBCYWwIVcuyIaFpTDp3M3UNs28uD9mSbJff4dPZHb1SDpgdXVbRDvJM150eMBo2Wz5q5vwTLt84Fpjbq3lxWu7W0BmFRAjUkgS4yx3UOSbUD07La6v2TRskkHGHYoG.krJaoQrFdltStyuJy3eXgRSpYlB.ZDR3a9cHNIs23.r4kPYWKDTa5_1_P8Bdog1kB6qbB6xj1Vjl3jEX2c3hhDMNZpM4vsWmT_zjv.DJVaFdZ.ZUt9txhulQB56Rusi8BO7zW9.SCZTJpg6QItN6VWAMtvonncLmEF6qQ5kg5WEiRbQ4v8we.FDt83iOs1dp.sNSSS3W0vHbaxIsmsNNoXhPFsLEVnWlzdeF6ZEAlqI3FdOm_0bNlmZ9DadsLqtx2gDDdk_dETEP5Gf0LtioYFrGcRamNlmcqATXbbeP6xia8cpWFSkHEoT.IHZANzrH4ErOJYWpIc_2Cg03U.Jjux49RLxHWfbAWrjYC2jl00iDdzEc8vl1pf_6QLyUdOq1VUvBVvgZVRtqueHAHs.SCgCy18BKI0PuBUX9dMnZVpZ13V5HE1Qi0Q7XjOE5CfeGUjTLF6hfOa6TXK3MBOKu3nBMGmKXe_bFoyxNNpjK7EH8OV5dlNp99MX3gbMVGTzBnHP3xrpQbXZ30ir1s8zkrj6WNS4Iv95z1vvvgz_VACN002kRr3zeeu3yZRESCSwIx3LXWCnIrZL25NHASzBmmgC8kS8rTRyY91EiuuN.bdhl9kNiAfNSW0pJpGN28v_KvlWiVJNwy_MpdNbSRzxfgkcHZENaFKIc.gl1XDEIK56fSL.bU7KH8MY6fJ6GfFK9VmlzFFk.d7ZWRpdBbT9ByApYOtlF.60Ka9Y4bXFFxeoegukvMF7OY6.Pj.HDop3Mc30XNOR7XtAEDt2aGUuqYi4xD7CrGdoa6mLWNX6h1QMI1UqizP.r7P.ERjsDPRD8y3g.zTT4lv88rfgcjsA0WvOF4wGsq.pO7BndQAyGenSnVAejcnc39BuPBomJE6Pdcln1FZwbnOaUUO6bG0FYIQ.t1B3gP0HlYGJQ3sEn52iKjV68ktfHcNfg9pg4t2zIJkk",mdrd: ".0cZ5PC_v3TiwBOhcgSajPtFTS9ldFGmJTuPvydiDTo-1739798251-1.2.1.1-YgK.jQ1rTnbFISpclp1H7ycar8XVMA1SFWyls0xn3x.dF1NBpaYUhRbM5YxQsYTgpTdW0K0C3GtVshabS0ans0r4Zo8bgTGJX69WPlJ_hjAqKcQYMutw7uPn.LojMuAMy3t6ryly3mZgDs.XNwBAEe7Q48RMNM9OaWL6J9CvYmyuDMNtohHMqj6Dz4W5VnjiBIpfq9lgtWWBtUnpWCE_zjprwCp_iu7VxqA8owAeshkSFMkKih9MQtYJRZIk7NFzAlJRlDsTgoZTwiMArDn2iRsprIeGVbWCUhVMzGPTUakfcnq12Y6iPPI7Ins1EPMGrGaxE6fahkbtapniV8JB4DuUBYbAoCIGgS1NDYQWtePM0qfgmEObV_Sx7fROlUZba4Jx846Jr_is52n33IjTpVR1j1hQe2lJhiVMWn_uTSjKYQqKu3G8mQolxfLOXD73c1u_94lX_F1eZYU0tKTU823BotP54PQ1zksCIuzOM6OuVS4yaVTTwaBU4c9mFPco77O1TYXATuPnA.O_hzLyFu7nzdgKO5lxiqMerskj2y4x7ak.I2mVw3KLRxMH6Qe6jEblx8MdKRLfYDQtJ8zoyVCBw1BZQ.vRLsPBZQBN1QnNbeUNlDGj7G.Jl0kTpQNbJOANpVU5UqrFQGsZKB_GtcvZYJ67sqmSpg3CFHdSNNWltEIbj_hJBE3Rjha4sBG_wTU8nUYDYq4g7iSOjYK.bINP3RWkvg8ytbPxXQ9yk6D0AC47uyU8_seGoFsa7dO33UNfCiPC4Wu6iqd4mO.boe.yDi1IPWMHBcHhsDhCbAUXxi5e4uhhXQmqKIbF2EhgruFG_eT1nfB6pbLxxatNzVnhL.aVJ3.5y3_84MRJSslF5J6U8ZCLpd2mWn9Q8ZHn.AgFbfPax3SR2zEo_FS42aTd_ToZ2EOCB0xylyxnGJfa6lX7a7NBLunG3E3rzDvdlJ7Qi47EJp6EztjC8OITA3l9cMmr3oLnSsMVORGb4lA2rOvpNnmLLtcSM5DhQXgzHy1jIvtAx58mg30OMgcfuj8htIrJR7.C_Tn6A0dRboIEPb_5YxZs3WhvZau4O5.ACKpImu9ZUgRwQ0_rBc9loY6e6_LaM7iBPl9cYB0G.4Uv_IjnumLsnsjXMd_jz3ry8HF9istZCc1QQ6W_QZfDuqnKpZ_qGMEKOsSfsTH7Sbew1ufG8ZJE0eZwqPnJZRsBA7BDAjwkyLzByXrxOBcv_b3aAFQUi_Uzrr1bXZ3.NULYESuIeERxusKFNMdkXcio1ge1vph.bayRZD1042kduCsdSipiU4Wrm1pxmR_FqJqWbCwPoLDO5gj7DJUzWiU6g6asO5XXRk3Ll_KKqd.UV_JpObyf0hfgTr8E6.gS4RgFLcaoDe6wSkX2knnA7hCTKgbetbkhM_6kh4W2KqSM5bcWJksqbYoWXfaBbp4KeY7bImtPK26hiBL9bsvChrqIn2J1Cd0FBZG7scEibSdU81O_Q9fVtJpUOAfPCutJKvGesug6Z8QRqY9VX2BJSeVOVorxsG5mMBFXzOqqnbdUwm2roHNPhXUWpcpaEz0BtL21FTA000CqkVIysmNL0uzYmT1xI518ilweM3qE.itEePzXhpApue_JUjEp1yyOV.dlo6tE2rvdCl85ajBLYz_fkpih4oeJEPpTqvaLOV6lUTlV4l02CCTM6UiDuJ5pRkugA5_be3By3n611NwFfcBE8cUvwbczr6kYir9ypLa.3REil3RzoBUKxABEMgsQ4efbak9ykkzdsCmBIj8pQ7LkaiB4.61qScJgVf2WzBPsRN48ChhV9WY2soe3sNr9uTvT9Xa60tJpWU1PbLeqqHddTV7QOAWDfIghITZePg_rnH8QQ7a_qtqlPRsPkZp1GCgunpMhguLVEofDIk7qf5phQ6SEWt0aA3isEAVkqCMNi00Wn2KzXV0XMaodlRbA5pMx_F6uHzHFFWGkQ_tyhP0Z3DS6kH5IroipGfxUrr3llw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91360ee0accd3e14';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Aida%20Mustapha&__cf_chl_rt_tk=j_UDKWVVTqE78MCzAXbJXjCTF_SKFLt3xY312LxzGtQ-1739798251-1.0.1.1-s9KkeEEfSKFlDygpyz83JHTKFMGICjZ.UbsanG2bSUg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>