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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Lipid_digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipid_digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Lipid digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipid_digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lipid_absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipid_absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lipid absorption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipid_absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lipid_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipid_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lipid transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipid_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lipid_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipid_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lipid storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipid_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lipid_catabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipid_catabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lipid catabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipid_catabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lipid_biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipid_biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lipid biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lipid_biosynthesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lipid biosynthesis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lipid_biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Membrane_lipid_biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membrane_lipid_biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Membrane lipid biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membrane_lipid_biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triglyceride_biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triglyceride_biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Triglyceride biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triglyceride_biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatty_acid_biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatty_acid_biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Fatty acid biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatty_acid_biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cholesterol_biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cholesterol_biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Cholesterol biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cholesterol_biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hormonal_regulation_of_lipid_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hormonal_regulation_of_lipid_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hormonal regulation of lipid metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hormonal_regulation_of_lipid_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lipid_metabolism_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipid_metabolism_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lipid metabolism disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipid_metabolism_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_lipids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_lipids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Types of lipids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_lipids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lipid metabolism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_metabolizmi" title="Lipid metabolizmi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lipid metabolizmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismus_tuk%C5%AF" title="Metabolismus tuků – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metabolismus tuků" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fettstoffwechsel" title="Fettstoffwechsel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fettstoffwechsel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismo_de_los_l%C3%ADpidos" title="Metabolismo de los lípidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metabolismo de los lípidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="سوخت‌وساز لیپید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوخت‌وساز لیپید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="지질 대사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지질 대사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme_lipid" title="Metabolisme lipid – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metabolisme lipid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme_lipid" title="Metabolisme lipid – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Metabolisme lipid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetstofwisseling" title="Vetstofwisseling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vetstofwisseling" 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href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Липидный обмен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Липидный обмен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidni_metabolizam" title="Lipidni metabolizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Lipidni metabolizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidni_metabolizam" title="Lipidni metabolizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lipidni metabolizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fettoms%C3%A4ttning" title="Fettomsättning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fettomsättning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="เมแทบอลิซึมของลิพิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมแทบอลิซึมของลิพิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuy%E1%BB%83n_h%C3%B3a_lipid" title="Chuyển hóa lipid – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chuyển hóa lipid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2792936#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biological synthesis and degradation of lipids</div> <p><b>Lipid metabolism</b> is the synthesis and degradation of <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> in cells, involving the breakdown and storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a>. In animals, these fats are obtained from food and are synthesized by the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_Lipid_metabolism_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM_Lipid_metabolism-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lipogenesis is the process of synthesizing these fats.<sup id="cite_ref-chemistryexplained.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemistryexplained.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freifelder_1987_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freifelder_1987-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of lipids found in the human body from ingesting food are <a href="/wiki/Triglycerides" class="mw-redirect" title="Triglycerides">triglycerides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other types of lipids found in the body are <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Membrane_lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Membrane lipids">membrane lipids</a>. Lipid metabolism is often considered the <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a> and absorption process of dietary fat; however, there are two sources of fats that organisms can use to obtain energy: from consumed dietary fats and from stored fat.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</a> (including humans) use both sources of fat to produce <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> for organs such as the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> to function.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehninger_2000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehninger_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since lipids are <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic_effect" title="Hydrophobic effect">hydrophobic</a> molecules, they need to be solubilized before their metabolism can begin. Lipid metabolism often begins with <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which occurs with the help of various enzymes in the digestive system.<sup id="cite_ref-chemistryexplained.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemistryexplained.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lipid metabolism also occurs in plants, though the processes differ in some ways when compared to animals.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second step after the hydrolysis is the absorption of the fatty acids into the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial cells</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall" title="Gastrointestinal wall">intestinal wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehninger_2000_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehninger_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the epithelial cells, fatty acids are packaged and transported to the rest of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo_2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metabolic processes include lipid digestion, lipid absorption, lipid transportation, lipid storage, lipid catabolism, and lipid biosynthesis. Lipid catabolism is accomplished by a process known as <a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation">beta oxidation</a> which takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peroxisome" title="Peroxisome">peroxisome</a> cell <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lipid_digestion">Lipid digestion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipid_metabolism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Lipid digestion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestion</a> is the first step to lipid metabolism, and it is the process of breaking the triglycerides down into smaller <a href="/wiki/Monoglyceride" title="Monoglyceride">monoglyceride</a> units with the help of <a href="/wiki/Lipase" title="Lipase">lipase</a> enzymes. Digestion of fats begin in the mouth through chemical digestion by <a href="/wiki/Lingual_lipase" title="Lingual lipase">lingual lipase</a>. Ingested cholesterol is not broken down by the lipases and stays intact until it enters the epithelium cells of the small intestine. Lipids then continue to the stomach where chemical digestion continues by <a href="/wiki/Gastric_lipase" title="Gastric lipase">gastric lipase</a> and mechanical digestion begins (<a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a>). The majority of lipid digestion and absorption, however, occurs once the fats reach the small intestines. Chemicals from the pancreas (<a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_lipase_family" title="Pancreatic lipase family">pancreatic lipase family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bile_salt-dependent_lipase" title="Bile salt-dependent lipase">bile salt-dependent lipase</a>) are secreted into the small intestines to help breakdown the triglycerides,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with further mechanical digestion, until they are individual <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acid</a> units able to be absorbed into the small intestine's <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the pancreatic lipase that is responsible for signalling for the <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> of the triglycerides into separate free fatty acids and glycerol units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lipid_absorption">Lipid absorption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipid_metabolism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lipid absorption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2431_Lipid_Absorption.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2431_Lipid_Absorption.jpg/220px-2431_Lipid_Absorption.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2431_Lipid_Absorption.jpg/330px-2431_Lipid_Absorption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2431_Lipid_Absorption.jpg/440px-2431_Lipid_Absorption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>Flowchart showing the lipid absorption process</figcaption></figure> <p>The second step in lipid metabolism is absorption of fats. Short chain fatty acids can be absorbed in the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, while most absorption of fats occurs only in the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestines</a>. Once the triglycerides are broken down into individual fatty acids and <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerols</a>, along with cholesterol, they will aggregate into structures called <a href="/wiki/Micelle" title="Micelle">micelles</a>. Fatty acids and monoglycerides leave the micelles and diffuse across the membrane to enter the intestinal epithelial cells. In the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a> of epithelial cells, fatty acids and monoglycerides are recombined back into triglycerides. In the cytosol of epithelial cells, triglycerides and cholesterol are packaged into bigger particles called <a href="/wiki/Chylomicron" title="Chylomicron">chylomicrons</a> which are <a href="/wiki/Amphipathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphipathic">amphipathic</a> structures that transport digested lipids.<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_2016_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo_2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chylomicrons will travel through the bloodstream to enter <a href="/wiki/Adipose" class="mw-redirect" title="Adipose">adipose</a> and other tissues in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehninger_2000_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehninger_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chemistryexplained.com_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemistryexplained.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freifelder_1987_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freifelder_1987-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lipid_transportation">Lipid transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipid_metabolism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lipid transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the hydrophobic nature of <a href="/wiki/Membrane_lipid" title="Membrane lipid">membrane lipids</a>, triglycerides and <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterols</a>, they require special transport proteins known as lipoproteins.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_Lipid_metabolism_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM_Lipid_metabolism-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amphipathic structure of lipoproteins allows the triglycerides and cholesterol to be transported through the <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>. Chylomicrons are one sub-group of lipoproteins which carry the digested lipids from small intestine to the rest of the body. The varying densities between the types of lipoproteins are characteristic to what type of fats they transport.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, very-low-density lipoproteins (<a href="/wiki/VLDL" class="mw-redirect" title="VLDL">VLDL</a>) carry the triglycerides synthesized by our body and <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">low-density lipoproteins</a> (LDL) transport cholesterol to our peripheral tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehninger_2000_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehninger_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MM_Lipid_metabolism_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM_Lipid_metabolism-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of these lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver, but not all of them originate from this organ.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_Lipid_metabolism_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM_Lipid_metabolism-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lipid_storage">Lipid storage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipid_metabolism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lipid storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lipids are stored in <a href="/wiki/White_adipose_tissue" title="White adipose tissue">white adipose tissue</a> as triglycerides. In a lean young adult human, the mass of triglycerides stored represents about 10–20 kilograms. Triglycerides are formed from a backbone of glycerol with three fatty acids. Free fatty acids are activated into acyl-CoA and esterified to finally reach the triglyceride droplet. Lipoprotein lipase has an important role.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lipid_catabolism">Lipid catabolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipid_metabolism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lipid catabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once the chylomicrons (or other lipoproteins) travel through the tissues, these particles will be broken down by <a href="/wiki/Lipoprotein_lipase" title="Lipoprotein lipase">lipoprotein</a> lipase in the luminal surface of <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelial cells</a> in <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a> to release triglycerides.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Triglycerides will get broken down into fatty acids and glycerol before entering cells and remaining cholesterol will again travel through the blood to the liver.<sup id="cite_ref-lipidlibrary.aocs.org_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipidlibrary.aocs.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta_oxidation_of_palmitic_acid.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="[15] Breakdown of fatty acids by beta oxidation"><img alt="[15] Breakdown of fatty acids by beta oxidation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Beta_oxidation_of_palmitic_acid.jpg/705px-Beta_oxidation_of_palmitic_acid.jpg" decoding="async" width="705" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Beta_oxidation_of_palmitic_acid.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption><sup id="cite_ref-lipidlibrary.aocs.org_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipidlibrary.aocs.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breakdown of fatty acids by beta oxidation</figcaption></figure> <p>In the cytosol of the cell (for example a muscle cell), the <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> will be converted to <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate" title="Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate">glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate</a>, which is an intermediate in the <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a>, to get further oxidized and produce energy. However, the main steps of fatty acids <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a> occur in the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheffler_2008_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheffler_2008-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long chain fatty acids (more than 14 carbon) need to be converted to <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acyl-CoA_esters" title="Fatty acyl-CoA esters">fatty acyl-CoA</a> in order to pass across the mitochondria <a href="/wiki/Membrane" title="Membrane">membrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehninger_2000_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehninger_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism" title="Fatty acid metabolism">Fatty acid catabolism</a> begins in the cytoplasm of <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cell">cells</a> as <a href="/wiki/Acyl-CoA_synthetase" class="mw-redirect" title="Acyl-CoA synthetase">acyl-CoA synthetase</a> uses the energy from cleavage of an ATP to catalyze the addition of <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_A" title="Coenzyme A">coenzyme A</a> to the fatty acid.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehninger_2000_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehninger_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Acyl-CoA" title="Acyl-CoA">acyl-CoA</a> cross the mitochondria membrane and enter the process of <a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation">beta oxidation</a>. The main products of the beta oxidation pathway are <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl-CoA</a> (which is used in the <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a> to produce energy), NADH and FADH.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheffler_2008_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheffler_2008-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of beta oxidation requires the following enzymes: <a href="/wiki/Acyl-CoA_dehydrogenase" title="Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase">acyl-CoA dehydrogenase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enoyl-CoA_hydratase" title="Enoyl-CoA hydratase">enoyl-CoA hydratase</a>, <a href="/wiki/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA_dehydrogenase" title="3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase">3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/3-ketoacyl-CoA_thiolase" class="mw-redirect" title="3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase">3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lipidlibrary.aocs.org_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipidlibrary.aocs.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diagram to the left shows how fatty acids are converted into acetyl-CoA. The overall net reaction, using <a href="/wiki/Palmitoyl-CoA" title="Palmitoyl-CoA">palmitoyl-CoA</a> (16:0) as a model substrate is: </p> <dl><dd>7 FAD + 7 NAD<sup>+</sup> + 7 CoASH + 7 H<sub>2</sub>O + H(CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>7</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CO-SCoA → 8 CH<sub>3</sub>CO-SCoA + 7 FADH<sub>2</sub> + 7 NADH + 7 H<sup>+</sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lipid_biosynthesis">Lipid biosynthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipid_metabolism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lipid biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to dietary fats, storage lipids stored in the <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissues</a> are one of the main sources of energy for living organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">Triacylglycerols</a>, lipid membrane, and cholesterol can be synthesized by the organisms through various pathways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membrane_lipid_biosynthesis">Membrane lipid biosynthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipid_metabolism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Membrane lipid biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two major classes of membrane lipids: <a href="/wiki/Glycerophospholipid" title="Glycerophospholipid">glycerophospholipids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid" title="Sphingolipid">sphingolipids</a>. Although many different membrane lipids are synthesized in our body, pathways share the same pattern. The first step is synthesizing the backbone (<a href="/wiki/Sphingosine" title="Sphingosine">sphingosine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>), the second step is the addition of fatty acids to the backbone to make phosphatidic acid. <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidic_acid" title="Phosphatidic acid">Phosphatidic acid</a> is further modified with the attachment of different hydrophilic head groups to the backbone. Membrane lipid biosynthesis occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum_membrane_protein_complex" title="Endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex">endoplasmic reticulum membrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gault_2010_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gault_2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triglyceride_biosynthesis">Triglyceride biosynthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipid_metabolism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Triglyceride biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phosphatidic acid is also a precursor for triglyceride biosynthesis. Phosphatidic acid phosphotase catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid to diacylglyceride, which will be converted to triglycerides by <a href="/wiki/Acyltransferase" title="Acyltransferase">acyltransferase</a>. Triglyceride biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol.<sup id="cite_ref-Lok_1976_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lok_1976-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatty_acid_biosynthesis">Fatty acid biosynthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipid_metabolism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fatty acid biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The precursor for fatty acids is <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl-CoA</a> and it occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a> of the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Lok_1976_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lok_1976-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall net reaction, using <a href="/wiki/Palmitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmitate">palmitate</a> (16:0) as a model substrate is: </p><p>8 Acetyl-coA + 7 ATP + 14 NADPH + 6H+ → palmitate + 14 NADP+ + 6H2O + 7ADP + 7P¡ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cholesterol_biosynthesis">Cholesterol biosynthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipid_metabolism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cholesterol biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a> can be made from <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl-CoA</a> through a multiple-step pathway known as <a href="/wiki/Isoprenoid_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoprenoid pathway">isoprenoid pathway</a>. Cholesterols are essential because they can be modified to form different <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> in the body such as <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehninger_2000_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehninger_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 70% of cholesterol biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol of liver cells.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hormonal_regulation_of_lipid_metabolism">Hormonal regulation of lipid metabolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipid_metabolism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hormonal regulation of lipid metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lipid metabolism is tightly regulated by hormones to ensure a balance between energy storage and utilization. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a>: promotes lipid synthesis, inhibiting lipid breakdown, and facilitating glucose transport and conversion into fatty acids.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">Glucagon</a>: stimulates fatty acid oxidation and inhibits de novo fatty acid synthesis, reducing VLDL release and hepatic steatosis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormones" title="Thyroid hormones">Thyroid Hormone:</a> promotes hepatic triglyceride synthesis, enhancing lipolysis, stimulating mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, and regulating cholesterol levels through various mechanisms, including LDL receptor expression and bile acid excretion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">Sex Hormone:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a>: decreases triglyceride synthesis and enhances HDL cholesterol levels, potentially through promoting fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting lipogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a>: stimulates de novo lipogenesis and fat accumulation which are then incorporated to triglycerides for energy storage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">Adrenaline</a>: stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis via AMPK phosphorylation, influencing lipid turnover and accumulation in adipose tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lipid_metabolism_disorders">Lipid metabolism disorders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipid_metabolism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lipid metabolism disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lipid metabolism disorders (including <a href="/wiki/Inborn_error_of_lipid_metabolism" title="Inborn error of lipid metabolism">inborn errors of lipid metabolism</a>) are illnesses where trouble occurs in breaking down or synthesizing fats (or fat-like substances).<sup id="cite_ref-MedlinePlus_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lipid metabolism disorders are associated with an increase in the concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Plasma_lipid_transfer_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma lipid transfer protein">plasma lipids</a> in the blood such as <a href="/wiki/LDL_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="LDL cholesterol">LDL cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Very_low-density_lipoprotein" title="Very low-density lipoprotein">VLDL</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> which most commonly lead to cardiovascular diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good deal of the time these disorders are hereditary, meaning it's a condition that is passed along from parent to child through their genes.<sup id="cite_ref-MedlinePlus_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gaucher%27s_disease" title="Gaucher's disease">Gaucher's disease</a> (types I, II, and III), <a href="/wiki/Niemann%E2%80%93Pick_disease" title="Niemann–Pick disease">Niemann–Pick disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease" title="Tay–Sachs disease">Tay–Sachs disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fabry%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabry's disease">Fabry's disease</a> are all diseases where those afflicted can have a disorder of their body's lipid metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_lipid_metabolism_disorders_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM_lipid_metabolism_disorders-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rarer diseases concerning a disorder of the lipid metabolism are <a href="/wiki/Sitosterolemia" title="Sitosterolemia">sitosterolemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolman%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolman's disease">Wolman's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refsum%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Refsum's disease">Refsum's disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cerebrotendinous_xanthomatosis" title="Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis">cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_lipid_metabolism_disorders_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM_lipid_metabolism_disorders-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_lipids">Types of lipids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipid_metabolism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Types of lipids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The types of lipids involved in lipid metabolism include: </p> <ul><li>Membrane lipids: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">Phospholipids</a>: Phospholipids are a major component of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane and are found in many parts of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_2002_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts_2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid" title="Sphingolipid">Sphingolipids</a>: Sphingolipids are mostly found in the cell membrane of neural tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Gault_2010_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gault_2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolipid" title="Glycolipid">Glycolipids</a>: The main role of glycolipids is to maintain lipid bilayer stability and facilitate cell recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_2002_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts_2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerophospholipid" title="Glycerophospholipid">Glycerophospholipids</a>: Neural tissue (including the brain) contains high amounts of glycerophospholipids.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_2002_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts_2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Other types of lipids: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterols</a>: Cholesterols are the main precursors for different hormones in our body such as progesterone and testosterone. The main function of cholesterol is controlling the cell membrane fluidity.<sup id="cite_ref-Incardona_2000_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Incardona_2000-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroid</a> – see also <a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroidogenesis">steroidogenesis</a>: Steroids are one of the important cell signaling molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-Incardona_2000_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Incardona_2000-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triacylglycerol" class="mw-redirect" title="Triacylglycerol">Triacylglycerols</a> (fats) – see also <a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipogenesis" title="Lipogenesis">lipogenesis</a>: Triacylglycerols are the major form of energy storage in human body.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_Lipid_metabolism_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM_Lipid_metabolism-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty acids">Fatty acids</a> – see also <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism" title="Fatty acid metabolism">fatty acid metabolism</a>: Fatty acids are one of the precursors used for lipid membrane and cholesterol biosynthesis. They are also used for energy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile salt">Bile salts</a>: Bile salts are secreted from liver and they facilitate lipid digestion in the small intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">Eicosanoids</a>: Eicosanoids are made from fatty acids in the body and they are used for <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies">Ketone bodies</a>: Ketone bodies are made from fatty acids in the liver. Their function is to produce energy during periods of starvation or low food intake.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehninger_2000_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehninger_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipid_metabolism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MM_Lipid_metabolism-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MM_Lipid_metabolism_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM_Lipid_metabolism_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM_Lipid_metabolism_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM_Lipid_metabolism_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM_Lipid_metabolism_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/lipid-disorders/overview-of-lipid-metabolism">"Overview of Lipid Metabolism"</a>. <i>Merck Manuals Professional Edition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Merck+Manuals+Professional+Edition&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Lipid+Metabolism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckmanuals.com%2Fprofessional%2Fendocrine-and-metabolic-disorders%2Flipid-disorders%2Foverview-of-lipid-metabolism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALipid+metabolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chemistryexplained.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chemistryexplained.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chemistryexplained.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chemistryexplained.com_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Hy-Kr/Hydrolysis.html">"Hydrolysis – Chemistry Encyclopedia – structure, reaction, water, proteins, examples, salt, molecule"</a>. <i>chemistryexplained.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=The+enzymes%2C+regulation%2C+and+genetics+of+bile+acid+synthesis&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=137-74&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.72.121801.161712&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12543708&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=DW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALipid+metabolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsHiggs1988" class="citation journal cs1">Williams KI, Higgs GA (October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpath.1711560204">"Eicosanoids and Inflammation"</a>. <i>The Journal of Pathology</i>. <b>156</b> (2): 101–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpath.1711560204">10.1002/path.1711560204</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3058912">3058912</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34803631">34803631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pathology&rft.atitle=Eicosanoids+and+Inflammation&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-110&rft.date=1988-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34803631%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3058912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpath.1711560204&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=KI&rft.au=Higgs%2C+GA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fpath.1711560204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALipid+metabolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Lipid+metabolism">Lipid+metabolism</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH) </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metabolism" title="Template:Metabolism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metabolism" title="Template talk:Metabolism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metabolism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metabolism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism,_catabolism,_anabolism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">Metabolic pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_network" title="Metabolic network">Metabolic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">Primary nutritional groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergetics" title="Bioenergetics">Energy<br /> metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">Aerobic respiration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase">Pyruvate decarboxylation</a> → <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">Citric acid cycle</a> → <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">Oxidative phosphorylation</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a> + <a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">Anaerobic respiration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Electron acceptors other than oxygen</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Substrate-level_phosphorylation" title="Substrate-level phosphorylation">Substrate-level phosphorylation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone%E2%80%93butanol%E2%80%93ethanol_fermentation" title="Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation">ABE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">Lactic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific<br /> paths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">Protein metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">Protein synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_catabolism" title="Protein catabolism">Catabolism</a> (protein→peptide→amino acid)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis" title="Amino acid synthesis">Amino acid synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_catabolism#Amino_acid_degradation" title="Protein catabolism">Amino acid degradation</a> (amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">Urea cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism" title="Nucleic acid metabolism">Nucleotide<br /> metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purine_metabolism" title="Purine metabolism">Purine metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_salvage" title="Nucleotide salvage">Nucleotide salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Pyrimidine metabolism">Pyrimidine metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleotide_cycle" title="Purine nucleotide cycle">Purine nucleotide cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">Carbohydrate metabolism</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_catabolism" title="Carbohydrate catabolism">carbohydrate catabolism</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">Gluconeogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">Glycogenolysis</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis">Glycogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">Pentose phosphate pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructolysis" title="Fructolysis">Fructolysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyol_pathway" title="Polyol pathway">Polyol pathway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactolysis" title="Galactolysis">Galactolysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leloir_pathway" title="Leloir pathway">Leloir pathway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">Glycosylation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N-linked_glycosylation" title="N-linked glycosylation">N-linked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-linked_glycosylation" title="O-linked glycosylation">O-linked</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonhuman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxygenic_photosynthesis" title="Anoxygenic photosynthesis">Anoxygenic photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">Chemosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">Carbon fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DeLey-Doudoroff_pathway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DeLey-Doudoroff pathway (page does not exist)">DeLey-Doudoroff pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entner-Doudoroff_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entner-Doudoroff pathway">Entner-Doudoroff pathway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylose_metabolism" title="Xylose metabolism">Xylose metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus" title="Radiotrophic fungus">Radiotrophism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lipid metabolism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipogenesis" title="Lipogenesis">lipogenesis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism" title="Fatty acid metabolism">Fatty acid metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_degradation" title="Fatty acid degradation">Fatty acid degradation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation">Beta oxidation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis">Fatty acid synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphingolipid metabolism">Sphingolipid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eicosanoid metabolism">Eicosanoid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketosis" title="Ketosis">Ketosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_cholesterol_transport" title="Reverse cholesterol transport">Reverse cholesterol transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Metal metabolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron metabolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethanol metabolism">Ethanol metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphagen" title="Phosphagen">Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism_map" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E0E0E0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MetabolismMap" title="Template:MetabolismMap"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MetabolismMap" title="Template talk:MetabolismMap"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MetabolismMap" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MetabolismMap"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism_map" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a> map</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="border:solid #ccc 1px;width:810px;margin: 0 auto"> <table role="presentation" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="thumb center" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:802px;border:0px;background-color:#fff"> <div style="position:relative; width:800px; height:600px; overflow:hidden; border:0px; background-color:white;"> <div style="left:0px; top:0px; width:800px; position:absolute"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metabolic_Metro_Map.svg" title="File:Metabolic Metro Map.svg"><img alt="Metro-style map of major metabolic pathways" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg/800px-Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" class="mw-file-element" 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color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Photorespiration" title="Photorespiration"><span style="color:#5400a9;">Photo-<br />respiration</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_395x140" style="position:absolute; left:395px; top:140px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway"><span style="color:#bc00bc;">Pentose<br />phosphate<br />pathway</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_215x340" style="position:absolute; left:215px; top:340px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle"><span style="color:#edb500;">Citric<br />acid cycle</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x505" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:505px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Glyoxylate_cycle" title="Glyoxylate cycle"><span style="color:#edb500;">Glyoxylate<br />cycle</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_125x398" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:398px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle"><span style="color:#89dd00;">Urea<br />cycle</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_495x260" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:260px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Fatty<br />acid<br />synthesis</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_495x335" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:335px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Fatty<br />acid<br />elongation</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_497x425" style="position:absolute; left:497px; top:425px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">Beta<br />oxidation</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_495x495" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:495px; font-size:12px; font-size:12; line-height:14px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation#Peroxisomal_beta-oxidation" title="Beta oxidation"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">Peroxisomal</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_497x510" style="position:absolute; left:497px; top:510px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation#Peroxisomal_beta-oxidation" title="Beta oxidation"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">beta<br />oxidation</span></a></i> </span></div> <p><br /> </p> <div id="annotation_295x42" style="position:absolute; left:295px; top:42px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis"><span style="color:#8a2c2c;">Glyco-<br />genolysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_280x80" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:80px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis"><span style="color:#2e427e;">Glyco-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_360x160" style="position:absolute; left:360px; top:160px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis"><span style="color:#ea0000;">Glyco-<br />lysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_300x160" style="position:absolute; left:300px; top:160px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis"><span style="color:#0033cc;">Gluconeo-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_310x332" style="position:absolute; left:310px; top:332px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase"><span style="color:#ea6000;">Pyruvate<br />decarb-<br />oxylation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x335" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:335px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation"><span style="color:#d47ff0;">Fermentation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_325x430" style="position:absolute; left:325px; top:430px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies"><span style="color:#e06c1f;">Keto-<br />lysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x430" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:430px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ketogenesis" title="Ketogenesis"><span style="color:#5f8216;">Keto-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_195x470" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:470px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis"><span style="color:#0033cc;">feeders to<br />gluconeo-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_225x230" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:230px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation#Carbon_concentrating_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation"><span style="color:#9373d3;">Direct / C4 / CAM<br />carbon intake</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_125x143" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:143px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Light-dependent_reactions" title="Light-dependent reactions"><span style="color:#9373d3;">Light reaction</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_115x355" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:355px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation"><span style="color:#c34747;">Oxidative<br />phosphorylation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_25x415" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:415px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Deamination" title="Deamination"><span style="color:#4999c2;">Amino acid<br />deamination</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_315x288" style="position:absolute; left:315px; top:288px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis#Glycolytic_end_products_are_used_in_the_conversion_of_carbohydrates_into_fatty_acids" title="Fatty acid synthesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Citrate<br />shuttle</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_590x415" style="position:absolute; left:590px; top:415px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipogenesis" title="Lipogenesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Lipogenesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_590x455" style="position:absolute; left:590px; top:455px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">Lipolysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_585x260" style="position:absolute; left:585px; top:260px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Steroid#Steroidogenesis" title="Steroid"><span style="color:#0099cc;">Steroidogenesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_470x235" style="position:absolute; left:470px; top:235px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Mevalonate_pathway" title="Mevalonate pathway"><span style="color:#0099cc;">MVA pathway</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_460x210" style="position:absolute; left:460px; top:210px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Non-mevalonate_pathway" title="Non-mevalonate pathway"><span style="color:#af753a;">MEP pathway</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_487x153" style="position:absolute; left:487px; top:153px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Shikimate_pathway" title="Shikimate pathway"><span style="color:#00cc99;">Shikimate<br />pathway</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_555x105" style="position:absolute; left:555px; top:105px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)"><span style="color:#79793d;">Transcription &</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication"><span style="color:#79793d;">replication</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_600x83" style="position:absolute; left:600px; top:83px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)"><span style="color:#79793d;">Translation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_600x57" style="position:absolute; left:600px; top:57px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis"><span style="color:#6666cc;">Proteolysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_687x55" style="position:absolute; left:687px; top:55px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation"><span style="color:#79793d;">Glycosyl-<br />ation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <p><br /> </p> <div id="annotation_210x38" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_acid" title="Sugar acid">Sugar<br />acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_240x38" style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Double</a>/<a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">multiple<br />sugars</a> & <a href="/wiki/Glycan" title="Glycan">glycans</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_340x38" style="position:absolute; left:340px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Simple<br />sugars</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_380x45" style="position:absolute; left:380px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Inositol_phosphate" title="Inositol phosphate">Inositol-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_160x90" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:90px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Amino_sugar" title="Amino sugar">Amino sugars</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Sialic_acid" title="Sialic acid">sialic acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_245x120" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:120px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_sugar" title="Nucleotide sugar">Nucleotide sugars</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x105" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:105px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glucose_6-phosphate" title="Glucose 6-phosphate">Hexose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_315x180" style="position:absolute; left:315px; top:180px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate" title="Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate">Triose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_305x240" style="position:absolute; left:305px; top:240px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">Glycerol</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_300x260" style="position:absolute; left:300px; top:260px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate" title="Phosphoglycerate">P-glycerates</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_425x110" style="position:absolute; left:425px; top:110px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">Pentose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_470x190" style="position:absolute; left:470px; top:190px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Erythrose_4-phosphate" title="Erythrose 4-phosphate">Tetrose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_410x440" style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:440px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Propionyl-CoA" title="Propionyl-CoA">Propionyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_310x495" style="position:absolute; left:310px; top:495px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Succinic_acid" title="Succinic acid">Succinate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_455x530" style="position:absolute; left:455px; top:530px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_150x155" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:155px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">Pentose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_230x210" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:210px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate" title="Phosphoglycerate">P-glycerates</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_85x180" style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:180px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glyoxylic_acid" title="Glyoxylic acid">Glyoxylate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_65x152" style="position:absolute; left:65px; top:152px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Photosystem" title="Photosystem">Photosystems</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_320x310" style="position:absolute; left:320px; top:310px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Pyruvic_acid" title="Pyruvic acid">Pyruvate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_410x308" style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:308px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">Lactate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x345" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:345px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_295x380" style="position:absolute; left:295px; top:380px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">Citrate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_270x300" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:300px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Oxaloacetic_acid" title="Oxaloacetic acid">Oxalo-<br />acetate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_200x310" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:310px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">Malate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_195x405" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:405px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Succinyl-CoA" title="Succinyl-CoA">Succinyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_275x405" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:405px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid">α-Keto-<br />glutarate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_370x455" style="position:absolute; left:370px; top:455px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies">Ketone<br />bodies</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_70x365" style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:365px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">Respiratory<br />chain</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_370x265" style="position:absolute; left:370px; top:265px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine group</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_395x290" style="position:absolute; left:395px; top:290px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_415x345" style="position:absolute; left:415px; top:345px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid" title="Branched-chain amino acid">Branched-chain<br />amino acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_275x275" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:275px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartate<br />group</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_180x250" style="position:absolute; left:180px; top:250px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Homoserine" title="Homoserine">Homoserine<br />group</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_280x445" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:445px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamate<br />group</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">proline</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_105x465" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_40x465" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Polyamine" title="Polyamine">polyamines</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_415x385" style="position:absolute; left:415px; top:385px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acid" title="Ketogenic amino acid">Ketogenic</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid" title="Glucogenic amino acid">glucogenic<br />amino acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_550x85" style="position:absolute; left:550px; top:85px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_520x190" style="position:absolute; left:520px; top:190px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Shikimic_acid" title="Shikimic acid">Shikimate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_635x165" style="position:absolute; left:635px; top:165px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acid" title="Aromatic amino acid">Aromatic amino<br />acids</a> & <a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_158x38" style="position:absolute; left:158px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ascorbate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbate">Ascorbate</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_275x490" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:490px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Aminolevulinic_acid" title="Aminolevulinic acid">δ-ALA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_155x510" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:510px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Bile_pigment" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile pigment">Bile<br />pigments</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_210x520" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:520px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">Hemes</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_245x585" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:585px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Cobalamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalamin">Cobalamins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B">vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_425x45" style="position:absolute; left:425px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B">Various<br />vitamin Bs</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_625x300" style="position:absolute; left:625px; top:300px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Calciferol" class="mw-redirect" title="Calciferol">Calciferols</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_725x235" style="position:absolute; left:725px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Retinoid" title="Retinoid">Retinoids</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_590x190" style="position:absolute; left:590px; top:190px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">Quinones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a>)<br />& <a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">tocopherols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_665x140" style="position:absolute; left:665px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactors</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_745x140" style="position:absolute; left:745px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotein" title="Metalloprotein">minerals</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x185" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:185px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">Antioxidants</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_490x140" style="position:absolute; left:490px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosyl_pyrophosphate" title="Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate">PRPP</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_535x140" style="position:absolute; left:535px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotides</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_610x140" style="position:absolute; left:610px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic<br />acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_665x87" style="position:absolute; left:665px; top:87px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_710x87" style="position:absolute; left:710px; top:87px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">Glycoproteins</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Proteoglycan" title="Proteoglycan">proteoglycans</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_280x520" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:520px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophylls</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_410x235" style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Methylerythritol_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylerythritol phosphate">MEP</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_420x245" style="position:absolute; left:420px; top:245px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Mevalonic_acid" title="Mevalonic acid">MVA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_420x260" style="position:absolute; left:420px; top:260px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_440x330" style="position:absolute; left:440px; top:330px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Polyketide" title="Polyketide">Polyketides</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_555x230" style="position:absolute; left:555px; top:230px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Isopentenyl_pyrophosphate" title="Isopentenyl pyrophosphate">Terpenoid<br />backbones</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_625x235" style="position:absolute; left:625px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Terpenoids</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_640x287" style="position:absolute; left:640px; top:287px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x287" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:287px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">Bile acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_640x330" style="position:absolute; left:640px; top:330px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerophospholipid" title="Glycerophospholipid">Glycero-<br />phospholipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_600x397" style="position:absolute; left:600px; top:397px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerolipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerolipid">Glycerolipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_620x430" style="position:absolute; left:620px; top:430px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acyl-CoA" title="Acyl-CoA">Acyl-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_630x500" style="position:absolute; left:630px; top:500px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty<br />acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x350" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:350px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycosphingolipid" title="Glycosphingolipid">Glyco-<br />sphingolipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x397" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:397px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid" title="Sphingolipid">Sphingolipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x440" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:440px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Waxes</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_680x497" style="position:absolute; left:680px; top:497px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated fatty acid">Polyunsaturated<br />fatty acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_470x45" style="position:absolute; left:470px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitters" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitters">Neurotransmitters</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">thyroid hormones</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_705x305" style="position:absolute; left:705px; top:305px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_587x330" style="position:absolute; left:587px; top:330px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Endo-<br />cannabinoids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_735x465" style="position:absolute; left:735px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">Eicosanoids</a> </span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="The image above contains clickable links"><img alt="The image above contains clickable links" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/27px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/36px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div> Major <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathways</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transit_map" title="Transit map">metro-style map</a>. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.<br />Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes). <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metabolic_metro_orange.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metabolic_metro_orange.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metabolic_metro_orange.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Orange nodes: <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">carbohydrate metabolism</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metabolic_metro_purple.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_purple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metabolic_metro_purple.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_purple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metabolic_metro_purple.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_purple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Violet nodes: <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Metabolic_metro_red.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Metabolic_metro_red.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Metabolic_metro_red.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Red nodes: <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Metabolic_metro_pink.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Metabolic_metro_pink.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Metabolic_metro_pink.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Pink nodes: <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Metabolic_metro_blue.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Metabolic_metro_blue.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Metabolic_metro_blue.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Blue nodes: <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acid metabolism">amino acid metabolism</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metabolic_metro_grey.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metabolic_metro_grey.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metabolic_metro_grey.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Grey nodes: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactor</a> metabolism.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Metabolic_metro_brown.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_brown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Metabolic_metro_brown.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_brown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Metabolic_metro_brown.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_brown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Brown nodes: <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism" title="Nucleic acid metabolism">nucleotide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">protein</a> metabolism.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metabolic_metro_green.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metabolic_metro_green.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metabolic_metro_green.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Green nodes: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">lipid metabolism</a>.</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism:_lipid_metabolism_/_fatty_acid_metabolism,_triglyceride_and_fatty_acid_enzymes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lipid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Lipid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lipid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Lipid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lipid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lipid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism:_lipid_metabolism_/_fatty_acid_metabolism,_triglyceride_and_fatty_acid_enzymes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">lipid metabolism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism" title="Fatty acid metabolism">fatty acid metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malonyl-CoA" title="Malonyl-CoA">Malonyl-CoA</a> synthesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP_citrate_lyase" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP citrate lyase">ATP citrate lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA_carboxylase" title="Acetyl-CoA carboxylase">Acetyl-CoA carboxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis">Fatty acid synthesis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthase" title="Fatty acid synthase">Fatty acid synthase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-ketoacyl-ACP_synthase" title="Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase">Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Ketoacyl_ACP_reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-Ketoacyl ACP reductase">Β-Ketoacyl ACP reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxyacyl_ACP_dehydrase" title="3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase">3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoyl_ACP_reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoyl ACP reductase">Enoyl ACP reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fatty acid <a href="/wiki/Desaturase" class="mw-redirect" title="Desaturase">desaturases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stearoyl-CoA_desaturase-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1">Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Triacyl glycerol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycerol-3-phosphate_dehydrogenase" title="Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase">Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty-acyl-CoA_synthase" title="Fatty-acyl-CoA synthase">Thiokinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_degradation" title="Fatty acid degradation">Degradation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fatty-acid_metabolism_disorder#Carnitine.2Ftransport" title="Fatty-acid metabolism disorder">Acyl transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine_palmitoyltransferase_I" title="Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I">Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine-acylcarnitine_translocase" title="Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase">Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine_palmitoyltransferase_II" title="Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II">Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation">Beta oxidation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acyl_CoA_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Acyl CoA dehydrogenase">Acyl CoA dehydrogenase</a> (<a href="/wiki/ACADL" title="ACADL">ACADL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACADM" title="ACADM">ACADM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACADS" title="ACADS">ACADS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACADVL" title="ACADVL">ACADVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACADSB" title="ACADSB">ACADSB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoyl-CoA_hydratase" title="Enoyl-CoA hydratase">Enoyl-CoA hydratase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_trifunctional_protein" title="Mitochondrial trifunctional protein">MTP</a>: <a href="/wiki/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA_dehydrogenase" title="3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase">HADH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HADHA" title="HADHA">HADHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HADHB" title="HADHB">HADHB</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA_C-acyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase">Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation#.CE.B2-oxidation_of_unsaturated_fatty_acids" title="Beta oxidation">Unsaturated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enoyl_CoA_isomerase" title="Enoyl CoA isomerase">Enoyl CoA isomerase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4_Dienoyl-CoA_reductase" title="2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase">2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation#.CE.B2-oxidation_of_odd-numbered_chains" title="Beta oxidation">Odd chain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propionyl-CoA_carboxylase" title="Propionyl-CoA carboxylase">Propionyl-CoA carboxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme_A_dehydrogenase" title="Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase">Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">To <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl-CoA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malonyl-CoA_decarboxylase" title="Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase">Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">Aldehydes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-chain-aldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase">Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism:_lipid_metabolism_–_eicosanoid_metabolism_enzymes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eicosanoid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Eicosanoid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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title="Phospholipase A2">Phospholipase A2</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_C" title="Phospholipase C">Phospholipase C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacylglycerol_lipase" title="Diacylglycerol lipase">Diacylglycerol lipase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prostanoid" title="Prostanoid">Prostanoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase">Cyclooxygenase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PTGS1" class="mw-redirect" title="PTGS1">PTGS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTGS2" class="mw-redirect" title="PTGS2">PTGS2</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_synthase" title="Prostaglandin D2 synthase">PGD2 synthase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E_synthase" title="Prostaglandin E synthase">PGE synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin-E2_9-reductase" title="Prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase">Prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin_synthase" title="Prostacyclin synthase">PGI2 synthase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane-A_synthase" title="Thromboxane-A synthase">TXA synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene" title="Leukotriene">Leukotrienes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-Lipoxygenase-activating_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein">5-Lipoxygenase activating protein</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arachidonate_5-lipoxygenase" title="Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase">Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene-A4_hydrolase" title="Leukotriene-A4 hydrolase">LTA4 hydrolase (B4 synthesis)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_C4_synthase" title="Leukotriene C4 synthase">LTC4 synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-glutamyl_transpeptidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase">Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_D4_hydrolase" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukotriene D4 hydrolase">LTD4 hydrolase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprostaglandin_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase">HPGD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism,_lipid_metabolism,_glycolipid_enzymes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glycolipid_and_sphingolipid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Glycolipid and sphingolipid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glycolipid_and_sphingolipid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Glycolipid and sphingolipid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glycolipid_and_sphingolipid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glycolipid and sphingolipid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism,_lipid_metabolism,_glycolipid_enzymes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">lipid metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycolipid" title="Glycolipid">glycolipid</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid" title="Sphingolipid">Sphingolipid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">To <a href="/wiki/Glycosphingolipid" title="Glycosphingolipid">glycosphingolipid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycosyltransferase" title="Glycosyltransferase">Glycosyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfotransferase" title="Sulfotransferase">Sulfotransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">To <a href="/wiki/Ceramide" title="Ceramide">ceramide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">From <a href="/wiki/Ganglioside" title="Ganglioside">ganglioside</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beta-galactosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-galactosidase">Beta-galactosidase</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/HEXA" title="HEXA">Hexosaminidase A</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neuraminidase" title="Neuraminidase">Neuraminidase</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glucocerebrosidase" title="Glucocerebrosidase">Glucocerebrosidase</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">From <a href="/wiki/Globoside" title="Globoside">globoside</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/HEXB" title="HEXB">Hexosaminidase B</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alpha-galactosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-galactosidase">Alpha-galactosidase</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beta-galactosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-galactosidase">Beta-galactosidase</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glucocerebrosidase" title="Glucocerebrosidase">Glucocerebrosidase</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">From <a href="/wiki/Sphingomyelin" title="Sphingomyelin">sphingomyelin</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sphingomyelin_phosphodiesterase" title="Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase">Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sphingomyelin_phosphodiesterase_1" title="Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1">Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">From <a href="/wiki/Sulfatide" title="Sulfatide">sulfatide</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arylsulfatase_A" title="Arylsulfatase A">Arylsulfatase A</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galactosylceramidase" title="Galactosylceramidase">Galactosylceramidase</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">To <a href="/wiki/Sphingosine" title="Sphingosine">sphingosine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramidase" title="Ceramidase">Ceramidase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACER1" title="ACER1">ACER1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACER2" title="ACER2">ACER2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACER3" title="ACER3">ACER3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASAH1" title="ASAH1">ASAH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASAH2" title="ASAH2">ASAH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASAH2B" title="ASAH2B">ASAH2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASAH2C" title="ASAH2C">ASAH2C</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphingosine_kinase" title="Sphingosine kinase">Sphingosine kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuronal_ceroid_lipofuscinosis" title="Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis">NCL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmitoyl_protein_thioesterase" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmitoyl protein thioesterase">Palmitoyl protein thioesterase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripeptidyl_peptidase_I" title="Tripeptidyl peptidase I">Tripeptidyl peptidase I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLN3" class="mw-redirect" title="CLN3">CLN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLN5" title="CLN5">CLN5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLN6" title="CLN6">CLN6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLN8" title="CLN8">CLN8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceramide#Pathways_for_ceramide_synthesis" title="Ceramide">Ceramide synthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serine_C-palmitoyltransferase" title="Serine C-palmitoyltransferase">Serine C-palmitoyltransferase</a> (<a href="/wiki/SPTLC1" title="SPTLC1">SPTLC1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramide_glucosyltransferase" title="Ceramide glucosyltransferase">Ceramide glucosyltransferase</a> (<a href="/wiki/UGCG" title="UGCG">UGCG</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism:_lipid_metabolism_–_ketones/cholesterol_synthesis_enzymes/steroid_metabolism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cholesterol_and_steroid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Cholesterol and steroid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cholesterol_and_steroid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Cholesterol and steroid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cholesterol_and_steroid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cholesterol and steroid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism:_lipid_metabolism_–_ketones/cholesterol_synthesis_enzymes/steroid_metabolism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">lipid metabolism</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> synthesis <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steroid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid metabolism">steroid metabolism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Mevalonate_pathway" title="Mevalonate pathway">Mevalonate pathway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/HMG-CoA" title="HMG-CoA">HMG-CoA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiolase" title="Thiolase">Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMG-CoA_synthase" class="mw-redirect" title="HMG-CoA synthase">HMG-CoA synthase</a> (regulated step)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Ketogenesis" title="Ketogenesis">Ketogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA_lyase" class="mw-redirect" title="3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase">HMG-CoA lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxybutyrate_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase">3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiophorase" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiophorase">Thiophorase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Mevalonic_acid" title="Mevalonic acid">Mevalonic acid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMG-CoA_reductase" title="HMG-CoA reductase">HMG-CoA reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Dimethylallyl_pyrophosphate" title="Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate">DMAPP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mevalonate_kinase" title="Mevalonate kinase">Mevalonate kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphomevalonate_kinase" title="Phosphomevalonate kinase">Phosphomevalonate kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphomevalonate_decarboxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase">Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopentenyl-diphosphate_delta_isomerase" title="Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase">Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Geranyl-</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylallyltranstransferase" title="Dimethylallyltranstransferase">Dimethylallyltranstransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geranyl_pyrophosphate" title="Geranyl pyrophosphate">Geranyl pyrophosphate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Lanosterol" title="Lanosterol">lanosterol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farnesyl-diphosphate_farnesyltransferase" title="Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase">Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squalene_monooxygenase" title="Squalene monooxygenase">Squalene monooxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanosterol_synthase" title="Lanosterol synthase">Lanosterol synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol" title="7-Dehydrocholesterol">7-Dehydrocholesterol</a> path</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanosterol_14%CE%B1-demethylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanosterol 14α-demethylase">Lanosterol 14α-demethylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterol-C5-desaturase-like" title="Sterol-C5-desaturase-like">Sterol-C5-desaturase-like</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol_reductase" title="7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase">7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Desmosterol" title="Desmosterol">Desmosterol</a> path</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-Dehydrocholesterol_reductase" title="24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase">24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">Bile acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_7%CE%B1-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase">Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP27A1" title="CYP27A1">Sterol 27-hydroxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroidogenesis">Steroidogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">pregnenolone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme" title="Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme">Cholesterol side-chain cleavage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone_synthase" title="Aldosterone synthase">18-Hydroxylase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">cortisone</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/CYP17A1" title="CYP17A1">17α-Hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" title="11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">11β-<abbr title="Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">HSD</abbr></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase_type_1" title="11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>both:</i> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" title="3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">3β-<abbr title="Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">HSD</abbr></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HSD3B1" title="HSD3B1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSD3B2" title="HSD3B2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Hydroxylase" title="21-Hydroxylase">21-Hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="11β-Hydroxylase">11β-Hydroxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP17A1" title="CYP17A1">17α-Hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP17A1" title="CYP17A1">17,20-Lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" title="3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">3β-<abbr title="Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">HSD</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" title="17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">17β-<abbr title="Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">HSD</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-alpha_reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="5-alpha reductase">5α-Reductase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SRD5A1" title="SRD5A1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRD5A2" title="SRD5A2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromatase" title="Aromatase">Aromatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" title="17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">17β-<abbr title="Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">HSD</abbr></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other/ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid metabolism">Steroid metabolism</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Sulfatase" title="Sulfatase">sulfatase</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_sulfatase" title="Steroid sulfatase">Steroid sulfatase</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sulfotransferase" title="Sulfotransferase">sulfotransferase</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SULT1A1" title="SULT1A1">SULT1A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SULT2A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SULT2A1">SULT2A1</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenic_acute_regulatory_protein" title="Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein">Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_total_synthesis" title="Cholesterol total synthesis">Cholesterol total synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_cholesterol_transport" title="Reverse cholesterol transport">Reverse cholesterol transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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