CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913518415c99f938',cH: 'smS0lxCyP9jx7keRJXiWNuudkhRriCeKWCTYePoDtIE-1739788149-1.2.1.1-5MbSsLszKT1tL0CmONBr7TMz_pCkAv4K9.F7oCJa0ex.FMAv9IB20LbwIqWFqoNT',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=Female%20circumcision&page=3&__cf_chl_tk=KRcyel_1t_lc7AOe1JiVHn5NUtRdPSArsWAS5KX2duo-1739788149-1.0.1.1-g.U7IMNNzpFkf7ZhtEvgS4HBfJxECOu3JNVbOzcZiqg",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739788149',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=Female%20circumcision&page=3&__cf_chl_f_tk=KRcyel_1t_lc7AOe1JiVHn5NUtRdPSArsWAS5KX2duo-1739788149-1.0.1.1-g.U7IMNNzpFkf7ZhtEvgS4HBfJxECOu3JNVbOzcZiqg",md: "7j8uvgo1ydrxYsGYCV8Mgj90bkarKm1jP0GUxQdC7wA-1739788149-1.2.1.1-FDMYwErwX.20ZOAeRKg.NuQq6BADBEI.Tf7.JjV5BTlQ3mAic20qK6R_2P1_9yZGr0wlyYaJwR59PF4REfVhvY8_gOeb2wQlyQTVOhIkOClNRXaUNP39RPyAKtUWm0zzLG53x5FwwKVytPjnxAOJtiFyeotsLsjxiMn5nrOtugzZJ.YI7iNvcnNC21lNpsmbw89.OAcgb.ixunqmNtjEQnbkm9dMIi9mUPiGfSmTzFja6s9QT3PhuznE9ZyjTeQ_os2pxet34wrM7dmFt66Pz9MqqVEmDSx9jAuBJcrlwj9kaAko2rTtz8kIcmz5LARTGWvziY.s9RgX2mqbEsTN2jhvawEM8yvfbWE.cqvfDDrwUc5b1ZVxI4F831iVRdWIgKkF.4tHjnYF.Rn_lYdphnQ0bA3l5PuzTOhlewWKRWQhy1TPIDa1lhLtqEYFXO_mRjVfm5q3JTJlcnwU.2s7fb2Vy6wX_zhB8PesMx7KLVbD9HjN2ZDlzxyzaY6lV0cmhMflyX40CLJRWW8gahYiGvNN.9F8ePiW2F5qw9.Xdzj_eqKQkpVOoDF59UBSqwxN50Tuf3HgvImHV83g0XkFOhcElPhaKUTPW4zBrS7Q2S3m5ltSTW5moO5LTJF_tTxWNuTilymkDuO4PCo7lTDW_ep3fLhMqE6sfAi2sz8xrdaTzFTS6K5bDzPBBZ5fXom_Z6AuO0AoMbq4CXOvp8.4Dyy_DJwezJuONO_U4Duyav96X9yEh.lbcnXF89sQHtriqhRad4AOA3Vw_GtM4XTvAPEssOQexbSo2ODMiA2zZcPYnkHxODN31SvxKW77umPje7UNxlZvWrqD0hvGbOYCgrqDyz2M_K0vQyGH4SoGrw5.2x4tXRmsCsU3E6TNxVgciAU4fsExxy6FVley5QrJTMhL2U_PTEWsPpyAtoQBYBsDVplAuj3ERoz74nM936xxb4qqRH42hNR69FIwnp_6j0O8ibjwJAleTyuhL3NRrPDmMY2GeoeT7QYbiQCIeb6YgAcf7CavCQt5H9b7Jb9m.4YuW8Sfw14dj4TxbuSgNrWodY9qWfwp6khg3D6N.SXrqhskkTwoMp7393y_BGV6EpF8ucmsHsEEqGCnmAo9JfYnPxvgOnIDyfOicWjpqVDwrM3USWzcZ7q_OGPhnC6kFhLCxu01CFL8qgCzUTuzoyTaUFqsX0euAV0lfKZJo6kdeeoi87jiUMVzO1UDwIu1SfdG2u58mOmPJ7QrxzTZcoCTNHe2gdcsxVUXiO.fhoYSzAZKF6Gc1ssNgOJnlMvVAQ3D4esKJBh5QVfQF6NsLrp8Zb7KWfnIb3M1hMhKlI2pgVaFFAj8uyHyV_d7_KZCLnTbEfsWbE4uDb0wIJLGGfZZU6E2sA3fK2wCDJ4Lyh.XV8g87J_rcjbcKRNx.lzvtlei1KKohR9OM0yvqnENk1StT0r4X0nH5ui_caxOWVqGBcBLN92PnjyneD2QkKf0ti.tTZEprjogoXbNg.Pr2q6C3Z1bAMPlZsXlQTNJKNCgOkVM46lZPpTZUbYg9wuhyhEGclHTdrsmy4ekZxDllYy9s.NTGCIGMOIoxblhujIc3YfdR4k6Ge5iN2MwDzbsD2yb7wrQDaSiABRaBwKyxwFGXTpaNZDbghACk8Mcd0wdI0a9v.A1FbTwzb2XLEA3vJLaUGWL0FryQyneWMx2bPWrL1YKWtuizYiVE3PC.ZowbTTUOcFEiRXcUB9s_ZaJc91Rv6Ucwi5yp30ZDzLwzvFgAv7FbP.LjxHdMqPY9nc.QvKQKA873FrcQFyZ7Z1NlC2URcZyPEx.ABYBCpzGPMAJSDvnILVMFGzbcjG6bmAZSzpVWTXyG2lm5qSdIbjH3SBSR3p6GLAaCZ7sxsvdvfISzBghiIVcYRBiGccctGN_UYgAF29_bkrztjWyp.ftl5CXJOtSBhuZrKOnjJ.x3Xg",mdrd: "3NzBY1qy2VCMaMdQ_TYXaqQRIQ8_WdnOQYQD5Cr.C58-1739788149-1.2.1.1-hiLsDPxX1ncuX9FUG4pI8NespHso6JAtlgEv3gd6doTKFveYwATPyOx7hOVdL57._GjjJftWlE7EwaeKRhghCq1r9Ez7K7JalOpNxw0vX0gaZgAtK0mcphsBHshVbaWE8hJiCCUMqur8O5_OXYYoykNi4etMu_KS5WtRq5AoSyW_B8Cu4yYuIX3EV6GdE6xHlO0KU7c3rbShr7ow9GAa.tlHn7tZg8GJBwuVHHoFPFdSZ.zz1nQ70cVwSNRNnerxVE2GZ49elh1McT44v3PP5SAug2Pv.RvB3srQwub19u3BJtEKEj.kqG460aTNK9VdN.wTiysKmLW5B3YJNkVxRQWyCdkh7kUawzGjSZD3kspHcxZQtwHd2dgKpcxFoLWKHnvWJ0XEuavcZUN8fSqvylnuSh4ytU5.HFIO1hvg76J_9Vi1weDv8fplDhelBpGVzaGhAd7k8qcmmM.4V_rvFkqbVTefnxx5Am_Fcb9C2DCXWjOLPUeMVxIoSV6kJJXR8ax2_jVw5nuL8Oys.NRlTtuQUTZY_M0PrbaAAae3ed_0pzRpsDBpe8HGEZsBI7xRQw4CJ3wJm.s0rbGg.nU2Gc_Z0j5a0zABdGQ7kU0nogDWZfB7BQQzEwx_9U2qX.jbWck_aoI1NkplepDoVrGSfEqSOaiNRvlWa7atR0nnPssZ6pgtbeO8ylVyVhH1GJTkN3nwi3L0DzcjwpIyW0O2o6_Yeyg8ezjl2fFTF6tRfX2YSHOIanAHYfI5WnlZEe1Ju.MlTaTUD.uK.fHbgzFJ2.7Knl8w5F1DobJfoRquH8OFD8s8FjzvBOrTlEVV6luX0jyVwgqmTeICJSSFLNFNTQEpLg.PN0DE2Tk9GgIy7helqjDCbN43gUdiKfiGaUb5uR2vSgAgbnYoJxr3ytS55NlXdhlHDsL0LhEwWOWazlBfTbvevifyNKw7mGS_vN1cJJFjnZD0ws6vajv.48yglhUdqEXDcxykpBr1HfWAd9Ny7R6uiIfCw_ICVp6zZvZlEgtJ5I8zZ9UPFwePjyXyPBsWReEShiGOemsTOT5r0vgAATtISqHglDHXD2JHcoKIoYrwltSIeMZ7V0AhOrD0bQqT_3yF5plPnj2vGNMJfOWnHcrQosDWrd1LF67lpvPHtVAxpNRu7NggYOj6fmbNizSWYLQrwQMn0G7wybyYU55d_C0JoAFgSUKabNGtG2.hDePwIw5zWOliEt2T.G9TLFuafnaKNlvDO21Lzz0ooEpEErimIQ.Q5kOeuquPnL2izqxPdFF3sSmuFoys_CHO3jTpGjJiG.1DaxBjhwwoCH4s_KggeaGK_v_s0HH5UEgoynr9hJGQXe_IOHQR25HOfEy.VmKHwbKvZ2T6P2FMGpsrABt4UGcO9k7xfD2tMyRwi5fR3b6JpOkC54DNwECKWtg.oTGUtBCG6WyQtgtCIbPIsvJUoJO69_9wjIjwg_.4uQ2RTs7D8CA9NafykI7Q.sn0E.uXxPfMFShWGWVWt2yUHeJTQv43ciht5uWKig5gNA7D_GGsq3iKR.fFyaAt2XQf96r0AQcVAAQ9THPKCRCuxE7QBRh_6DwAUEL70xyc2VzSmd6FQuMV0gJ1U5qw0K6olRLUhfLHjj.d9se8RwDvKO9kM_IbUM0e2tVmrxL5Qa1MJgxgnsXGiBj78D0drkumdCsN3MBERw80IeMjO1150IPhD29VPb7R1YG7gfwXWkNABqhmnXZm.mPWvJ4u1vtRDOd.tSvg7_Ten8wKjqSv4jqufmqtxnm.tycW_GdkbHHUUAj1NuQl0oNmk4nrGvA8LHY91NpGDwKjvNuTddf7ZdYGPKuo3zcQZ3QQFlKEsiJRl0pbebHOVTdz79AYmSof1.LfY.jrmo5Jg8Z.Mx76Ov40h9IETJVF5XyRY77TVcCDi8RY6Wu4DmoNz_BS0fJr.OKPHBGA2kmLz0JVdcg4GhzZF5AD1YjLKSSs6VSx"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913518415c99f938';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=Female%20circumcision&page=3&__cf_chl_rt_tk=KRcyel_1t_lc7AOe1JiVHn5NUtRdPSArsWAS5KX2duo-1739788149-1.0.1.1-g.U7IMNNzpFkf7ZhtEvgS4HBfJxECOu3JNVbOzcZiqg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>