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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>兀丨丿孬丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="n-wrecentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9"><span>兀丨丿孬丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 鬲氐賮丨 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-subjects" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD"><span>丕賱賲賵丕囟賷毓</span></a></li><li id="n-index" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9"><span>兀亘噩丿賷</span></a></li><li id="n-portals" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD"><span>亘賵丕亘丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="丨賲賱氐賮丨丞毓卮賵丕卅賷丞 [x]" accesskey="x"><span>賲賯丕賱丞毓卮賵丕卅賷丞</span></a></li><li id="n-Kiwix" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3"><span>鬲氐賮丨賲賳睾賷乇廿賳鬲乇賳鬲</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-contributing" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-contributing" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 賲卮丕乇賰丞 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7"><span>鬲賵丕氐賱賲毓賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="丨賷孬鬲噩丿丕賱賲爻丕毓丿丞"><span>賲爻丕毓丿丞</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86"><span>丕賱賲賷丿丕賳</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ar.svg" style="width: 7em; 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href=\"/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_2023\" title=\"鬲氐賳賷賮:賲匕丕亘丨禺賱丕賱丕賱丨乇亘丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱賯鬲賱丕賱賲丿賳賷賷賳\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E \n\u003Cb\u003E賱丕 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A\" title=\"賲噩夭乇丞賲爻鬲卮賮賶丕賱賲毓賲丿丕賳賷\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱丕爻鬲賴丿丕賮丕賱賲爻鬲卮賮賷丕鬲賵丕賱賲丿丕乇爻\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E .... \u003Cb\u003E賱丕 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89#丕賱丿毓丕賷丞_丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞\" title=\"毓賲賱賷丞胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱賱鬲囟賱賷賱賵丕賱賰賷賱亘賲賰賷丕賱賷賳\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81_%D8%A5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9_2023\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"賵賯賮廿胤賱丕賯丕賱賳丕乇賮賷睾夭丞 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:white\"\u003E兀賵賯賮賵丕丕賱丨乇亘\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E .... 賵丕賳卮乇賵丕丕賱爻賱丕賲丕賱毓丕丿賱賵丕賱卮丕賲賱\u003C/b\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\n\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="丕賱賲賵賯毓"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">丕賳賯賱賱賱卮乇賷胤丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">丕賱賲賯丿賲丞</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-鬲丕乇賷禺_丕賱賳孬乇_丕賱毓乇亘賷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鬲丕乇賷禺_丕賱賳孬乇_丕賱毓乇亘賷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>鬲丕乇賷禺丕賱賳孬乇丕賱毓乇亘賷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鬲丕乇賷禺_丕賱賳孬乇_丕賱毓乇亘賷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-賳孬乇_鬲賮氐賷賱賷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#賳孬乇_鬲賮氐賷賱賷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>賳孬乇鬲賮氐賷賱賷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-賳孬乇_鬲賮氐賷賱賷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-賲賳_兀毓賱丕賲_兀丿亘_丕賱賳孬乇_丕賱毓乇亘賷_丕賱丨丿賷孬" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#賲賳_兀毓賱丕賲_兀丿亘_丕賱賳孬乇_丕賱毓乇亘賷_丕賱丨丿賷孬"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>賲賳兀毓賱丕賲兀丿亘丕賱賳孬乇丕賱毓乇亘賷丕賱丨丿賷孬</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-賲賳_兀毓賱丕賲_兀丿亘_丕賱賳孬乇_丕賱毓乇亘賷_丕賱丨丿賷孬-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-賲賵丕囟賷毓_賲鬲毓賱賯丞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#賲賵丕囟賷毓_賲鬲毓賱賯丞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>賲賵丕囟賷毓賲鬲毓賱賯丞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-賲賵丕囟賷毓_賲鬲毓賱賯丞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-丕賱賲乇丕噩毓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#丕賱賲乇丕噩毓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>丕賱賲乇丕噩毓</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-丕賱賲乇丕噩毓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="鬲亘丿賷賱毓乇囟噩丿賵賱丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">鬲亘丿賷賱毓乇囟噩丿賵賱丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">賳孬乇毓乇亘賷</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="賴匕賴丕賱賲賯丕賱丞鬲鬲賵丕噩丿賮賯胤賮賷賴匕賴丕賱賱睾丞. 兀囟賮賴丕廿賱賶丕賱賱睾丕鬲丕賱兀禺乇賶." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">兀囟賮賱睾丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12247976#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="廿囟丕賮丞賵氐賱丕鬲亘賷賳丕賱賱睾丕鬲" class="wbc-editpage">兀囟賮賵氐賱丕鬲</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="賳胤丕賯丕鬲"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="丕毓乇囟氐賮丨丞丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 [c]" accesskey="c"><span>賲賯丕賱丞</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4:%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" rel="discussion" title="賳賯丕卮氐賮丨丞丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 [t]" 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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱賲馗賴乇</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">丕賳賯賱賱賱卮乇賷胤丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">賲賳賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕貙丕賱賲賵爻賵毓丞丕賱丨乇丞</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ar" dir="rtl"><p><b>丕賱賳孬乇丕賱毓乇亘賷</b> 賴賵賰賱 <a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%B1" title="賳孬乇">賳孬乇</a> 兀丿亘賷賲賰鬲賵亘 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="丕賱賱睾丞丕賱毓乇亘賷丞">亘丕賱賱睾丞丕賱毓乇亘賷丞</a>貙賵賴賵賷毓丿亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞廿賱賶 <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="卮毓乇毓乇亘賷">丕賱卮毓乇丕賱毓乇亘賷</a> 賲賳丕賱兀卮賰丕賱丕賱兀丿亘賷丞賱賱賰鬲丕亘丞賯丿賷賰賵賳賮賷賴爻賲丕鬲噩賲丕賱賷丞 <a href="/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82_(%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B9)" title="胤亘丕賯 (亘丿賷毓)">賰丕賱胤亘丕賯</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%B9" title="爻噩毓">賵丕賱爻噩毓</a> 賵睾賷乇賴丕貙賵鬲毓鬲亘乇賲毓馗賲丕賱兀毓賲丕賱丕賱兀丿亘賷丞賳孬乇丕. 賷鬲賰賵賳丕賱賳孬乇賲賳丕賱賰鬲丕亘丞丕賱鬲賷賱丕鬲賱鬲夭賲亘兀賷丞賴賷丕賰賱乇爻賲賷丞禺丕氐丞 (睾賷乇丕賱賯賵丕毓丿丕賱賳丨賵賷丞) 兀賵賴賵賰鬲丕亘丞睾賷乇 <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1_(%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8)" title="卮毓乇 (兀丿亘)">卮毓乇賷丞</a>. 丕賱賳孬乇賴賵丕賱賰鬲丕亘丞亘亘爻丕胤丞毓賳卮賷亍丿賵賳丕賱賲丨丕賵賱丞亘丕賱囟乇賵乇丞兀賳賷賰賵賳匕賱賰亘胤乇賷賯丞噩賲賷賱丞貙兀賵亘丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲丕賱賰賱賲丕鬲丕賱噩賲賷賱丞. 賰鬲丕亘丞丕賱賳孬乇賷賲賰賳亘丕賱胤亘毓兀賳鬲鬲禺匕卮賰賱丕賸噩賲賷賱丕賸賱賷爻亘賮囟賱丕賱賲賷夭丕鬲丕賱亘賱丕睾賷丞丕賱鬲噩賲賷賱賷丞賱賱賰賱賲丕鬲 (丕賱賯賵丕賮賷貙丕賱噩賳丕爻 ) 賵賱賰賳亘丿賱丕賲賳匕賱賰丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲丕賱賳賲胤貙賵丕賱鬲賳爻賷亘貙兀賵廿丿乇丕噩丕賱乇爻賵賲丕鬲. 賴賳丕賰賲賳胤賯丞賵丕丨丿丞賲賳丕賱鬲丿丕禺賱賴賷芦卮毓乇丕賱賳孬乇禄賵丕賱匕賷賷丨丕賵賱兀賳賷賳賯賱丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丞賵丕賱賮賰乇丞亘丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲丕賱賳孬乇賮賯胤賲毓廿孬乇丕亍丕賱噩賲丕賱賷丞丕賱賳賲賵匕噩賷丞賱賱卮毓乇. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="鬲丕乇賷禺_丕賱賳孬乇_丕賱毓乇亘賷"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.8A.D8.AE_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.86.D8.AB.D8.B1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D8.B1.D8.A8.D9.8A"></span>鬲丕乇賷禺丕賱賳孬乇丕賱毓乇亘賷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&action=edit&section=1" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 鬲丕乇賷禺丕賱賳孬乇丕賱毓乇亘賷"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>賱賲賷氐賱廿賱賷賳丕賲賳丕賱賳孬乇丕賱噩丕賴賱賷賭毓賱賶賰孬乇鬲賴賭廿賱丕賲丕毓賱賯賮賷兀匕賴丕賳丕賱乇賵丕丞賲賳賳賮丕卅爻丕賱禺胤亘賵丕賱兀賲孬丕賱貙賵卮賷亍賹賲賳爻噩毓丕賱賰賴丕賳. 賵賲賳丕賱賵丕囟丨兀賳丕賱賳孬乇兀爻亘賯賲賳丕賱卮毓乇賮賷丕賱賵噩賵丿貨賵匕賱賰賱兀賳丕賱賳孬乇賱賷爻廿賱丕鬲乇賯賷賲丕賸賱賲丕賷鬲亘丕丿賱亘賷賳丕賱賳丕爻賲賳賰賱丕賲. 廿匕丕賸賱丕賳爻鬲胤賷毓兀賳賳乇囟禺亘爻賴賵賱丞賱賯賵賱丕賱賯丕卅賱: 廿賳丕賱毓乇亘賱賲賷毓乇賮賵丕丕賱賳孬乇丕賱賮賳賷賯亘賱丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙賵賱丕亘丿兀賳賴賰丕賳鬲賴賳丕賰丕爻鬲毓賲丕賱丕鬲賵丕爻毓丞賱賱賳孬乇貙賰賰鬲丕亘丞丕賱毓賯賵丿貙賵鬲亘丕丿賱丕賱乇爻丕卅賱亘賷賳丕賱賯亘丕卅賱. </p><p>賵賲賳禺氐丕卅氐丕賱賳孬乇丕賱噩丕賴賱賷丕賱匕賷賵氐賱賳丕兀賳賴禺丕賱賺賲賳丕賱鬲兀賳賯賵丕賱鬲毓賯賷丿貙噩丕乇賺賲毓丕賱胤亘毓丕賱亘丿賵賷丕賱爻丕匕噩貙賯賵賷賾丕賱賱賮馗貙賲鬲賷賳丕賱鬲乇賰賷亘貙賯氐賷乇丕賱噩賲賱丞貙賲賵噩夭丕賱兀爻賱賵亘. 賵賴匕丕賲丕丨丿丕亘丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇 <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%81" title="卮賵賯賷囟賷賮">卮賵賯賷囟賷賮</a> 兀賳賷爻賲賾賷賴匕丕丕賱賳賵毓賲賳丕賱賰鬲丕亘丞亘賲匕賴亘丕賱氐賳毓丞. </p><p>賵賱賲丕馗賴乇丕賱廿爻賱丕賲馗賴乇鬲氐賮丨丞噩丿賷丿丞賮賷丕賱賳孬乇丕賱毓乇亘賷. 丕鬲爻毓鬲 <a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="賮賳丕賱禺胤丕亘丞">丕賱禺胤丕亘丞</a> 賮賷丕賱毓氐乇丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丕鬲爻丕毓丕賸卮丿賷丿丕賸貙賲鬲兀孬乇丞賸亘丕賱丨賵丕丿孬丕賱丿賷賳賷賾丞賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞丕賱鬲賷賰丕賳鬲賯丿胤乇兀鬲毓賱賶丕賱毓丕賱賲丕賱毓乇亘賷丌賳匕丕賰. 賰賲丕賰孬乇丕爻鬲毓賲丕賱丕賱賰鬲丕亘丞丕賱賮賳賾賷丞賮賷賴匕丕丕賱毓氐乇貙賵兀禺匕鬲鬲乇賯賶賵鬲賳囟噩貙賵丕賲鬲夭丕噩丕賱毓乇亘賲毓睾賷乇賴賲賲賳丕賱兀賲賲. 賵賱賰賳賲毓賰賱賴匕賴丕賱鬲丨賵賱丕鬲馗賱賲匕賴亘丕賱氐賳毓丞賲爻賷胤乇丕賸毓賱賶丕賱賳孬乇丕賱毓乇亘賷貙賵賱賲賷鬲丨賱賻賾賱賲賳賯賷賵丿賴貙賵賱賲鬲禺鬲賱賮禺氐丕卅氐賴賰孬賷乇丕賸毓賳禺氐丕卅氐丕賱賳孬乇丕賱噩丕賴賱賷. </p><p>賵賮賷 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="丕賱丿賵賱丞丕賱毓亘丕爻賷丞">丕賱毓氐乇丕賱毓亘丕爻賷</a> 亘乇夭鬲胤丕卅賮丞賲賳丕賱賰鬲丕亘鬲毓賳賶亘丕賱賲丐賱賻賾賮丕鬲丕賱胤賵賷賱丞丕賱賲賮氐賻賾賱丞貨廿賲丕鬲乇噩賲丞賸貙賰丕亘賳丕賱賲賯賮毓貨賵廿賲丕鬲兀賱賷賮丕賸貙 <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="爻賴賱亘賳賴丕乇賵賳">賰爻賴賱亘賳賴丕乇賵賳</a>貙賵<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B8" title="丕賱噩丕丨馗">丕賱噩丕丨馗</a>貙賵賯丿丕賱鬲夭賲賴丐賱丕亍賲匕賴亘丕賱氐賳毓丞兀賷囟丕賸. 賵賱賰賳賳丕毓賳丿賲丕賳賳鬲賯賱廿賱賶賰鬲賾丕亘丕賱丿賵丕賵賷賳賮賷賴匕丕丕賱毓氐乇賳噩丿賴賲賯丿兀亘丿毓賵丕兀爻賱賵亘丕賸噩丿賷丿丕賸賮賷丕賱賰鬲丕亘丞賷毓賳賶毓賳丕賷丞亘丕賱睾丞亘丕賱夭禺乇賮賵丕賱鬲兀賳賯貙賵兀胤賱賯丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇卮賵賯賷囟賷賮毓賱賶賴匕丕丕賱賳賵毓賲賳丕賱賰鬲丕亘丞賲匕賴亘丕賱鬲氐賳賷毓貨賱丕毓鬲賲丕丿賴亘卮賰賱賰亘賷乇毓賱賶丕賱爻噩毓賵丕賱亘丿賷毓賵丕賱賲丨爻賳丕鬲丕賱賱賮馗賷賾丞. 賵丕爻鬲丨丿孬賴匕丕丕賱賲匕賴亘丕亘賳丕賱丨賲賷丿貙賵鬲亘毓賴噩賲丕毓丞賲賳丕賱賰鬲賾丕亘貨賱賲賵丕賮賯鬲賴匕賵賯丕賱毓氐乇丕賱毓亘丕爻賷丕賱匕賷賷鬲賾爻賲亘丕賱丿毓丞賵丕賱鬲乇賮. 賵賲賳賴丐賱丕亍丕賱賰鬲賾丕亘丕亘賳丕賱毓賲賷丿貙丕賱匕賷鬲賲賾賴匕丕丕賱賳賵毓賲賳丕賱賰鬲丕亘丞毓賱賷丿賴 </p><p>賵賮賷兀賵丕禺乇丕賱賯乇賳丕賱乇丕亘毓貨賵賮賯丕賸賱賲丕賵氐賱鬲廿賱賷賴丕賱丨囟丕乇丞丕賱毓乇亘賷賾丞賲賳乇賯賷賾賵鬲毓賯賷丿貙馗賴乇賲匕賴亘噩丿賷丿賮賷丕賱賳孬乇丕賱毓乇亘賷貙賷賯賵賲毓賱賶鬲氐毓賷亘胤乇賯丕賱兀丿丕亍賵丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇賵鬲毓賯賷丿賴丕貙丨鬲賶氐丕乇賴匕丕丕賱賳賵毓賲賳丕賱賰鬲丕亘丞毓賳丿亘毓囟丕賱兀丿亘丕亍睾丕賷丞鬲賯氐丿賱匕丕鬲賴丕. 馗賴乇鬲胤賱丕卅毓賴匕丕丕賱賲匕賴亘貙丕賱匕賷爻賲丕賴卮賵賯賷囟賷賮亘賲匕賴亘丕賱鬲氐賳購賾毓貙賮賷賰鬲丕亘丕鬲 <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8A" title="賲丨賲丿亘賳賲賵爻賶丕賱禺賵丕乇夭賲賷">丕賱禺賵丕乇夭賲賷</a>貙賵<a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="亘丿賷毓丕賱夭賲丕賳丕賱賴賲匕丕賳賷">亘丿賷毓丕賱夭賲丕賳</a>貨賵亘賱睾兀賵噩賴賮賷賲丐賱賻賾賮丕鬲 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="兀亘賵丕賱毓賱丕亍丕賱賲毓乇賷">兀亘賷丕賱毓賱丕亍丕賱賲毓乇賷</a>. </p><p>賵馗賱賲匕賴亘丕賱鬲氐賳毓賷丨鬲賰乇氐賳丕毓丞丕賱賳孬乇賮賷丕賱亘賱丕丿丕賱毓乇亘賷賾丞賵丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷賾丞貙賵賱賲賷馗賴乇廿賱賶丕賱賵噩賵丿賲匕賴亘亘毓丿賴貙亘賱賰賱賲賳噩丕亍亘毓丿兀亘賷丕賱毓賱丕亍賲賳丕賱賰鬲賾丕亘賱賲賷賰賳廿賱丕賾賲賯賱賾丿丕賸賱賲賳爻亘賯賵賴貙賵禺賲丿鬲噩匕賵丞丕賱廿亘丿丕毓毓賳丿兀丿亘丕亍丕賱毓乇亘貙賵丕爻鬲賲乇賾丕賱賳孬乇賷賳鬲賯賱賲賳兀丿賷亘賲賯賱賽賾丿廿賱賶丌禺乇兀爻賵兀賲賳賴貙丨鬲賶賵氐賱廿賱賶丕賱丨囟賷囟賮賷 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="丕賱丿賵賱丞丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷丞">丕賱毓氐乇丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷</a>. </p><p>賵亘丕賱乇睾賲賲賳匕賱賰馗賴乇賮賷毓氐乇丕賱丕賳丨胤丕胤賰鬲丕亘禺乇噩賵丕毓賱賶丕賱兀胤賵丕乇丕賱爻丕卅丿丞貙賵兀賱賻賾賮賵丕賰鬲亘丕賸賲乇爻賱丞賸禺丕賱賷丞賲賳丕賱鬲毓賯賷丿賵丕賱氐賳丕毓丕鬲丕賱賱賮馗賷丞貙亘賱賰丕賳賵丕丿毓丕丞賸賱鬲噩丿賷丿丕賱賳孬乇. 賵賲賳賴丐賱丕亍丕賱賰鬲賾丕亘 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="丕亘賳禺賱丿賵賳">丕亘賳禺賱丿賵賳</a>貙賵賲賯丿賲鬲賴賰賱賴丕鬲卮賴丿賱賴亘丕賱亘賷丕賳賵丕賱賵囟賵丨. 賵賲賳孬賵乇鬲賴毓賱賶賴匕丕丕賱賳孬乇丕賱賲毓賯賾丿賲丕噩丕亍賮賷賲賯丿賲鬲賴: 芦賵賯丿丕爻鬲毓賲賱丕賱賲鬲兀禺乇賵賳兀爻丕賱賷亘丕賱卮毓乇賵賲賵丕夭賷賳賴賮賷丕賱賲賳孬賵乇貙賲賳賰孬乇丞丕賱兀爻噩丕毓貙賵丕賱鬲夭丕賲丕賱鬲賯賮賷丞貙賵鬲賯丿賷賲丕賱賳爻賷亘亘賷賳賷丿賷丕賱兀睾乇丕囟. 賵丕賱賲賳孬賵乇購廿匕丕鬲兀賲賱賿鬲賴賲賳亘丕亘丕賱卮毓乇賵賮賳賾賴貙賵賱賲賷賮鬲乇賯丕廿賱丕賮賷丕賱賵夭賳. 賵丕爻鬲賲乇丕賱賲鬲兀禺賽賾乇賵賳賲賳丕賱賰鬲賾丕亘毓賱賶賴匕賴丕賱胤乇賷賯丞貙賵丕爻鬲毓賲賱賵賴丕賮賷丕賱賲禺丕胤亘丕鬲丕賱爻賱胤丕賳賷賾丞貙賵賯氐乇賵丕丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕賱賮賷賴匕丕丕賱賲賳孬賵乇賰賱賴毓賱賶賴匕丕丕賱賮賳賾丕賱匕賷丕乇鬲囟賵賴貙賵禺賱胤賵丕丕賱兀爻丕賱賷亘賮賷賴貙賵賴噩乇賵丕丕賱賲乇爻賱賵鬲賳丕爻賵賴貙賵禺氐賵氐丕賸兀賴賱丕賱賲卮乇賯. 賵氐丕乇鬲丕賱賲禺丕胤亘丕鬲購丕賱爻購賾賱胤丕賳賷賻丞購賱賴匕丕丕賱毓賴丿毓賳丿丕賱賰鬲賾丕亘丕賱睾購賮賱賽噩丕乇賷丞毓賱賶賴匕丕丕賱兀爻賱賵亘". </p><p>賵賲賳賴丐賱丕亍丕賱孬賵丕乇毓賱賶丕賱賳孬乇丕賱賲氐賳賵毓 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="兀亘賵丕賱毓亘丕爻丕賱賯賱賯卮賳丿賷">丕賱賯賱賯卮賳丿賷</a>貙氐丕丨亘芦<a href="/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%89" title="氐亘丨丕賱兀毓卮賶">氐亘丨丕賱兀毓卮賶賮賷氐賳丕毓丞丕賱廿賳卮丕</a>禄. 賮賯丿鬲噩賳賾亘丕賱兀爻噩丕毓賵丕賱鬲乇氐賷毓賵丕賱賵賱賵毓亘丕賱亘丿賷毓貙賵鬲禺賱賾賶毓賳丕賱鬲毓賯賷丿貙廿賱丕賾賳丕丿乇丕賸. 賮賰鬲丕亘賴芦氐亘丨丕賱兀毓卮賶禄兀賰孬乇賴賲乇爻賱貙廿賱丕丕賱賳丕丿乇丕賱賯賱賷賱貙賰賲賯丿賲丞丕賱賰鬲丕亘丕賱鬲賷噩丕亍鬲賲爻噩毓丞.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="賳孬乇_鬲賮氐賷賱賷"><span id=".D9.86.D8.AB.D8.B1_.D8.AA.D9.81.D8.B5.D9.8A.D9.84.D9.8A"></span>賳孬乇鬲賮氐賷賱賷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&action=edit&section=2" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 賳孬乇鬲賮氐賷賱賷"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>賱賲丕丕鬲爻毓鬲乇賯毓丞 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="丕賱賵胤賳丕賱毓乇亘賷">丕賱丿賵賱丞丕賱毓乇亘賷丞丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞</a> 貙馗賴乇鬲賰鬲丕亘丞丕賱乇爻丕卅賱賵丕賱毓賴賵丿賮賷兀賵賱兀賲乇賴丕毓賱賶兀爻丕爻丕賱廿賷噩丕夭貙孬賲兀氐亘丨鬲鬲賮氐賷賱賷丞鬲噩乇賷毓賱賷丞丕賱廿丿丕乇丞賵兀賲賵乇 <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="噩賷卮">丕賱噩賷賵卮</a> 賵丕賱禺乇丕噩 . 賮亘乇夭鬲賲丐爻爻丕鬲廿丿丕乇賷丞賲孬賱 : 丿賷賵丕賳丕賱禺乇丕噩貙丿賷賵丕賳丕賱禺丕鬲賲賱鬲爻噩賷賱乇爻丕卅賱丕賱禺賱賷賮丞賵禺鬲賲賴丕丨鬲賶賱丕賷胤賱毓毓賱賷賴丕兀丨丿爻賵賶丕賱賲乇爻賱廿賱賷賴貙賵丿賷賵丕賳丕賱乇爻丕卅賱賱賰鬲丕亘丞乇爻丕卅賱丕賱禺賱賷賮丞. </p><p>賵賱賰賳兀賵賱賲賳丨囟乇鬲賮賵賯賴賮賷氐賳丕毓丞丕賱賰鬲丕亘丞丕賱鬲賮氐賷賱賷丞賴賵 ( <b>兀亘賵丕賱毓賱丕亍爻丕賱賲賲賵賱賶賴卮丕賲亘賳毓亘丿 丕賱賲賱賰</b> ) 丕賱匕賷賰丕賳賷噩賷丿 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="丕賱賱睾丞丕賱毓乇亘賷丞">丕賱毓乇亘賷丞</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="丕賱賱睾丞丕賱賷賵賳丕賳賷丞">賵丕賱賷賵賳丕賳賷丞</a> 貙孬賲鬲賱賲賷匕賴購 ( <b>毓亘丿 丕賱丨賲賷丿亘賳賷丨賷賶</b> ) 丕賱匕賷賳賯賱鬲賯丕賱賷丿丕賱賮乇爻廿賱賶丕賱賰鬲丕亘丞丕賱毓乇亘賷丞貙賵氐丕乇廿賲丕賲賮賷賴匕賴丕賱氐賳丕毓丞丨鬲賶賱賯賽賾亘芦亘丕賱賰丕鬲亘禄鬲毓囟賷賲丕賱卮兀賳賴 . 賴匕丕 <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="賲賳_兀毓賱丕賲_兀丿亘_丕賱賳孬乇_丕賱毓乇亘賷_丕賱丨丿賷孬"><span id=".D9.85.D9.86_.D8.A3.D8.B9.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.85_.D8.A3.D8.AF.D8.A8_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.86.D8.AB.D8.B1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D8.B1.D8.A8.D9.8A_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AD.D8.AF.D9.8A.D8.AB"></span>賲賳兀毓賱丕賲兀丿亘丕賱賳孬乇丕賱毓乇亘賷丕賱丨丿賷孬</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&action=edit&section=3" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 賲賳兀毓賱丕賲兀丿亘丕賱賳孬乇丕賱毓乇亘賷丕賱丨丿賷孬"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%87_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="胤賴丨爻賷賳">胤賴丨爻賷賳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A" title="賲氐胤賮賶賱胤賮賷丕賱賲賳賮賱賵胤賷">賲氐胤賮賶丕賱賲賳賮賱賵胤賷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="賲氐胤賮賶氐丕丿賯丕賱乇丕賮毓賷">賲氐胤賮賶氐丕丿賯丕賱乇丕賮毓賷</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="賲賵丕囟賷毓_賲鬲毓賱賯丞"><span id=".D9.85.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.B6.D9.8A.D8.B9_.D9.85.D8.AA.D8.B9.D9.84.D9.82.D8.A9"></span>賲賵丕囟賷毓賲鬲毓賱賯丞</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&action=edit&section=4" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 賲賵丕囟賷毓賲鬲毓賱賯丞"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="卮毓乇毓乇亘賷">卮毓乇毓乇亘賷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="賳孬賷乇丞">賯氐賷丿丞丕賱賳孬乇</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="丕賱賲乇丕噩毓"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.AC.D8.B9"></span>丕賱賲乇丕噩毓</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&action=edit&section=5" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 丕賱賲乇丕噩毓"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span 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賳孬乇 毓乇亘賷 - 賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕

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