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It is a [[listed building|Grade I listed building]].<ref name=nhle>{{NHLE|desc=Town Hall|num=1343161|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> The hall underwent a major renovation between 2002 and 2007. It now hosts a diverse programme of events including jazz, world, folk, rock, pop and classical concerts, organ recitals, spoken word, dance, family, educational and community performances, as well as annual general meetings, product launches, conferences, dinners, fashion shows, graduation ceremonies and broadcasts. ==History== [[File:Birmingham-Town-Hall-artists-impression.jpg|thumb|left|Artist's impression (1831) by W. Harris, of the Hansom & Welch design, as entered into the competition to design the building. The original drawing is on display there.]] The building was created as a home for the [[Birmingham Triennial Music Festival]] established in 1784, the purpose of which was to raise funds for the [[Birmingham General Hospital|General Hospital]], after [[St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham|St Philip's Church]] (later to become a cathedral) became too small to hold the festival, and for public meetings.<ref>Harris, Penelope, "The Architectural Achievement of [[Joseph Aloysius Hansom]] (1803-1882), Designer of the Hansom Cab, Birmingham Town Hall and Churches of the Catholic Revival", [[Lewiston, New York]]: [[Edwin Mellen Press]], 2010, {{ISBN|0-7734-3851-3}}</ref> Two sites were considered by the [[Birmingham Street Commissioners]] for the construction of a concert hall in the city; Bennetts Hill and the more expensive [[Paradise Street]] site. The latter was chosen and a design competition was launched which resulted with the submission of 67 designs including one by [[Charles Barry]], whose design for the [[King Edward's School, Birmingham|King Edward's School]] on New Street was then under construction.<ref name=cap>{{cite web|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/nostalgia/town-hall-now-grade-listed-9509764|title=Town Hall is now a Grade I Listed feather in Birmingham's cap|publisher=Birmingham Mail|date=23 June 2015|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> [[Joseph Hansom]], of [[Hansom cab]] fame, and [[Edward Welch (architect)|Edward Welch]] were chosen as the architects and they expressed that they expected the construction cost to be £8,000 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|8000|1832|{{Inflation-year|UK}}|r=-4}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}).{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} The first of the monumental [[town hall]]s that would come to characterise the cities of [[Victorian England]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dixon|first1=Roger|last2=Muthesius|first2=Stefan|title=Victorian Architecture|series=World of Art|orig-year=1978|year=1985|publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London|isbn=0500201609|page=148|chapter=Monumental Public Architecture|quote=The story of Victorian town halls begins with Birmingham.}}</ref> Birmingham Town Hall was also the first significant work of the 19th-century revival of [[Roman architecture]],{{sfn|Foster|2005|pp=8–9}} a style chosen here in the context of the highly charged radicalism of 1830s Birmingham for its [[Republicanism|republican]] associations.{{sfn|Foster|2005|pp=8–9}} The design was based on the proportions of the [[Temple of Castor and Pollux]] in the [[Roman Forum]].{{sfn|Foster|2005|p=58}} "Perfect and aloof" on a tall, rusticated podium, it marked an entirely new concept in English architecture.{{sfn|Foster|2005|p=58}} [[William Hill & Sons|Hill of London]] was hired to build the 6,000 pipe organ for £6,000. Construction began on 27 April 1832 with an expected completion date of 1833.<ref name=orgel>{{cite web|title=The Organ |url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=37342&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=126 |publisher=Birmingham City Council |date=16 September 2005 |access-date=17 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235245/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=37342&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=126 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> However, Hansom went bankrupt during construction, having tendered too low. The contractors were also losing money. Three guarantors donated money for the building; W. P. Lloyd, John Welch and Edward Tench. With the injection of this money, the building was successfully opened for the delayed Music Festival on 7 October 1834.<ref name=live>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-live.co.uk/retail-consumer/celebrating-history-birmingham-town-hall-3910199|title=Celebrating the history of Birmingham Town Hall|date=21 September 2012|publisher=Business Live|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> [[File:Badger-and-Heap-memorial.jpg|thumb|left|The memorial to Badger and Heap in St. Philip's Cathedral churchyard, now used every year on International Workers' Day as a memorial to all who have been killed in workplace accidents.]] During construction, on 26 January 1833, two workers were killed when a 70-foot crane constructed to install the roof trusses broke and the pulley block failed. John Heap died instantly and William Badger died a few days later from his injuries. They were buried in [[St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham|St Philip's churchyard]] and a memorial, consisting of a pillar base made by one of the workmen for the Town Hall, was dedicated to them. Architect [[Charles Edge (architect)|Charles Edge]] was commissioned in 1835 to repair weaknesses to the design of the building. He was also commissioned for the extension of the building in 1837 and again in 1850.<ref name=cap/> [[File:Birmingham Town Hall interior 1845.jpg|thumb|right|The interior of the hall pictured in 1845.]] At Christmas 1853, [[Charles Dickens]] gave the first of his public readings of his own works in the building, repeating this to raise money for the [[Birmingham and Midland Institute]]; and [[Felix Mendelssohn|Mendelssohn]]'s ''[[Elijah (oratorio)|Elijah]]'' (August 1846), [[Edward Elgar|Elgar]]'s ''[[The Dream of Gerontius]]'' (October 1900) and [[Arthur Sullivan]]'s ''[[Overture di Ballo]]'' (August 1870) received their [[premier]]es in the hall as part of the Triennial Musical Festival which commissioned new works for every season. The hall was the home venue for the [[City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra]] from 1918 until 1991 when they moved to [[Symphony Hall, Birmingham|Symphony Hall]].<ref name=cap/> In November 1880, the Hall was filled to capacity for a Birmingham public protest meeting in support of [[Richard William Enraght|Revd. Richard Enraght]], Vicar of Holy Trinity, [[Bordesley, West Midlands|Bordesley]], who was imprisoned in [[Warwick]] Prison under the [[Benjamin Disraeli|Disraeli]] Government's [[Public Worship Regulation Act]].<ref>G. Wakelin (1895) The Oxford Movement, Sketches and Recollections.</ref> In December 1901, it was the scene of rioting on the occasion of a visit by [[David Lloyd George]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.search.birminghamimages.org.uk/Details.aspx?ResourceID=7496|title=Lloyd George escapes at Birmingham Town Hall|publisher=Birmingham Images|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> On 9 August 1902, the town hall, along with the council house, was illuminated in celebration of the coronation of [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VII]] and [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen Alexandra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33527501.pdf|title=Birmingham Exceptionalism: Joseph Chamberlain and the 1906 General Election|first=Andrew Edward|last=Reekes|date=1 March 2014|publisher=University of Birmingham|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> [[File:Town Hall 1937.jpg|thumb|The Town Hall in 1937 decorated for the coronation of [[George VI]] and his wife [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Elizabeth]].]] In 1937, as part of the celebrations for the Coronation of [[George VI]], the Town Hall was bedecked with the various Arms of the [[Lords of the Manor|Lord of the Manor]] of Birmingham since 1166 and each column festooned with garlands. The pediment also had images of Britannia, supported by mermaids, which were sculpted by [[William Bloye]]. This decorative scheme for the Town Hall and the whole of the city was devised by [[William Haywood (architect)|William Haywood]], Secretary of The [[Birmingham Civic Society]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eaglehurst.net/1937_coronation_brochure.pdf |title=1937 Birmingham Coronation Brochure|publisher=Birmingham Civic Society|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> [[File:Paul Robeson - Birmingham Town Hall - 1939-03-07.jpg|thumb|upright| [[Paul Robeson]] performs at Birmingham Town Hall on 7 March 1939, in aid of a local charity, the Birmingham Mail Christmas Tree Fund.<ref>{{cite news |title=Robeson's Return |work=Birmingham Mail |date=8 March 1939 |page=10}}</ref> The advertised pianist was [[Lawrence Benjamin Brown|Lawrence Brown]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Priestley's Present Paul Robeson with Lawrence Brown at the piano |work=Birmingham Mail |date=20 February 1939 |page=1}}</ref> ]] Popular music has also featured, and in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, headline acts such as [[Buddy Holly]], [[The Beatles]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Black Sabbath]], [[The Rolling Stones]] and [[Bob Dylan]] appeared.<ref name=cap/> It featured prominently in the 1967 [[Peter Watkins]] film ''[[Privilege (film)|Privilege]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reelstreets.com/films/privilege/|title=Privilege|publisher=Reel Streets|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> and doubled for the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in the 1996 film ''[[Brassed Off]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0115744/locations|title=Brassed Off|publisher=IMDB|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> ===Renovations=== [[File:Birmingham Town Hall revealed.jpg|right|thumb|The Town Hall emerging after years of refurbishment. [[Big Brum]] is in the background.]] The Hall closed in 1996 for a £35 million refurbishment, undertaken by [[Wates Group|Wates Construction]], that saw the Town Hall brought back to its original glory with its 6,000-pipe organ still in place.<ref name=orgel/> The project was funded by £18.3 million from Birmingham City Council, £13.7 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund and £3 million from the European Regional Development Fund. The upper gallery, which had been added in 1926–27, was removed, restoring the interior of the hall to an approximation of its original condition.{{sfn|Peers|2012|pp=192–194}} The [[Birmingham City Organist]], Thomas Trotter, performed a piece of music to a group of school children in 2005 after the majority of the organ had been cleaned. However, the organist and the children all had to wear hard hats as the risk of falling debris remained. He had played the organ each month from the hall's closure to 2005, thus ensuring that it was maintained in playable condition.{{sfn|Peers|2012|p=191}} The hall is now managed alongside [[Symphony Hall, Birmingham|Symphony Hall]], by the registered charity Performances Birmingham Limited. At 1,100, the seating capacity is about half that of Symphony Hall.<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/whats_on/article2528782.ece Hall's well – Birmingham's revived Town Hall is a world-beater]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} – ''[[Times Online]]'', 29 September 2007</ref> It reopened for concerts on 4 October 2007,<ref>[http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/birminghampost/news/tm_headline=35m-restoration-brings-town-hall-back-to-life%26method=full%26objectid=19902096%26siteid=50002-name_page.html £35m restoration brings Town Hall back to life] – ''[[Birmingham Post]]'', 5 October 2007</ref><ref>[http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/birminghampost/news/tm_headline=town-hall-comes-out-of-the-shadows%26method=full%26objectid=19902094%26siteid=50002-name_page.html Town Hall comes out of the shadows] – ''[[Birmingham Post]]'', 5 October 2007</ref> and was officially reopened on 22 April 2008 by TRH The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/trh_spend_a_day_conducting_engagements_in_the_west_midlands_1095336440.html|title=TRH spend a day conducting engagements in the West Midlands|date=22 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602112123/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/trh_spend_a_day_conducting_engagements_in_the_west_midlands_1095336440.html|access-date=15 November 2020|archive-date=2 June 2011}}</ref> During the years of refurbishment the side of the Town Hall facing [[Victoria Square, Birmingham|Victoria Square]] was hidden by giant advertising sheets, a giant [[advent calendar]], and during the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]] a large outside television screen that was used to broadcast live matches from [[Korea]] and [[Japan]]. Although the television screen was only temporary, another "Big Screen" was erected on the corner of the building in Chamberlain Square facing [[Birmingham Central Library]], which broadcast live from the television channel [[BBC One]]. The [[BBC Big Screen]] was removed after much controversy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/mail/news/tm_method=full%26objectid=18861865%26siteid=50002-name_page.html |title=Chamberlain Square big screen 'an eyesore'|publisher= [[Birmingham Mail]]|date= 5 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210032647/http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/mail/news/tm_method=full%26objectid=18861865%26siteid=50002-name_page.html|access-date=15 November 2020|archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/birminghampost/news/tm_method=full%26objectid=19072343%26siteid=50002-name_page.html No permission but big screen remains] – ''[[Birmingham Post]]'', 9 May 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/mail/news/tm_method=full%26objectid=19196177%26siteid=50002-name_page.html|title= Plug is pulled on big screen|publisher=[[Birmingham Mail]]|date=25 May 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121004033249/http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/mail/news/tm_method=full%26objectid=19196177%26siteid=50002-name_page.html|access-date=15 November 2020|archive-date= 4 October 2012}}</ref> ==Architecture== [[Image:ExCathedra-BirminghamTownHall-byJamesAshby-20080301.jpg|thumb|upright|Interior of Birmingham Town Hall]] The hall takes the form of a free-standing [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] temple, with 14 bays running north to south and 8 bays east to west.{{sfn|Foster|2005|p=58}} It is closely modelled on the [[Temple of Castor and Pollux]] in [[Rome]] and reproduces its predecessor's most distinctive feature – its tall [[podium]] – in [[Rustication (architecture)|rusticated stone]].{{sfn|Foster|2005|p=58}} The building's columns are topped with [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]] featuring [[Acanthus (ornament)|Acanthus leaves]] in a distinctive interlocking spiral design, above which the simplified [[entablature]] features a plain [[architrave]] and [[Dentil|dentil cornice]].{{sfn|Foster|2005|pp=58-59}} Behind the colonnade the [[cella]] containing the Great Hall features tall windows capped with eared architraves.{{sfn|Foster|2005|p=59}} At the south end of the podium there is an arcade two bays deep, glazed in to form a vestibule in 1995, that marks the main entrance to the building.{{sfn|Foster|2005|p=59}} The building is constructed in brick made in [[Selly Oak]] and faced with [[Penmon, Anglesey|Penmon]] [[Anglesey]] [[Marble]] presented to the town by Sir Richard Bulkeley, proprietor of the Penmon quarries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/2776193.stm|title=Quarry supplies £30m hall refit|publisher=BBC|date=18 February 2003|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> ==Pipe organ== The town hall is famous for its concert pipe organ. Originally installed in 1834 by [[William Hill & Sons]] with 6,000 pipes, it was once the largest and most technologically advanced in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/oct/26/classicalmusicandopera1|title=Pull out all the stops|work=The Guardian|date=26 October 2007|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> In 1888, [[Charles William Perkins]] was appointed the first City Organist, based at the Town Hall.<ref name="Handsworth">{{cite journal |title=Charles William Perkins, the City Organist |journal=Handsworth |date=May 1895 |volume=1 |issue=11 |url=https://www.search.birminghamimages.org.uk/details.aspx?ResourceID=3751&ExhibitionPage=4&ExhibitionID=3273&SearchType=2&ThemeID=289}}</ref> The organ was restored by Willis in 1932.<ref>{{NPOR|id=D05065|desc=Warwickshire Birmingham, Town Hall|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> ==Further pictures== <gallery> Image:Birmingham Town Hall 01.jpg|The columns on the east side of Birmingham Town Hall Image:Birmingham Town Hall 02.jpg|Birmingham Town Hall north end, facing the library Image:Birmingham Town Hall 03.jpg|Birmingham Town Hall south end, main entrance Image:Birmingham Town Hall 04.jpg|Birmingham Town Hall west side. Image:Birmingham Town Hall and Council House.jpg|Birmingham Town Hall and Council House photographed from Victoria Square Image:Birm1.png|Music Festival in 1834 after the installation of William Hill's organ </gallery> ==Notes== {{Reflist|33em}} ==References== *{{cite book | last=Harris | first=Penelope | title=The Architectural Achievement of Joseph Hamsom (1803–1882), Designer of the Hansom Cab, Birmingham Town Hall and Churches of the Catholic Revival | location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-7734-3851-4}} *{{cite book | last=Holyoak | first=Joe | title=All About Victoria Square | location=Birmingham | publisher=The Victorian Society Birmingham Group | year=1989 | isbn=0-901657-14-X}} *{{cite book | last=Foster | first=Andy | title=Pevsner Architectural Guides – Birmingham | location=New Haven | publisher=Yale University Press | year=2005 | isbn=0-300-10731-5}} *{{cite book | last=Peers | first=Anthony | title=Birmingham Town Hall – An Architectural History | location=Farnham | publisher=Lund Humphries | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-84822-074-4}} *{{cite book | last=Thistlewaite | first=Nicholas | title=Birmingham Town Hall Organ | location=Birmingham | publisher=Birmingham City Council | year=1984 | oclc=30721233}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Birmingham Town Hall}} *{{Official website}} *[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/mapsheet.asp?sheetid=10098&ox=916&oy=1289&zm=1&czm=1&x=241&y=419 1890 Ordnance Survey map of the town hall] {{BirminghamBuildings}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Music venues completed in 1834]] [[Category:City and town halls in the West Midlands (county)]] [[Category:Concert halls in England]] [[Category:Culture in Birmingham, West Midlands]] [[Category:Grade I listed buildings in the West Midlands (county)]] [[Category:Grade I listed concert halls]] [[Category:Neoclassical architecture in England]] [[Category:Music venues in Birmingham, West Midlands]] [[Category:Buildings by Joseph 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