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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Courtship and marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courtship_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Somme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Somme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Battle of the Somme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Somme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Home front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_and_writing_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_and_writing_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Academic and writing career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_and_writing_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beowulf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beowulf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span><i>Beowulf</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beowulf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>"<i>Beowulf</i>: The Monsters and the Critics"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"On_Fairy-Stories"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"On_Fairy-Stories""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>"On Fairy-Stories"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"On_Fairy-Stories"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children's_books_and_other_short_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_books_and_other_short_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Children's books and other short works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_books_and_other_short_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Hobbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Hobbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span><i>The Hobbit</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Hobbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lord_of_the_Rings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lord_of_the_Rings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span><i>The Lord of the Rings</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lord_of_the_Rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Silmarillion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Silmarillion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span><i>The Silmarillion</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Silmarillion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unfinished_Tales_and_The_History_of_Middle-earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unfinished_Tales_and_The_History_of_Middle-earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span><i>Unfinished Tales</i> and <i>The History of Middle-earth</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unfinished_Tales_and_The_History_of_Middle-earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_compiled_by_Christopher_Tolkien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_compiled_by_Christopher_Tolkien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8</span> <span>Works compiled by Christopher Tolkien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_compiled_by_Christopher_Tolkien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscript_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscript_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Manuscript locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscript_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages_and_philology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_and_philology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Languages and philology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Languages_and_philology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Languages and philology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Languages_and_philology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linguistic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Linguistic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Language construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Artwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_sainthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_sainthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Possible sainthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_sainthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">J. R. R. Tolkien</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 155 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-155" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">155 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B6%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%AA%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%95" title="ቶልኪየን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቶልኪየን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87._%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0._%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0._%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="जे. आर. आर. टोल्कियन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जे. आर. आर. टोल्कियन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جون رونالد تولكين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون رونالد تولكين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BF_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A7%D5%AC_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ճոն Ռոնալտ Ռուէլ Թոլքին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճոն Ռոնալտ Ռուէլ Թոլքին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien" title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87._%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0._%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0._%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="जे. आर. आर. टोल्कियन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जे. आर. आर. टोल्कियन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R_Tolkien" title="J. R. R Tolkien – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="J. R. R Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Толкин, Джон Роналд Руэл – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Толкин, Джон Роналд Руэл" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Tolkin" title="Con Tolkin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Tolkin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C._%D8%A2%D8%B1._%D8%A2%D8%B1._%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جی. آر. آر. تالکین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جی. آر. آر. تالکین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87._%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0._%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0._%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="জে. আর. আর. টলকিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জে. আর. আর. টলকিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Джон Рональд Руэл Толкин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джон Рональд Руэл Толкин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Джон Рональд Руэл Толкін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Рональд Руэл Толкін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Джон Рональд Руэл Толкін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джон Рональд Руэл Толкін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6._%D0%A0._%D0%A0._%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дж. Р. Р. Толкин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дж. Р. Р. Толкин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien" title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Джон Рональд Руэл Толкин – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джон Рональд Руэл Толкин" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien" title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جون رونالد رويل تولكين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جون رونالد رويل تولكين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6._%CE%A1._%CE%A1._%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Τζ. Ρ. Ρ. Τόλκιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζ. Ρ. Ρ. Τόλκιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien" title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C._%D8%A2%D8%B1._%D8%A2%D8%B1._%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جی. آر. آر. تالکین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جی. آر. آر. تالکین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._%ED%86%A8%ED%82%A8" title="J. R. R. 톨킨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="J. R. R. 톨킨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ջոն Ռոնալդ Ռուել Թոլքին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Ռոնալդ Ռուել Թոլքին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="जे॰आर॰आर॰ टोल्किन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जे॰आर॰आर॰ टोल्किन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien" title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Толкин, Джон Рональд Руэл – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Толкин, Джон Рональд Руэл" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27._%D7%A8._%D7%A8._%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ג'. ר. ר. טולקין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'. ר. ר. טולקין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D," title="ಜಾನ್ ರೊನಾಲ್ದ್ ರಿಯುಲ್ ಟೊಲ್ಕಿನ್, – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾನ್ ರೊನಾಲ್ದ್ ರಿಯುಲ್ ಟೊಲ್ಕಿನ್," data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ რონალდ რუელ ტოლკინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ რონალდ რუელ ტოლკინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Джон Роналд Руэл Толкин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джон Роналд Руэл Толкин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96._%D0%A0._%D0%A0._%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ж. Р. Р. Толкин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ж. Р. Р. Толкин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Толкин, Джон Рональд Руэл – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Толкин, Джон Рональд Руэл" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien" title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iohannes_Raginualdus_Raguel_Tolkien" title="Iohannes Raginualdus Raguel Tolkien – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iohannes Raginualdus Raguel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Ronalds_R%C5%ABels_Tolk%C4%ABns" title="Džons Ronalds Rūels Tolkīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Ronalds Rūels Tolkīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien" title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jyryrys._tolkien" title="jyryrys. tolkien – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jyryrys. tolkien" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien" title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87._%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0._%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0._%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="जे. आर. आर. टोल्कियन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जे. आर. आर. टोल्कियन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F._%D0%A0._%D0%A0._%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Џ. Р. Р. Толкин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џ. Р. Р. Толкин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC._%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="ജെ.ആർ.ആർ. റ്റോൾകീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെ.ആർ.ആർ. റ്റോൾകീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87.%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0.%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0._%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="जे.आर.आर. टॉल्कीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जे.आर.आर. टॉल्कीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ რონალდ რუელ ტოლკინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონ რონალდ რუელ ტოლკინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جون رونالد تولكين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون رونالد تولكين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جان رونالد روئل تالکین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جان رونالد روئل تالکین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Жон Толкин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жон Толкин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျေ အာ အာ တော်ကီးန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျေ အာ အာ တော်ကီးန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="जे आर आर टोल्किएन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जे आर आर टोल्किएन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%E3%83%BBR%E3%83%BBR%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3" title="J・R・R・トールキン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="J・R・R・トールキン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Толкиен, Джон Роналд Руэл – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Толкиен, Джон Роналд Руэл" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien" title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੇ ਆਰ ਆਰ ਟੋਲਕੀਅਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇ ਆਰ ਆਰ ਟੋਲਕੀਅਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جان رونالڈ روئل ٹولکین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جان رونالڈ روئل ٹولکین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%89_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جان رونالډ ریوېل ټولکین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان رونالډ ریوېل ټولکین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien" title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Ronald_Ruel_Tolkin" title="Con Ronald Ruel Tolkin – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Con Ronald Ruel Tolkin" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien" title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%94%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Джон Роналд Руєл Толкин – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джон Роналд Руєл Толкин" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Толкин, Джон Рональд Руэл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Толкин, Джон Рональд Руэл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Толкин Джон Рональд Руэл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Толкин Джон Рональд Руэл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien" title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9A.%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A.%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A._%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ජේ.ආර්.ආර්. ටෝල්කීන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජේ.ආර්.ආර්. ටෝල්කීන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien" title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8A_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%8A_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Джонъ Роналдъ Роуєлъ Толкинъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Джонъ Роналдъ Роуєлъ Толкинъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien" title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%95_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%95_%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جەی ئاڕ ئاڕ تۆلکین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەی ئاڕ ئاڕ تۆلکین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F._%D0%A0._%D0%A0._%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Џ. Р. Р. Толкин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џ. Р. Р. Толкин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" title="J.R.R. Tolkien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="J.R.R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%87._%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜே. ஆர். ஆர். டோல்கீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜே. ஆர். ஆர். டோல்கீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Джон Рональд Руэл Толкин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Джон Рональд Руэл Толкин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86.%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D.%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D.%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="జె.ఆర్.ఆర్.టోల్కీన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జె.ఆర్.ఆర్.టోల్కీన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88._%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C._%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C._%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เจ. อาร์. อาร์. โทลคีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจ. อาร์. อาร์. โทลคีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.R.R._Tolkin" title="D.R.R. Tolkin – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="D.R.R. Tolkin" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Джон Рональд Руел Толкін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Рональд Руел Толкін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جان رونالڈ روئل ٹولکین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جان رونالڈ روئل ٹولکین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkieni_John_Ronald_Reuel" title="Tolkieni John Ronald Reuel – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tolkieni John Ronald Reuel" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E7%88%BE%E9%87%91" title="托爾金 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="托爾金" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C2%B7R%C2%B7R%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94%E9%87%91" title="J·R·R·托尔金 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="J·R·R·托尔金" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E7%88%BE%E9%87%91" title="托爾金 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="托爾金" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="J. R. R. Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien" title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="John Ronald Reuel Tolkien" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C2%B7R%C2%B7R%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E7%88%BE%E9%87%91" title="J·R·R·托爾金 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="J·R·R·托爾金" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q892#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:J._R._R._Tolkien" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._R._R._Tolkien&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tolkien (disambiguation)">Tolkien (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">J. R. R. Tolkien</div><br /><div class="honorific-suffix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:J._R._R._Tolkien,_ca._1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tolkien in the 1920s"><img alt="Tolkien in the 1920s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/J._R._R._Tolkien%2C_ca._1925.jpg/220px-J._R._R._Tolkien%2C_ca._1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/J._R._R._Tolkien%2C_ca._1925.jpg/330px-J._R._R._Tolkien%2C_ca._1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/J._R._R._Tolkien%2C_ca._1925.jpg/440px-J._R._R._Tolkien%2C_ca._1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Tolkien in the 1920s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">John Ronald Reuel Tolkien<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1892-01-03</span>)</span>3 January 1892<br /><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (now <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">2 September 1973<span style="display:none">(1973-09-02)</span> (aged 81)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a> (then in Hampshire), England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Author</li><li>academic</li><li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologist</a></li><li>poet</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School,_Birmingham" title="King Edward's School, Birmingham">King Edward's School, Birmingham</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Fantasy</li><li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">high fantasy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">mythopoeia</a></li><li>translation</li><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Tolkien" title="Edith Tolkien">Edith Bratt</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="22 March 1916">1916</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="29 November 1971">1971</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Tolkien_(priest)" title="John Tolkien (priest)">John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Tolkien">Michael</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Reuel_Tolkien" title="Priscilla Reuel Tolkien">Priscilla</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_family" title="Tolkien family">Tolkien family</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JRR_Tolkien_signature_-_from_Commons.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/JRR_Tolkien_signature_-_from_Commons.svg/150px-JRR_Tolkien_signature_-_from_Commons.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/JRR_Tolkien_signature_-_from_Commons.svg/225px-JRR_Tolkien_signature_-_from_Commons.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/JRR_Tolkien_signature_-_from_Commons.svg/300px-JRR_Tolkien_signature_-_from_Commons.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years</th><td class="infobox-data">1915–1920</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">Lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Fusiliers" title="Lancashire Fusiliers">Lancashire Fusiliers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>World War I <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Schwaben_Redoubt" title="Capture of Schwaben Redoubt">Capture of Schwaben Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Salient" title="Leipzig Salient">Capture of Leipzig Salient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Regina_Trench" title="Capture of Regina Trench">Capture of Regina Trench</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Ronald Reuel Tolkien</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer and <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a>. He was the author of the <a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">high fantasy</a> works <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. </p><p>From 1925 to 1945, Tolkien was the <a href="/wiki/Rawlinson_and_Bosworth_Professor_of_Anglo-Saxon" title="Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon">Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_(Oxbridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow (Oxbridge)">Fellow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford" title="Pembroke College, Oxford">Pembroke College</a>, both at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. He then moved within the same university to become the <a href="/wiki/Merton_Professors" title="Merton Professors">Merton Professor of English Language and Literature</a> and Fellow of <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College</a>, and held these positions from 1945 until his retirement in 1959. Tolkien was a close friend of <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>, a co-member of the informal literary discussion group <a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a>. He was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> on 28 March 1972. </p><p>After Tolkien's death, his son <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher</a> published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i>. These, together with <i>The Hobbit</i> and <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, form a connected body of tales, <a href="/wiki/Poetry_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Poetry in The Lord of the Rings">poems</a>, fictional histories, <a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">invented languages</a>, and literary essays about a fantasy world called <a href="/wiki/Arda_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arda (Middle-earth)">Arda</a> and, within it, <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>. Between 1951 and 1955, Tolkien applied the term <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">legendarium</a></i> to the larger part of these writings. </p><p>While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien, the tremendous success of <i>The Hobbit</i> and <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> ignited <a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy#Tolkien" title="History of fantasy">a profound interest in the fantasy genre</a> and ultimately precipitated an avalanche of new fantasy books and authors. As a result, he has been popularly identified as the "father" of <a href="/wiki/Fantasy#Modern_fantasy" title="Fantasy">modern fantasy literature</a> and is widely regarded as one of the most influential authors of all time. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_family" title="Tolkien family">Tolkien family</a></div> <p>Tolkien was English, and thought of himself as such.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His immediate paternal ancestors were middle-class craftsmen who made and sold clocks, watches and pianos in London and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>. The Tolkien family originated in the <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Kreuzburg,_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreuzburg, East Prussia">Kreuzburg</a> near <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>, which had been founded during the medieval <a href="/wiki/German_eastward_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="German eastward expansion">German eastward expansion</a>, where his earliest-known paternal ancestor, Michel Tolkien, was born around 1620.<sup id="cite_ref-Derdziński2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derdziński2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michel's son Christianus Tolkien (1663–1746) was a wealthy miller in Kreuzburg.<sup id="cite_ref-Derdziński2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derdziński2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son, Christian Tolkien (1706–1791), moved from Kreuzburg to nearby <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig</a>, and his two sons Daniel Gottlieb Tolkien (1747–1813) and Johann (later known as John) Benjamin Tolkien (1752–1819) emigrated to London in the 1770s and became the ancestors of the English family; the younger brother was J. R. R. Tolkien's second great-grandfather.<sup id="cite_ref-Derdziński2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derdziński2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1792, John Benjamin Tolkien and William Gravell took over the Erdley Norton manufacture in London, which from then on sold clocks and watches under the name Gravell & Tolkien. Daniel Gottlieb obtained British citizenship in 1794, but John Benjamin apparently never became a British citizen. Other German relatives joined the two brothers in London. Several people with the surname Tolkien or similar spelling, some of them members of the same family as J. R. R. Tolkien, live in northern Germany, but most of them are descendants of people who <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_East_Prussia" title="Evacuation of East Prussia">were evacuated from East Prussia</a> in 1945, at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Derdziński1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derdziński1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Derdziński2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derdziński2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ryszard Derdziński, the surname Tolkien is of <a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> origin and probably means "son/descendant of Tolk".<sup id="cite_ref-Derdziński1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derdziński1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Derdziński2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derdziński2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien mistakenly believed his surname derived from the German word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">tollkühn</i></span>, meaning "foolhardy",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and jokingly inserted himself as a "cameo" into <i><a href="/wiki/The_Notion_Club_Papers" title="The Notion Club Papers">The Notion Club Papers</a></i> under the literally translated name Rashbold.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Derdziński has demonstrated this to be a <a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">false etymology</a>. Another suspected origin is the East Prussian village of <a href="/wiki/To%C5%82kiny" title="Tołkiny">Tołkiny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While J. R. R. Tolkien was aware of his family's German origin, his knowledge of the family's history was limited because he was "early isolated from the family of his prematurely deceased father".<sup id="cite_ref-Derdziński1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derdziński1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Derdziński2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derdziński2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mabel_Suffield_Christmas_Card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mabel_Suffield_Christmas_Card.jpg/220px-Mabel_Suffield_Christmas_Card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mabel_Suffield_Christmas_Card.jpg/330px-Mabel_Suffield_Christmas_Card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mabel_Suffield_Christmas_Card.jpg/440px-Mabel_Suffield_Christmas_Card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>1892 Christmas card with a coloured photo of the Tolkien family in Bloemfontein, sent to relatives in Birmingham, England</figcaption></figure> <p>John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on 3 January 1892 in <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vereeniging" title="Treaty of Vereeniging">annexed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>; now <a href="/wiki/Free_State_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State Province">Free State Province</a> in the Republic of South Africa), to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Tolkien">Arthur Reuel Tolkien</a> (1857–1896), an English bank manager, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Suffield_Tolkien" title="Mabel Suffield Tolkien">Mabel</a>, <span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Suffield</span> (1870–1904). The couple had left England when Arthur was promoted to head the Bloemfontein office of the British bank for which he worked. Tolkien had one sibling, his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilary Tolkien">Hilary Arthur Reuel Tolkien</a>, who was born on 17 February 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a child, Tolkien was bitten by a large <a href="/wiki/Harpactirinae" title="Harpactirinae">baboon spider</a> in the garden, an event some believe to have been later echoed in his stories, although he admitted no actual memory of the event as an adult. In an earlier incident from Tolkien's infancy, a young family servant took the baby to his homestead, returning him the next morning.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he was three, he went to England with his mother and brother on what was intended to be a lengthy family visit. His father, however, died in South Africa of <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a> before he could join them.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This left the family without an income, so Tolkien's mother took him to live with her parents in <a href="/wiki/Kings_Heath" title="Kings Heath">Kings Heath</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birmingham. Soon after, in 1896, they moved to <a href="/wiki/Sarehole" title="Sarehole">Sarehole</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Hall_Green" title="Hall Green">Hall Green</a>), then a <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> village, later annexed to Birmingham.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He enjoyed exploring <a href="/wiki/Sarehole_Mill" title="Sarehole Mill">Sarehole Mill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moseley_Bog" title="Moseley Bog">Moseley Bog</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clent_Hills" title="Clent Hills">Clent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lickey_Hills" title="Lickey Hills">Lickey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malvern_Hills" title="Malvern Hills">Malvern Hills</a>, which would later inspire scenes in his books, along with nearby towns and villages such as <a href="/wiki/Bromsgrove" title="Bromsgrove">Bromsgrove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcester" title="Alcester">Alcester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alvechurch" title="Alvechurch">Alvechurch</a> and places such as his aunt Jane's farm Bag End, the name of which he used in his fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mabel Tolkien taught her two children at home. Ronald, as he was known in the family, was a keen pupil.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She taught him a great deal of <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> and awakened in him the enjoyment of the look and feel of plants. Young Tolkien liked to draw landscapes and trees, but his favourite lessons were those concerning languages, and his mother taught him the rudiments of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> very early.<sup id="cite_ref-DoughanBio_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoughanBio-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolkien could read by the age of four and could write fluently soon afterwards. His mother allowed him to read many books. He disliked <i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i> and "<a href="/wiki/The_Pied_Piper" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pied Piper">The Pied Piper</a>" and thought <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a> was "amusing". He liked stories about "Red Indians" (the term then used for Native Americans in <a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure stories</a><sup id="cite_ref-Butts_2004_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butts_2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and works of fantasy by <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the "Fairy Books" of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a> were particularly important to him and their influence is apparent in some of his later writings.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BirminghamOratoryDome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BirminghamOratoryDome.jpg/220px-BirminghamOratoryDome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BirminghamOratoryDome.jpg/330px-BirminghamOratoryDome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BirminghamOratoryDome.jpg/440px-BirminghamOratoryDome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Oratory" title="Birmingham Oratory">Birmingham Oratory</a>, where Tolkien was a parishioner and altar boy (1902–1911)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mabel Tolkien was received into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> in 1900 despite vehement protests by her <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> family,<sup id="cite_ref-Biography31_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography31-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which stopped all financial assistance to her. In 1904, when J. R. R. Tolkien was 12, his mother died of <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_ketoacidosis" title="Diabetic ketoacidosis">acute diabetes</a> at Fern Cottage in <a href="/wiki/Rednal" title="Rednal">Rednal</a>, which she was renting. She was then about 34 years of age, about as old as a person with <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 1">diabetes mellitus type 1</a> could survive without treatment—<a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> would not be discovered until 1921, two decades later. Nine years after her death, Tolkien wrote, "My own dear mother was a martyr indeed, and it is not to everybody that God grants so easy a way to his great gifts as he did to Hilary and myself, giving us a mother who killed herself with labour and trouble to ensure us keeping the faith."<sup id="cite_ref-Biography31_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography31-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before her death, Mabel Tolkien had assigned the guardianship of her sons to her close friend, Father <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Morgan" title="Francis Xavier Morgan">Francis Xavier Morgan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Oratory" title="Birmingham Oratory">Birmingham Oratory</a>, who was assigned to bring them up as good Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1965 letter to his son Michael, Tolkien recalled the influence of the man whom he always called "Father Francis": "He was an upper-class Welsh-Spaniard Tory, and seemed to some just a pottering old gossip. He was—and he was <em>not</em>. I first learned charity and forgiveness from him; and in the light of it pierced even the 'liberal' darkness out of which I came, knowing more about '<a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Bloody Mary</a>' than the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of Jesus">Mother of Jesus</a>—who was never mentioned except as an object of wicked worship by the Romanists."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his mother's death, Tolkien grew up in the <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a> area of Birmingham and attended <a href="/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School,_Birmingham" title="King Edward's School, Birmingham">King Edward's School, Birmingham</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/St_Philip%27s_School" title="St Philip's School">St Philip's School</a>. In 1903, he won a Foundation Scholarship and returned to King Edward's.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth">Youth</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KES_Free_Grammar_School_Charles_Barry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/KES_Free_Grammar_School_Charles_Barry.jpg/220px-KES_Free_Grammar_School_Charles_Barry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/KES_Free_Grammar_School_Charles_Barry.jpg/330px-KES_Free_Grammar_School_Charles_Barry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/KES_Free_Grammar_School_Charles_Barry.jpg/440px-KES_Free_Grammar_School_Charles_Barry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3708" data-file-height="2728" /></a><figcaption>King Edward's School in Birmingham, where Tolkien was a pupil (1900–1902, 1903–1911)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>While in his early teens, Tolkien had his first encounter with a <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed language</a>, Animalic, an invention of his cousins, Mary and <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Incledon" title="Marjorie Incledon">Marjorie Incledon</a>. At that time, he was studying Latin and Anglo-Saxon. Their interest in Animalic soon died away, but Mary and others, including Tolkien himself, invented a new and more complex language called Nevbosh. The next constructed language he came to work with, Naffarin, would be his own creation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien learned <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> some time before 1909. Around 10 June 1909 he composed "The Book of the Foxrook", a sixteen-page notebook, where the "earliest example of one of his invented alphabets" appears.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Short texts in this notebook are written in Esperanto.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, while they were at King Edward's School, Tolkien and three friends, Rob Gilson, Geoffrey Bache Smith, and Christopher Wiseman, formed a semi-secret society they called the T.C.B.S. The initials stood for Tea Club and Barrovian Society, alluding to their fondness for drinking tea in <a href="/wiki/Barrows_(department_store)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrows (department store)">Barrow's Stores</a> near the school and, secretly, in the school library.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After leaving school, the members stayed in touch and, in December 1914, they held a council in London at Wiseman's home. For Tolkien, the result of this meeting was a strong dedication to <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_poetry" title="Tolkien's poetry">writing poetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, Tolkien went on a summer holiday in Switzerland, a trip that he recollected vividly in a 1968 letter,<sup id="cite_ref-Letters306_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters306-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noting that <a href="/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins" title="Bilbo Baggins">Bilbo</a>'s journey across the <a href="/wiki/Misty_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Misty Mountains">Misty Mountains</a> ("including the glissade down the slithering stones into the pine woods") is directly based on his adventures as their party of 12 hiked from <a href="/wiki/Interlaken" title="Interlaken">Interlaken</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lauterbrunnen" title="Lauterbrunnen">Lauterbrunnen</a> and on to camp in the <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraines</a> beyond <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCrren" title="Mürren">Mürren</a>. Fifty-seven years later, Tolkien remembered his regret at leaving the view of the eternal snows of <a href="/wiki/Jungfrau" title="Jungfrau">Jungfrau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silberhorn" title="Silberhorn">Silberhorn</a>, "the Silvertine (<a href="/wiki/Celebdil" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebdil">Celebdil</a>) of my dreams". They went across the <a href="/wiki/Kleine_Scheidegg" title="Kleine Scheidegg">Kleine Scheidegg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Grindelwald" title="Grindelwald">Grindelwald</a> and on across the <a href="/wiki/Grosse_Scheidegg" title="Grosse Scheidegg">Grosse Scheidegg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Meiringen" title="Meiringen">Meiringen</a>. They continued across the <a href="/wiki/Grimsel_Pass" title="Grimsel Pass">Grimsel Pass</a>, through the upper <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brig,_Switzerland" title="Brig, Switzerland">Brig</a> and on to the <a href="/wiki/Aletsch_glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Aletsch glacier">Aletsch glacier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zermatt" title="Zermatt">Zermatt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October of the same year, Tolkien began studying at <a href="/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter College, Oxford</a>. He initially read <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a> but changed his course in 1913 to English language and <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">literature</a>, graduating in 1915 with <a href="/wiki/First-class_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class honours">first-class honours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RoyalMail_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoyalMail-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his tutors at Oxford was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_(linguist)" title="Joseph Wright (linguist)">Joseph Wright</a>, whose <i>Primer of the Gothic Language</i> had inspired Tolkien as a schoolboy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courtship_and_marriage">Courtship and marriage</h3></div> <p>At the age of 16, Tolkien met <a href="/wiki/Edith_Tolkien" title="Edith Tolkien">Edith Mary Bratt</a>, who was three years his senior, when he and his brother Hilary moved into the boarding house where she lived in Duchess Road, <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a>. According to Humphrey Carpenter, "Edith and Ronald took to frequenting Birmingham teashops, especially one which had a balcony overlooking the pavement. There they would sit and throw sugarlumps into the hats of passers-by, moving to the next table when the sugar bowl was empty. ... With two people of their personalities and in their position, romance was bound to flourish. Both were orphans in need of affection, and they found that they could give it to each other. During the summer of 1909, they decided that they were in love."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His guardian, Father Morgan, considered it "altogether unfortunate"<sup id="cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters,_No._43-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that his surrogate son was romantically involved with an older, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Protestant</a> woman; Tolkien wrote that the combined tensions contributed to his having "muffed [his] exams".<sup id="cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters,_No._43-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgan prohibited him from meeting, talking to, or even corresponding with Edith until he was 21. Tolkien obeyed this prohibition to the letter,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one notable early exception, over which Father Morgan threatened to cut short his university career if he did not stop.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the evening of his 21st birthday, Tolkien wrote to Edith, who was living with family friend C. H. Jessop at <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a>. He declared that he had never ceased to love her, and asked her to marry him. Edith replied that she had already accepted the proposal of George Field, the brother of one of her closest school friends. But Edith said she had agreed to marry Field only because she felt "on the shelf" and had begun to doubt that Tolkien still cared for her. She explained that, because of Tolkien's letter, everything had changed.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1977_p67_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1977_p67-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 January 1913, Tolkien travelled by train to Cheltenham and was met on the platform by Edith. The two took a walk into the countryside, sat under a railway viaduct, and talked. By the end of the day, Edith had agreed to accept Tolkien's proposal. She wrote to Field and returned her engagement ring. Field was "dreadfully upset at first", and the Field family was "insulted and angry".<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1977_p67_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1977_p67-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon learning of Edith's new plans, Jessop wrote to her guardian, "I have nothing to say against Tolkien, he is a cultured gentleman, but his prospects are poor in the extreme, and when he will be in a position to marry I cannot imagine. Had he adopted a profession it would have been different."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following their engagement, Edith reluctantly announced that she was converting to Catholicism at Tolkien's insistence. Jessop, "like many others of his age and class ... strongly <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">anti-Catholic</a>", was infuriated, and he ordered Edith to find other lodgings.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edith Bratt and Ronald Tolkien were formally engaged at Birmingham in January 1913, and married at <a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Immaculate_Roman_Catholic_Church,_Warwick" title="St Mary Immaculate Roman Catholic Church, Warwick">St Mary Immaculate Catholic Church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Warwick" title="Warwick">Warwick</a>, on 22 March 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1941 letter to Michael, Tolkien expressed admiration for his wife's willingness to marry a man with no job, little money, and no prospects except the likelihood of being killed in the Great War.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters,_No._43-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolkien-WWI-Uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Tolkien-WWI-Uniform.jpg/170px-Tolkien-WWI-Uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Tolkien-WWI-Uniform.jpg/255px-Tolkien-WWI-Uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Tolkien-WWI-Uniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Tolkien in his military uniform</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1914, Britain entered the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Tolkien's relatives were shocked when he elected not to volunteer immediately for the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>. In a 1941 letter to his son Michael, Tolkien recalled: "In those days chaps joined up, or were scorned publicly. It was a nasty cleft to be in for a young man with too much imagination and little physical courage."<sup id="cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters,_No._43-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Tolkien, "endured the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/obloquy" class="extiw" title="wikt:obloquy">obloquy</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters,_No._43-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and entered a programme by which he delayed enlistment until completing his degree. By the time he passed his finals in July 1915, Tolkien recalled that the hints were "becoming outspoken from relatives".<sup id="cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters,_No._43-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was commissioned as a temporary <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Fusiliers" title="Lancashire Fusiliers">Lancashire Fusiliers</a> on 15 July 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1977_p77_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1977_p77-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He trained with the 13th (Reserve) Battalion on <a href="/wiki/Cannock_Chase" title="Cannock Chase">Cannock Chase</a>, Rugeley Camp near to <a href="/wiki/Rugeley" title="Rugeley">Rugeley</a>, Staffordshire, for 11 months. In a letter to Edith, Tolkien complained: "Gentlemen are rare among the superiors, and even human beings rare indeed."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following their wedding, Lieutenant and Mrs. Tolkien took up lodgings near the training camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1977_p77_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1977_p77-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 June 1916, Tolkien received a telegram summoning him to <a href="/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a> for posting to France. The Tolkiens spent the night before his departure in a room at the Plough & Harrow Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a>, Birmingham.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolkien_Society_Memorials_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolkien_Society_Memorials-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later wrote: "Junior officers were being killed off, a dozen a minute. Parting from my wife then ... it was like a death."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4></div> <p>On 5 June 1916, Tolkien boarded a troop transport for an overnight voyage to <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>. Like other soldiers arriving for the first time, he was sent to the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a>'s base depot at <a href="/wiki/%C3%89taples" title="Étaples">Étaples</a>. On 7 June, he was informed that he had been assigned as a signals officer to the 11th (Service) Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers. The battalion was part of the <a href="/wiki/74th_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="74th Brigade (United Kingdom)">74th Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/25th_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="25th Division (United Kingdom)">25th Division</a>. While waiting to be summoned to his unit, Tolkien sank into boredom. To pass the time, he composed a poem titled <i>The Lonely Isle</i>, which was inspired by his feelings during the sea crossing to Calais. To evade the British Army's <a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">postal censorship</a>, he developed a code of dots by which Edith could track his movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Garth144_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garth144-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left Étaples on 27 June 1916 and joined his battalion at <a href="/wiki/Rubempr%C3%A9" title="Rubempré">Rubempré</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found himself commanding enlisted men who were drawn mainly from the mining, milling, and weaving towns of Lancashire.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">John Garth</a>, he "felt an affinity for these working class men", but military protocol prohibited friendships with "<a href="/wiki/Other_ranks_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Other ranks (UK)">other ranks</a>". Instead, he was required to "take charge of them, discipline them, train them, and probably censor their letters ... If possible, he was supposed to inspire their love and loyalty."<sup id="cite_ref-Garth149_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garth149-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien later lamented, "The most improper job of any man ... is bossing other men. Not one in a million is fit for it, and least of all those who seek the opportunity."<sup id="cite_ref-Garth149_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garth149-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_the_Somme">Battle of the Somme</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwaben_Redoubt_by_William_Orpen_IWM_Art.IWM_ART_3000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Schwaben_Redoubt_by_William_Orpen_IWM_Art.IWM_ART_3000.jpg/220px-Schwaben_Redoubt_by_William_Orpen_IWM_Art.IWM_ART_3000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Schwaben_Redoubt_by_William_Orpen_IWM_Art.IWM_ART_3000.jpg/330px-Schwaben_Redoubt_by_William_Orpen_IWM_Art.IWM_ART_3000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Schwaben_Redoubt_by_William_Orpen_IWM_Art.IWM_ART_3000.jpg/440px-Schwaben_Redoubt_by_William_Orpen_IWM_Art.IWM_ART_3000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption><i> The Schwaben Redoubt</i>, painting by William Orpen. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>Tolkien arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Somme</a> in early July 1916. In between terms behind the lines at <a href="/wiki/Bouzincourt" title="Bouzincourt">Bouzincourt</a>, he participated in the assaults on the <a href="/wiki/Schwaben_Redoubt" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwaben Redoubt">Schwaben Redoubt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_salient" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig salient">Leipzig salient</a>. Tolkien's time in combat was a terrible stress for Edith, who feared that every knock on the door might carry news of her husband's death. Edith could track her husband's movements on a map of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. The Reverend Mervyn S. Evers, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> chaplain to the Lancashire Fusiliers, recorded that Tolkien and his fellow officers were eaten by "hordes of lice" which found the Medical Officer's ointment merely "a kind of <i><a href="/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre" title="Hors d'oeuvre">hors d'oeuvre</a></i> and the little beggars went at their feast with renewed vigour."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 October 1916, as his battalion attacked <a href="/wiki/Regina_Trench" class="mw-redirect" title="Regina Trench">Regina Trench</a>, Tolkien contracted <a href="/wiki/Trench_fever" title="Trench fever">trench fever</a>, a disease carried by <a href="/wiki/Lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lice">lice</a>. He was invalided to England on 8 November 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to his children <a href="/wiki/John_Tolkien_(priest)" title="John Tolkien (priest)">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Priscilla Tolkien">Priscilla Tolkien</a>, "In later years, he would occasionally talk of being at the front: of the horrors of the first German <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">gas attack</a>, of the utter exhaustion and ominous quiet after a bombardment, of the whining scream of the shells, and the endless marching, always on foot, through a devastated landscape, sometimes carrying the men's equipment as well as his own to encourage them to keep going. ... Some remarkable relics survive from that time: a trench map he drew himself; pencil-written orders to carry bombs to the 'fighting line.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of his dearest school friends were killed in the war. Among their number were Rob Gilson of the Tea Club and Barrovian Society, who was killed on the <a href="/wiki/First_day_of_the_Somme" class="mw-redirect" title="First day of the Somme">first day of the Somme</a> while leading his men in the assault on <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Hamel" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaumont Hamel">Beaumont Hamel</a>. Fellow T.C.B.S. member Geoffrey Smith was killed during the battle, when a German artillery shell landed on a first-aid post. Tolkien's battalion was almost completely wiped out following his return to England.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancashire_Fusiliers_trench_Beaumont_Hamel_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lancashire_Fusiliers_trench_Beaumont_Hamel_1916.jpg/220px-Lancashire_Fusiliers_trench_Beaumont_Hamel_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lancashire_Fusiliers_trench_Beaumont_Hamel_1916.jpg/330px-Lancashire_Fusiliers_trench_Beaumont_Hamel_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lancashire_Fusiliers_trench_Beaumont_Hamel_1916.jpg/440px-Lancashire_Fusiliers_trench_Beaumont_Hamel_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5474" data-file-height="3839" /></a><figcaption>Men of the 1st Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers in a communication trench near <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Hamel" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaumont Hamel">Beaumont Hamel</a>, 1916. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Brooks_(photographer)" title="Ernest Brooks (photographer)">Ernest Brooks</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to John Garth, <a href="/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army" title="Kitchener's Army">Kitchener's Army</a>, in which Tolkien served, at once marked existing social boundaries and counteracted the class system by throwing everyone into a desperate situation together. Tolkien was grateful, writing that it had taught him "a deep sympathy and feeling for the <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Atkins" title="Tommy Atkins">Tommy</a>; especially the plain soldier from the agricultural counties".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Home_front">Home front</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Middle-earth" title="The Great War and Middle-earth">The Great War and Middle-earth</a></div> <p>A weak and emaciated Tolkien spent the remainder of the war alternating between hospitals and garrison duties, being deemed medically unfit for general service.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his recovery in a cottage in <a href="/wiki/Little_Haywood" title="Little Haywood">Little Haywood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Staffordshire, England">Staffordshire</a>, he began to work on what he called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a></i>, beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i>. <i>Lost Tales</i> represented Tolkien's attempt to create a mythology for England, a project he would abandon without ever completing.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout 1917 and 1918 his illness kept recurring, but he had recovered enough to do home service at various camps. It was at this time that Edith bore their first child, John Francis Reuel Tolkien. In a 1941 letter, Tolkien described his son John as "(conceived and carried during the starvation-year of 1917 and the great <a href="/wiki/U-boat_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boat Campaign (World War I)">U-boat campaign</a>) round about the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a>, when the end of the war seemed as far off as it does now".<sup id="cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters,_No._43-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant on 6 January 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he was stationed at <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a>, he and Edith went walking in the woods at nearby <a href="/wiki/Roos" title="Roos">Roos</a>, and Edith began to dance for him in a clearing among the flowering hemlock. After his wife's death in 1971, Tolkien remembered:<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_340_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_340-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I never called Edith <i>Luthien</i>—but she was the source of the story that in time became the chief part of the <i>Silmarillion</i>. It was first conceived in a small woodland glade filled with hemlocks<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at Roos in Yorkshire (where I was for a brief time in command of an outpost of the Humber Garrison in 1917, and she was able to live with me for a while). In those days her hair was raven, her skin clear, her eyes brighter than you have seen them, and she could sing—and <em>dance</em>. But the story has gone crooked, & I am left, and <em>I</em> cannot plead before the inexorable <a href="/wiki/Mandos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandos">Mandos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_340_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_340-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 16 July 1919, Tolkien was taken off active service, at Fovant, on Salisbury Plain, with a temporary disability pension.<sup id="cite_ref-Grotta_p._58_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grotta_p._58-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 November 1920, Tolkien was demobilized and left the army, retaining his rank of lieutenant.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_and_writing_career">Academic and writing career</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Darnley_Road,_the_former_home_of_J.R.R._Tolkien_in_West_Park,_Leeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/2_Darnley_Road%2C_the_former_home_of_J.R.R._Tolkien_in_West_Park%2C_Leeds.jpg/220px-2_Darnley_Road%2C_the_former_home_of_J.R.R._Tolkien_in_West_Park%2C_Leeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/2_Darnley_Road%2C_the_former_home_of_J.R.R._Tolkien_in_West_Park%2C_Leeds.jpg/330px-2_Darnley_Road%2C_the_former_home_of_J.R.R._Tolkien_in_West_Park%2C_Leeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/2_Darnley_Road%2C_the_former_home_of_J.R.R._Tolkien_in_West_Park%2C_Leeds.jpg/440px-2_Darnley_Road%2C_the_former_home_of_J.R.R._Tolkien_in_West_Park%2C_Leeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>2 Darnley Road, the former home of Tolkien in West Park, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20_Northmoor_Road,_Oxford.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/20_Northmoor_Road%2C_Oxford.JPG/220px-20_Northmoor_Road%2C_Oxford.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/20_Northmoor_Road%2C_Oxford.JPG/330px-20_Northmoor_Road%2C_Oxford.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/20_Northmoor_Road%2C_Oxford.JPG/440px-20_Northmoor_Road%2C_Oxford.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>20 <a href="/wiki/Northmoor_Road" title="Northmoor Road">Northmoor Road</a>, one of Tolkien's former homes in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the end of World War I in 1918, Tolkien's first civilian job was at the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, where he worked mainly on the history and etymology of words of Germanic origin beginning with the letter <i>W</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1919, he began to tutor Oxford undergraduates privately, most importantly those of <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Hall,_Oxford" title="Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford">Lady Margaret Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Hugh%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Hugh's College, Oxford">St Hugh's College</a>, given that the women's colleges were in great need of good teachers in their early years, and Tolkien as a married academic (then still not common) was considered suitable, as a bachelor don would not have been.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, he took up a post as <a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)">reader</a> in English language at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>, becoming the youngest member of the <a href="/wiki/Academic_staff" title="Academic staff">academic staff</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-Grotta2001_page_64_ff_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grotta2001_page_64_ff-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Leeds, he produced <i>A Middle English Vocabulary</i> and a definitive edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/E._V._Gordon" title="E. V. Gordon">E. V. Gordon</a>; both became academic standard works for several decades. He also translated <i>Sir Gawain</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pearl_(poem)" title="Pearl (poem)">Pearl</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Orfeo" title="Sir Orfeo">Sir Orfeo</a></i>, but the translations would not be published until 1975. In 1924, he was promoted from a readership at Leeds to a <a href="/wiki/Professorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Professorship">professorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1925, he returned to Oxford as <a href="/wiki/Rawlinson_and_Bosworth_Professor_of_Anglo-Saxon" title="Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon">Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon</a>, with a fellowship at <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford" title="Pembroke College, Oxford">Pembroke College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time at Pembroke College, Tolkien wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> and the first two volumes of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, while living at 20 <a href="/wiki/Northmoor_Road" title="Northmoor Road">Northmoor Road</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Oxford" title="North Oxford">North Oxford</a>. In 1932, he published a philological essay on the name "<a href="/wiki/Nodens" title="Nodens">Nodens</a>", following Sir <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Mortimer Wheeler</a>'s unearthing of a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Asclepeion" class="mw-redirect" title="Asclepeion">Asclepeion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lydney_Park" title="Lydney Park">Lydney Park</a>, Gloucestershire, in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beowulf"><i>Beowulf</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_A_Translation_and_Commentary" title="Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary">Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Beowulf" title="On Translating Beowulf">On Translating Beowulf</a></div> <p>In the 1920s, Tolkien undertook a translation of <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, which he finished in 1926, but did not publish. It was later edited by his son Christopher and published in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ten years after finishing his translation, Tolkien gave a highly acclaimed lecture on the work, "<a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics"><i>Beowulf</i>: The Monsters and the Critics</a>", which had a lasting influence on <i>Beowulf</i> research.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis E. Nicholson said that the article is "widely recognized as a turning point in Beowulfian criticism", noting that Tolkien established the primacy of the poetic nature of the work as opposed to its purely linguistic elements.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the consensus of scholarship deprecated <i>Beowulf</i> for dealing with childish battles with monsters rather than realistic tribal warfare; Tolkien argued that the author of <i>Beowulf</i> was addressing human destiny in general, not as limited by particular tribal politics, and therefore the monsters were essential to the poem.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where <i>Beowulf</i> does deal with specific tribal struggles, as at <a href="/wiki/Finnsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnsburg">Finnsburg</a>, Tolkien argued firmly against reading in fantastic elements.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the essay, Tolkien revealed how highly he regarded <i>Beowulf</i>: "<i>Beowulf</i> is among my most valued sources"; <a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth">this influence may be seen</a> throughout his <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">legendarium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Humphrey Carpenter</a>, Tolkien began his series of lectures on <i>Beowulf</i> in a most striking way, entering the room silently, fixing the audience with a look, and suddenly declaiming in Old English the opening lines of the poem, starting "with a great cry of <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hw%C3%A6t" class="extiw" title="wikt:hwæt">Hwæt</a>!</i>" It was a dramatic impersonation of an Anglo-Saxon bard in a mead hall, and it made the students realize that <i>Beowulf</i> was not just a set text but "a powerful piece of dramatic poetry".<sup id="cite_ref-Biog_p133_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biog_p133-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decades later, <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> wrote to his former professor, thanking him for the "unforgettable experience" of hearing him recite <i>Beowulf</i>, and stating: "The voice was the voice of <a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Biog_p133_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biog_p133-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK-2014-Oxford-Merton_College_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/UK-2014-Oxford-Merton_College_05.JPG/170px-UK-2014-Oxford-Merton_College_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/UK-2014-Oxford-Merton_College_05.JPG/255px-UK-2014-Oxford-Merton_College_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/UK-2014-Oxford-Merton_College_05.JPG/340px-UK-2014-Oxford-Merton_College_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6912" data-file-height="10312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Merton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton College">Merton College</a>, where Tolkien was Professor of English Language and Literature (1945–1959)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Tolkien was earmarked as a <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">codebreaker</a>. In January 1939, he was asked to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptographic</a> department of the Foreign Office in the event of national emergency. Beginning on 27 March, he took an instructional course at the London HQ of the <a href="/wiki/Government_Code_and_Cypher_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Code and Cypher School">Government Code and Cypher School</a>. He was informed in October that his services would not be required.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spy1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spy1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spy3_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spy3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, Tolkien moved to <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a>, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Merton_Professors" title="Merton Professors">Merton Professor of English Language and Literature</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Grotta2001_page_110_ff_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grotta2001_page_110_ff-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which post he remained until his retirement in 1959. He served as an external examiner for <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Galway" class="mw-redirect" title="University College, Galway">University College, Galway</a> (now The University of Galway), for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954 Tolkien received an honorary degree from the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a> (of which University College, Galway, was a constituent college).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien completed <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> in 1948, close to a decade after the first sketches.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_family" title="Tolkien family">Tolkien family</a></div> <p>The Tolkiens had four children: <a href="/wiki/John_Tolkien_(priest)" title="John Tolkien (priest)">John Francis Reuel Tolkien</a> (17 November 1917 – 22 January 2003), Michael Hilary Reuel Tolkien (22 October 1920 – 27 February 1984), <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher John Reuel Tolkien</a> (21 November 1924 – 16 January 2020) and <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Reuel_Tolkien" title="Priscilla Reuel Tolkien">Priscilla Mary Anne Reuel Tolkien</a> (18 June 1929 – 28 February 2022).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien was very devoted to his children and sent them illustrated <a href="/wiki/The_Father_Christmas_Letters" title="The Father Christmas Letters">letters from Father Christmas</a> when they were young.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Tolkien.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Oxford_Tolkien.JPG/170px-Oxford_Tolkien.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Oxford_Tolkien.JPG/255px-Oxford_Tolkien.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Oxford_Tolkien.JPG/340px-Oxford_Tolkien.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="2910" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Tolkien in the chapel of <a href="/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter College, Oxford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During his life in retirement, from 1959 up to his death in 1973, Tolkien received steadily increasing public attention and literary fame. In 1961, his friend <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> even nominated him for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sales of his books were so profitable that he regretted that he had not chosen early retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-DoughanBio_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoughanBio-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1972 letter, he deplored having become a <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">cult figure</a>, but admitted that "even the nose of a very modest idol ... cannot remain entirely untickled by the sweet smell of incense!"<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fan attention became so intense that Tolkien had to take his phone number out of the public directory,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually he and Edith moved to <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a>, which was then a seaside resort patronized by the British upper middle class. Tolkien's status as a best-selling author gave them easy entry into polite society, but Tolkien deeply missed the company of his fellow <a href="/wiki/Inklings" title="Inklings">Inklings</a>. Edith, however, was overjoyed to step into the role of a society hostess, which had been the reason that Tolkien selected Bournemouth in the first place. The genuine and deep affection between Ronald and Edith was demonstrated by their care about the other's health, in details like wrapping presents, in the generous way he gave up his life at Oxford so she could retire to Bournemouth, and in her pride in his becoming a famous author. They were tied together, too, by love for their children and grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his retirement Tolkien was a consultant and translator for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jerusalem Bible">The Jerusalem Bible</a></i>, published in 1966. He was initially assigned a larger portion to translate, but, due to other commitments, only managed to offer some criticisms of other contributors and a translation of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolkien%27s_grave,_Wolvercote_Cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tolkien%27s_grave%2C_Wolvercote_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Tolkien%27s_grave%2C_Wolvercote_Cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tolkien%27s_grave%2C_Wolvercote_Cemetery.jpg/330px-Tolkien%27s_grave%2C_Wolvercote_Cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tolkien%27s_grave%2C_Wolvercote_Cemetery.jpg/440px-Tolkien%27s_grave%2C_Wolvercote_Cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The grave of J. R. R. and <a href="/wiki/Edith_Tolkien" title="Edith Tolkien">Edith Tolkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolvercote_Cemetery" title="Wolvercote Cemetery">Wolvercote Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Edith died on 29 November 1971, at the age of 82. Ronald returned to Oxford, where <a href="/wiki/Merton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton College">Merton College</a> gave him convenient rooms near the High Street. He missed Edith, but enjoyed being back in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-SimonTolkien_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimonTolkien-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolkien was made a <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1972_New_Year_Honours" title="1972 New Year Honours">1972 New Year Honours</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received the insignia of the Order at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> on 28 March 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year Oxford University gave him an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters" title="Doctor of Letters">Doctorate of Letters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RoyalMail_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoyalMail-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He had the name <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAthien" class="mw-redirect" title="Lúthien">Luthien</a> [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] engraved on Edith's tombstone at <a href="/wiki/Wolvercote_Cemetery" title="Wolvercote Cemetery">Wolvercote Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>. When Tolkien died 21 months later on 2 September 1973 from a bleeding ulcer and chest infection,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the age of 81,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_obit_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_obit-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was buried in the same grave, with "<a href="/wiki/Beren" class="mw-redirect" title="Beren">Beren</a>" added to his name. Tolkien's will was proven on 20 December 1973, with his estate valued at £190,577 (equivalent to £2,454,000 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UKGDP_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UKGDP-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-probate_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-probate-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_and_Child_(interior).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Eagle_and_Child_%28interior%29.jpg/220px-Eagle_and_Child_%28interior%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Eagle_and_Child_%28interior%29.jpg/330px-Eagle_and_Child_%28interior%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Eagle_and_Child_%28interior%29.jpg/440px-Eagle_and_Child_%28interior%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Corner of <a href="/wiki/The_Eagle_and_Child" title="The Eagle and Child">the Eagle and Child</a> Pub, Oxford, where the <a href="/wiki/Inklings" title="Inklings">Inklings</a> met (1930–1950)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tolkien's Christianity" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity in Middle-earth</a>.</div> <p>Tolkien's <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> was a significant factor in <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>'s conversion from <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-CSL_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSL-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He once wrote to <a href="/wiki/Rayner_Unwin" title="Rayner Unwin">Rayner Unwin</a>'s daughter Camilla, who wished to know the purpose of life, that it was "to increase according to our capacity our knowledge of God by all the means we have, and to be moved by it to praise and thanks."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a special devotion to the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">blessed sacrament</a>, writing to his son Michael that in "the Blessed Sacrament ... you will find romance, glory, honour, fidelity, and the true way of all your loves upon earth, and more than that".<sup id="cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters,_No._43-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He accordingly encouraged frequent reception of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>, again writing to his son Michael that "the only cure for sagging of fainting faith is Communion." He believed the Catholic Church to be true most of all because of the pride of place and the honour in which it holds the Blessed Sacrament.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_250_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_250-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last years of his life, Tolkien <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">resisted certain liturgical changes</a> implemented after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, his primary objection being the use of English for the liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien spoke Latin fluently, and he felt that the English translations were clumsy.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his old age he continued to make the Mass responses in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-SimonTolkien_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimonTolkien-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien did not sign the <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie_indult" title="Agatha Christie indult">Agatha Christie indult</a>, however, and he served as a <a href="/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)" title="Reader (liturgy)">lector</a> at Corpus Christi, a parish church in <a href="/wiki/Headington" title="Headington">Headington</a>, in accordance with the allowances of the Council.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race">Race</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_race" title="Tolkien and race">Tolkien and race</a></div> <p>Tolkien's <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> fantasy writings have been said to embody outmoded attitudes to <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yatt_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yatt-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, scholars have noted that he was influenced by Victorian attitudes to race and to a literary tradition of monsters, and that he was <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racist</a> both in peacetime and during the two World Wars. With the late 19th-century background of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> and a fear of moral decline, some critics believed that the mention of <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">race mixing</a> in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> embodied <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_2000_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers_2000-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commentators thought that Tolkien's description of the <a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">orcs</a> was modelled on wartime propaganda caricatures of the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibata_Chicago_Tribune_2003_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibata_Chicago_Tribune_2003-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics have noted, too, that the work embodies a <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth#Moral_geography" title="Geography of Middle-earth">moral geography</a>, with good in the West, evil in the East.<sup id="cite_ref-Magoun_2006_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magoun_2006-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against this, Tolkien strongly opposed <a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Nazi racial theories</a>, as seen in a 1938 letter he wrote to his publisher, while in the Second World War he vigorously opposed <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">anti-German</a> propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Rearick_2004_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rearick_2004-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Power_2018_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power_2018-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Middle-earth has been described as definitely polycultural and polylingual, while scholars have noted that attacks on Tolkien based on <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> often omit relevant evidence from the text.<sup id="cite_ref-Straubhaar_2004_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straubhaar_2004-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A spokesman for <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, publisher of the trilogy, said: "A number of academics have commented on Tolkien's work and this is the first time anybody has ever seen these issues in it. Of course, if you look hard enough at many great epics, you can extrapolate what you like, particularly if you have academic kudos behind you."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature">Nature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings</a></div> <p>During most of his own life, <a href="/wiki/Conservationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservationism">conservationism</a> was not yet on the political agenda, and Tolkien himself did not directly express conservationist views—except in some private letters, in which he tells about his fondness for forests and sadness at tree-felling. In later years, a number of authors of biographies or literary analyses of Tolkien conclude that during his writing of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, Tolkien gained increased interest in the value of wild and untamed nature, and in protecting what wild nature was left in the industrialized world.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_influences" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. R. Tolkien's influences">J. R. R. Tolkien's influences</a></div> <p>Tolkien's fantasy books on Middle-earth, especially <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> and <i>The Silmarillion</i>, drew on a wide array of influences, including his <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philological</a> interest in language,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">medievalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Yolen_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yolen-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ancient and modern literature, and personal experience. His philological work centred on the study of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> literature, especially <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, and he acknowledged its importance to his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a gifted linguist, influenced by Germanic,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celtic,<sup id="cite_ref-Fimi_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fimi-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnish,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Greek<sup id="cite_ref-Purtill_2003_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purtill_2003-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> language and mythology. Commentators have attempted to identify many literary and topological antecedents for characters, places and events in Tolkien's writings. Some writers were important to him, including the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts and Crafts">Arts and Crafts</a> polymath <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he undoubtedly made use of some real place-names, such as Bag End, the name of his aunt's home.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_2009_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton_2009-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He acknowledged, too, <a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">John Buchan</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._Rider_Haggard" title="H. Rider Haggard">H. Rider Haggard</a>, authors of modern adventure stories that he enjoyed.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of some specific experiences have been identified. Tolkien's childhood in the English countryside, and its urbanization by the growth of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, influenced his creation of <a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">the Shire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his personal experience of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">fighting in the trenches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> affected his depiction of <a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ciabattari_BBC_2014_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciabattari_BBC_2014-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography">J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics""><span id=".22Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics.22"></span>"<i>Beowulf</i>: The Monsters and the Critics"</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics">Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics</a></div> <p>In addition to writing fiction, Tolkien was an author of academic literary criticism. His seminal 1936 lecture, later published as an article, revolutionized the treatment of the Anglo-Saxon epic <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i> by literary critics. The essay remains highly influential in the study of Old English literature to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-Niles_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niles-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Beowulf</i> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Beowulf_in_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Beowulf in Middle-earth">most significant influences upon Tolkien's later fiction</a>, with major details of both <i>The Hobbit</i> and <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> being adapted from the poem.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""On_Fairy-Stories""><span id=".22On_Fairy-Stories.22"></span>"On Fairy-Stories"</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/On_Fairy-Stories" title="On Fairy-Stories">On Fairy-Stories</a></div> <p>This essay discusses the fairy-story as a literary form. It was initially written as the 1939 Andrew Lang Lecture at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. Tolkien focuses on <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a>'s work as a folklorist and collector of fairy tales. He disagreed with Lang's broad inclusion, in his <a href="/wiki/Lang%27s_Fairy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lang's Fairy Books">Fairy Book</a> collections, of traveller's tales, beast fables, and other types of stories. Tolkien held a narrower perspective, viewing fairy stories as those that took place in <a href="/wiki/Fairyland" title="Fairyland">Faerie</a>, an enchanted realm, with or without fairies as characters. He viewed them as the natural development of the interaction of human imagination and human language.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Children's_books_and_other_short_works"><span id="Children.27s_books_and_other_short_works"></span>Children's books and other short works</h4></div> <p>In addition to his <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">mythopoeic</a> compositions, Tolkien enjoyed inventing fantasy stories to entertain his children.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote annual Christmas letters from <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a> for them, building up a series of short stories (later compiled and published as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Father_Christmas_Letters" title="The Father Christmas Letters">The Father Christmas Letters</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-travels_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travels-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other works included <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Bliss" title="Mr. Bliss">Mr. Bliss</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Roverandom" title="Roverandom">Roverandom</a></i> (for children), and <i><a href="/wiki/Leaf_by_Niggle" title="Leaf by Niggle">Leaf by Niggle</a></i> (part of <i><a href="/wiki/Tree_and_Leaf" title="Tree and Leaf">Tree and Leaf</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Smith_of_Wootton_Major" title="Smith of Wootton Major">Smith of Wootton Major</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Farmer_Giles_of_Ham" title="Farmer Giles of Ham">Farmer Giles of Ham</a></i>. <i>Roverandom</i> and <i>Smith of Wootton Major</i>, like <i>The Hobbit</i>, borrowed ideas from his legendarium.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien_ch13_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien_ch13-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Hobbit"><i>The Hobbit</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></div> <p>Tolkien never expected his stories to become popular, but by sheer accident a book called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i>, which he had written some years before for his own children, came in 1936 to the attention of Susan Dagnall, an employee of the London publishing firm <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_%26_Unwin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen & Unwin">George Allen & Unwin</a>, who persuaded Tolkien to submit it for publication.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_obit_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_obit-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it was published a year later, the book attracted adult readers as well as children, and it became popular enough for the publishers to ask Tolkien to produce a sequel.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Lord_of_the_Rings"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></div> <p>The request for a sequel prompted Tolkien to begin what became his most famous work: the epic novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (originally published in three volumes in 1954–1955). Tolkien spent more than ten years writing the primary narrative and appendices for <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, during which time he received the constant support of the <a href="/wiki/Inklings" title="Inklings">Inklings</a>, in particular his closest friend <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>, the author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a></i>. Both <i>The Hobbit</i> and <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> are set against the background of <i>The Silmarillion</i>, but in a time long after it.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Hobbit_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Hobbit-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolkien at first intended <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> to be a children's tale in the style of <i>The Hobbit</i>, but it quickly grew darker and more serious in the writing.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though a direct sequel to <i>The Hobbit</i>, it addressed an older audience, drawing on the immense <a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">backstory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a> that Tolkien had constructed in previous years, and which eventually saw posthumous publication in <i>The Silmarillion</i> and other volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Hobbit_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Hobbit-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien strongly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction">fantasy</a> genre that grew up after the book's success.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Lord of the Rings</i> became immensely popular in the 1960s and has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the 20th century, judged by both sales and reader surveys.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2003 "<a href="/wiki/Big_Read" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Read">Big Read</a>" survey conducted by the BBC, <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> was found to be the UK's "Best-loved Novel".<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australians voted <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> "My Favourite Book" in a 2004 survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian ABC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1999 poll of <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon.com</a> customers, <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> was judged to be their favourite "book of the millennium".<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002 Tolkien was voted the 92nd "<a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">greatest Briton</a>" in a poll conducted by the BBC, and in 2004 he was voted 35th in the <a href="/wiki/SABC3%27s_Great_South_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="SABC3's Great South Africans">SABC3's Great South Africans</a>, the only person to appear in both lists. His popularity is not limited to the English-speaking world: in a 2004 poll inspired by the UK's "Big Read" survey, about 250,000 Germans found <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> to be their favourite work of literature.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Silmarillion"><i>The Silmarillion</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></div> <p>Tolkien wrote a brief "Sketch of the Mythology", which included the tales of Beren and Lúthien and of Túrin; and that sketch eventually evolved into the <i><a href="/wiki/Quenta_Silmarillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenta Silmarillion">Quenta Silmarillion</a></i>, an epic history that Tolkien started three times but never published. Tolkien desperately hoped to publish it along with <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, but publishers (both <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">Collins</a>) declined. Moreover, printing costs were very high in 1950s Britain, requiring <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> to be published in three volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of this continuous redrafting is told in the posthumous series <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i>, edited by Tolkien's son, Christopher Tolkien. From around 1936, Tolkien began to extend this framework to include the tale of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a></i>, which was inspired by the legend of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolkien appointed his son Christopher to be his <a href="/wiki/Literary_executor" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary executor">literary executor</a>, and he (with assistance from <a href="/wiki/Guy_Gavriel_Kay" title="Guy Gavriel Kay">Guy Gavriel Kay</a>, later a well-known fantasy author in his own right) organized some of this material into a single coherent volume, published as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i> in 1977. It received the Locus Award for Best Fantasy novel in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-WWE-1978_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWE-1978-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unfinished_Tales_and_The_History_of_Middle-earth"><i>Unfinished Tales</i> and <i>The History of Middle-earth</i></h4></div> <p>In 1980, Christopher Tolkien published a collection of more fragmentary material, under the title <i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales_of_N%C3%BAmenor_and_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth">Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth</a></i>. In subsequent years (1983–1996), he published a large amount of the remaining unpublished materials, together with notes and extensive commentary, in a series of twelve volumes called <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i>. They contain unfinished, abandoned, alternative, and outright contradictory accounts, since they were always a work in progress for Tolkien and he only rarely settled on a definitive version for any of the stories. There is not complete consistency between <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> and <i>The Hobbit</i>, the two most closely related works, because Tolkien never fully integrated all their traditions into each other. He commented in 1965, while editing <i>The Hobbit</i> for a third edition, that he would have preferred to rewrite the book completely because of the style of its prose.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Works_compiled_by_Christopher_Tolkien">Works compiled by Christopher Tolkien</h4></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Title</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i></td> <td>Tells the story of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BArin_Turambar" title="Túrin Turambar">Túrin Turambar</a> and his sister <a href="/wiki/Nienor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nienor">Nienor</a>, children of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BArin_Thalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Húrin Thalion">Húrin Thalion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sigurd_and_Gudr%C3%BAn" title="The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún">The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún</a></i></td> <td>Retells the legend of <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a> and the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Niflungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Niflungs">Niflungs</a> from Germanic mythology as a <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative poem">narrative poem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">alliterative verse</a>, modelled after the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> poetry of the <a href="/wiki/Elder_Edda" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder Edda">Elder Edda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Arthur" title="The Fall of Arthur">The Fall of Arthur</a></i></td> <td>A narrative poem that Tolkien composed in the early 1930s, inspired by high medieval Arthurian fiction but set in the Post-Roman <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, showing Arthur as a <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlord</a> fighting the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_invasion_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain">Saxon invasion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_A_Translation_and_Commentary" title="Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary">Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary</a></i></td> <td>A prose translation of <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i> that Tolkien made in the 1920s, with commentary from Tolkien's lecture notes.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Kullervo" title="The Story of Kullervo">The Story of Kullervo</a></i></td> <td>A retelling of a 19th-century Finnish poem that Tolkien wrote in 1915 while studying at Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i></td> <td>One of the oldest and most often revised in Tolkien's legendarium; a version appeared in <i>The Silmarillion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-edition2017_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edition2017-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i></td> <td>Tells of a beautiful, mysterious city destroyed by dark forces; Tolkien called it "the first real story" of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TolkienSociety2_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TolkienSociety2-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscript_locations">Manuscript locations</h3></div> <p>Before his death, Tolkien negotiated the sale of the manuscripts, drafts, proofs and other materials related to his then-published works—including <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, <i>The Hobbit</i> and <i>Farmer Giles of Ham</i>—to the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University" title="Marquette University">Marquette University</a>'s John P. Raynor, S.J., Library in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, Wisconsin">Milwaukee</a>, Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death his estate donated the papers containing Tolkien's <i>Silmarillion</i> mythology and his academic work to the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bodleian Library held an exhibition of his work in 2018, including more than 60 items which had never been seen in public before.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, a partial draft of <i><a href="/wiki/Language_and_Human_Nature" title="Language and Human Nature">Language and Human Nature</a></i>, which Tolkien had begun co-writing with <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> but had never completed, was discovered at the Bodleian Library.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages_and_philology">Languages and philology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_career">Linguistic career</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Philology_and_Middle-earth" title="Philology and Middle-earth">Philology and Middle-earth</a></div> <p>Both Tolkien's academic career and his literary production are inseparable from his love of language and <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>. He specialized in English philology at university and in 1915 graduated with <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> as his special subject. He worked on the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> from 1918 and is credited with having worked on a number of words starting with the letter W, including <i><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a></i>, over which he struggled mightily.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, he became Reader in English Language at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>, where he claimed credit for raising the number of students of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> from five to twenty. He gave courses in Old English <a href="/wiki/Heroic_verse" title="Heroic verse">heroic verse</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">history of English</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> texts, Old and Middle English philology, introductory <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> philology, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Icelandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Icelandic">Old Icelandic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Welsh language">Medieval Welsh</a>. When in 1925, aged thirty-three, Tolkien applied for the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon at <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford" title="Pembroke College, Oxford">Pembroke College, Oxford</a>, he boasted that his students of Germanic philology in Leeds had even formed a "<a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">Viking Club</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a certain, if imperfect, knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Privately, Tolkien was attracted to "things of <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">racial</a> and linguistic significance", and in his 1955 lecture <i><a href="/wiki/English_and_Welsh" title="English and Welsh">English and Welsh</a></i>, which is crucial to his understanding of race and language, he entertained notions of "inherent linguistic predilections", which he termed the "native language" as opposed to the "cradle-tongue" which a person first learns to speak.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He considered the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> dialect of Middle English to be his own "native language", and, as he wrote to <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> in 1955, "I am a West-midlander by blood (and took to early west-midland Middle English as a known tongue as soon as I set eyes on it)."<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_construction">Language construction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div> <p>Parallel to Tolkien's professional work as a philologist, and sometimes overshadowing this work, to the effect that his academic output remained rather thin, was his affection for <a href="/wiki/Constructed_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed languages">constructing languages</a>. The most developed of these are <a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a>, the etymological connection between which formed the core of much of Tolkien's <i>legendarium</i>. Language and grammar for Tolkien was a matter of <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphony">euphony</a>, and Quenya in particular was designed from "phonaesthetic" considerations; it was intended as an "Elven-latin", and was phonologically based on Latin, with ingredients from Finnish, Welsh, English, and Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-letter144_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter144-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolkien considered languages inseparable from the mythology associated with them, and he consequently took a dim view of <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">auxiliary languages</a>: in 1930 a congress of Esperantists were told as much by him, in his lecture <i><a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Your language construction will breed a mythology", but by 1956 he had concluded that "<a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ido_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ido (language)">Ido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Novial">Novial</a>, &c, &c, are dead, far deader than ancient unused languages, because their authors never invented any Esperanto legends".<sup id="cite_ref-letter180_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter180-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of Tolkien's books has had a small but lasting effect on the use of language in fantasy literature in particular, and even on mainstream dictionaries, which now commonly accept Tolkien's idiosyncratic spellings <i>dwarves</i> and <i>dwarvish</i> (alongside <i>dwarfs</i> and <i>dwarfish</i>), which had been little used since the mid-19th century and earlier. (In fact, according to Tolkien, had the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> plural survived, it would have been <i>dwarrows</i> or <i>dwerrows</i>.) He coined the term <i><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">eucatastrophe</a></i>, used mainly in connection with his own work.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artwork">Artwork</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Tolkien's artwork</a></div> <p>Tolkien learnt to paint and draw as a child and continued to do so all his adult life. From early in his writing career, the development of his stories was accompanied by drawings and paintings, especially of landscapes, and by maps of the lands in which the tales were set. He produced pictures to accompany the stories told to his own children, including those later published in <i>Mr Bliss</i> and <i>Roverandom</i>, and sent them elaborately illustrated letters purporting to come from Father Christmas. Although he regarded himself as an amateur, the publisher used the author's own cover art, <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">his maps</a>, and full-page illustrations for the early editions of <i>The Hobbit</i>. He prepared maps and illustrations for <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, but the first edition contained only the maps, his <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> for the inscription on the One Ring, and his ink drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Doors_of_Durin" class="mw-redirect" title="Doors of Durin">Doors of Durin</a>. Much of <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">his artwork</a> was collected and published in 1995 as a book: <i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Artist_and_Illustrator" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator">J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator</a></i>. The book discusses Tolkien's paintings, drawings, and sketches, and reproduces approximately 200 examples of his work.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_Scull_1995_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond_Scull_1995-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_McIlwaine" title="Catherine McIlwaine">Catherine McIlwaine</a> curated a major exhibition of Tolkien's artwork at the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></i>, accompanied by a book of the same name that analyses Tolkien's achievement and illustrates the full range of the types of artwork that he created.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div> <p>While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien, the great success of <i>The Hobbit</i> and <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> led directly to <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">a popular resurgence</a> and the shaping of the modern fantasy genre. This has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the "father" of modern fantasy literature<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—or, more precisely, of high fantasy,<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the work of authors such as <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Le_Guin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursula Le Guin">Ursula Le Guin</a> and her <i><a href="/wiki/Earthsea" title="Earthsea">Earthsea</a></i> series.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> ranked him sixth on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_April_2008_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times_April_2008-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His influence has extended to <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">music</a>, including the Danish group <a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Ensemble" title="The Tolkien Ensemble">the Tolkien Ensemble</a>'s setting of all the <a href="/wiki/Poetry_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Poetry in The Lord of the Rings">poetry in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a> to their vocal music;<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to a broad range of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">games set in Middle-earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maier-Zucchino_2019_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maier-Zucchino_2019-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among literary allusions to Tolkien, he appears as the elderly "Professor J. B. Timbermill" in all five novels in <a href="/wiki/J._I._M._Stewart" title="J. I. M. Stewart">J. I. M. Stewart</a>'s series <i><a href="/wiki/A_Staircase_in_Surrey" title="A Staircase in Surrey">A Staircase in Surrey</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_2014_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_2014-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yates_1994_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yates_1994-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholar <a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a> describes Tolkien as the "author of the [20th] century",<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and states that "I do not think any modern writer of epic fantasy has managed to escape the mark of Tolkien, no matter how hard many of them have tried".<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">John Clute</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i>, similarly credits Tolkien with being "the twentieth-century's single most important author of fantasy".<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work has had a massive impact on western pop culture, and remains extremely influential.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth in film">Middle-earth in film</a></div> <p>In a 1951 letter to publisher Milton Waldman (1895–1976), Tolkien wrote about his intentions to create a "body of more or less connected legend", of which "[t]he cycles should be linked to a majestic whole, and yet leave scope for other minds and hands, wielding paint and music and drama".<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hands and minds of many artists have indeed been inspired by Tolkien's legends. Personally known to him were <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a> (Tolkien's favourite illustrator of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Farmer_Giles_of_Ham" title="Farmer Giles of Ham">Farmer Giles of Ham</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Swann" title="Donald Swann">Donald Swann</a> (who set the music to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i>). Queen <a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrethe II of Denmark">Margrethe II of Denmark</a> created illustrations to <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> in the early 1970s. She sent them to Tolkien, who was struck by the similarity they bore in style to his own drawings.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien was not implacably opposed to the idea of a dramatic adaptation, however, and sold the film, stage and merchandise rights of <i>The Hobbit</i> and <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> to <a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a> in 1968. United Artists never made a film, although director <a href="/wiki/John_Boorman" title="John Boorman">John Boorman</a> was planning a live-action film in the early 1970s. In 1976, the rights were sold to <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien Enterprises">Tolkien Enterprises</a>, a division of the <a href="/wiki/Saul_Zaentz" title="Saul Zaentz">Saul Zaentz</a> Company, and the first film adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1978_film)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> was released in 1978 as an animated <a href="/wiki/Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">rotoscoping</a> film directed by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi" title="Ralph Bakshi">Ralph Bakshi</a> with screenplay by the fantasy writer <a href="/wiki/Peter_S._Beagle" title="Peter S. Beagle">Peter S. Beagle</a>. It covered only the first half of the story of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, an animated <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical</a> television film of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(1977_film)" title="The Hobbit (1977 film)">The Hobbit</a></i> was made by <a href="/wiki/Rankin-Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankin-Bass">Rankin-Bass</a>, and in 1980, they produced the animated musical television film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King_(1980_film)" title="The Return of the King (1980 film)">The Return of the King</a></i>, which covered some of the portions of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> that Bakshi was unable to complete. From 2001 to 2003, <a href="/wiki/New_Line_Cinema" title="New Line Cinema">New Line Cinema</a> released <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> as a trilogy of live-action films that were filmed in New Zealand and directed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a>. The series was successful, performing extremely well commercially and winning numerous <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2012 to 2014, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> and New Line Cinema released <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)">The Hobbit</a></i>, a series of three films based on <i>The Hobbit</i>, with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a> serving as executive producer, director, and co-writer.<sup id="cite_ref-february_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-february-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first instalment, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit:_An_Unexpected_Journey" title="The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey">The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey</a></i>, was released in December 2012;<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit:_The_Desolation_of_Smaug" title="The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug">The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug</a></i>, in December 2013;<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the last instalment, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit:_The_Battle_of_the_Five_Armies" title="The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies">The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies</a></i>, in December 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> acquired the global television rights to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, for a series of new stories set before <i>The Fellowship of the Ring</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_sainthood">Possible sainthood</h3></div> <p>On 2 September 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Oratory" title="Oxford Oratory">Oxford Oratory</a>, Tolkien's parish church during his time in Oxford, offered its first Mass for the intention of Tolkien's cause for <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatification</a> to be opened.<sup id="cite_ref-epicpew1_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epicpew1-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prayer was written for his cause.<sup id="cite_ref-epicpew1_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epicpew1-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_J._R._R._Tolkien_and_his_works" title="List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works">List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works</a></div> <p>Tolkien and the characters and places from his works have become eponyms of many real-world objects. These include <a href="/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature#Titan" title="Planetary nomenclature">geographical features on Titan</a> (Saturn's largest moon),<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> street names such as There and Back Again Lane, inspired by <i>The Hobbit</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mountains such as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shadowfax" title="Mount Shadowfax">Mount Shadowfax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gandalf" title="Mount Gandalf">Mount Gandalf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Aragorn" title="Mount Aragorn">Mount Aragorn</a> in Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> companies such as <a href="/wiki/Palantir_Technologies" title="Palantir Technologies">Palantir Technologies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-historypalantir_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historypalantir-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and species including the wasp <i><a href="/wiki/Shireplitis_tolkieni" class="mw-redirect" title="Shireplitis tolkieni">Shireplitis tolkieni</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Larsen_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 37 new species of <i><a href="/wiki/Elachista" title="Elachista">Elachista</a></i> moths,<sup id="cite_ref-Larsen_217-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaila_1999_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaila_1999-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-Gee_p55_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gee_p55-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_Valen1978_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Valen1978-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beck_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2003, <a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Society" title="The Tolkien Society">The Tolkien Society</a> has organized <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Reading_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien Reading Day">Tolkien Reading Day</a>, which takes place on 25 March in schools around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembroke College, Oxford University">Pembroke College, Oxford University</a>, established an <a href="/wiki/The_J.R.R._Tolkien_Lecture_on_Fantasy_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="The J.R.R. Tolkien Lecture on Fantasy Literature">annual lecture on fantasy literature</a> in Tolkien's honour.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Tolkien was among the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">British cultural icons</a> selected by artist Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Blake_(artist)" title="Peter Blake (artist)">Peter Blake</a> to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork—the Beatles' <i><a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a></i> album cover—to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admired.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2019 biographical film, <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_(film)" title="Tolkien (film)">Tolkien</a></i>, focused on Tolkien's early life and war experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tolkien family and estate stated that they did not "approve of, authorise or participate in the making of" the film.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolkien%27s_Sarehole_Mill_blue_plaque-persp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tolkien%27s_Sarehole_Mill_blue_plaque-persp.jpg/170px-Tolkien%27s_Sarehole_Mill_blue_plaque-persp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tolkien%27s_Sarehole_Mill_blue_plaque-persp.jpg/255px-Tolkien%27s_Sarehole_Mill_blue_plaque-persp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tolkien%27s_Sarehole_Mill_blue_plaque-persp.jpg/340px-Tolkien%27s_Sarehole_Mill_blue_plaque-persp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sarehole_Mill" title="Sarehole Mill">Sarehole Mill</a>'s blue plaque</figcaption></figure> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaques</a> in England commemorate places associated with Tolkien, including for his childhood, his workplaces, and places he visited.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolkien_Society_Memorials_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolkien_Society_Memorials-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Address</th> <th>Commemoration</th> <th>Date unveiled</th> <th>Issued by </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarehole_Mill" title="Sarehole Mill">Sarehole Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hall_Green" title="Hall Green">Hall Green</a>, Birmingham </td> <td>"Inspired" 1896–1900 (i.e. lived nearby) </td> <td>15 August 2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civic_Society" title="Birmingham Civic Society">Birmingham Civic Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Society" title="The Tolkien Society">The Tolkien Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Duchess Place, <a href="/wiki/Ladywood" title="Ladywood">Ladywood</a>, Birmingham </td> <td>Lived near here 1902–1910 </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Birmingham Civic Society<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 Highfield Road, <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a>, Birmingham </td> <td>Lived here 1910–1911 </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Birmingham Civic Society and The Tolkien Society<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plough and Harrow, <a href="/wiki/Hagley_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagley Road">Hagley Road</a>, Birmingham </td> <td>Stayed here June 1916 </td> <td>June 1997 </td> <td>The Tolkien Society<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 Darnley Road, <a href="/wiki/West_Park,_Leeds" title="West Park, Leeds">West Park, Leeds</a> </td> <td>First academic appointment, Leeds </td> <td>1 October 2012 </td> <td>The Tolkien Society and <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Civic_Trust" title="Leeds Civic Trust">Leeds Civic Trust</a><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 <a href="/wiki/Northmoor_Road" title="Northmoor Road">Northmoor Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Oxford" title="North Oxford">North Oxford</a> </td> <td>Lived here 1930–1947 </td> <td>3 December 2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_Blue_Plaques_Board" title="Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board">Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board</a><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hotel Miramar, East Overcliff Drive, <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a> </td> <td>Stayed here regularly from the 1950s until 1972 </td> <td>10 June 1992 by <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Priscilla Tolkien">Priscilla Tolkien</a> </td> <td>Borough of Bournemouth<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Immaculate_Roman_Catholic_Church,_Warwick" title="St Mary Immaculate Roman Catholic Church, Warwick">St Mary Immaculate</a>, 45 West Street, <a href="/wiki/Warwick" title="Warwick">Warwick</a> </td> <td>Married here 22 March 1916 </td> <td>6 July 2018 </td> <td>Warwick Town Council<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a> produced a <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coin" title="Commemorative coin">commemorative</a> £2 coin in 2023 to mark the 50th anniversary of Tolkien's death.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolkien pronounced his surname <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>, the surname is commonly pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/00\/Pronunciation_of_J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_name.wav\/Pronunciation_of_J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_name.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pronunciation of J. R. R. Tolkien's name.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Pronunciation_of_J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_name.wav/Pronunciation_of_J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_name.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pronunciation_of_J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_name.wav" title="File:Pronunciation of J. R. R. Tolkien's name.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #190 to <a href="/wiki/Rayner_Unwin" title="Rayner Unwin">Rayner Unwin</a>, 3 July 1956: "After all the book is English, and by an Englishman"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #267 to Michael Tolkien, 9–10 January 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letters306-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Letters306_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #306 to Michael Tolkien, 1967 or 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letters,_No._43-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters,_No._43_40-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #43 to Michael Tolkien, 6–8 March 1941</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_340-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_340_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_340_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #340 to Christopher Tolkien, 11 July 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spy1-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spy1_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #35 to C. A. Furth, <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>, 2 February 1939 (see also editorial note).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #336 to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Browne_(judge)" title="Patrick Browne (judge)">Sir Patrick Browne</a>, 23 May 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #332 to Michael Tolkien, 24 January 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #294 to Charlotte and Denis Plimmer, 8 February 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #334 to Rayner Unwin, 30 March 1972 (editorial note).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_250-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Letter_250_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #250 to Michael Tolkien, 1 November 1963</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #7, to the Electors of the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon, University of Oxford, 27 June 1925</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #163 to <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, 7 June 1955.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letter144-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-letter144_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #144 to Naomi Mitchison, 25 April 1954.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letter180-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-letter180_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #180 to 'Mr Thompson' (draft), 14 January 1956.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #131 to Milton Walden, late 1951</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Tolkien, Christopher</a>, ed. (1988). <i>The Return of the Shadow: The History of The Lord of the Rings, Part One</i>. The History of Middle-earth. Vol. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-440162-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-440162-0"><bdi>0-04-440162-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+the+Shadow%3A+The+History+of+The+Lord+of+the+Rings%2C+Part+One&rft.series=The+History+of+Middle-earth&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-04-440162-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2018" class="citation news cs1">Brennan, David (21 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/hobbit-how-tolkien-sunk-german-anti-semitic-inquiry-his-race-1132744">"The Hobbit: How Tolkien Sunk a German Anti-Semitic Inquiry Into His Race"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240426091705/https://www.newsweek.com/hobbit-how-tolkien-sunk-german-anti-semitic-inquiry-his-race-1132744">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>My great-great-grandfather came to England in the eighteenth century from Germany: the main part of my descent is therefore purely English, and I am an English subject – which should be sufficient.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+Hobbit%3A+How+Tolkien+Sunk+a+German+Anti-Semitic+Inquiry+Into+His+Race&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fhobbit-how-tolkien-sunk-german-anti-semitic-inquiry-his-race-1132744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Derdziński2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Derdziński2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derdziński2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derdziński2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derdziński2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derdziński2_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derdziński2_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerdziński2017" class="citation web cs1">Derdziński, Ryszard (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183343/http://www.elendilion.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/TolkienAncestry.pdf">"On J. R. R. Tolkien's Roots"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elendilion.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/TolkienAncestry.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%27s+Roots&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Derdzi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Ryszard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elendilion.pl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F03%2FTolkienAncestry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Derdziński1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Derdziński1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derdziński1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derdziński1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerdziński" class="citation web cs1">Derdziński, Ryszard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110133737/https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/15041/Z%20Prus%20do%20Anglii.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Z Prus do Anglii. Saga rodziny J. R. R. Tolkiena (XIV–XIX wiek)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/15041/Z%20Prus%20do%20Anglii.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Z+Prus+do+Anglii.+Saga+rodziny+J.+R.+R.+Tolkiena+%28XIV%E2%80%93XIX+wiek%29&rft.aulast=Derdzi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Ryszard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepot.ceon.pl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F15041%2FZ%2520Prus%2520do%2520Anglii.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510202325/http://www.verwandt.de/karten/absolut/tolkien.html">"Absolute Verteilung des Namens 'Tolkien'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>verwandt.de</i> (in German). MyHeritage UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verwandt.de/karten/absolut/tolkien.html">the original</a> on 10 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=verwandt.de&rft.atitle=Absolute+Verteilung+des+Namens+%27Tolkien%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verwandt.de%2Fkarten%2Fabsolut%2Ftolkien.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-45548112.html">"Ash nazg gimbatul"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German). No. 35/1969. 25 August 1969. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427035821/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-45548112.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2011. <q>Professor Tolkien, der seinen Namen vom deutschen Wort 'tollkühn' ableitet,... .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Ash+nazg+gimbatul&rft.issue=35%2F1969&rft.date=1969-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-45548112.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeier2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Geier, Fabian (2009). <i>J. R. R. Tolkien</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Rowohlt_Verlag" title="Rowohlt Verlag">Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag</a>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-499-50664-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-499-50664-2"><bdi>978-3-499-50664-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Rowohlt+Taschenbuch+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-499-50664-2&rft.aulast=Geier&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawthorne2012" class="citation book cs1">Cawthorne, Nigel (2012). <i>A Brief Guide to J. R. R. Tolkien: A Comprehensive Introduction to the Author of </i>The Hobbit<i> and </i>The Lord of the Rings<i><span></span></i>. London: Robinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78033-860-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78033-860-6"><bdi>978-1-78033-860-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction+to+the+Author+of+The+Hobbit+and+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robinson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78033-860-6&rft.aulast=Cawthorne&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 13. Both the spider incident and the visit to the homestead are covered here.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, Ch I, "Bloemfontein". At 9 Ashfield Road, King's Heath.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoughanBio-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DoughanBio_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DoughanBio_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughan2002" class="citation web cs1">Doughan, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolkiensociety.org/tolkien/biography.html">"JRR Tolkien Biography"</a>. <i>Life of Tolkien</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060303050751/http://www.tolkiensociety.org/tolkien/biography.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Life+of+Tolkien&rft.atitle=JRR+Tolkien+Biography&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Doughan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolkiensociety.org%2Ftolkien%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butts_2004-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Butts_2004_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButts2004" class="citation book cs1">Butts, Dennis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t1RsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA340">"Shaping boyhood: British Empire builders and adventurers"</a>. In Hunt, Peter (ed.). <i>International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature</i>. Vol. 1 (Second ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">340–</span>351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-32566-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-32566-4"><bdi>0-203-32566-4</bdi></a>. <q>By the 1840s, of course, adults were already reading tales of adventure involving Red Indians</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shaping+boyhood%3A+British+Empire+builders+and+adventurers&rft.btitle=International+Companion+Encyclopedia+of+Children%27s+Literature&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E340-%3C%2Fspan%3E351&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-203-32566-4&rft.aulast=Butts&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt1RsBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biography31-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biography31_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography31_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, pp. 25–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, pp. 24–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/vice.htm">"Tolkien's Not-So-Secret Vice"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122010424/http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/vice.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Not-So-Secret+Vice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffolk.uib.no%2Fhnohf%2Fvice.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110153/http://lordfingulfin.webs.com/earlierlanguages.htm">"Tolkien's Languages"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lordfingulfin.webs.com/earlierlanguages.htm">the original</a> on 24 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flordfingulfin.webs.com%2Fearlierlanguages.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramlett2002" class="citation book cs1">Bramlett, Perry C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ef3-s6fixIC&pg=PAPA136"><i>I Am in Fact a Hobbit: An Introduction to the Life and Works of J. R. R. Tolkien</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Mercer_University_Press" title="Mercer University Press">Mercer University Press</a>. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-894-7"><bdi>978-0-86554-894-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215191402/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ef3-s6fixIC&pg=PA136">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Am+in+Fact+a+Hobbit%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Life+and+Works+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-894-7&rft.aulast=Bramlett&rft.aufirst=Perry+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ef3-s6fixIC%26pg%3DPAPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Book_of_the_Foxrook">Book of the Foxrook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202055817/http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Book_of_the_Foxrook">Archived</a> 2 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arden_R._Smith" title="Arden R. Smith">Smith, Arden R.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B0loOBA3ejIC&pg=PAPA172">"Esperanto"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia:_Scholarship_and_Critical_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment">The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 172,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esperanto&rft.btitle=The+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia%3A+Scholarship+and+Critical+Assessment&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Arden+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB0loOBA3ejIC%26pg%3DPAPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parmadili.skf.org.pl/elendili/esperanto.jpg">Book of the Foxrook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202162102/http://parmadili.skf.org.pl/elendili/esperanto.jpg">Archived</a> 2 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; transcription on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elendilion.pl/2007/06/18/tolkien-i-esperanto/">Tolkien i Esperanto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019054129/http://www.elendilion.pl/2007/06/18/tolkien-i-esperanto/">Archived</a> 19 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; the text begins with "PRIVATA KODO SKAŬTA" (Private Scout Code).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, pp. 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.valais-wallis-digital.ch/de/a/#!/explore/cards/173">"1911 – J. R. R. Tolkien besichtigt das Oberwallis"</a>. <i>Valais Wallis Digital</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305092953/https://www.valais-wallis-digital.ch/de/a/#!/explore/cards/173">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Valais+Wallis+Digital&rft.atitle=1911+%E2%80%93+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+besichtigt+das+Oberwallis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.valais-wallis-digital.ch%2Fde%2Fa%2F%23%21%2Fexplore%2Fcards%2F173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span> citing <a href="#CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981">Carpenter & Tolkien 1981</a>, <i>Letters</i> #306 to Michael Tolkien, autumn 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoyalMail-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RoyalMail_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoyalMail_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondScull2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Hammond, Wayne G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Scull, Christina</a> (26 February 2004). <i>The Lord of the Rings JRR Tolkien Author and Illustrator</i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> Group plc (commemorative postage stamp pack).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings+JRR+Tolkien+Author+and+Illustrator&rft.pub=Royal+Mail+Group+plc+%28commemorative+postage+stamp+pack%29&rft.date=2004-02-26&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Wayne+G.&rft.au=Scull%2C+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, pp. 45, 63–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughan2002" class="citation web cs1">Doughan, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolkiensociety.org/tolkien/biography.html#2">"War, Lost Tales and Academia"</a>. <i>J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biographical Sketch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060303050751/http://www.tolkiensociety.org/tolkien/biography.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+A+Biographical+Sketch&rft.atitle=War%2C+Lost+Tales+and+Academia&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Doughan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolkiensociety.org%2Ftolkien%2Fbiography.html%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carpenter_1977_p67-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter_1977_p67_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter_1977_p67_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, pp. 67–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkienTolkien1992">Tolkien & Tolkien 1992</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carpenter_1977_p77-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter_1977_p77_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter_1977_p77_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, pp. 77–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette29232" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29232/page/6968">"No. 29232"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 16 July 1915. p. 6968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+29232&rft.pages=6968&rft.date=1915-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F29232%2Fpage%2F6968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolkien_Society_Memorials-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tolkien_Society_Memorials_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tolkien_Society_Memorials_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/memorials/">"Memorials"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Society" title="The Tolkien Society">The Tolkien Society</a>. 29 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308102744/https://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/memorials/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorials&rft.pub=The+Tolkien+Society&rft.date=2016-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolkiensociety.org%2Fsociety%2Fmemorials%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarth2003">Garth 2003</a>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garth144-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garth144_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarth2003">Garth 2003</a>, pp. 144–145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarth2003">Garth 2003</a>, pp. 147–148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarth2003">Garth 2003</a>, pp. 148–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garth149-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garth149_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garth149_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarth2003">Garth 2003</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFGarth2003">Garth 2003</a>, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkienTolkien1992">Tolkien & Tolkien 1992</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, pp. 93, 103, 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarth2003">Garth 2003</a>, pp. 94–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarth2003">Garth 2003</a>, pp. 207 <i>et seq.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolkien's <a href="/wiki/Webley_Revolver" title="Webley Revolver">Webley .455</a> service revolver was put on display in 2006 as part of a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> exhibition in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a>, London. (See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/second-lieutenant-j-r-r-tolkien">"Second Lieutenant J R R Tolkien"</a>. <i>Battle of the Somme</i>. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125162651/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/second-lieutenant-j-r-r-tolkien">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Battle+of+the+Somme&rft.atitle=Second+Lieutenant+J+R+R+Tolkien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Fsecond-lieutenant-j-r-r-tolkien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30034679">"Webley.455 Mark 6 (VI Military)"</a>. <i>Imperial War Museum Collection Search</i>. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125162641/https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30034679">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imperial+War+Museum+Collection+Search&rft.atitle=Webley.455+Mark+6+%28VI+Military%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fitem%2Fobject%2F30034679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Several of his service records, mostly dealing with his health problems, can be seen at the National Archives. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090308111409/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/people/tolkien.htm">"Officer's service record: J R R Tolkien"</a>. <i>First World War</i>. National Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/people/tolkien.htm">the original</a> on 8 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+World+War&rft.atitle=Officer%27s+service+record%3A+J+R+R+Tolkien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fpathways%2Ffirstworldwar%2Fpeople%2Ftolkien.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette30588" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30588/supplement/3561">"No. 30588"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 19 March 1918. p. 3561.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+30588&rft.pages=3561&rft.date=1918-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F30588%2Fsupplement%2F3561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following rural English usage, Tolkien used the name "hemlock" for various plants with white flowers in umbels, resembling <a href="/wiki/Poison_hemlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison hemlock">hemlock</a> (<i>Conium maculatum</i>); the flowers Edith danced among were more probably <a href="/wiki/Cow_parsley" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow parsley">cow parsley</a> (<i>Anthriscus sylvestris</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Wild_carrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild carrot">wild carrot</a> (<i>Daucus carota</i>). See <a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">John Garth</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i> (Harper Collins/Houghton Mifflin 2003, chapter 12), and Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall, & Edmund Weiner, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (OUP 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grotta_p._58-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grotta_p._58_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrotta2002">Grotta 2002</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette32110" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32110/supplement/10711">"No. 32110"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 2 November 1920. p. 10711.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32110&rft.pages=10711&rft.date=1920-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32110%2Fsupplement%2F10711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliverMarshallWeiner2006" class="citation book cs1">Gilliver, Peter; Marshall, Jeremy; Weiner, Edmund (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary"><i>The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ring+of+Words%3A+Tolkien+and+the+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gilliver&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Jeremy&rft.au=Weiner%2C+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZettersten2011" class="citation book cs1">Zettersten, A. (25 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q_GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134"><i>J. R. R. Tolkien's Double Worlds and Creative Process: Language and Life</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer (publisher)">Springer</a>. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11840-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11840-9"><bdi>978-0-230-11840-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017123753/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6Q_GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134#v=onepage&q=lady%20margaret%20hall">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%27s+Double+Worlds+and+Creative+Process%3A+Language+and+Life&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011-04-25&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11840-9&rft.aulast=Zettersten&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Q_GAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grotta2001_page_64_ff-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grotta2001_page_64_ff_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrotta2001" class="citation book cs1">Grotta, Daniel (28 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9LHQvq6P5qIC&pg=PAPA64"><i>J. R. R. Tolkien Architect of Middle Earth</i></a>. Running Press. pp. 64–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-0956-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-0956-3"><bdi>978-0-7624-0956-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511071523/http://books.google.com/books?id=9LHQvq6P5qIC&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Architect+of+Middle+Earth&rft.pages=64-&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2001-03-28&rft.isbn=978-0-7624-0956-3&rft.aulast=Grotta&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9LHQvq6P5qIC%26pg%3DPAPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2024" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shippey, T. A. (11 April 2024). "Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1892–1973)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (revised ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31766">10.1093/ref:odnb/31766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tolkien%2C+John+Ronald+Reuel+%281892%E2%80%931973%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024-04-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31766&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmb.ox.ac.uk/news/memorial-jrr-tolkien-commissioned">"Memorial to JRR Tolkien commissioned"</a>. <i>Pembroke College Oxford</i>. University of Oxford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pembroke+College+Oxford&rft.atitle=Memorial+to+JRR+Tolkien+commissioned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmb.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fmemorial-jrr-tolkien-commissioned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>The Name Nodens</i> (1932) in the bibliographical listing. For the etymology, see <a href="/wiki/Nodens#Etymology" title="Nodens">Nodens#Etymology</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcocella2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Acocella, Joan (2 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2014/06/02/140602crbo_books_acocella?currentPage=all">"Slaying Monsters: Tolkien's 'Beowulf'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530222018/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2014/06/02/140602crbo_books_acocella?currentPage=all">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Slaying+Monsters%3A+Tolkien%27s+%27Beowulf%27&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft.aulast=Acocella&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farts%2Fcritics%2Fbooks%2F2014%2F06%2F02%2F140602crbo_books_acocella%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamey1998" class="citation web cs1">Ramey, Bill (30 March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060421094854/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/billramey/beowulf.htm">"The Unity of Beowulf: Tolkien and the Critics"</a>. <i>Wisdom's Children</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/billramey/beowulf.htm">the original</a> on 21 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisdom%27s+Children&rft.atitle=The+Unity+of+Beowulf%3A+Tolkien+and+the+Critics&rft.date=1998-03-30&rft.aulast=Ramey&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fourworld.compuserve.com%2Fhomepages%2Fbillramey%2Fbeowulf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolkien: <i><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Hengest" title="Finn and Hengest">Finn and Hengest</a></i>. Chiefly, p.4 in the Introduction by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bliss" title="Alan Bliss">Alan Bliss</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolkien: <i><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Hengest" title="Finn and Hengest">Finn and Hengest</a></i>, the discussion of <i>Eotena</i>, <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2001" class="citation web cs1">Kennedy, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509110607/http://www.triode.net.au/~dragon/tilkal/issue1/beowulf.html">"Tolkien and Beowulf – Warriors of Middle-earth"</a>. <i>Amon Hen</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.triode.net.au/~dragon/tilkal/issue1/beowulf.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amon+Hen&rft.atitle=Tolkien+and+Beowulf+%E2%80%93+Warriors+of+Middle-earth&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.triode.net.au%2F~dragon%2Ftilkal%2Fissue1%2Fbeowulf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biog_p133-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biog_p133_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biog_p133_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuring2020" class="citation book cs1">Turing, Dermot (2020). <i>The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park</i>. London: Arcturus Publishing. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78950-621-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78950-621-1"><bdi>978-1-78950-621-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Codebreakers+of+Bletchley+Park&rft.place=London&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Arcturus+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78950-621-1&rft.aulast=Turing&rft.aufirst=Dermot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spy3-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spy3_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondScull2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Hammond, Wayne G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Scull, Christina</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_J.R.R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" class="mw-redirect" title="The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide"><i>The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. pp. 224, 226, 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-39113-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-39113-4"><bdi>978-0-618-39113-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+J.R.R.+Tolkien+Companion+and+Guide&rft.pages=224%2C+226%2C+232&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-618-39113-4&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Wayne+G.&rft.au=Scull%2C+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grotta2001_page_110_ff-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grotta2001_page_110_ff_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrotta2001" class="citation book cs1">Grotta, Daniel (28 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9LHQvq6P5qIC&pg=PAPA110"><i>J. R. R. Tolkien Architect of Middle Earth</i></a>. Running Press. pp. 110–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-0956-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-0956-3"><bdi>978-0-7624-0956-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111194008/http://books.google.com/books?id=9LHQvq6P5qIC&pg=PA110">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Architect+of+Middle+Earth&rft.pages=110-&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2001-03-28&rft.isbn=978-0-7624-0956-3&rft.aulast=Grotta&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9LHQvq6P5qIC%26pg%3DPAPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2019" class="citation news cs1">McCoy, Felicity Hayes (11 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/when-my-father-met-gandalf-tolkien-s-time-as-an-external-examiner-at-ucg-1.3921043">"When my father met Gandalf: Tolkien's time as an external examiner at UCG"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210325113855/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/when-my-father-met-gandalf-tolkien-s-time-as-an-external-examiner-at-ucg-1.3921043">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=When+my+father+met+Gandalf%3A+Tolkien%27s+time+as+an+external+examiner+at+UCG&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Felicity+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fwhen-my-father-met-gandalf-tolkien-s-time-as-an-external-examiner-at-ucg-1.3921043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nui.ie/college/Honorary_Degree_Recipients.asp">"Honorary Degrees Awarded"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a>. 3 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128030329/http://www.nui.ie/college/Honorary_Degree_Recipients.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Degrees+Awarded&rft.pub=National+University+of+Ireland&rft.date=2021-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nui.ie%2Fcollege%2FHonorary_Degree_Recipients.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, pp. 206–208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2020">Lee 2020</a>, pp. 12–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lmh.ox.ac.uk/news/memory-priscilla-tolkien">"In memory of Priscilla Tolkien"</a>. <i>Lady Margaret Hall</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lady+Margaret+Hall&rft.atitle=In+memory+of+Priscilla+Tolkien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lmh.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fmemory-priscilla-tolkien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=16784">"Nomination Database"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421094448/http://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=16784">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomination+Database&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2Fshow.php%3Fid%3D16784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, Part 7, Chapter 2 "Bournemouth"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SimonTolkien-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SimonTolkien_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SimonTolkien_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien2003" class="citation web cs1">Tolkien, Simon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927051931/http://www.simontolkien.com/mygrandfather.html">"My Grandfather JRR Tolkien"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simontolkien.com/mygrandfather.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Grandfather+JRR+Tolkien&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simontolkien.com%2Fmygrandfather.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette45554" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45554/supplement/9">"No. 45554"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 1 January 1972. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+45554&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1972-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F45554%2Fsupplement%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShropshire_County_Council2002" class="citation web cs1">Shropshire County Council (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728154119/http://www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk/tolkien.htm">"J. R. R. Tolkien"</a>. <i>Literary Heritage, West Midlands</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk/tolkien.htm">the original</a> on 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literary+Heritage%2C+West+Midlands&rft.atitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Shropshire+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk%2Ftolkien.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirzer2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bradley_J._Birzer" title="Bradley J. Birzer">Birzer, Bradley J.</a> (13 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TyKDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT35"><i>J. R. R. Tolkien's Sanctifying Myth: Understanding Middle-earth</i></a>. Open Road Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-4891-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-4891-3"><bdi>978-1-4976-4891-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522094323/https://books.google.com/books?id=TyKDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT35#v=onepage&q=jrr+tolkien+bleeding+ulcer">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%27s+Sanctifying+Myth%3A+Understanding+Middle-earth&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2014-05-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4976-4891-3&rft.aulast=Birzer&rft.aufirst=Bradley+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTyKDAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes_obit-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_obit_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_obit_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/02/11/specials/tolkien-obit.html">"J. R. R. Tolkien Dead at 81; Wrote 'The Lord of the Rings'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 3 September 1973. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411062439/http://www.nytimes.com/books/01/02/11/specials/tolkien-obit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Dead+at+81%3B+Wrote+%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27&rft.date=1973-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F01%2F02%2F11%2Fspecials%2Ftolkien-obit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UKGDP-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UKGDP_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product_deflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product deflator">Gross Domestic Product deflator</a> figures follow the <i>MeasuringWorth</i> "consistent series" supplied in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasWilliamson2024" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/">"What Was the U.K. GDP Then?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+U.K.+GDP+Then%3F&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ryland&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukgdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-probate-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-probate_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522093721/https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Tolkien&yearOfDeath=1973&page=1#calendar">"Tolkien, John Ronald Reul of Merton College Oxford"</a>. <i>probatesearchservice.gov</i>. UK Government. 1973. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Tolkien&yearOfDeath=1973&page=1#calendar">the original</a> on 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=probatesearchservice.gov&rft.atitle=Tolkien%2C+John+Ronald+Reul+of+Merton+College+Oxford&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprobatesearch.service.gov.uk%2FCalendar%3Fsurname%3DTolkien%26yearOfDeath%3D1973%26page%3D1%23calendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSL-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSL_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Carpenter, Humphrey</a> (1978). <i>The Inklings</i>. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-774869-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-774869-3"><bdi>978-0-00-774869-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inklings&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-00-774869-3&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span> Lewis was brought up in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare2006" class="citation book cs1">Ware, Jim (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_0VhzQKIIAC&pg=PAPR22"><i>Finding God in The Hobbit</i></a>. Tyndale House Publishers. p. xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4143-0596-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4143-0596-7"><bdi>978-1-4143-0596-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+God+in+The+Hobbit&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=Tyndale+House+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4143-0596-7&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_0VhzQKIIAC%26pg%3DPAPR22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrdway2023">Ordway 2023</a>, p. 328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrdway2023">Ordway 2023</a>, p. 328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrdway2023">Ordway 2023</a>, p. 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrdway2023">Ordway 2023</a>, pp. 332–333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yatt-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yatt_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatt2002" class="citation news cs1">Yatt, John (2 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/dec/02/jrrtolkien.lordoftherings">"Wraiths and Race"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826185122/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/dec/02/jrrtolkien.lordoftherings">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wraiths+and+Race&rft.date=2002-12-02&rft.aulast=Yatt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2002%2Fdec%2F02%2Fjrrtolkien.lordoftherings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers_2000-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_2000_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogersUnderwood2000" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, William N. II; Underwood, Michael R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jrrtolkienhislit0000unse/page/120/mode/2up?q=Gagool">"Gagool and Gollum: Exemplars of Degeneration in <i>King Solomon's Mines</i> and <i>The Hobbit</i>"</a>. In Clark, George; Timmons, Daniel (eds.). <i>J. R. R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">121–</span>132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30845-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30845-1"><bdi>978-0-313-30845-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gagool+and+Gollum%3A+Exemplars+of+Degeneration+in+King+Solomon%27s+Mines+and+The+Hobbit&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+and+His+Literary+Resonances%3A+Views+of+Middle-earth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30845-1&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=William+N.+II&rft.au=Underwood%2C+Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjrrtolkienhislit0000unse%2Fpage%2F120%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DGagool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibata_Chicago_Tribune_2003-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ibata_Chicago_Tribune_2003_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbata2003" class="citation news cs1">Ibata, David (12 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/chi-030112epringsrace-story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Lord' of racism? Critics view trilogy as discriminatory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chicago Tribune">The Chicago Tribune</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308060753/https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/chi-030112epringsrace-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=%27Lord%27+of+racism%3F+Critics+view+trilogy+as+discriminatory&rft.date=2003-01-12&rft.aulast=Ibata&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Flifestyles%2Fchi-030112epringsrace-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magoun_2006-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Magoun_2006_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagoun2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Magoun, John F. G. (2006). "South, The". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">622–</span>623. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-135-88034-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-135-88034-4"><bdi>1-135-88034-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South%2C+The&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E622-%3C%2Fspan%3E623&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-135-88034-4&rft.aulast=Magoun&rft.aufirst=John+F.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rearick_2004-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rearick_2004_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRearick2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rearick, Anderson (2004). 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The Dark Face of Racism Examined in Tolkien's World". <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Fiction_Studies" title="Modern Fiction Studies">Modern Fiction Studies</a></i>. <b>50</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">866–</span>867. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmfs.2005.0008">10.1353/mfs.2005.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-7724">0026-7724</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26286382">26286382</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162647975">162647975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+is+the+Only+Good+Orc+a+Dead+Orc%3F+The+Dark+Face+of+Racism+Examined+in+Tolkien%27s+World&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E866-%3C%2Fspan%3E867&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0026-7724&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162647975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26286382%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmfs.2005.0008&rft.aulast=Rearick&rft.aufirst=Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Power_2018-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Power_2018_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower2018" class="citation news cs1">Power, Ed (27 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/news/jrr-tolkiens-orcs-no-racist-george-lucass-stormtroopers/">"JRR Tolkien's orcs are no more racist than George Lucas's Stormtroopers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127224728/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/news/jrr-tolkiens-orcs-no-racist-george-lucass-stormtroopers/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings+rooted+in+racism&rft.pub=Rediff+India+Abroad&rft.date=2003-01-08&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Shyam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2Fjan%2F08lord.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkTimmons2000" class="citation book cs1">Clark, George; Timmons, Daniel, eds. (2000). <i>J. R. R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+and+His+Literary+Resonances%3A+Views+of+Middle-earth&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (September 2016)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaguaroThacker2013" class="citation book cs1">Saguaro, Shelley; Thacker, Deborah Cogan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/791/1/Tolkien%20and%20Trees%20PDF.pdf">"Tolkien and Trees"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Hunt, Peter (ed.). <i>J. R. R. Tolkien: New Casebook</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26399-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26399-5"><bdi>978-1-137-26399-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003153917/http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/791/1/Tolkien%20and%20Trees%20PDF.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tolkien+and+Trees&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+New+Casebook&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-26399-5&rft.aulast=Saguaro&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rft.au=Thacker%2C+Deborah+Cogan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.glos.ac.uk%2F791%2F1%2FTolkien%2520and%2520Trees%2520PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickersonEvans2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_T._Dickerson" title="Matthew T. 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University of Kentucky Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2418-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2418-6"><bdi>978-0-8131-2418-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ents%2C+Elves%2C+and+Eriador%3A+The+Environmental+Vision+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2418-6&rft.aulast=Dickerson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Evans%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 48–49 and throughout</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBofetti2001" class="citation web cs1">Bofetti, Jason (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821111145/http://www.crisismagazine.com/november2001/feature7.htm">"Tolkien's Catholic Imagination"</a>. <i>Crisis Magazine</i>. 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R. R. Tolkien's Road to Faërie</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">76–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-699-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-699-9"><bdi>978-0-87338-699-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526123500/https://books.google.com/books?id=I33v5ny3NX0C&pg=PA77">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strange+Powers+of+the+Mind&rft.btitle=A+Question+of+Time%3A+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%27s+Road+to+Fa%C3%ABrie&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-699-9&rft.aulast=Flieger&rft.aufirst=Verlyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI33v5ny3NX0C%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morton_2009-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morton_2009_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Morton_(writer)" title="Andrew Morton (writer)">Morton, Andrew</a> (2009). <i>Tolkien's Bag End</i>. Studley, Warwickshire: Brewin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85858-455-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85858-455-3"><bdi>978-1-85858-455-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/551485018">551485018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Bag+End&rft.place=Studley%2C+Warwickshire&rft.pub=Brewin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F551485018&rft.isbn=978-1-85858-455-3&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span> Morton wrote <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/1065-Bag-End-A-Very-English-Place.php">an account of his findings</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205154649/http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/1065-Bag-End-A-Very-English-Place.php">Archived</a> 5 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for the Tolkien Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResnick1967" class="citation magazine cs1">Resnick, Henry (1967). "An Interview with Tolkien". <i><a href="/wiki/Niekas" title="Niekas">Niekas</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Niekas&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+Tolkien&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Resnick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobdell2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Lobdell" title="Jared Lobdell">Lobdell, Jared C.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofringslang0000lobd/page/5"><i>The World of the Rings: Language, Religion, and Adventure in Tolkien</i></a>. Open Court. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofringslang0000lobd/page/5">5–6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9569-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9569-4"><bdi>978-0-8126-9569-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Rings%3A+Language%2C+Religion%2C+and+Adventure+in+Tolkien&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8126-9569-4&rft.aulast=Lobdell&rft.aufirst=Jared+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofringslang0000lobd%2Fpage%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogersUnderwood2000" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, William N. II; Underwood, Michael R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jrrtolkienhislit0000unse/page/121">"Gagool and Gollum: Exemplars of Degeneration in <i>King Solomon's Mines</i> and <i>The Hobbit</i>"</a>. In Clark, George; Timmons, Daniel (eds.). <i>J. R. R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth</i>. Greenwood Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jrrtolkienhislit0000unse/page/121">121–132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30845-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30845-1"><bdi>978-0-313-30845-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gagool+and+Gollum%3A+Exemplars+of+Degeneration+in+King+Solomon%27s+Mines+and+The+Hobbit&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+and+His+Literary+Resonances%3A+Views+of+Middle-earth&rft.pages=121-132&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30845-1&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=William+N.+II&rft.au=Underwood%2C+Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjrrtolkienhislit0000unse%2Fpage%2F121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ciabattari_BBC_2014-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ciabattari_BBC_2014_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiabattari2014" class="citation news cs1">Ciabattari, Jane (20 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20141120-the-hobbits-and-the-hippies">"Hobbits and hippies: Tolkien and the counterculture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331091048/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20141120-the-hobbits-and-the-hippies">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hobbits+and+hippies%3A+Tolkien+and+the+counterculture&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft.aulast=Ciabattari&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Fstory%2F20141120-the-hobbits-and-the-hippies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niles-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Niles_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiles1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Niles_(scholar)" title="John Niles (scholar)">Niles, John D.</a> (1998). "<i>Beowulf</i>, Truth, and Meaning". In <a href="/wiki/John_D._Niles" class="mw-redirect" title="John D. Niles">Bjork, Robert E.</a>; Niles, John D. (eds.). <i>A </i>Beowulf<i> Handbook</i>. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-6150-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-6150-0"><bdi>0-8032-6150-0</bdi></a>. <q>Bypassing earlier scholarship, critics of the past fifty years have generally traced the current era of <i>Beowulf</i> studies back to 1936 [and Tolkien's essay].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beowulf%2C+Truth%2C+and+Meaning&rft.btitle=A+Beowulf+Handbook&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8032-6150-0&rft.aulast=Niles&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 66–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 56–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip2005" class="citation news cs1">Phillip, Norman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/02/11/specials/tolkien-mag67.html">"The Prevalence of Hobbits"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411062440/http://www.nytimes.com/books/01/02/11/specials/tolkien-mag67.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Prevalence+of+Hobbits&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Phillip&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F01%2F02%2F11%2Fspecials%2Ftolkien-mag67.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-travels-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-travels_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1P2-1716622/travel-etc-grand-tours-who-travels-the-world-in">"Grand Tours: Who Travels the World in a Single Night?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent_on_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="The Independent on Sunday">The Independent on Sunday</a></i>. 22 December 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921073323/http://www.questia.com/read/1P2-1716622/travel-etc-grand-tours-who-travels-the-world-in">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+on+Sunday&rft.atitle=Grand+Tours%3A+Who+Travels+the+World+in+a+Single+Night%3F&rft.date=2002-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1P2-1716622%2Ftravel-etc-grand-tours-who-travels-the-world-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien_ch13-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien_ch13_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtamonova2014" class="citation book cs1">Artamonova, Maria (15 April 2014). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Minor' Works". In Lee, Stuart D. (ed.). <i>A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</i>. Wiley. Chapter 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118517468">10.1002/9781118517468</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65982-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65982-3"><bdi>978-0-470-65982-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160570361">160570361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Minor%27+Works&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=Chapter+13&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160570361%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118517468&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65982-3&rft.aulast=Artamonova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondAnderson1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Hammond, Wayne G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Anderson" title="Douglas A. Anderson">Anderson, Douglas A.</a> (1993). <i>J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography</i>. New Castle, DE: <a href="/wiki/Oak_Knoll_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Knoll Books">Oak Knoll Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-938768-42-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-938768-42-5"><bdi>0-938768-42-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+A+Descriptive+Bibliography&rft.place=New+Castle%2C+DE&rft.pub=Oak+Knoll+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-938768-42-5&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Wayne+G.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Douglas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_Hobbit-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_Hobbit_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_Hobbit_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, pp. 187–208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/02/11/specials/tolkien-oxford.html">"Oxford Calling"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 5 June 1955. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411062443/http://www.nytimes.com/books/01/02/11/specials/tolkien-oxford.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Oxford+Calling&rft.date=1955-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F01%2F02%2F11%2Fspecials%2Ftolkien-oxford.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFimi2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi" title="Dimitra Fimi">Fimi, Dimitra</a> (2020) [2014]. "Later Fantasy Fiction: Tolkien's Legacy". In <a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Lee, Stuart D.</a> (ed.). <i>A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Blackwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Blackwell">Wiley Blackwell</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">335–</span>349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-65602-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-65602-9"><bdi>978-1-119-65602-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Later+Fantasy+Fiction%3A+Tolkien%27s+Legacy&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-119-65602-9&rft.aulast=Fimi&rft.aufirst=Dimitra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiler2003" class="citation news cs1">Seiler, Andy (16 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2003-12-12-lotr-main_x.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Rings' comes full circle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019074732/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2003-12-12-lotr-main_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=%27Rings%27+comes+full+circle&rft.date=2003-12-16&rft.aulast=Seiler&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Fmovies%2Fnews%2F2003-12-12-lotr-main_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031065136/http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml">"BBC – The Big Read"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 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Tolkien</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Blackwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Blackwell">Wiley Blackwell</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-65602-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-65602-9"><bdi>978-1-119-65602-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27The+Silmarillion%27%3A+Tolkien%27s+Theory+of+Myth%2C+Text%2C+and+Culture&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-119-65602-9&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=Gergely&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWE-1978-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WWE-1978_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1978">"1978 Award Winners & Nominees"</a>. <i>Worlds Without End</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709212409/http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1978">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worlds+Without+End&rft.atitle=1978+Award+Winners+%26+Nominees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldswithoutend.com%2Fbooks_year_index.asp%3Fyear%3D1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Martinez_(Tolkien_scholar)" title="Michael Martinez (Tolkien scholar)">Martinez, Michael</a> (27 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617122627/http://www.merp.com/essays/MichaelMartinez/michaelmartinezsuite101essay122">"Middle-earth Revised, Again"</a>. <i>Michael Martinez Tolkien Essays</i>. 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published"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415081413/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-26662761">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=JRR+Tolkien%27s+Beowulf+translation+to+be+published&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-26662761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-544-44278-8">"Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i>. 26 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905170548/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-544-44278-8">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=Beowulf%3A+A+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.date=2014-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F978-0-544-44278-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2015" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (12 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/aug/12/jrr-tolkiens-first-fantasy-story-to-be-published-this-month">"JRR Tolkien's first fantasy story to be published this month"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202024432/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/aug/12/jrr-tolkiens-first-fantasy-story-to-be-published-this-month">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=JRR+Tolkien%27s+first+fantasy+story+to+be+published+this+month&rft.date=2015-08-12&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2015%2Faug%2F12%2Fjrr-tolkiens-first-fantasy-story-to-be-published-this-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edition2017-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edition2017_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2016" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (19 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/19/jrr-tolkiens-middle-earth-love-story-published-beren-and-luthien">"JRR Tolkien's Middle-earth love story to be published next year"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161209023052/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/19/jrr-tolkiens-middle-earth-love-story-published-beren-and-luthien">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=JRR+Tolkien%27s+Middle-earth+love+story+to+be+published+next+year&rft.date=2016-10-19&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Foct%2F19%2Fjrr-tolkiens-middle-earth-love-story-published-beren-and-luthien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TolkienSociety2-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TolkienSociety2_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen2018" class="citation news cs1">Helen, Daniel (30 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2018/08/the-fall-of-gondolin-published/">"The Fall of Gondolin published"</a>. Tolkien Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204145208/https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2018/08/the-fall-of-gondolin-published/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+Gondolin+published&rft.date=2018-08-30&rft.aulast=Helen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolkiensociety.org%2F2018%2F08%2Fthe-fall-of-gondolin-published%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2018" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (10 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/10/the-fall-of-gondolin-new-jrr-tolkien-book-to-be-published-in-2018">"The Fall of Gondolin, 'new' JRR Tolkien book, to be published in 2018"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413110856/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/10/the-fall-of-gondolin-new-jrr-tolkien-book-to-be-published-in-2018">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+Gondolin%2C+%27new%27+JRR+Tolkien+book%2C+to+be+published+in+2018&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2018%2Fapr%2F10%2Fthe-fall-of-gondolin-new-jrr-tolkien-book-to-be-published-in-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980112073406/http://www.marquette.edu/library/collections/archives/tolkien.html">"J. R. R. Tolkien Collection"</a>. <i>Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Marquette University</i>. 4 March 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marquette.edu/library/collections/archives/tolkien.html">the original</a> on 12 January 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Special+Collections+and+University+Archives%2C+Marquette+University&rft.atitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Collection&rft.date=2003-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marquette.edu%2Flibrary%2Fcollections%2Farchives%2Ftolkien.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell1983" class="citation news cs1">McDowell, Edwin (4 September 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/02/11/specials/tolkien-revisited.html">"Middle-earth Revisited"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411062452/http://www.nytimes.com/books/01/02/11/specials/tolkien-revisited.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Middle-earth+Revisited&rft.date=1983-09-04&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F01%2F02%2F11%2Fspecials%2Ftolkien-revisited.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurley2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Turley, Katherine (2 June 2018). "Inside a Very Great Story...". <i>The Tablet</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tablet&rft.atitle=Inside+a+Very+Great+Story...&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2018-06-02&rft.aulast=Turley&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602064824/http://www.txstate.edu/news/news_releases/news_archive/2009/07/CSLewis070809.html">"Beebe discovers unpublished C. S. Lewis manuscript"</a>. <i>txstate.edu, University News Service</i>. 8 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.txstate.edu/news/news_releases/news_archive/2009/07/CSLewis070809.html">the original</a> on 2 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=txstate.edu%2C+University+News+Service&rft.atitle=Beebe+discovers+unpublished+C.+S.+Lewis+manuscript&rft.date=2009-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.txstate.edu%2Fnews%2Fnews_releases%2Fnews_archive%2F2009%2F07%2FCSLewis070809.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchester2003" class="citation book cs1">Winchester, Simon (2003). <i>The meaning of everything: the story of the Oxford English dictionary</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860702-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860702-4"><bdi>0-19-860702-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52830480">52830480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+meaning+of+everything%3A+the+story+of+the+Oxford+English+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52830480&rft.isbn=0-19-860702-4&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliver2006" class="citation book cs1">Gilliver, Peter (2006). <i>The ring of words: Tolkien and the Oxford English dictionary</i>. Jeremy Marshall, E. S. C. Weiner. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861069-4"><bdi>978-0-19-861069-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65197968">65197968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ring+of+words%3A+Tolkien+and+the+Oxford+English+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65197968&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861069-4&rft.aulast=Gilliver&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrotta1976" class="citation book cs1">Grotta, Daniel (1976). <i>J.R.R. Tolkien: architect of Middle Earth</i>. Frank Wilson. Philadelphia: Running Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914294-29-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-914294-29-6"><bdi>0-914294-29-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1991974">1991974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien%3A+architect+of+Middle+Earth&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1991974&rft.isbn=0-914294-29-6&rft.aulast=Grotta&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScull2006" class="citation book cs1">Scull, Christina (2006). <i>The J.R.R. Tolkien companion & guide</i>. Wayne G. Hammond. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-261-10381-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-261-10381-4"><bdi>0-261-10381-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/82367707">82367707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+J.R.R.+Tolkien+companion+%26+guide&rft.place=Hammersmith%2C+London&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F82367707&rft.isbn=0-261-10381-4&rft.aulast=Scull&rft.aufirst=Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorsetti2018" class="citation web cs1">Corsetti, Renato (31 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/european/2018/01/tolkiens-secret-vice.html">"Tolkien's 'Secret Vice'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>British Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204082940/http://blogs.bl.uk/european/2018/01/tolkiens-secret-vice.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=Tolkien%27s+%27Secret+Vice%27&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft.aulast=Corsetti&rft.aufirst=Renato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.bl.uk%2Feuropean%2F2018%2F01%2Ftolkiens-secret-vice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2022" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Richard (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20221005-eucatastrophe-tolkiens-word-for-the-anti-doomsday">"Eucatastrophe: Tolkien's word for the "anti-doomsday"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Eucatastrophe%3A+Tolkien%27s+word+for+the+%22anti-doomsday%22&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20221005-eucatastrophe-tolkiens-word-for-the-anti-doomsday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond_Scull_1995-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_Scull_1995_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondScull1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. 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Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 7, 9, and whole book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74816-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74816-9"><bdi>978-0-395-74816-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33450124">33450124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Artist+and+Illustrator&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=7%2C+9%2C+and+whole+book&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33450124&rft.isbn=978-0-395-74816-9&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Wayne+G.&rft.au=Scull%2C+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIlwaine2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_McIlwaine" title="Catherine McIlwaine">McIlwaine, Catherine</a> (2018). <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghamnet.co.uk/galleries/features/blueplaque/tolkien2.html">the original</a> on 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Plaques+Photograph+Gallery&rft.atitle=Duchess+Place&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghamnet.co.uk%2Fgalleries%2Ffeatures%2Fblueplaque%2Ftolkien2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070524113934/http://www.birminghamnet.co.uk/galleries/features/blueplaque/tolkien3.html">"4 Highfield Road"</a>. <i>Blue Plaques Photograph Gallery</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghamnet.co.uk/galleries/features/blueplaque/tolkien3.html">the original</a> on 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Plaques+Photograph+Gallery&rft.atitle=4+Highfield+Road&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghamnet.co.uk%2Fgalleries%2Ffeatures%2Fblueplaque%2Ftolkien3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070524113840/http://www.birminghamnet.co.uk/galleries/features/blueplaque/tolkien.html">"Plough and Harrow"</a>. <i>Blue Plaques Photograph Gallery</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghamnet.co.uk/galleries/features/blueplaque/tolkien.html">the original</a> on 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Plaques+Photograph+Gallery&rft.atitle=Plough+and+Harrow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghamnet.co.uk%2Fgalleries%2Ffeatures%2Fblueplaque%2Ftolkien.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openplaques.org/plaques/11793">"J. R. R. Tolkien"</a>. Open Plaques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118111902/http://openplaques.org/plaques/11793">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pub=Open+Plaques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenplaques.org%2Fplaques%2F11793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxonblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/tolkien.html">"J. R. R. Tolkien Philologist and Author"</a>. <i>Plaques Awarded</i>. Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526123515/http://oxonblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/tolkien.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plaques+Awarded&rft.atitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Philologist+and+Author&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxonblueplaques.org.uk%2Fplaques%2Ftolkien.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210173239/http://www.bournemouth.gov.uk/PlanningBuildings/ConservationDesignTrees/cdtfiles/BluePlaquebookletandmap.pdf">"Bournemouth's Blue Plaques"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bournemouth Borough Council. p. 15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bournemouth.gov.uk/PlanningBuildings/ConservationDesignTrees/cdtfiles/BluePlaquebookletandmap.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bournemouth%27s+Blue+Plaques&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Bournemouth+Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bournemouth.gov.uk%2FPlanningBuildings%2FConservationDesignTrees%2Fcdtfiles%2FBluePlaquebookletandmap.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warwickshireworld.com/news/tolkien-plaque-unveiled-in-warwick-830607">"Tolkien plaque unveiled in Warwick"</a>. <i>Warwickshire World</i>. 11 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warwickshire+World&rft.atitle=Tolkien+plaque+unveiled+in+Warwick&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warwickshireworld.com%2Fnews%2Ftolkien-plaque-unveiled-in-warwick-830607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalmint.com/annual-sets/2023/celebrating-the-life-and-work-of-jrr-tolkien">"Celebrating the Life and Work of JRR Tolkien"</a>. The Royal Mint<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrating+the+Life+and+Work+of+JRR+Tolkien&rft.pub=The+Royal+Mint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalmint.com%2Fannual-sets%2F2023%2Fcelebrating-the-life-and-work-of-jrr-tolkien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Carpenter, Humphrey</a> (1977). <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_A_Biography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography"><i>Tolkien: A Biography</i></a>. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-928037-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-928037-3"><bdi>978-0-04-928037-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-04-928037-3&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenterTolkien1981" class="citation book cs1">———; Tolkien, Christopher, eds. (1981). <a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien"><i>The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_%26_Unwin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen & Unwin">George Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-826005-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-826005-5"><bdi>978-0-04-826005-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-04-826005-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarth2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">Garth, John</a> (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i>. Harper-Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-711953-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-711953-0"><bdi>978-0-00-711953-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+and+the+Great+War&rft.pub=Harper-Collins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-00-711953-0&rft.aulast=Garth&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrotta2002" class="citation book cs1">Grotta, Daniel (2002). <i>J. R. R. Tolkien: Architect of Middle Earth: A Biography</i>. <a href="/wiki/Running_Press" title="Running Press">Running Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-1337-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-1337-9"><bdi>978-0-7624-1337-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Architect+of+Middle+Earth%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7624-1337-9&rft.aulast=Grotta&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrdway2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Holly_Ordway" title="Holly Ordway">Ordway, Holly</a> (2023). <i>Tolkien's Faith: A Spiritual Biography</i>. Elk Grove Village, IL: Word on Fire Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68578-991-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68578-991-6"><bdi>978-1-68578-991-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Faith%3A+A+Spiritual+Biography&rft.place=Elk+Grove+Village%2C+IL&rft.pub=Word+on+Fire+Academic&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-68578-991-6&rft.aulast=Ordway&rft.aufirst=Holly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Lee, Stuart D.</a>, ed. (2020) [2014]. <i>A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Blackwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Blackwell">Wiley Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-65602-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-65602-9"><bdi>978-1-119-65602-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-119-65602-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2005) [1982]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Road to Middle-earth">The Road to Middle-earth</a></i> (Third ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-25760-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-25760-7"><bdi>978-0-618-25760-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Middle-earth&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-618-25760-7&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkienTolkien1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Tolkien_(priest)" title="John Tolkien (priest)">Tolkien, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Priscilla Tolkien">Tolkien, Priscilla</a> (1992). <i>The Tolkien Family Album</i>. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10239-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10239-2"><bdi>978-0-261-10239-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tolkien+Family+Album&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-261-10239-2&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Tolkien%2C+Priscilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <p>A small selection of books about Tolkien and his works: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Anderson" title="Douglas A. Anderson">Anderson, Douglas A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Drout" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Flieger, Verlyn</a>, eds. (2004). <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Studies" title="Tolkien Studies"><i>Tolkien Studies, An Annual Scholarly Review</i></a>. Vol. I. West Virginia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-937058-87-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-937058-87-9"><bdi>978-0-937058-87-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+Studies%2C+An+Annual+Scholarly+Review&rft.pub=West+Virginia+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-937058-87-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Carpenter, Humphrey</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inklingscslewisj00carp"><i>The Inklings: C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Their Friends</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-27628-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-27628-0"><bdi>978-0-395-27628-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inklings%3A+C.+S.+Lewis%2C+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%2C+Charles+Williams+and+Their+Friends&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-395-27628-0&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finklingscslewisj00carp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Chance, Jane</a>, ed. (2003). <i>Tolkien the Medievalist</i>. London, New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28944-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28944-3"><bdi>978-0-415-28944-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+the+Medievalist&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28944-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">———, ed. (2004). <i>Tolkien and the Invention of Myth, a Reader</i>. Louisville: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2301-1"><bdi>978-0-8131-2301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+and+the+Invention+of+Myth%2C+a+Reader&rft.place=Louisville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2301-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cilli, Oronzo; <a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2019). <i>Tolkien's Library: An Annotated Checklist</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: Luna Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911143-67-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911143-67-3"><bdi>978-1-911143-67-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1099568978">1099568978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Library%3A+An+Annotated+Checklist&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Luna+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1099568978&rft.isbn=978-1-911143-67-3&rft.aulast=Cilli&rft.aufirst=Oronzo&rft.au=Shippey%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cilli, Oronzo; <a href="/wiki/Arden_R._Smith" title="Arden R. Smith">Smith, Arden R.</a>; Wynne, Patrick H.; <a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">Garth, John</a> (2017). <i>J. R. R. Tolkien the Esperantist: Before the Arrival of Bilbo Baggins</i>. Barletta: Cafagna. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-96906-33-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-96906-33-0"><bdi>978-88-96906-33-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1020852373">1020852373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+the+Esperantist%3A+Before+the+Arrival+of+Bilbo+Baggins&rft.place=Barletta&rft.pub=Cafagna&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1020852373&rft.isbn=978-88-96906-33-0&rft.aulast=Cilli&rft.aufirst=Oronzo&rft.au=Smith%2C+Arden+R.&rft.au=Wynne%2C+Patrick+H.&rft.au=Garth%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Costabile, Giovanni Carmine (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.swosu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1916&context=mythlore">"Bilbo Baggins and the Forty Thieves The Reworking of Folktale Motifs in The Hobbit (and The Lord of the Rings)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a></i>. <b>36</b> (2 (132)): <span class="nowrap">89–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8513422873">8513422873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mythlore&rft.atitle=Bilbo+Baggins+and+the+Forty+Thieves+The+Reworking+of+Folktale+Motifs+in+The+Hobbit+%28and+The+Lord+of+the+Rings%29&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2+%28132%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8513422873&rft.aulast=Costabile&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+Carmine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdc.swosu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1916%26context%3Dmythlore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Brennan_Croft" title="Janet Brennan Croft">Croft, Janet Brennan</a> (2004). <i>War and the Works of J. R. R. Tolkien</i>. Westport: Praegar Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32592-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32592-8"><bdi>0-313-32592-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+the+Works+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Praegar+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-313-32592-8&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=Janet+Brennan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Curry" title="Patrick Curry">Curry, Patrick</a> (2004). <i>Defending Middle-earth: Tolkien, Myth and Modernity</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-47885-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-47885-9"><bdi>978-0-618-47885-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+Middle-earth%3A+Tolkien%2C+Myth+and+Modernity&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-618-47885-9&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a>, ed. (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia:_Scholarship_and_Critical_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment"><i>The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96942-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96942-0"><bdi>978-0-415-96942-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia%3A+Scholarship+and+Critical+Assessment&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96942-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Duriez" title="Colin Duriez">Duriez, Colin</a> (2003). <i>Tolkien and C. S. Lewis: The Gift of Friendship</i>. Mahwah, New Jersey: HiddenSpring. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58768-026-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58768-026-7"><bdi>978-1-58768-026-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+and+C.+S.+Lewis%3A+The+Gift+of+Friendship&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=HiddenSpring&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58768-026-7&rft.aulast=Duriez&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Duriez" title="Colin Duriez">Duriez, Colin</a>; Porter, David (2001). <i>The Inklings Handbook: The Lives, Thought and Writings of C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams, Owen Barfield, and Their Friends</i>. London: Azure. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902694-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902694-13-9"><bdi>978-1-902694-13-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inklings+Handbook%3A+The+Lives%2C+Thought+and+Writings+of+C.+S.+Lewis%2C+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%2C+Charles+Williams%2C+Owen+Barfield%2C+and+Their+Friends&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Azure&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-902694-13-9&rft.aulast=Duriez&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Porter%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Flieger, Verlyn</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light"><i>Splintered Light: Logos and Language in Tolkien's World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-744-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-744-6"><bdi>978-0-87338-744-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splintered+Light%3A+Logos+and+Language+in+Tolkien%27s+World&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-744-6&rft.aulast=Flieger&rft.aufirst=Verlyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Flieger, Verlyn</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Hostetter, Carl F.</a>, eds. (2000). <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium:_Essays_on_The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth">Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth</a></i>. Westport, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">CT</a>: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30530-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30530-6"><bdi>978-0-313-30530-6</bdi></a>. DDC 823.912 LC PR6039.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Legendarium%3A+Essays+on+The+History+of+Middle-earth&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30530-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Wynn_Fonstad" title="Karen Wynn Fonstad">Fonstad, Karen Wynn</a> (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofmiddleear0000fons"><i>The Atlas of Middle-earth</i></a></span>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12699-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12699-6"><bdi>978-0-618-12699-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+Middle-earth&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-618-12699-6&rft.aulast=Fonstad&rft.aufirst=Karen+Wynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofmiddleear0000fons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Foster_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Foster (author)">Foster, Robert</a> (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">The Complete Guide to Middle-earth</a></i>. Del Rey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-44976-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-44976-4"><bdi>978-0-345-44976-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+Middle-earth&rft.pub=Del+Rey&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-345-44976-4&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fredrick, Candice; McBride, Sam (2001). <i>Woman among the Inklings: Gender, C.S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Charles Williams</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31245-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31245-8"><bdi>978-0-313-31245-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman+among+the+Inklings%3A+Gender%2C+C.S.+Lewis%2C+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%2C+and+Charles+Williams&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31245-8&rft.aulast=Fredrick&rft.aufirst=Candice&rft.au=McBride%2C+Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gilliver" title="Peter Gilliver">Gilliver, Peter</a>; Marshall, Jeremy; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Weiner" title="Edmund Weiner">Weiner, Edmund</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary"><i>The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861069-4"><bdi>978-0-19-861069-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ring+of+Words%3A+Tolkien+and+the+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861069-4&rft.aulast=Gilliver&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Jeremy&rft.au=Weiner%2C+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Glyer, Diana Pavlac (2007). <i>The Company They Keep: C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien as Writers in Community</i>. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-890-0"><bdi>978-0-87338-890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Company+They+Keep%3A+C.+S.+Lewis+and+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+as+Writers+in+Community&rft.place=Kent%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-890-0&rft.aulast=Glyer&rft.aufirst=Diana+Pavlac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Grant, Patrick (1979). "Belief in Fantasy: J. R. R. Tolkien's <i>Lord of the Rings</i>". <i>Six Modern Authors and Problems of Belief</i>. MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-26340-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-26340-2"><bdi>978-0-333-26340-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Belief+in+Fantasy%3A+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%27s+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.btitle=Six+Modern+Authors+and+Problems+of+Belief&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-333-26340-2&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Haber, Karen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meditationsonmid00habe"><i>Meditations on Middle-earth: New Writing on the Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-27536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-27536-5"><bdi>978-0-312-27536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meditations+on+Middle-earth%3A+New+Writing+on+the+Worlds+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-312-27536-5&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmeditationsonmid00habe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Patrick, ed. (2003). <i>Tolkien and Politics</i>. London, England: Third Way Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9544788-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9544788-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9544788-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+and+Politics&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Third+Way+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9544788-2-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Lee, Stuart D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova" title="Elizabeth Solopova">Solopova, Elizabeth</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Keys_of_Middle-earth" title="The Keys of Middle-earth"><i>The Keys of Middle-earth: Discovering Medieval Literature through the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4671-3"><bdi>978-1-4039-4671-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Keys+of+Middle-earth%3A+Discovering+Medieval+Literature+through+the+Fiction+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-4671-3&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stuart+D.&rft.au=Solopova%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Pearce, Joseph</a> (1998). <i>Tolkien: Man and Myth</i>. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-274018-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-274018-0"><bdi>978-0-00-274018-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%3A+Man+and+Myth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-00-274018-0&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Perry, Michael (2006). <i>Untangling Tolkien: A Chronology and Commentary for The Lord of the Rings</i>. Seattle: Inkling Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58742-019-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58742-019-1"><bdi>978-1-58742-019-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untangling+Tolkien%3A+A+Chronology+and+Commentary+for+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=Inkling+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58742-019-1&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ready, William (1968). <i>Understanding Tolkien and the Lord of the Rings</i>. New York: Paperback Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Tolkien+and+the+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Paperback+Library&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Ready&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rorabeck, Robert (2008). <i>Tolkien's Heroic Quest</i>. Crescent Moon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86171-239-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86171-239-4"><bdi>978-1-86171-239-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Heroic+Quest&rft.pub=Crescent+Moon&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86171-239-4&rft.aulast=Rorabeck&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Scull, Christina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Hammond, Wayne G.</a> (2017). <a href="/wiki/The_J.R.R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" class="mw-redirect" title="The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide"><i>The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</i></a> (Revised and expanded ed.). London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-821454-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-821454-8"><bdi>978-0-00-821454-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+J.R.R.+Tolkien+Companion+and+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-00-821454-8&rft.aulast=Scull&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Wayne+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2000). <i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></i>. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12764-1"><bdi>978-0-618-12764-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Author+of+the+Century&rft.place=Boston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-618-12764-1&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Strachey, Barbara (1981). <a href="/wiki/Journeys_of_Frodo" title="Journeys of Frodo"><i>Journeys of Frodo: an Atlas of The Lord of the Rings</i></a>. London, Boston: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-912016-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-912016-7"><bdi>978-0-04-912016-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journeys+of+Frodo%3A+an+Atlas+of+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.place=London%2C+Boston&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-04-912016-7&rft.aulast=Strachey&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tyler" title="Tony Tyler">Tyler, J. E. A.</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tolkiencompanion00jeat"><i>The Tolkien Companion</i></a>. New York: Gramercy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-14648-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-14648-4"><bdi>978-0-517-14648-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tolkien+Companion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Gramercy&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-517-14648-4&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=J.+E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftolkiencompanion00jeat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">White, Michael (2003). <i>Tolkien: A Biography</i>. New American Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21242-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21242-9"><bdi>978-0-451-21242-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-451-21242-9&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Zaleski, Philip; Zaleski, Carol (2016). <i>The Fellowship: The Literary Lives of the Inklings: J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, Owen Barfield, Charles Williams</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53625-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53625-1"><bdi>978-0-374-53625-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fellowship%3A+The+Literary+Lives+of+the+Inklings%3A+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%2C+C.+S.+Lewis%2C+Owen+Barfield%2C+Charles+Williams&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-374-53625-1&rft.aulast=Zaleski&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Zaleski%2C+Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>J. R. R. Tolkien</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" class="extiw" title="c:J. R. R. 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R. R. Tolkien-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 26 January 2022<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2022-01-26</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolkien.co.uk/">HarperCollins Tolkien Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122905/http://www.wheaton.edu/wadecenter/Authors/JRR-Tolkien/JRRT-Resources">Additional Resources for J. R. R. Tolkien</a> compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Marion_E._Wade_Center" title="Marion E. Wade Center">Marion E. Wade Center</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31766">10.1093/ref:odnb/31766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tolkien%2C+John+Ronald+Reuel&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0866058/">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?302">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/376715">Archival material at Leeds University Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/Arts-literature-and-performance/Early-spoken-word-recordings/024M-1CS0011556XX-0200V0">Audio recording of Tolkien</a> from 1929 on a language learning gramophone disc</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/writers/12237.shtml">BBC film (1968) featuring Tolkien</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolkiensociety.org/author/biography/">Biography at the Tolkien Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/fe/tolkien_j_r_r">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iblist.com/author54.htm">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> at the Internet Book List</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/tolkien_j_r_r">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Gateway" title="Tolkien Gateway">Tolkien Gateway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inklings-studies.org/"><i>Journal of Inklings Studies</i></a>—Peer-reviewed journal on Tolkien's literary circle, based at Oxford</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/">The Tolkien Estate Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolkien.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a> exhibition at the Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1536">Works by J. R. R. Tolkien</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/42379">Works by J. R. R. 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Tolkien</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="J._R._R._Tolkien245" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Template:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Template talk:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Special:EditPage/Template:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="J._R._R._Tolkien245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">Letters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_poetry" title="Tolkien's poetry">Poetry<br />and songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_for_the_Philologists" title="Songs for the Philologists">Songs for the Philologists</a></i> (1936) <ul><li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Bagme_Bloma" title="Bagme Bloma">Bagme Bloma</a></i>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Homecoming_of_Beorhtnoth_Beorhthelm%27s_Son" title="The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son">The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son</a></i> (1953)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Walking_Song" title="A Walking Song">A Walking Song</a>" (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> (1962) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Errantry" title="Errantry">Errantry</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fastitocalon_(poem)" title="Fastitocalon (poem)">Fastitocalon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sea-Bell" title="The Sea-Bell">The Sea-Bell</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Moon_Stayed_Up_Too_Late" title="The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late">The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sigurd_and_Gudr%C3%BAn" title="The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún">The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Arthur" title="The Fall of Arthur">The Fall of Arthur</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Poems_of_J.R.R._Tolkien" title="The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien">The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tolkien%27s_alliterative_verse" title="List of Tolkien's alliterative verse">List of Tolkien's alliterative verse</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolkien_monogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/50px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/75px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/100px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="43" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Leaf_by_Niggle" title="Leaf by Niggle">Leaf by Niggle</a>" (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lay_of_Aotrou_and_Itroun" title="The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun">The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farmer_Giles_of_Ham" title="Farmer Giles of Ham">Farmer Giles of Ham</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> (1955)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tree_and_Leaf" title="Tree and Leaf">Tree and Leaf</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Reader" title="The Tolkien Reader">The Tolkien Reader</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_of_Wootton_Major" title="Smith of Wootton Major">Smith of Wootton Major</a></i> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous <br /> fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Father_Christmas_Letters" title="The Father Christmas Letters">The Father Christmas Letters</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Bliss" title="Mr. Bliss">Mr. Bliss</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i> (1983–1996) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand">The Lays of Beleriand</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">The History of The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels">The War of the Jewels</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roverandom" title="Roverandom">Roverandom</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Kullervo" title="The Story of Kullervo">The Story of Kullervo</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic<br />works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a></i> (Middle English text, 1925) </span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Coach_Horses" title="The Devil's Coach Horses">The Devil's Coach Horses</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ancrene_Wisse_and_Hali_Mei%C3%B0had" title="Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad">Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad</a>" (1929)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sigelwara_Land" title="Sigelwara Land">Sigelwara Land</a>" (1932–34)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Chaucer_as_a_Philologist:_The_Reeve%27s_Tale" title="Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale">Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale</a>" (1934)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics"><i>Beowulf</i>: The Monsters and the Critics</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Fairy-Stories" title="On Fairy-Stories">On Fairy-Stories</a>" (1939) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Beowulf" title="On Translating Beowulf">On Translating <i>Beowulf</i></a><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Orfeo" title="Sir Orfeo">Sir Orfeo</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancrene_Wisse" title="Ancrene Wisse">Ancrene Wisse</a></i> (1962)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/English_and_Welsh" title="English and Welsh">English and Welsh</a>" (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a></i> (as translator and lexicographer, 1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous <br /> academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_(poem)" title="Pearl (poem)">Pearl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Orfeo" title="Sir Orfeo">Sir Orfeo</a></i> (translations, 1975) </span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exodus_(poem)" title="Exodus (poem)">Exodus</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Hengest" title="Finn and Hengest">Finn and Hengest</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monsters_and_the_Critics,_and_Other_Essays" title="The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays">The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf and the Critics">Beowulf and the Critics</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_A_Translation_and_Commentary" title="Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary">Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary</a></i> with "<a href="/wiki/Sellic_Spell" title="Sellic Spell">Sellic Spell</a>" (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Humphrey Carpenter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_A_Biography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography">J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography</a></i> (1977, authorized biography)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">John Garth</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_McIlwaine" title="Catherine McIlwaine">Catherine McIlwaine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moseley_(writer)" title="Charles Moseley (writer)">Charles Moseley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Caldecott" title="Stratford Caldecott">Stratford Caldecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_T._Dickerson" title="Matthew T. Dickerson">Matthew T. Dickerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Duriez" title="Colin Duriez">Colin Duriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Ordway" title="Holly Ordway">Holly Ordway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Joseph Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_Rutledge" title="Fleming Rutledge">Fleming Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_C._Wood" title="Ralph C. Wood">Ralph C. Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Literary<br />critics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Anderson" title="Douglas A. Anderson">Douglas A. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Birns" title="Nicholas Birns">Nicholas Birns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_J._Birzer" title="Bradley J. Birzer">Bradley J. Birzer</a></li> <li>Janice Bogstad & Philip Kaveny <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bratman" title="David Bratman">David Bratman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Brennan_Croft" title="Janet Brennan Croft">Janet Brennan Croft</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_on_Film" title="Tolkien on Film">Tolkien on Film</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Curry" title="Patrick Curry">Patrick Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lee_Eden" title="Bradford Lee Eden">Bradford Lee Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi" title="Dimitra Fimi">Dimitra Fimi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien,_Race_and_Cultural_History" title="Tolkien, Race and Cultural History">Tolkien, Race and Cultural History</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Fisher" title="Jason Fisher">Jason Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Verlyn Flieger</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrupted_Music" title="Interrupted Music">Interrupted Music</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Time_(book)" title="A Question of Time (book)">A Question of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foster_(Tolkien_scholar)" title="Michael Foster (Tolkien scholar)">Michael Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Groom" title="Nick Groom">Nick Groom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Wayne G. Hammond</a> & <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Christina Scull</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_A_Descriptive_Bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography">J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion">The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Artist_and_Illustrator" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator">J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randel_Helms" title="Randel Helms">Randel Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Honegger" title="Thomas Honegger">Thomas Honegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Huttar" title="Charles A. Huttar">Charles A. Huttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Kocher" title="Paul H. Kocher">Paul H. Kocher</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-Earth" title="Master of Middle-Earth">Master of Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Stuart D. Lee</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keys_of_Middle-earth" title="The Keys of Middle-earth">The Keys of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Lobdell" title="Jared Lobdell">Jared Lobdell</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rateliff" title="John D. Rateliff">John D. Rateliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Anne_Reid" title="Robin Anne Reid">Robin Anne Reid</a></li> <li>Brian Rosebury <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Cultural_Phenomenon" title="Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon">Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_H._Sturgis" title="Amy H. Sturgis">Amy H. Sturgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Vaninskaya" title="Anna Vaninskaya">Anna Vaninskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._West" title="Richard C. West">Richard C. West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Whittingham" title="Elizabeth Whittingham">Elizabeth Whittingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Zimbardo" title="Rose Zimbardo">Rose Zimbardo</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Understanding_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Understanding The Lord of the Rings">Understanding The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Linguists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Appleyard" title="Anthony Appleyard">Anthony Appleyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helge_Fauskanger" title="Helge Fauskanger">Helge Fauskanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Salo" title="David Salo">David Salo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arden_R._Smith" title="Arden R. Smith">Arden R. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Turner" title="Allan Turner">Allan Turner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medievalists</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classicists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Burns" title="Marjorie Burns">Marjorie Burns</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms">Perilous Realms</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Jane Chance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Tolkien and the Invention of Myth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_%27A_Mythology_for_England%27" title="Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Michael D. C. Drout</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Evans_(scholar)" title="Jonathan Evans (scholar)">Jonathan Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Vincent Ferré">Vincent Ferré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergely_Nagy_(scholar)" title="Gergely Nagy (scholar)">Gergely Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth">The Road to Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova" title="Elizabeth Solopova">Elizabeth Solopova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar" title="Sandra Ballif Straubhaar">Sandra Ballif Straubhaar</a></li> <li>Hamish Williams <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Classical_World_(book)" title="Tolkien and the Classical World (book)">Tolkien and the Classical World</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Popular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Carter" title="Lin Carter">Lin Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">Robert Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_GoodKnight" title="Glen GoodKnight">Glen GoodKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Martinez_(Tolkien_scholar)" title="Michael Martinez (Tolkien scholar)">Michael Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Noad" title="Charles Noad">Charles Noad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tyler" title="Tony Tyler">J. E. A. Tyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_family" title="Tolkien family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Morgan" title="Francis Xavier Morgan">Francis Xavier Morgan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages constructed by Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inklings" title="Inklings">Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_Linguistic_Fellowship" title="Elvish Linguistic Fellowship">Elvish Linguistic Fellowship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Tolkien and the modernists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Estate" title="Tolkien Estate">Tolkien Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Tolkien fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Gateway" title="Tolkien Gateway">Tolkien Gateway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Society" title="The Tolkien Society">The Tolkien Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Society_Awards" title="Tolkien Society Awards">Awards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_J._R._R._Tolkien_and_his_works" title="List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Tolkien research</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Studies" title="Tolkien Studies">Tolkien Studies</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired by Tolkien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_(film)" title="Tolkien (film)">Tolkien</a></i> (biographical film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_and_Songs_of_Middle_Earth" title="Poems and Songs of Middle Earth">Poems and Songs of Middle Earth</a></i> (album)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Language_and_Human_Nature" title="Language and Human Nature">Language and Human Nature</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Associated_subjects86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Associated_subjects86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated subjects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle-earth371" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle-earth" title="Template:Middle-earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle-earth" title="Template talk:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle-earth371" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_canon" title="Middle-earth canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Legendarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Middle-earth" title="Outline of Middle-earth">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Tolkien's<br />lifetime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1954-55) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Past" title="The Shadow of the Past">The Shadow of the Past</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">The Scouring of the Shire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a>"</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i> (1977) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i> (1990)</li> <li>The three "Great Tales" <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i> (2018)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of<br />composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">History of<br />Middle-earth</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[1–2] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a></i> (1983–84) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_(Tolkien)" title="Ælfwine (Tolkien)">Ælfwine</a></li></ul></li> <li>[3] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand">The Lays of Beleriand</a></i> (1985)</li> <li>[4] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a></i> (1986)</li> <li>[5] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></i> (1987) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Etymologies_(Tolkien)" title="The Etymologies (Tolkien)">The Etymologies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhammas" title="Lhammas">Lhammas</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>[6–9] <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">The History of The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1988–92) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notion_Club_Papers" title="The Notion Club Papers">The Notion Club Papers</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>[10] <i><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></i> (1993)</li> <li>[11] <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels">The War of the Jewels</a></i> (1994)</li> <li>[12] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></i> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rateliff" title="John D. Rateliff">John D. Rateliff</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i> (2007)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i> (2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arda" title="History of Arda">Fictional<br />universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Peoples</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainur_in_Middle-earth" title="Ainur in Middle-earth">Ainur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">Wizards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Middle-earth" title="Dragons in Middle-earth">Dragons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancalagon_the_Black" title="Ancalagon the Black">Ancalagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth" title="Eagles in Middle-earth">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-elf" title="Half-elf">Half-elven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noldor" title="Noldor">Noldor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">Sundering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beornings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%BAedain" title="Drúedain">Drúedain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle-earth_characters" title="List of Middle-earth characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebrimbor" title="Celebrimbor">Celebrimbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil_and_Elwing" title="Eärendil and Elwing">Eärendil and Elwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elendil" title="Elendil">Elendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingolfin" title="Fingolfin">Fingolfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finw%C3%AB_and_M%C3%ADriel" title="Finwë and Míriel">Finwë and Míriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil-galad" title="Gil-galad">Gil-galad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BArin" title="Húrin">Húrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isildur" title="Isildur">Isildur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAthien_and_Beren" title="Lúthien and Beren">Lúthien and Beren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melian_(Middle-earth)" title="Melian (Middle-earth)">Melian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thingol" title="Thingol">Thingol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuor_and_Idril" title="Tuor and Idril">Tuor and Idril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BArin_Turambar" title="Túrin Turambar">Túrin Turambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoliant" title="Ungoliant">Ungoliant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorfindel" title="Glorfindel">Glorfindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldberry" title="Goldberry">Goldberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bree_(Middle-earth)" title="Bree (Middle-earth)">Bree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esgaroth" title="Esgaroth">Esgaroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harad" title="Harad">Harad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_Mountain" title="Lonely Mountain">Lonely Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria,_Middle-earth" title="Moria, Middle-earth">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_End" title="Bag End">Bag End</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithril" title="Mithril">Mithril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">Palantír</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Westmarch" title="Red Book of Westmarch">Red Book of Westmarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silmarils" title="Silmarils">Silmarils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor" title="Two Trees of Valinor">Two Trees of Valinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_and_armour_in_Middle-earth" title="List of weapons and armour in Middle-earth">List of weapons and armour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Elvish languages of Middle-earth">Elvish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valarin" title="Valarin">Valarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westron" title="Westron">Westron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_poetry" title="Tolkien's poetry">Tolkien's poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anachronism_in_Middle-earth" title="Anachronism in Middle-earth">Anachronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Ancestry as guide to character in Tolkien's legendarium">Ancestry as guide to character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Middle-earth" title="Architecture in Middle-earth">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_of_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_round_world_dilemma" title="Tolkien's round world dilemma">Round World dilemma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth" title="Death and immortality in Middle-earth">Death and immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">Decline and fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_and_visions_in_Middle-earth" title="Dreams and visions in Middle-earth">Dreams and visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Middle-earth" title="Economy of Middle-earth">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_in_Middle-earth" title="Evil in Middle-earth">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Middle-earth" title="The Great War and Middle-earth">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Middle-earth" title="Forests in Middle-earth">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">Frame stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_and_Middle-earth" title="Hell and Middle-earth">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_light_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Christian light in Tolkien's legendarium">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck_and_fate_in_Middle-earth" title="Luck and fate in Middle-earth">Luck and fate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_Middle-earth" title="Magic in Middle-earth">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_in_Middle-earth" title="Mental illness in Middle-earth">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_moral_dilemma" title="Tolkien's moral dilemma">Moral dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">Naming of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">Northern courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Straight_Road" title="Old Straight Road">Old Straight Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism_in_Middle-earth" title="Paganism in Middle-earth">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_Middle-earth" title="Plants in Middle-earth">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth" title="Psychological journeys of Middle-earth">Psychological journeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Tolkien%27s_fiction" title="Time in Tolkien's fiction">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_Middle-earth" title="Trees in Middle-earth">Trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth"><i>Beowulf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Celtic influences on Tolkien">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classical world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Finnish influences on Tolkien">Finnish language and literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_modern_sources" title="Tolkien's modern sources">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Norse" title="Tolkien and the Norse">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology_and_Middle-earth" title="Philology and Middle-earth">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_prose_style" title="Tolkien's prose style">Prose style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_ambiguity" title="Tolkien's ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">A mythology for England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth" title="The Atlas of Middle-earth">The Atlas of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journeys_of_Frodo" title="Journeys of Frodo">Journeys of Frodo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_Middle-earth" title="A Map of Middle-earth">A Map of Middle-earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations,<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Middle-earth" title="Illustrating Middle-earth">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_Blok" title="Cor Blok">Cor Blok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anke_Ei%C3%9Fmann" title="Anke Eißmann">Anke Eißmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hildebrandt" title="Brothers Hildebrandt">Brothers Hildebrandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Dolfen" title="Jenny Dolfen">Jenny Dolfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fairburn" title="Mary Fairburn">Mary Fairburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_Giancola" title="Donato Giancola">Donato Giancola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tove_Jansson" title="Tove Jansson">Tove Jansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korotich" title="Alexander Korotich">Alexander Korotich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Hansson" title="Bo Hansson">Bo Hansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Meij" title="Johan de Meij">Johan de Meij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings">Symphony No. 1 <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings film series">Music of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Hobbit_film_series" title="Music of The Hobbit film series">Music of <i>The Hobbit</i> film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">Music of <i>The Rings of Power</i> TV series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Guardian" title="Blind Guardian">Blind Guardian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nightfall_in_Middle-Earth" title="Nightfall in Middle-Earth">Nightfall in Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Swann" title="Donald Swann">Donald Swann</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_and_Songs_of_Middle_Earth" title="Poems and Songs of Middle Earth">Poems and Songs of Middle Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Ensemble" title="The Tolkien Ensemble">The Tolkien Ensemble</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_in_Rivendell" title="An Evening in Rivendell">An Evening in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Night_in_Rivendell" title="A Night in Rivendell">A Night in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/At_Dawn_in_Rivendell" title="At Dawn in Rivendell">At Dawn in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leaving_Rivendell" title="Leaving Rivendell">Leaving Rivendell</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Enterprises" title="Middle-earth Enterprises">Middle-earth Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired by Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_motion_pictures" title="Middle-earth in motion pictures">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Calendars" title="Tolkien Calendars">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">Video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_J._R._R._Tolkien_and_his_works" title="List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works">Things named after Tolkien and his works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Literary<br />criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">The Complete Guide to Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien">A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrupted_Music" title="Interrupted Music">Interrupted Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-Earth" title="Master of Middle-Earth">Master of Middle-Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Time_(book)" title="A Question of Time (book)">A Question of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion">The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms">Perilous Realms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth">The Road to Middle-Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Tolkien and the Invention of Myth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_%27A_Mythology_for_England%27" title="Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Look_Behind_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings">Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien,_Race_and_Cultural_History" title="Tolkien, Race and Cultural History">Tolkien, Race and Cultural History</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium:_Essays_on_The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth">Tolkien's Legendarium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Hobbit669" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hobbit" title="Template:Hobbit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hobbit" title="Template talk:Hobbit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hobbit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hobbit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Hobbit669" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbit</a> <a href="/wiki/Hobbit_(word)" title="Hobbit (word)">(word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Legendarium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">frame stories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth"><i>Beowulf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">naming of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth" title="Psychological journeys of Middle-earth">psychological journeys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-language_editions_of_The_Hobbit" title="English-language editions of The Hobbit">English-language editions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Annotated_Hobbit" title="The Annotated Hobbit">The Annotated Hobbit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translations_of_The_Hobbit" title="Translations of The Hobbit">Translations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Hobbit_characters" title="List of The Hobbit characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins" title="Bilbo Baggins">Bilbo Baggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">Wizards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radagast" title="Radagast">Radagast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorin_Oakenshield" title="Thorin Oakenshield">Thorin Oakenshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balin_(Middle-earth)" title="Balin (Middle-earth)">Balin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">Trolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth" title="Eagles in Middle-earth">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thranduil" title="Thranduil">the Elvenking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bard_the_Bowman" title="Bard the Bowman">Bard the Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">The Necromancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warg" title="Warg">Wargs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Eriador <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rhovanion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esgaroth" title="Esgaroth">Esgaroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_Mountain" title="Lonely Mountain">Lonely Mountain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(pinball)" title="The Hobbit (pinball)"><i>The Hobbit</i> pinball machine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Strategy_Battle_Game" title="Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game">The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Hobbit" title="Adaptations of The Hobbit">Adaptations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(radio_series)" title="The Hobbit (radio series)">The Hobbit</a></i> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gene Deitch's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(1967_film)" title="The Hobbit (1967 film)">The Hobbit</a></i> (1967)</li> <li>Rankin/Bass's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(1977_film)" title="The Hobbit (1977 film)">The Hobbit</a></i> (1977)</li> <li>Soviet <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(1985_film)" title="The Hobbit (1985 film)">The Hobbit</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)">Peter Jackson's series</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit:_An_Unexpected_Journey" title="The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey">An Unexpected Journey</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit:_The_Desolation_of_Smaug" title="The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug">The Desolation of Smaug</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit:_The_Battle_of_the_Five_Armies" title="The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies">The Battle of the Five Armies</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_original_characters_in_The_Hobbit_film_series" title="List of original characters in The Hobbit film series">original characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Hobbit_film_series" title="Music of The Hobbit film series">music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(1982_video_game)" title="The Hobbit (1982 video game)">The Hobbit</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(2003_video_game)" title="The Hobbit (2003 video game)">The Hobbit</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lego_The_Hobbit" title="Lego The Hobbit">Lego The Hobbit</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:The_Hobbit" title="Category:The Hobbit">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Lord_of_the_Rings313" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Template:The Lord of the Rings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Template talk:The Lord of the Rings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Lord of the Rings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Lord_of_the_Rings313" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructing_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Constructing The Lord of the Rings">Constructing <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Volumes <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Stories <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Past" title="The Shadow of the Past">The Shadow of the Past</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">The Scouring of the Shire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translating_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Translating The Lord of the Rings">Translating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="List of translations of The Lord of the Rings">List of translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_into_Swedish" title="Translation of The Lord of the Rings into Swedish">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reception <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxonmoot" title="Oxonmoot">Oxonmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkienmoot" title="Tolkienmoot">Tolkienmoot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:One_Ring_Blender_Render.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/60px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/90px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/120px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="1824" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_the_Ring" title="Company of the Ring">Company of the Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Elvish languages of Middle-earth">Elvish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Poetry in The Lord of the Rings">Poetry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Elbereth_Gilthoniel" title="A Elbereth Gilthoniel">A Elbereth Gilthoniel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam%C3%A1ri%C3%AB" title="Namárië">Namárië</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_E%C3%A4rendil" title="Song of Eärendil">Song of Eärendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Moon_Stayed_Up_Too_Late" title="The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late">The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On_(song)" title="The Road Goes Ever On (song)">The Road Goes Ever On</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Walking_Song" title="A Walking Song">A Walking Song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverbs_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Proverbs in The Lord of the Rings">Proverbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_to_power_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Addiction to power in The Lord of the Rings">Addiction to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Ancestry as guide to character in Tolkien's legendarium">Ancestry as guide to character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Middle-earth" title="Architecture in Middle-earth">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth" title="Death and immortality in Middle-earth">Death and immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">Decline and fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_and_visions_in_Middle-earth" title="Dreams and visions in Middle-earth">Dreams and visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Middle-earth" title="Economy of Middle-earth">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_in_Middle-earth" title="Evil in Middle-earth">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Middle-earth" title="Forests in Middle-earth">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_and_Middle-earth" title="Hell and Middle-earth">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck_and_fate_in_Middle-earth" title="Luck and fate in Middle-earth">Luck and fate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_Middle-earth" title="Magic in Middle-earth">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_in_Middle-earth" title="Mental illness in Middle-earth">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_moral_dilemma" title="Tolkien's moral dilemma">Moral dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">Naming of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">Northern courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism_in_Middle-earth" title="Paganism in Middle-earth">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_Middle-earth" title="Plants in Middle-earth">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth" title="Psychological journeys of Middle-earth">Psychological journeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_race" title="Tolkien and race">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Sexuality in The Lord of the Rings">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Tolkien%27s_fiction" title="Time in Tolkien's fiction">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_Middle-earth" title="Trees in Middle-earth">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Women in The Lord of the Rings">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Antiquarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth"><i>Beowulf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Celtic influences on Tolkien">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classical world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Middle-earth" title="The Great War and Middle-earth">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Norse" title="Tolkien and the Norse">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_modern_sources" title="Tolkien's modern sources">Modern sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">A mythology for England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology_and_Middle-earth" title="Philology and Middle-earth">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_devices_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary devices in The Lord of the Rings">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anachronism_in_Middle-earth" title="Anachronism in Middle-earth">Anachronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_pairing_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Character pairing in The Lord of the Rings">Character pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_framing_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Editorial framing of The Lord of the Rings">Editorial framing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">Frame stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotranslation_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Pseudotranslation in The Lord of the Rings">Pseudotranslation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_of_depth_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Impression of depth in The Lord of the Rings">Impression of depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Narrative structure of The Lord of the Rings">Narrative structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interlacing_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Interlacing in The Lord of the Rings">Interlacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Storytelling in The Lord of the Rings">Storytelling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_prose_style" title="Tolkien's prose style">Prose style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_ambiguity" title="Tolkien's ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Pooh" title="Epic Pooh">Epic Pooh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">Wizards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radagast" title="Radagast">Radagast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples#Free_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Free<br />peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balin_(Middle-earth)" title="Balin (Middle-earth)">Balin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimli_(Middle-earth)" title="Gimli (Middle-earth)">Gimli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorfindel" title="Glorfindel">Glorfindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-elf" title="Half-elf">Half-elven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arwen" title="Arwen">Arwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legolas" title="Legolas">Legolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thranduil" title="Thranduil">Thranduil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treebeard" title="Treebeard">Treebeard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins" title="Bilbo Baggins">Bilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_Brandybuck" title="Merry Brandybuck">Merry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pippin_Took" title="Pippin Took">Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samwise_Gamgee" title="Samwise Gamgee">Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beornings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%BAedain" title="Drúedain">Drúedain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Aragorn</a></li></ul></li> <li>of <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boromir" title="Boromir">Boromir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denethor" title="Denethor">Denethor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramir" title="Faramir">Faramir</a></li></ul></li> <li>of <a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89omer" title="Éomer">Éomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89owyn" title="Éowyn">Éowyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9oden" title="Théoden">Théoden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADma_Wormtongue" title="Gríma Wormtongue">Wormtongue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrow-wight" title="Barrow-wight">Barrow-wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazg%C3%BBl" title="Nazgûl">Nazgûl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch-king_of_Angmar" title="Witch-king of Angmar">Witch-king of Angmar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Willow" title="Old Man Willow">Old Man Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelob" title="Shelob">Shelob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">Trolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warg" title="Warg">Wargs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_in_the_Water" title="Watcher in the Water">Watcher in the Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth" title="Eagles in Middle-earth">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldberry" title="Goldberry">Goldberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Eriador <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bree_(Middle-earth)" title="Bree (Middle-earth)">Bree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Forest" title="Old Forest">Old Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_End" title="Bag End">Bag End</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harad" title="Harad">Harad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria,_Middle-earth" title="Moria, Middle-earth">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helm%27s_Deep" title="Battle of Helm's Deep">Helm's Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields" title="Battle of the Pelennor Fields">Pelennor Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Morannon" title="Battle of the Morannon">Morannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Things</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithril" title="Mithril">Mithril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliphaunt" title="Oliphaunt">Oliphaunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">Palantírs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phial_of_Galadriel" title="Phial of Galadriel">Phial of Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_and_armour_in_Middle-earth" title="List of weapons and armour in Middle-earth">List of weapons and armour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Errantry" title="Errantry">Errantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastitocalon_(poem)" title="Fastitocalon (poem)">Fastitocalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sea-Bell" title="The Sea-Bell">The Sea-Bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adaptations_and_derivative_works341" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings">Adaptations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">derivative works</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bored_of_the_Rings" title="Bored of the Rings">Bored of the Rings</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Ringbearer" title="The Last Ringbearer">The Last Ringbearer</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muddle_Earth" title="Muddle Earth">Muddle Earth</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Middle-earth" title="Illustrating Middle-earth">Illustrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_Middle-earth" title="A Map of Middle-earth">A Map of Middle-earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Remington" title="Barbara Remington">Barbara Remington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fellowship!" title="Fellowship!">Fellowship!</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(musical)" title="The Lord of the Rings (musical)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_Inspired_by_Lord_of_the_Rings_(Bo_Hansson_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (Bo Hansson album)">Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings">Symphony No. 1 <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ramble_On" title="Ramble On">Ramble On</a>" (1969)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Misty_Mountain_Hop" title="Misty Mountain Hop">Misty Mountain Hop</a>" (1971)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Evermore" title="The Battle of Evermore">The Battle of Evermore</a>" (1971)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1955_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1979_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, 1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hordes_of_the_Things_(radio_series)" title="Hordes of the Things (radio series)">Hordes of the Things</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1981_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (BBC, 1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Herr_der_Ringe" title="Der Herr der Ringe">Der Herr der Ringe</a></i> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_motion_pictures" title="Middle-earth in motion pictures">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1978_film)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi" title="Ralph Bakshi">Bakshi</a>, 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King_(1980_film)" title="The Return of the King (1980 film)">The Return of the King</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rankin/Bass_Animated_Entertainment" title="Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment">Rankin/Bass</a>, 1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_War_of_the_Rohirrim" title="The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim">The War of the Rohirrim</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Kenji_Kamiyama" title="Kenji Kamiyama">Kamiyama</a>, 2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">Peter Jackson<br />series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings film series">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Concerning_Hobbits" title="Concerning Hobbits">Concerning Hobbits</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Into_the_West_(song)" title="Into the West (song)">Into the West</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/May_It_Be" title="May It Be">May It Be</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Production of The Lord of the Rings film series">Production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbiton_Movie_Set" title="Hobbiton Movie Set">Hobbiton Movie Set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson%27s_interpretation_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Peter Jackson's interpretation of The Lord of the Rings">Peter Jackson's interpretation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_on_Film" title="Tolkien on Film">Tolkien on Film</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sagan_om_ringen_(1971_film)" title="Sagan om ringen (1971 film)">Sagan om ringen</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khraniteli" title="Khraniteli">Khraniteli</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hobitit" title="Hobitit">Hobitit</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">The Rings of Power</a></i> (2022) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fan-made</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Gollum" title="The Hunt for Gollum">The Hunt for Gollum</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Born_of_Hope" title="Born of Hope">Born of Hope</a></i> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">Video games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Journey_to_Rivendell" title="The Lord of the Rings: Journey to Rivendell">Journey to Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings:_Game_One" title="Lord of the Rings: Game One">Game One</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_Mordor" title="Shadows of Mordor">Game Two: Shadows of Mordor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_in_Middle_Earth" title="War in Middle Earth">War in Middle Earth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_The_Lord_of_the_Rings,_Vol._I_(1990_video_game)" title="J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)"><i>Vol. I</i> (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_The_Lord_of_the_Rings,_Vol._I_(1994_video_game)" title="J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1994 video game)"><i>Vol. I</i> (SNES)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_Riders_of_Rohan" title="J. R. R. Tolkien's Riders of Rohan">Riders of Rohan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elendor" title="Elendor">Elendor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_The_Lord_of_the_Rings,_Vol._II:_The_Two_Towers" title="J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers"><i>Vol. II: The Two Towers</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring_(video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)"><i>The Fellowship of the Ring</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers_(video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)"><i>The Two Towers</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King_(video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)"><i>The Return of the King</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_War_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring"><i>War of the Ring</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Third_Age" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age"><i>The Third Age</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Third_Age_(Game_Boy_Advance_video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age (Game Boy Advance video game)">Game Boy Advance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth"><i>The Battle for Middle-earth</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Tactics" title="The Lord of the Rings: Tactics"><i>Tactics</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth_II" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II"><i>The Battle for Middle-earth II</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth_II:_The_Rise_of_the_Witch-king" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king"><i>The Rise of the Witch-king</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Conquest" title="The Lord of the Rings: Conquest"><i>Conquest</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Aragorn%27s_Quest" title="The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest"><i>Aragorn's Quest</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_War_in_the_North" title="The Lord of the Rings: War in the North"><i>War in the North</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lego_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(video_game)" title="Lego The Lord of the Rings (video game)"><i>Lego The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_Middle-earth" title="Guardians of Middle-earth">Guardians of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_Mordor" title="Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor"><i>Shadow of Mordor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_War" title="Middle-earth: Shadow of War"><i>Shadow of War</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Gollum" title="The Lord of the Rings: Gollum"><i>Gollum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Return_to_Moria" title="The Lord of the Rings: Return to Moria"><i>Return to Moria</i></a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online36" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online" title="The Lord of the Rings Online">The Lord of the Rings Online</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Mines_of_Moria" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria"><i>Mines of Moria</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Siege_of_Mirkwood" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood"><i>Siege of Mirkwood</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Rise_of_Isengard" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard"><i>Rise of Isengard</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Riders_of_Rohan" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Riders of Rohan"><i>Riders of Rohan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Helm%27s_Deep" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Helm's Deep"><i>Helm's Deep</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Mordor" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Mordor"><i>Mordor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Minas_Morgul" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Minas Morgul"><i>Minas Morgul</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_War_of_Three_Peaks" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: War of Three Peaks"><i>War of Three Peaks</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Fate_of_Gundabad" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Fate of Gundabad"><i>Fate of Gundabad</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Before_the_Shadow" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Before the Shadow"><i>Before the Shadow</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tabletop role-<br />playing games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Role_Playing" title="Middle-earth Role Playing">Middle-earth Role Playing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Roleplaying_Game" title="The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game">The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_One_Ring_Roleplaying_Game" title="The One Ring Roleplaying Game">The One Ring Roleplaying Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_in_Middle-earth" title="Adventures in Middle-earth">Adventures in Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Earth_(board_game)" title="Middle Earth (board game)">Middle Earth</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_(SPI_game)" title="War of the Ring (SPI game)">War of the Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor:_The_Siege_of_Minas_Tirith" title="Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith">Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron_(game)" title="Sauron (game)">Sauron</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings_(board_game)" title="Lord of the Rings (board game)">Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_(board_game)" title="War of the Ring (board game)">War of the Ring</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Card games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Collectible_Card_Game" title="Middle-earth Collectible Card Game">Middle-earth Collectible Card Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Trading_Card_Game" title="The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game">The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Card_Game" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game">The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Strategy_Battle_Game" title="Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game">Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lego_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Lego The Lord of the Rings">Lego The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beowulf192" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beowulf" title="Template:Beowulf"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beowulf" title="Template talk:Beowulf"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beowulf" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beowulf"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beowulf192" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">Alliterative verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">Kenning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clans<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Beowulf_characters" title="List of Beowulf characters">characters</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_(hero)" title="Beowulf (hero)">Beowulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heardred" title="Heardred">Heardred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygd" title="Hygd">Hygd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygelac" title="Hygelac">Hygelac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundings" title="Hundings">Hundings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylding" title="Scylding">Scyldings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86schere" title="Æschere">Æschere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healfdene" title="Healfdene">Healfdene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heorogar" title="Heorogar">Heorogar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrothgar" title="Hrothgar">Hroðgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfer%C3%B0" title="Unferð">Unferð</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngling" title="Yngling">Scylfings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eadgils" title="Eadgils">Eadgils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanmund" title="Eanmund">Eanmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohthere" title="Ohthere">Ohthere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onela" title="Onela">Onela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongentheow" title="Ongentheow">Ongentheow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waegmundings" class="mw-redirect" title="Waegmundings">Waegmundings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecg%C3%BEeow" title="Ecgþeow">Ecgþeow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weohstan" title="Weohstan">Weohstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiglaf" title="Wiglaf">Wiglaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfings" title="Wulfings">Wulfings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wealhtheow" title="Wealhtheow">Wealhtheow</a></li></ul></li> <li>Monsters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grendel" title="Grendel">Grendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grendel%27s_mother" title="Grendel's mother">Grendel's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_dragon_(Beowulf)" title="The dragon (Beowulf)">The Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First page of Beowulf (Anglo-Saxon copy)"><img alt="First page of Beowulf (Anglo-Saxon copy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg/75px-Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg/113px-Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg/150px-Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4098" data-file-height="6868" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Translating_Beowulf" title="Translating Beowulf">Translating<br /><i>Beowulf</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_Beowulf" title="List of translations of Beowulf">List of translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_A_New_Verse_Translation" title="Beowulf: A New Verse Translation">Beowulf: A New Verse Translation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_A_Translation_and_Commentary" title="Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary">Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics"><i>Beowulf</i>: The Monsters and the Critics</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf and the Critics">Beowulf and the Critics</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Beowulf" title="On Translating Beowulf">On Translating <i>Beowulf</i></a><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sellic_Spell" title="Sellic Spell">Sellic Spell</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Hengest" title="Finn and Hengest">Finn and Hengest</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nora_K._Chadwick" title="Nora K. Chadwick">Nora K. Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Michael D. C. Drout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Fulk" title="Robert D. Fulk">Robert D. Fulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kiernan_(scholar)" title="Kevin Kiernan (scholar)">Kevin Kiernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Neidorf" title="Leonard Neidorf">Leonard Neidorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Niles_(scholar)" title="John Niles (scholar)">John D. Niles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Russom" title="Geoffrey Russom">Geoffrey Russom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adaptations_of_Beowulf" title="List of adaptations of Beowulf">Adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Finnsburg" title="Battle of Finnsburg">Battle of Finnsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth"><i>Beowulf</i> and Middle-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heorot" title="Heorot">Heorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrunting" title="Hrunting">Hrunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A6gling" title="Nægling">Nægling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowell_Codex" title="Nowell Codex">Nowell Codex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Inklings47" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inklings" title="Template:Inklings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Inklings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Inklings (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inklings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inklings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Inklings47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inklings" title="Inklings">The Inklings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Barfield" title="Owen Barfield">Owen Barfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_A._W._Bennett" title="Jack A. W. Bennett">Jack A. W. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_David_Cecil" title="Lord David Cecil">Lord David Cecil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Coghill" title="Nevill Coghill">Nevill Coghill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Dyson" title="Hugo Dyson">Hugo Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fox_(poet)" title="Adam Fox (poet)">Adam Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Havard" title="Robert Havard">Robert Havard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Lewis" title="Warren Lewis">Warren Lewis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams_(British_writer)" title="Charles Williams (British writer)">Charles Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Dundas-Grant" title="James Dundas-Grant">James Dundas-Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancelyn_Green" title="Roger Lancelyn Green">Roger Lancelyn Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Hardie" title="Colin Hardie">Colin Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gervase_Mathew" title="Gervase Mathew">Gervase Mathew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._McCallum" title="R. B. McCallum">R. B. McCallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtenay_Edward_Stevens" title="Courtenay Edward Stevens">Courtenay Edward Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wain" title="John Wain">John Wain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leslie_Wrenn" title="Charles Leslie Wrenn">Charles Leslie Wrenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Eagle_and_Child" title="The Eagle and Child">The Eagle and Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_%26_Flag,_Oxford" title="Lamb & Flag, Oxford">Lamb & Flag, Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_E._Wade_Center" title="Marion E. Wade Center">Marion E. Wade Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tolkien_family18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tolkien" title="Template:Tolkien"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tolkien" title="Template talk:Tolkien"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tolkien" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tolkien"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tolkien_family18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_family" title="Tolkien family">Tolkien family</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Tolkien" title="Edith Tolkien">Edith Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tolkien_(priest)" title="John Tolkien (priest)">John Francis Reuel Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Suffield_Tolkien" title="Mabel Suffield Tolkien">Mabel Suffield Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Reuel_Tolkien" title="Priscilla Reuel Tolkien">Priscilla Reuel Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Tolkien" title="Simon Tolkien">Simon Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Tolkien" title="Tim Tolkien">Tim Tolkien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_associated_with_Tolkien_tourism282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tolkien_tourism" title="Template:Tolkien tourism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tolkien_tourism" title="Template talk:Tolkien tourism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tolkien_tourism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tolkien tourism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_associated_with_Tolkien_tourism282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places associated with <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_tourism" title="Tolkien tourism">Tolkien tourism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film locations<br />(New Zealand)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waikato</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbiton_Movie_Set" title="Hobbiton Movie Set">Hobbiton Movie Set</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ngauruhoe" title="Mount Ngauruhoe">Mount Ngauruhoe</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mordor#Mount_Doom" title="Mordor">Mount Doom</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manawatū-Whanganui</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangawhero_River" title="Mangawhero River">Mangawhero River</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gondor#Ithilien" title="Gondor">Ithilien</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ruapehu" title="Mount Ruapehu">Mount Ruapehu</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Gates of Mordor</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangipo_Desert" title="Rangipo Desert">Rangipo Desert</a> <ul><li><i>Gates of Mordor</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangit%C4%ABkei_River" title="Rangitīkei River">Rangitīkei River</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth#Rhovanion" title="Geography of Middle-earth">River Anduin</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongariro_National_Park" title="Tongariro National Park">Tongariro National Park</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gondor#Emyn_Muil" title="Gondor">Emyn Muil</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whakapapa_skifield" title="Whakapapa skifield">Whakapapa skifield</a> <ul><li><i>Mordor</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wellington</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitoke_Regional_Park" title="Kaitoke Regional Park">Kaitoke Regional Park</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a> and the Fords of Isen</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Victoria_(Wellington_hill)" title="Mount Victoria (Wellington hill)">Mount Victoria</a> <ul><li><i>Escaping the Shire and <a href="/wiki/Gondor#Fictional_geography" title="Gondor">Dunharrow</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%ABtangirua_Pinnacles" title="Pūtangirua Pinnacles">Pūtangirua Pinnacles</a> <ul><li><i>Dimholt Road</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81_Workshop" title="Wētā Workshop">Wētā Workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nelson</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mount Olympus, <a href="/wiki/Kahurangi_National_Park" title="Kahurangi National Park">Kahurangi National Park</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Outcrop south of Rivendell</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kaka_Hill" title="Tākaka Hill">Tākaka Hill</a> <ul><li><i>Chetwood</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tasman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Owen_(New_Zealand)" title="Mount Owen (New Zealand)">Mount Owen</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moria,_Middle-earth#Geography" title="Moria, Middle-earth">Dimrill Dale</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mount Sunday, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Potts" title="Mount Potts">Mount Potts station</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth#Capital" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Edoras</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twizel" title="Twizel">Twizel</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields" title="Battle of the Pelennor Fields">Pelennor Fields</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Otago</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dart_River_/_Te_Awa_Whakatipu" title="Dart River / Te Awa Whakatipu">Dart River / Te Awa Whakatipu</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gondor#Emyn_Muil" title="Gondor">Amon Hen</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawarau_Gorge_Suspension_Bridge" title="Kawarau Gorge Suspension Bridge">Kawarau Gorge Suspension Bridge</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gondor#Emyn_Muil" title="Gondor">The Argonath</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Aspiring_National_Park" title="Mount Aspiring National Park">Mount Aspiring National Park</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skippers_Canyon" title="Skippers Canyon">Skippers Canyon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rivendell#Geography" title="Rivendell">Ford of Bruinen</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remarkables" title="The Remarkables">The Remarkables</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth#Misty_Mountains" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Misty Mountains</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Twelve Mile Delta, <a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand" title="Queenstown, New Zealand">Queenstown</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gondor#Ithilien" title="Gondor">Ithilien camp</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mount Gunn, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Glacier" title="Franz Josef Glacier">Franz Josef Glacier</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gondor#Fictional_geography" title="Gondor">Ered Nimrais</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_Mire" title="Kepler Mire">Kepler Mire</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mordor#Overview" title="Mordor">Dead Marshes</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavora_Lakes" title="Mavora Lakes">Mavora Lakes</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Nen Hithoel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treebeard" title="Treebeard">Fangorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien#Geography" title="Lothlórien">Silverlode River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth#Rhovanion" title="Geography of Middle-earth">River Anduin</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snowdon_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snowdon Forest (page does not exist)">Snowdon Forest</a> <ul><li><i>Fangorn</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiau_River_(Southland)" title="Waiau River (Southland)">Waiau River</a> <ul><li><i>River Anduin</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations<br />associated<br />with Tolkien</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Eagle_and_Child" title="The Eagle and Child">The Eagle and Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford" title="Pembroke College, Oxford">Pembroke College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northmoor_Road" title="Northmoor Road">Northmoor Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolvercote_Cemetery" title="Wolvercote Cemetery">Wolvercote Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birmingham</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Oratory" title="Birmingham Oratory">Birmingham Oratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarehole_Mill" title="Sarehole Mill">Sarehole Mill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worcestershire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malvern_Hills" title="Malvern Hills">Malvern Hills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Switzerland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jenins" title="Jenins">Jenins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauterbrunnen" title="Lauterbrunnen">Lauterbrunnen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Tolkien Societies</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q892#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4674" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q892#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4674" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q892#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121441970">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95218067">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/30031/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmXDbyPTT8CxrVjdg384q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118623222">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79005673">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11926763j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11926763j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00458883">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tolkien, J. 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