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Parentheses or round brackets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parentheses_or_round_brackets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Parentheses or round brackets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Parentheses_or_round_brackets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uses_of_(_)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_(_)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Uses of ( ) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_(_)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enumerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enumerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Enumerations </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 Taxonomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7 Chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Square_brackets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Square_brackets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Square brackets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Square_brackets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Square brackets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Square_brackets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uses_of_[_]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_[_]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Uses of [ ] </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_[_]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proofreading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proofreading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Proofreading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proofreading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Square_brackets_in_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Square_brackets_in_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Square brackets in mathematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Square_brackets_in_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Square_brackets_in_programming_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Square_brackets_in_programming_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.5 Square brackets in programming languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Square_brackets_in_programming_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_brackets_⟦_⟧" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_brackets_⟦_⟧"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Double brackets ⟦ ⟧ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_brackets_⟦_⟧-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lenticular_brackets【】" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lenticular_brackets【】"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Lenticular brackets【】 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lenticular_brackets【】-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floor_⌊_⌋_and_ceiling_⌈_⌉_corner_brackets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floor_⌊_⌋_and_ceiling_⌈_⌉_corner_brackets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Floor ⌊ ⌋ and ceiling ⌈ ⌉ corner brackets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floor_⌊_⌋_and_ceiling_⌈_⌉_corner_brackets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quine_corners_⌜⌝_and_half_brackets_⸤_⸥_or_⸢_⸣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quine_corners_⌜⌝_and_half_brackets_⸤_⸥_or_⸢_⸣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Quine corners ⌜⌝ and half brackets ⸤ ⸥ or ⸢ ⸣ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quine_corners_⌜⌝_and_half_brackets_⸤_⸥_or_⸢_⸣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brackets_with_quills_⁅_⁆" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brackets_with_quills_⁅_⁆"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Brackets with quills ⁅ ⁆ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brackets_with_quills_⁅_⁆-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curly_brackets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curly_brackets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Curly brackets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Curly_brackets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Curly brackets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Curly_brackets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uses_of_{_}" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_{_}"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Uses of { } </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_{_}-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curly_brackets_in_programming_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curly_brackets_in_programming_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Curly brackets in programming languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curly_brackets_in_programming_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curly_brackets_in_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curly_brackets_in_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Curly brackets in mathematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curly_brackets_in_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angle_brackets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angle_brackets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Angle brackets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Angle_brackets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Angle brackets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Angle_brackets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Shape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_of_⟨_⟩" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_⟨_⟩"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Uses of ⟨ ⟩ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_⟨_⟩-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Angle_brackets_in_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angle_brackets_in_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Angle brackets in mathematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angle_brackets_in_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physics_and_mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physics_and_mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Physics and mechanics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physics_and_mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angle_brackets_in_programming_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angle_brackets_in_programming_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Angle brackets in programming languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angle_brackets_in_programming_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Unicode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bracket</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakies" title="Hakies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hakies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%B1_(%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85)" title="علامات الحصر (ترقيم) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علامات الحصر (ترقيم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6t%C9%99riz%C9%99" title="Mötərizə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mötərizə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goe%CC%8Dh-b%C3%A2i-ti%C3%A1m" title="Goe̍h-bâi-tiám – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goe̍h-bâi-tiám" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D0%B9%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Йәйәләр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәйәләр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Дужкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дужкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Дужкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дужкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Скоба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скоба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klammer_(Zeichen)" title="Klammer (Zeichen) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Klammer (Zeichen)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хăлăпка – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хăлăпка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1vorky" title="Závorky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Závorky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parentes" title="Parentes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Parentes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klammer_(Zeichen)" title="Klammer (Zeichen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klammer (Zeichen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampo_(interpunkcio)" title="Krampo (interpunkcio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krampo (interpunkcio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86)" title="قلاب (نشان‌گذاری متن) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلاب (نشان‌گذاری متن)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heakje" title="Heakje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Heakje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A9nteses" title="Parénteses – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parénteses" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B8" title="કૌંસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કૌંસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Хавсыр – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Хавсыр" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%84%ED%98%B8" title="괄호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="괄호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AE%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Փակագծեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փակագծեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95" title="कोष्ठक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोष्ठक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagrade" title="Zagrade – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zagrade" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampono" title="Krampono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Krampono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanda_kurung" title="Tanda kurung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanda kurung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parentesi" title="Parentesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parentesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סוגריים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוגריים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ფრჩხილები (პუნქტუაცია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრჩხილები (პუნქტუაცია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Жақша – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жақша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabano" title="Mabano – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mabano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthesis" title="Parenthesis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Parenthesis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iekavas" title="Iekavas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iekavas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamer" title="Klamer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Klamer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skliausteliai" title="Skliausteliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skliausteliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1r%C3%B3jel" title="Zárójel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zárójel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Заграда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Заграда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon-teny_mahitsy" title="Fonon-teny mahitsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fonon-teny mahitsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82)" title="വലയം (ചിഹ്നനം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വലയം (ചിഹ്നനം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakje" title="Haakje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Haakje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="कोष्ठक चिह्न – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोष्ठक चिह्न" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%AC%E5%BC%A7" title="括弧 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="括弧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parentes" title="Parentes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Parentes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parentes" title="Parentes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Parentes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qavs" title="Qavs – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qavs" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A0" title="ਕੋਸ਼ਠ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਸ਼ਠ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawias" title="Nawias – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nawias" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%AAntese_reto" title="Parêntese reto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parêntese reto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parantez%C4%83" title="Paranteză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paranteză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Скобки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скобки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="قوسین – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="قوسین" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kllapa" title="Kllapa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kllapa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bracket" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڏنگيون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڏنگيون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1tvorka_(interpunk%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_znamienko)" title="Zátvorka (interpunkčné znamienko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zátvorka (interpunkčné znamienko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklepaj" title="Oklepaj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oklepaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagrade" title="Zagrade – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zagrade" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagrade" title="Zagrade – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zagrade" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulkeet" title="Sulkeet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sulkeet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parentes" title="Parentes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parentes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaklong" title="Panaklong – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panaklong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D3%99%D1%8F%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Җәяләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җәяләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="นขลิขิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นขลิขิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Қавсайн – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қавсайн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parantez" title="Parantez – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parantez" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Дужки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дужки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="قوسین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قوسین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A5u_ngo%E1%BA%B7c" title="Dấu ngoặc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dấu ngoặc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85tchete_(tipografeye)" title="Åtchete (tipografeye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Åtchete (tipografeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hil-ot" title="Hil-ot – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hil-ot" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%AC%E5%8F%B7" title="括号 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="括号" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%AC%E5%BC%A7" title="括弧 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="括弧" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%AC%E5%8F%B7" title="括号 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="括号" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q174565#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bracket" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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mark</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the family of punctuation marks. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bracket_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bracket (disambiguation)">Bracket (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bracket" title="Special:EditPage/Bracket">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bracket%22">"Bracket"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bracket%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bracket%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bracket%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bracket%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bracket%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (March 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Brackets</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#ebebeb;padding:0 0 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;"> <table align="center" style="display:table;padding:0;background:transparent;width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 300%; text-align: center; line-height: 0.01; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;"> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">( ) </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em ;min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">[ ] </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">{ } </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">⟨ ⟩ </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;">Brackets (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">BE</a>) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>or parentheses (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">AE</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">or round brackets (BE)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406-1">[1]</a> </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;">Square brackets (BE) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">or brackets (AE)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406-1">[1]</a> </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;">Braces (BE&AE) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">or curly brackets (BE)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406-1">[1]</a> </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;">Angle brackets (BE&AE)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406-1">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">or chevrons <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table></div></th></tr></tbody></table> A bracket is either of two tall fore- or back-facing <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> marks commonly used to isolate a segment of text or data from its surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2005-3">[3]</a> They come in four main pairs of shapes, as given in the box to the right, which also gives their names, that vary between <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406-1">[1]</a> "Brackets", without further qualification, are in British English the (...) marks and in American English the [...] marks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2005-3">[3]</a> Other minor bracket shapes exist, such as (for example) slash or diagonal brackets used by linguists to enclose <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2007101-4">[4]</a> Brackets are typically deployed in symmetric pairs, and an individual bracket may be identified as a 'left' or 'right' bracket or, alternatively, an "opening bracket" or "closing bracket",<a href="#cite_note-unicode-9-5">[5]</a> respectively, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Writing_system#Directionality" title="Writing system">directionality</a> of the context. In casual writing and in technical fields such as computing or linguistic analysis of <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, brackets <a href="/wiki/Nesting_(computing)" title="Nesting (computing)">nest</a>, with segments of bracketed material containing embedded within them other further bracketed sub-segments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2005-3">[3]</a> The number of opening brackets matches the number of closing brackets in such cases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2005-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols#Brackets" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">Various forms of brackets are used in mathematics</a>, with specific mathematical meanings, often for denoting specific <a href="/wiki/Function_(mathematics)" title="Function (mathematics)">mathematical functions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subformula" class="mw-redirect" title="Subformula">subformulas</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Angle brackets or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chevron" class="extiw" title="wikt:chevron">chevrons</a> ⟨ ⟩ were the earliest type of bracket to appear in <a href="/wiki/Written_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Written English">written English</a>. <a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Erasmus</a> coined the term lunula to refer to the round brackets or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parenthesis" class="extiw" title="wikt:parenthesis">parentheses</a> ( ) recalling the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent moon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: luna).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Most typewriters only had the left and right parentheses. Square brackets appeared with some teleprinters. Braces (curly brackets) first became part of a character set with the 8-bit code of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_7030_Stretch" title="IBM 7030 Stretch">IBM 7030 Stretch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 1961, <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> contained parentheses, square, and curly brackets, and also less-than and greater-than signs that could be used as angle brackets. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typography">Typography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Typography">edit</a>]</div> In English, <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographers</a> mostly prefer not to set brackets in <a href="/wiki/Italics" class="mw-redirect" title="Italics">italics</a>, even when the enclosed text is italic.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> However, in other languages like <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, if brackets enclose text in italics, they are usually also set in italics.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parentheses_or_round_brackets">Parentheses or round brackets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Parentheses or round brackets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Parenthesis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Parenthesis (disambiguation)">Parenthesis (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paren_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Paren (disambiguation)">Paren (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parens_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Parens (disambiguation)">Parens (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/(_)_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="( ) (disambiguation)">( ) (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint selfref">For <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">technical reasons</a>, ":)" redirects here. For the keyboard symbols, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_emoticons" title="List of emoticons">List of emoticons</a>. For the generic smiling face, see <a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Parenthesis</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#ebebeb;padding:0 0 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;"> <table align="center" style="display:table;padding:0;background:transparent;width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 300%; text-align: center; line-height: 0.01; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;"> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">( ) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>parentheses (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">AE</a>)</li><li>brackets (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">BE</a>)</li><li>round brackets (BE)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div> </th></tr></tbody></table></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">In Unicode</th></tr><tr class="bulletlist" style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align:left;"> <dl><dt>General purpose (half-width):<a href="#cite_note-Basic_Latin-10">[10]</a></dt> <dd> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+0028 ( LEFT PARENTHESIS (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&lpar;)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0029 ) RIGHT PARENTHESIS (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&rpar;)</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>General purpose (full-width East Asian):<a href="#cite_note-Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms-11">[11]</a></dt> <dd> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF08 （ FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF09 ） FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> (Quranic quotations)<a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Arabic_Presentation_Forms-12">[12]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FD3E ﴾ ORNATE LEFT PARENTHESIS </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FD3F ﴿ ORNATE RIGHT PARENTHESIS </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Mediaeval_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediaeval studies">Mediaeval studies</a><a href="#cite_note-General_Punctuation-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Supplemental_Punctuation-14">[14]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E28 ⸨ LEFT DOUBLE PARENTHESIS </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E29 ⸩ RIGHT DOUBLE PARENTHESIS </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Technical<a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Technical-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Superscripts_and_Subscripts-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols-A-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols-B-18">[18]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+207D ⁽ SUPERSCRIPT LEFT PARENTHESIS </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+207E ⁾ SUPERSCRIPT RIGHT PARENTHESIS </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+208D ₍ SUBSCRIPT LEFT PARENTHESIS </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+208E ₎ SUBSCRIPT RIGHT PARENTHESIS </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+239B ⎛ LEFT PARENTHESIS UPPER HOOK </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+239C ⎜ LEFT PARENTHESIS EXTENSION </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+239D ⎝ LEFT PARENTHESIS LOWER HOOK </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+239E ⎞ RIGHT PARENTHESIS UPPER HOOK </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+239F ⎟ RIGHT PARENTHESIS EXTENSION </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23A0 ⎠ RIGHT PARENTHESIS LOWER HOOK </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23DC ⏜ TOP PARENTHESIS (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&OverParenthesis;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23DD ⏝ BOTTOM PARENTHESIS (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&UnderParenthesis;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+27EE ⟮ MATHEMATICAL LEFT FLATTENED PARENTHESIS </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+27EF ⟯ MATHEMATICAL RIGHT FLATTENED PARENTHESIS </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2983 ⦃ LEFT WHITE CURLY BRACKET </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2984 ⦄ RIGHT WHITE CURLY BRACKET </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2985 ⦅ LEFT WHITE PARENTHESIS (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&lopar;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2986 ⦆ RIGHT WHITE PARENTHESIS (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&ropar;) </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Phonetic punctuation<a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Phonetic_Punctuation-19">[19]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E59 ⹙ TOP HALF LEFT PARENTHESIS </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E5A ⹚ TOP HALF RIGHT PARENTHESIS </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E5B ⹛ BOTTOM HALF LEFT PARENTHESIS </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E5C ⹜ BOTTOM HALF RIGHT PARENTHESIS </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Dingbats</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Dingbats-20">[20]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2768 ❨ MEDIUM LEFT PARENTHESIS ORNAMENT </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2769 ❩ MEDIUM RIGHT PARENTHESIS ORNAMENT </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+276A ❪ MEDIUM FLATTENED LEFT PARENTHESIS ORNAMENT </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+276B ❫ MEDIUM FLATTENED RIGHT PARENTHESIS ORNAMENT </li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parenthesis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:parenthesis">parenthesis</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/round_bracket" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:round bracket">round bracket</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/(_)" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:( )">( )</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/(" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:(">(</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/)" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:)">)</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> ( and ) are parentheses <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pəˈrɛnθɪsiːz/</a> (singular parenthesis <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pəˈrɛnθɪsɪs/</a>) in American English, and either round brackets or simply brackets in British English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2007101-4">[4]</a> They are also known as "parens" <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pəˈrɛnz/</a>, "circle brackets", or "smooth brackets". In formal writing, "parentheses" is also used in British English.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses_of_(_)">Uses of ( )</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses of ( )">edit</a>]</div> Parentheses contain <a href="/wiki/Adjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjunctive">adjunctive</a> material that serves to clarify (in the manner of a <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a>) or is aside from the main point.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> A comma before or after the material can also be used, though if the sentence contains commas for other purposes, visual confusion may result. A <a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a> before and after the material is also sometimes used. Parentheses may be used in formal writing to add supplementary information, such as "Senator John McCain (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a> - Arizona) spoke at length". They can also indicate shorthand for "<a href="/wiki/Uncertain_plural" title="Uncertain plural">either singular or plural</a>" for nouns, e.g. "the claim(s)". It can also be used for <a href="/wiki/Gender-neutral_language" title="Gender-neutral language">gender-neutral language</a>, especially in languages with <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, e.g. "(s)he agreed with his/her physician" (the slash in the second instance, as one alternative is replacing the other, not adding to it). Parenthetical phrases have been used extensively in informal writing and stream of consciousness literature. Examples include the southern American author <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Absalom,_Absalom!" title="Absalom, Absalom!">Absalom, Absalom!</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury#Part_2:_June_2,_1910" title="The Sound and the Fury">the Quentin section of The Sound and the Fury</a>) as well as poet <a href="/wiki/E._E._Cummings" title="E. E. Cummings">E. E. Cummings</a>. Parentheses have historically been used where the <a href="/wiki/Em_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="Em dash">em dash</a> is currently used in alternatives, such as "parenthesis)(parentheses". Examples of this usage can be seen in editions of <a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage">Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage</a>. Parentheses may be nested (generally with one set (such as this) inside another set). This is not commonly used in formal writing (though sometimes other brackets [especially square brackets] will be used for one or more inner set of parentheses [in other words, secondary {or even tertiary} phrases can be found within the main parenthetical sentence]). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Language">Language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Parenthesis_(rhetoric)" title="Parenthesis (rhetoric)">parenthesis in rhetoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> refers to the entire bracketed text, not just to the enclosing marks used (so all the text in this set of round brackets may be described as "a parenthesis").<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Taking as an example the sentence "Mrs. Pennyfarthing (What? Yes, that was her name!) was my landlady.", the explanatory phrase between the parentheses is itself called a parenthesis. Again, the parenthesis implies that the meaning and flow of the bracketed phrase is supplemental to the rest of the text and the whole would be unchanged were the parenthesized sentences removed. The term refers to the syntax rather than the enclosure method: the same clause in the form "Mrs. Pennyfarthing – What? Yes, that was her name! – was my landlady" is also a parenthesis.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> (In non-specialist usage, the term "parenthetical phrase" is more widely understood.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>) In <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a>, parentheses are used for indistinguishable<a href="#cite_note-IPA175-25">[25]</a> or unidentified utterances. They are also seen for silent articulation (mouthing),<a href="#cite_note-IPA191-26">[26]</a> where the expected phonetic transcription is derived from lip-reading, and with periods to indicate silent pauses, for example (...) or (2 sec). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enumerations">Enumerations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Enumerations">edit</a>]</div> An unpaired right parenthesis is often used as part of a label in an ordered list, such as this one: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> a) <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">educational</a> testing, b) technical writing and diagrams, c) <a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">market research</a>, and d) <a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">elections</a>. </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accounting">Accounting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Accounting">edit</a>]</div> Traditionally in <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a>, contra amounts are placed in parentheses. A debit balance account in a series of credit balances will have parenthesis and vice versa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parentheses_in_mathematics">Parentheses in mathematics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parentheses in mathematics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols#Parentheses" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">Glossary of mathematical symbols § Parentheses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bracket_(mathematics)" title="Bracket (mathematics)">Bracket (mathematics)</a></div> Parentheses are used in <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_notation" title="Mathematical notation">mathematical notation</a> to indicate grouping, often inducing a different <a href="/wiki/Order_of_operations" title="Order of operations">order of operations</a>. For example: in the usual order of algebraic operations, 4 × 3 + 2 equals 14, since the <a href="/wiki/Multiplication" title="Multiplication">multiplication</a> is done before the <a href="/wiki/Addition" title="Addition">addition</a>. However, 4 × (3 + 2) equals 20, because the parentheses override normal precedence, causing the addition to be done first. Some authors follow the convention in mathematical equations that, when parentheses have one level of nesting, the inner pair are parentheses and the outer pair are square brackets. Example: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [4\times (3+2)]^{2}=400.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>400.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [4\times (3+2)]^{2}=400.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/741361d84161ff52db06b8d548c55162f3b4ff1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.558ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [4\times (3+2)]^{2}=400.}"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parentheses_in_programming_languages">Parentheses in programming languages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parentheses in programming languages">edit</a>]</div> Parentheses are included in the syntaxes of many <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>. Typically needed to denote an argument; to tell the compiler what data type the Method/Function needs to look for first in order to initialise. In some cases, such as in <a href="/wiki/LISP" class="mw-redirect" title="LISP">LISP</a>, parentheses are a fundamental construct of the language. They are also often used for scoping functions and operators and for arrays. In <a href="/wiki/Syntax_diagram" title="Syntax diagram">syntax diagrams</a> they are used for grouping, such as in <a href="/wiki/Extended_Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form" title="Extended Backus–Naur form">extended Backus–Naur form</a>. In Mathematica and the Wolfram language, parentheses are used to indicate grouping – for example, with pure anonymous functions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> If it is desired to include the <a href="/wiki/Subgenus" title="Subgenus">subgenus</a> when giving the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a> of an animal species or <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, the subgenus's name is provided in parentheses between the <a href="/wiki/Generic_epithet" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic epithet">genus name</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Specific_epithet" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific epithet">specific epithet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> For instance, Polyphylla (Xerasiobia) alba is a way to cite the species Polyphylla alba while also mentioning that it is in the subgenus Xerasiobia.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> There is also a convention of citing a subgenus by enclosing it in parentheses after its genus, e.g., Polyphylla (Xerasiobia) is a way to refer to the subgenus Xerasiobia within the genus Polyphylla.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Parentheses are similarly used to cite a subgenus with the name of a <a href="/wiki/Prokaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotic">prokaryotic</a> species, although the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_of_Prokaryotes" title="International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes">International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes</a> (ICNP) requires the use of the abbreviation "subgen". as well, e.g., Acetobacter (subgen. Gluconoacetobacter) liquefaciens.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> Parentheses are used in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> to denote a repeated substructure within a molecule, e.g. HC(CH3)3 (<a href="/wiki/Isobutane" title="Isobutane">isobutane</a>) or, similarly, to indicate the stoichiometry of ionic compounds with such substructures: e.g. Ca(NO3)2 (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_nitrate" title="Calcium nitrate">calcium nitrate</a>). This is a notation that was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Berzelius">Berzelius</a>, who wanted chemical formulae to more resemble algebraic notation, with brackets enclosing groups that could be multiplied (e.g. in 3(AlO2 + 2SO3) the 3 multiplies everything within the parentheses).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts1877140–141-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhde1984115-32">[32]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">chemical nomenclature</a>, parentheses are used to distinguish structural features and multipliers for clarity, for example in the polymer <a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">poly(methyl methacrylate)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Square_brackets">Square brackets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Square brackets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Square brackets</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#ebebeb;padding:0 0 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;"> <table align="center" style="display:table;padding:0;background:transparent;width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 300%; text-align: center; line-height: 0.01; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;"> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">[ ] </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">In Unicode</th></tr><tr class="bulletlist" style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align:left;"> <dl><dt>General purpose (half-width)<a href="#cite_note-Basic_Latin-10">[10]</a></dt> <dd> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+005B [ LEFT SQUARE BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&lbrack;, &lsqb;)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+005D ] RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&rbrack;, &rsqb;)</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>General purpose (full-width East Asian)<a href="#cite_note-Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms-11">[11]</a></dt> <dd> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF3B ［ FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF3D ］ FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Mediaeval_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediaeval studies">Mediaeval studies</a><a href="#cite_note-General_Punctuation-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Supplemental_Punctuation-14">[14]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2045 ⁅ LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH QUILL </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2046 ⁆ RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH QUILL </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Technical/Mathematical<a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Technical-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Superscripts_and_Subscripts-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols-A-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols-B-18">[18]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23A1 ⎡ LEFT SQUARE BRACKET UPPER CORNER </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23A2 ⎢ LEFT SQUARE BRACKET EXTENSION </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23A3 ⎣ LEFT SQUARE BRACKET LOWER CORNER </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23A4 ⎤ RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET UPPER CORNER </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23A5 ⎥ RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET EXTENSION </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23A6 ⎦ RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET LOWER CORNER </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23B4 ⎴ TOP SQUARE BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&OverBracket;, &tbrk;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23B5 ⎵ BOTTOM SQUARE BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&bbrk;, &UnderBracket;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23B6 ⎶ BOTTOM SQUARE BRACKET OVER TOP SQUARE BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&bbrktbrk;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+27E6 ⟦ MATHEMATICAL LEFT WHITE SQUARE BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&LeftDoubleBracket;, &lobrk;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+27E7 ⟧ MATHEMATICAL RIGHT WHITE SQUARE BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&RightDoubleBracket;, &robrk;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+298B ⦋ LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH UNDERBAR (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&lbrke;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+298C ⦌ RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH UNDERBAR (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&rbrke;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+298D ⦍ LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH TICK IN TOP CORNER (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&lbrkslu;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2990 ⦐ RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH TICK IN TOP CORNER (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&rbrkslu;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+298E ⦎ RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH TICK IN BOTTOM CORNER (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&rbrksld;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+298F ⦏ LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH TICK IN BOTTOM CORNER (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&lbrksld;) </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Phonetic punctuation<a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Phonetic_Punctuation-19">[19]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E55 ⹕ LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH STROKE </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E56 ⹖ RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH STROKE </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E57 ⹗ LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH DOUBLE STROKE </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E58 ⹘ RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH DOUBLE STROKE </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Quotation (East-Asian texts)<a href="#cite_note-CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation-34">[34]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+301A 〚 LEFT WHITE SQUARE BRACKET </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+301B 〛 RIGHT WHITE SQUARE BRACKET </li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/square_bracket" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:square bracket">square bracket</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Unsupported_titles/Square_brackets" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Unsupported titles/Square brackets">[ ]</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Unsupported_titles/Right_square_bracket" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Unsupported titles/Right square bracket">[</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Unsupported_titles/Left_square_bracket" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Unsupported titles/Left square bracket">]</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crotchet" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:crotchet">crotchet</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> [ and ] are square brackets in both British and American English, but are also more simply brackets in the latter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2005-3">[3]</a> An older name for these brackets is "crotchets".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses_of_[_]">Uses of [ ]</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Uses of [ ]">edit</a>]</div> Square brackets are often used to insert explanatory material or to mark where a [word or] passage was omitted from an original material by someone other than the original author, or to mark modifications in quotations.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In transcribed interviews, sounds, responses and reactions that are not words but that can be described are set off in square brackets — "... [laughs] ...". When quoted material is in any way altered, the alterations are enclosed in square brackets within the quotation to show that the quotation is not exactly as given, or to add an <a href="/wiki/Annotation" title="Annotation">annotation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> For example: The Plaintiff asserted his cause is just, stating, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[m]y causes is <a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">[sic]</a> just.</blockquote> In the original quoted sentence, the word "my" was capitalized: it has been modified in the quotation given and the change signalled with brackets. Similarly, where the quotation contained a grammatical error (is/are), the quoting author signalled that the error was in the original with "[sic]" (Latin for 'thus'). A bracketed <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a>, [...], is often used to indicate omitted material: "I'd like to thank [several unimportant people] for their tolerance [...]"<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Bracketed comments inserted into a quote indicate where the original has been modified for clarity: "I appreciate it [the honor], but I must refuse", and "the future of psionics [see definition] is in doubt". Or one can quote the original statement "I hate to do laundry" with a (sometimes grammatical) modification inserted: He "hate[s] to do laundry". Additionally, a small letter can be replaced by a capital one, when the beginning of the original printed text is being quoted in another piece of text or when the original text has been omitted for succinctness— for example, when referring to a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/verbose" class="extiw" title="wikt:verbose">verbose</a> original: "To the extent that policymakers and elite opinion in general have made use of economic analysis at all, they have, as the saying goes, done so the way a drunkard uses a lamppost: for support, not illumination", can be quoted succinctly as: "[P]olicymakers [...] have made use of economic analysis [...] the way a drunkard uses a lamppost: for support, not illumination." When nested parentheses are needed, brackets are sometimes used as a substitute for the inner pair of parentheses within the outer pair.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> When deeper levels of nesting are needed, convention is to alternate between parentheses and brackets at each level. Alternatively, empty square brackets can also indicate omitted material, usually single letter only. The original, "Reading is also a process and it also changes you." can be rewritten in a quote as: It has been suggested that reading can "also change[] you".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In translated works, brackets are used to signify the same word or phrase in the original language to avoid ambiguity.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> For example: He is trained in the way of the open hand [karate]. <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style and usage guides</a> originating in the <a href="/wiki/News_media#History" title="News media">news industry of the twentieth century</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a>, recommend against the use of square brackets because "They cannot be transmitted over <a href="/wiki/List_of_wire_services" title="List of wire services">news wires</a>."<a href="#cite_note-AP2014-42">[42]</a> However, this guidance has little relevance outside of the technological constraints of the industry and era. In linguistics, <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> are generally enclosed within square brackets,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> whereas <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> transcriptions typically use paired <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slashes</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> rules. Pipes (| |) are often used to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Morphophoneme" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphophoneme">morphophonemic</a> rather than phonemic representation. Other conventions are double slashes (⫽ ⫽), double pipes (‖ ‖) and curly brackets ({ }). In <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicography</a>, square brackets usually surround the section of a dictionary entry which contains the <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the word the entry defines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proofreading">Proofreading</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Proofreading">edit</a>]</div> Brackets (called move-left symbols or move right symbols) are added to the sides of text in <a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">proofreading</a> to indicate changes in indentation: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%; text-align:left;">Move left </th> <td style="width:85%; text-align:left;">[To Fate I sue, of other means bereft, the only refuge for the wretched left. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:15%; text-align:left;">Center </th> <td style="width:85%; text-align:left;">]Paradise Lost[ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:15%; text-align:left;">Move up </th> <td style="width:85%; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Quote_to_be_Moved_Up.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Quote_to_be_Moved_Up.svg/330px-Quote_to_be_Moved_Up.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Quote_to_be_Moved_Up.svg/495px-Quote_to_be_Moved_Up.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Quote_to_be_Moved_Up.svg/660px-Quote_to_be_Moved_Up.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="13" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Square brackets are used to denote parts of the text that need to be checked when preparing drafts prior to finalizing a document. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Law">Law</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Law">edit</a>]</div> Square brackets are used in some countries in the citation of <a href="/wiki/Law_report" title="Law report">law reports</a> to identify parallel citations to non-official reporters. For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Chronicle Pub. Co. v <a href="/wiki/Superior_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior Court">Superior Court</a> (1998) 54 Cal.2d 548, [7 Cal.Rptr. 109]</blockquote> In some other countries (such as <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>), square brackets are used to indicate that the year is part of the citation and parentheses are used to indicate the year the judgment was given. For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">National Coal Board v England [1954] AC 403</blockquote> This case is in the 1954 volume of the Appeal Cases reports, although the decision may have been given in 1953 or earlier. Compare with: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">(1954) 98 Sol Jo 176</blockquote> This citation reports a decision from 1954, in volume 98 of the <a href="/wiki/Solicitors_Journal" title="Solicitors Journal">Solicitors Journal</a> which may be published in 1955 or later. They often denote points that have not yet been agreed to in legal drafts and the year in which a report was made for certain <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> decisions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Square_brackets_in_mathematics">Square brackets in mathematics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Square brackets in mathematics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols#Square_brackets" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">Glossary of mathematical symbols § Square brackets</a></div> Brackets are used in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> in a variety of notations, including standard notations for <a href="/wiki/Commutator" title="Commutator">commutators</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions" title="Floor and ceiling functions">floor function</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lie_bracket_of_vector_fields" title="Lie bracket of vector fields">Lie bracket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equivalence_class#Notation_and_formal_definition" title="Equivalence class">equivalence classes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iverson_bracket" title="Iverson bracket">Iverson bracket</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)" title="Matrix (mathematics)">matrices</a>. Square brackets may be used exclusively or in combination with parentheses to represent <a href="/wiki/Interval_(mathematics)" title="Interval (mathematics)">intervals</a> as interval notation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAchatzAnderson2005165–166-44">[44]</a> For example, [0,5] represents the set of real numbers from 0 to 5 inclusive. Both parentheses and brackets are used to denote a half-open interval; [5, 12) would be the set of all real numbers between 5 and 12, including 5 but not 12. The numbers may come as close as they like to 12, including 11.999 and so forth, but 12.0 is not included. In some European countries, the notation [5, 12[ is also used.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The endpoint adjoining the square bracket is known as closed, whereas the endpoint adjoining the parenthesis is known as open.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAchatzAnderson2005165–166-44">[44]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Group_theory" title="Group theory">group theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ring_theory" title="Ring theory">ring theory</a>, brackets denote the <a href="/wiki/Commutator" title="Commutator">commutator</a>. In group theory, the commutator [g, h] is commonly defined as g −1 h −1 g h . In ring theory, the commutator [a, b] is defined as a b − b a . <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemistry_2">Chemistry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> Square brackets can also be used in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> to represent the <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical substance</a> in solution and to denote charge a Lewis structure of an ion (particularly distributed charge in a <a href="/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chemistry)">complex ion</a>), repeating chemical units (particularly in polymers) and transition state structures, among other uses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Square_brackets_in_programming_languages">Square brackets in programming languages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Square brackets in programming languages">edit</a>]</div> Brackets are used in many computer <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, primarily for <a href="/wiki/Array_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data structure">array</a> indexing. But they are also used to denote general tuples, sets and other structures, just as in mathematics. There may be several other uses as well, depending on the language at hand. In <a href="/wiki/Syntax_diagram" title="Syntax diagram">syntax diagrams</a> they are used for optional portions, such as in <a href="/wiki/Extended_Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form" title="Extended Backus–Naur form">extended Backus–Naur form</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_brackets_⟦_⟧">Double brackets ⟦ ⟧</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Double brackets ⟦ ⟧">edit</a>]</div> Double brackets (or white square brackets or <a href="/wiki/Dana_Scott" title="Dana Scott">Scott</a> brackets), ⟦ ⟧, are used to indicate the semantic evaluation function in <a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">formal semantics</a> for natural language and <a href="/wiki/Denotational_semantics" title="Denotational semantics">denotational semantics</a> for programming languages.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Language" title="Wolfram Language">Wolfram Language</a>, double brackets, either as iterated single brackets ([[) or ligatures (〚) are used for <a href="/wiki/Array_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Array index">list indexing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The brackets stand for a function that maps a linguistic expression to its "denotation" or semantic value. In mathematics, double brackets may also be used to denote <a href="/wiki/Interval_(mathematics)#Integer_intervals" title="Interval (mathematics)">intervals of integers</a> or, less often, the <a href="/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions" title="Floor and ceiling functions">floor function</a>. In papyrology, following the <a href="/wiki/Leiden_Conventions" title="Leiden Conventions">Leiden Conventions</a>, they are used to enclose text that has been deleted in antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lenticular_brackets【】">Lenticular brackets【】</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lenticular brackets【】">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%80%90_%E3%80%91" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:【】">【 】</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> Some <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> languages use lenticular brackets 【 】, a combination of square brackets and round brackets called <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E9%A0%AD%E6%8B%AC%E8%99%9F#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:方頭括號">方頭括號</a> (fāngtóu kuòhào) in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and 隅付き括弧 (sumitsuki kakko) in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>. They are used in titles and headings in both Chinese<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and Japanese. On the Internet, they are used to emphasize a text. In Japanese, they are most frequently seen in dictionaries for quoting Chinese characters and Sino-Japanese loanwords. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floor_⌊_⌋_and_ceiling_⌈_⌉_corner_brackets">Floor ⌊ ⌋ and ceiling ⌈ ⌉ corner brackets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Floor ⌊ ⌋ and ceiling ⌈ ⌉ corner brackets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Floor and ceiling</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#ebebeb;padding:0 0 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;"> <table align="center" style="display:table;padding:0;background:transparent;width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 300%; text-align: center; line-height: 0.01; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;"> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">⌈ceiling⌉ </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em ;min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">⌊floor⌋ </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">In Unicode</th></tr><tr class="bulletlist" style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align:left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions" title="Floor and ceiling functions">Floor and ceiling functions</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Technical-15">[15]</a></dt> <dd> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2308 ⌈ LEFT CEILING (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&lceil;, &LeftCeiling;)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2309 ⌉ RIGHT CEILING (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&rceil;, &RightCeiling;)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+230A ⌊ LEFT FLOOR (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&LeftFloor;, &lfloor;)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+230B ⌋ RIGHT FLOOR (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&rfloor;, &RightFloor;)</li></ul></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%8C%8A_%E2%8C%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:⌊ ⌋">⌊ ⌋</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%8C%88_%E2%8C%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:⌈ ⌉">⌈ ⌉</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> The floor corner brackets ⌊ and ⌋, the ceiling corner brackets ⌈ and ⌉ (U+2308, U+2309) are used to denote the integer <a href="/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions" title="Floor and ceiling functions">floor and ceiling functions</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quine_corners_⌜⌝_and_half_brackets_⸤_⸥_or_⸢_⸣">Quine corners ⌜⌝ and half brackets ⸤ ⸥ or ⸢ ⸣</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Quine corners ⌜⌝ and half brackets ⸤ ⸥ or ⸢ ⸣">edit</a>]</div> The Quine corners ⌜ and ⌝ have at least two uses in <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a>: either as <a href="/wiki/Quasi-quotation" title="Quasi-quotation">quasi-quotation</a>, a generalization of quotation marks, or to denote the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Gödel number">Gödel number</a> of the enclosed <a href="/wiki/Expression_(mathematics)" title="Expression (mathematics)">expression</a>. Half brackets are used in English to mark added text, such as in translations: "Bill saw ⸤her⸥". In editions of <a href="/wiki/Papyrology" title="Papyrology">papyrological</a> texts, half brackets, ⸤ and ⸥ or ⸢ and ⸣, enclose text which is lacking in the papyrus due to damage, but can be restored by virtue of another source, such as an ancient quotation of the text transmitted by the papyrus.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a> Iambus 1.2 reads: ἐκ τῶν ὅκου βοῦν κολλύ⸤βου π⸥ιπρήσκουσιν. A hole in the papyrus has obliterated βου π, but these letters are supplied by an ancient commentary on the poem. Second intermittent sources can be between ⸢ and ⸣. Quine corners are sometimes used instead of half brackets.<a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Technical-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brackets_with_quills_⁅_⁆">Brackets with quills ⁅ ⁆</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Brackets with quills ⁅ ⁆">edit</a>]</div> Known as "spike parentheses" (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: piggparenteser), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">⁅</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">⁆</code> are used in Swedish <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_dictionary" title="Bilingual dictionary">bilingual dictionaries</a> to enclose supplemental constructions.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Curly_brackets">Curly brackets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Curly brackets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Curly brackets</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#ebebeb;padding:0 0 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;"> <table align="center" style="display:table;padding:0;background:transparent;width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 300%; text-align: center; line-height: 0.01; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;"> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">{ } </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">In Unicode</th></tr><tr class="bulletlist" style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align:left;"> <dl><dt>General (half width)<a href="#cite_note-Basic_Latin-10">[10]</a></dt> <dd> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+007B { LEFT CURLY BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&lbrace;, &lcub;)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+007D } RIGHT CURLY BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&rbrace;, &rcub;)</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>General (full-width East Asian)<a href="#cite_note-Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms-11">[11]</a></dt> <dd> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF5B ｛ FULLWIDTH LEFT CURLY BRACKET</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF5D ｝ FULLWIDTH RIGHT CURLY BRACKET</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Technical/Mathematical (half-width)<a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Technical-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Superscripts_and_Subscripts-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols-A-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols-B-18">[18]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23A7 ⎧ LEFT CURLY BRACKET UPPER HOOK </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23A8 ⎨ LEFT CURLY BRACKET MIDDLE PIECE </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23A9 ⎩ LEFT CURLY BRACKET LOWER HOOK </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23AB ⎫ RIGHT CURLY BRACKET UPPER HOOK </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23AC ⎬ RIGHT CURLY BRACKET MIDDLE PIECE </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23AD ⎭ RIGHT CURLY BRACKET LOWER HOOK </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23AA ⎪ CURLY BRACKET EXTENSION </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23B0 ⎰ UPPER LEFT OR LOWER RIGHT CURLY BRACKET SECTION (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&lmoust;, &lmoustache;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23B1 ⎱ UPPER RIGHT OR LOWER LEFT CURLY BRACKET SECTION (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&rmoust;, &rmoustache;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23DE ⏞ TOP CURLY BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&OverBrace;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23DF ⏟ BOTTOM CURLY BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&UnderBrace;) </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Dingbats</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Dingbats-20">[20]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2774 ❴ MEDIUM LEFT CURLY BRACKET ORNAMENT </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2775 ❵ MEDIUM RIGHT CURLY BRACKET ORNAMENT </li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> { and } are curly brackets or braces in both American and British English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2005-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses_of_{_}">Uses of { }</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Uses of { }">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curly_Bracket_Notation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Curly_Bracket_Notation.png/110px-Curly_Bracket_Notation.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Curly_Bracket_Notation.png/165px-Curly_Bracket_Notation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Curly_Bracket_Notation.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>An example of curly brackets used to group sentences together</figcaption></figure> Curly brackets are used by text editors to mark editorial insertions<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> or interpolations.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Braces used to be used to connect multiple lines of poetry, such as triplets in a poem of rhyming <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplets</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> although this usage had gone out of fashion by the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1785143-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1850165-58">[58]</a> Another older use in prose was to eliminate duplication in lists and tables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1850165-58">[58]</a> Two examples here from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hutton" title="Charles Hutton">Charles Hutton</a>'s 19th century table table of weights and measures in his A Course of Mathematics: <blockquote style="border:1px solid; padding:0.5em;"> <table cellpadding="0;" cellspacing="0;"> <caption>In this kingdom<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton183618-59">[59]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="5">The standard of ...</td> <td>⎧</td> <td>Length is a Yard. </td></tr> <tr> <td>⎪</td> <td>Surface is a Square Yard, the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄4840 of an Acre. </td></tr> <tr> <td>⎨</td> <td>⎰ Solidity is a Cubic Yard. </td></tr> <tr> <td>⎪</td> <td>⎱ Capacity is a Gallon. </td></tr> <tr> <td>⎩</td> <td>Weight is a Pound. </td></tr></tbody></table> </blockquote> <blockquote style="border:1px solid; padding:0.5em;"> <table cellpadding="0;" cellspacing="0;"> <caption>Imperial measure of CAPACITY for coals, culm, lime, fish, potatoes, fruit,– and other goods commonly sold by heaped measure:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton183620-60">[60]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>2 Gallons</td> <td>= 1 Peck</td> <td>= 764</td> <td>⎱ </td> <td rowspan="2">Cubic Inches, nearly </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 Gallons</td> <td>= 1 Bushel</td> <td>= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2813+1⁄2</td> <td>⎰ </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Bushels</td> <td>= 1 Sack</td> <td>= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4+8⁄9</td> <td>⎱ </td> <td rowspan="2">Cubic Feet, nearly </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Sacks</td> <td>= 1 Chald.</td> <td>= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">58+2⁄3</td> <td>⎰ </td></tr></tbody></table> </blockquote> As an extension to the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA), <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">braces are used for prosodic notation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> In music, they are known as "<a href="/wiki/Accolade_(notation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accolade (notation)">accolades</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Brace_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brace (music)">braces</a>", and connect two or more lines (staves) of music that are played simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemistry_3">Chemistry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> The use of braces in chemistry is an old notation that has long since been superseded by subscripted numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts1877140–141-31">[31]</a> The chemical formula for water, H2O, was represented as <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.{{H} \atop {H}}\right\}O}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> <mi>O</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.{{H} \atop {H}}\right\}O}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/52f3a4aa7be00231e8e8deecdfa9f570d1936cca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:6.525ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.{{H} \atop {H}}\right\}O}">.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts1877140–141-31">[31]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curly_brackets_in_programming_languages">Curly brackets in programming languages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Curly brackets in programming languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bracing_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracing style">Bracing style</a></div> In many programming languages, curly brackets enclose groups of <a href="/wiki/Statement_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement (programming)">statements</a> and create a local <a href="/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">scope</a>. Such languages (<a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, C#, C++ and many others) are therefore called <a href="/wiki/Curly_bracket_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly bracket language">curly bracket languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> They are also used to define structures and <a href="/wiki/Enumerated_type" title="Enumerated type">enumerated type</a> in these languages. In various <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shells</a>, they enclose a group of strings that are used in a process known as brace expansion, where each successive string in the group is interpolated at that point in the command line to generate the command-line's final form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewhamRosenblatt199814-63">[63]</a> The mechanism originated in the <a href="/wiki/C_shell" title="C shell">C shell</a> and the string generation mechanism is a simple interpolation that can occur anywhere in a command line and takes no account of existing filenames.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobellSeebach2005323-64">[64]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Syntax_diagram" title="Syntax diagram">syntax diagrams</a> they are used for repetition, such as in <a href="/wiki/Extended_Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form" title="Extended Backus–Naur form">extended Backus–Naur form</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">Z</a> <a href="/wiki/Formal_specification" title="Formal specification">formal specification</a> language, braces define a set. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curly_brackets_in_mathematics">Curly brackets in mathematics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Curly brackets in mathematics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols#Braces" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">Glossary of mathematical symbols § Braces</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> they delimit <a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">sets</a>, in what is called set notation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiggs2002-65">[65]</a> Braces enclose either a literal list of set elements, or a rule that defines the set elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiggs2002-65">[65]</a> For example: <ul><li>S = {a, b} defines a set S containing a and b.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiggs2002-65">[65]</a></li> <li>S = {x | x > 0} defines a set S containing elements (implied to be numbers) x0, x1, and so on where every xn satisfies the rule that it is greater than zero.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiggs2002-65">[65]</a></li></ul> They are often also used to denote the <a href="/wiki/Poisson_bracket" title="Poisson bracket">Poisson bracket</a> between two quantities. In <a href="/wiki/Ring_theory" title="Ring theory">ring theory</a>, braces denote the <a href="/wiki/Anticommutator" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticommutator">anticommutator</a> where {a, b} is defined as a b + b a . <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/curly_bracket" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:curly bracket">curly bracket</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brace" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:brace">brace</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Unsupported_titles/Curly_brackets" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Unsupported titles/Curly brackets">{ }</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Unsupported_titles/Right_curly_bracket" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Unsupported titles/Right curly bracket">{</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Unsupported_titles/Left_curly_bracket" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Unsupported titles/Left curly bracket">}</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/squiggly" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:squiggly">squiggly</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accolade" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:accolade">accolade</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Angle_brackets">Angle brackets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Angle brackets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Angle bracket" redirects here. For a mechanical part used for joining, see <a href="/wiki/Angle_bracket_(fastener)" title="Angle bracket (fastener)">Angle bracket (fastener)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bracket" title="Special:EditPage/Bracket">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2012) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Angle brackets</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#ebebeb;padding:0 0 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;"> <table align="center" style="display:table;padding:0;background:transparent;width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 300%; text-align: center; line-height: 0.01; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;"> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">⟨ ⟩ </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em ;min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">⟪ ⟫ </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">< > </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;">Angle brackets (BE&AE)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406-1">[1]</a> </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;">Angle brackets (BE&AE)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406-1">[1]</a> </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;">less-than and greater-than </th></tr></tbody></table></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">In Unicode</th></tr><tr class="bulletlist" style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align:left;"> <dl><dt>Less/greater than (half width)<a href="#cite_note-Basic_Latin-10">[10]</a></dt> <dd> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+003C < LESS-THAN SIGN (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&lt;, &LT;)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+003E > GREATER-THAN SIGN (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&gt;, &GT;)</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Less/greater than (full-width East Asian)<a href="#cite_note-Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms-11">[11]</a></dt> <dd> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF1C ＜ FULLWIDTH LESS-THAN SIGN</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF1E ＞ FULLWIDTH GREATER-THAN SIGN</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Technical/Mathematical (half-width)<a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Technical-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Superscripts_and_Subscripts-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols-A-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols-B-18">[18]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2329 〈 LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET<a href="#cite_note-lang-rang-66">[a]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+232A 〉 RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET<a href="#cite_note-lang-rang-66">[a]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+27E8 ⟨ MATHEMATICAL LEFT ANGLE BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&lang;, &langle;, &LeftAngleBracket;)<a href="#cite_note-lang-rang-66">[a]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+27E9 ⟩ MATHEMATICAL RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&rang;, &rangle;, &RightAngleBracket;)<a href="#cite_note-lang-rang-66">[a]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+27EA ⟪ MATHEMATICAL LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&Lang;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+27EB ⟫ MATHEMATICAL RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&Rang;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2991 ⦑ LEFT ANGLE BRACKET WITH DOT (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&langd;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2992 ⦒ RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET WITH DOT (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&rangd;) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+29FC ⧼ LEFT-POINTING CURVED ANGLE BRACKET </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+29FD ⧽ RIGHT-POINTING CURVED ANGLE BRACKET </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Quotation (fullwidth East-Asian texts)<a href="#cite_note-CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation-34">[34]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+3008 〈 LEFT ANGLE BRACKET </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+3009 〉 RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+300A 《 LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+300B 》 RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Dingbats</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Dingbats-20">[20]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+276C ❬ MEDIUM LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ORNAMENT </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+276D ❭ MEDIUM RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ORNAMENT </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2770 ❰ HEAVY LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ORNAMENT </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2771 ❱ HEAVY RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ORNAMENT </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+276E ❮ HEAVY LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+276F ❯ HEAVY RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT </li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> ⟨ and ⟩ are angle brackets in both American and British English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2005-3">[3]</a> In computer slang, they are known as "brokets".<a href="#cite_note-brocket-67">[66]</a> Strictly speaking they are distinct from V-shaped chevrons, as they have (where the typography permits it) a broader span than chevrons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2007138-68">[67]</a> although when printed often no visual distinction is made.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2007101-4">[4]</a> The ASCII less-than and greater-than characters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><> are often used for angle brackets. In most cases only those characters are accepted by computer programs, and the Unicode angle brackets are not recognized (for instance, in <a href="/wiki/HTML_tag" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML tag">HTML tags</a>). The characters for "single" <a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemets</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">‹› are also often used, and sometimes normal guillemets <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">«» when nested angle brackets are needed. The angle brackets or chevrons at U+27E8 and U+27E9 are for mathematical use and Western languages, whereas U+3008 and U+3009 are for East Asian languages. The chevrons at U+2329 and U+232A are deprecated in favour of the U+3008 and U+3009 East Asian angle brackets. Unicode discourages their use for mathematics and in Western texts,<a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Technical-15">[15]</a> because they are canonically equivalent to the CJK code points U+300x and thus likely to render as double-width symbols. The less-than and greater-than symbols are often used as replacements for chevrons. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lang-rang-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lang-rang_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang-rang_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang-rang_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang-rang_66-3">d</a> &lang; and &rang; were tied to the deprecated symbols U+2329 and U+232A in HTML4 and MathML2, but are being migrated to U+27E8 and U+27E9 for HTML5 and MathML3, as defined in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-entity-names/#diff-xhtml1">XML Entity Definitions for Characters</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127173609/http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-entity-names/#diff-xhtml1">Archived</a> 27 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape">Shape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Shape">edit</a>]</div> Angle brackets are larger than <a href="/wiki/Less-than_sign" title="Less-than sign">less-than</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater-than_sign" title="Greater-than sign">greater-than signs</a>, which in turn are larger than <a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemets</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angle_brackets_and_less%2Bgreater_signs_and_half_guillemets_in_different_fonts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Angle_brackets_and_less%2Bgreater_signs_and_half_guillemets_in_different_fonts.svg/660px-Angle_brackets_and_less%2Bgreater_signs_and_half_guillemets_in_different_fonts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Angle_brackets_and_less%2Bgreater_signs_and_half_guillemets_in_different_fonts.svg/990px-Angle_brackets_and_less%2Bgreater_signs_and_half_guillemets_in_different_fonts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Angle_brackets_and_less%2Bgreater_signs_and_half_guillemets_in_different_fonts.svg/1320px-Angle_brackets_and_less%2Bgreater_signs_and_half_guillemets_in_different_fonts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="33" /></a><figcaption>Angle brackets, less-than/greater-than signs and single <a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemets</a> in fonts <a href="/wiki/Cambria_(typeface)" title="Cambria (typeface)">Cambria</a>, <a href="/wiki/DejaVu_fonts" title="DejaVu fonts">DejaVu</a> Serif, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andron_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andron (typeface) (page does not exist)">Andron</a> Mega Corpus, <a href="/wiki/Andika_(typeface)" title="Andika (typeface)">Andika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Everson_Mono" title="Everson Mono">Everson Mono</a></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses_of_⟨_⟩">Uses of ⟨ ⟩</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Uses of ⟨ ⟩">edit</a>]</div> Angle brackets are infrequently used to denote <a href="/wiki/Intrapersonal_communication" title="Intrapersonal communication">words that are thought</a> instead of spoken, such as: <dl><dd>⟨What an unusual flower!⟩</dd></dl> In <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a>, and hence in many editions of pre-modern works, chevrons denote sections of the text which are illegible or otherwise lost; the editor will often insert their own reconstruction where possible within them.<a href="#cite_note-Trask-70">[68]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a>, chevrons are often used to mark dialogue that has been translated notionally from another language; in other words, if a character is speaking another language, instead of writing in the other language and providing a translation, one writes the translated text within chevrons. Since no foreign language is actually written, this is only notionally translated.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, angle brackets identify <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> (<abbr title="for example">e.g.</abbr>, letters of an alphabet) or <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, as in "The English word /kæt/ is spelled ⟨cat⟩."<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sampson-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trask-70">[68]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(See <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.) In <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a>, they may be used for mechanical transliterations of a text into the Latin script.<a href="#cite_note-Sampson-72">[70]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark#Chinese,_Japanese_and_Korean_quotation_marks" title="Quotation mark">East Asian punctuation</a>, angle brackets are used as <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation marks</a>. Chevron-like symbols are part of standard <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and – less frequently – <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> punctuation, where they generally enclose the titles of books, as: 〈 ... 〉 or 《 ... 》 for traditional <a href="/wiki/Tategaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Tategaki">vertical printing</a> — written in vertical lines — and as 〈 ... 〉 or 《 ... 》 for <a href="/wiki/Yokogaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokogaki">horizontal</a> printing — in horizontal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Angle_brackets_in_mathematics">Angle brackets in mathematics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Angle brackets in mathematics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols#⟨⟩" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">Glossary of mathematical symbols § ⟨⟩</a></div> Angle brackets (or 'chevrons') are used in <a href="/wiki/Group_theory" title="Group theory">group theory</a> to write <a href="/wiki/Group_presentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Group presentation">group presentations</a>, and to denote the <a href="/wiki/Group_generators" class="mw-redirect" title="Group generators">subgroup generated</a> by a collection of elements. In <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a>, chevrons or parentheses are used to denote <a href="/wiki/Ordered_pair" title="Ordered pair">ordered pairs</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Tuple" title="Tuple">tuples</a>, whereas curly brackets are used for unordered sets. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physics_and_mechanics">Physics and mechanics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Physics and mechanics">edit</a>]</div> In physical sciences and statistical mechanics, angle brackets are used to denote an average (<a href="/wiki/Expected_value#Notations" title="Expected value">expected value</a>) over time or over another continuous parameter. For example: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\langle V(t)^{2}\right\rangle =\lim _{T\to \infty }{\frac {1}{T}}\int _{-{\frac {T}{2}}}^{\frac {T}{2}}V(t)^{2}\,{\rm {d}}t.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>⟨</mo> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>⟩</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mrow> </munder> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>T</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>T</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\langle V(t)^{2}\right\rangle =\lim _{T\to \infty }{\frac {1}{T}}\int _{-{\frac {T}{2}}}^{\frac {T}{2}}V(t)^{2}\,{\rm {d}}t.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/27865e5436b89b0661120d76afa967c4c64f70e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:32.096ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\langle V(t)^{2}\right\rangle =\lim _{T\to \infty }{\frac {1}{T}}\int _{-{\frac {T}{2}}}^{\frac {T}{2}}V(t)^{2}\,{\rm {d}}t.}"></dd></dl> In mathematical physics, especially <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, it is common to write the <a href="/wiki/Inner_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner product">inner product</a> between elements as ⟨a|b⟩, as a short version of ⟨a|·|b⟩, or ⟨a|Ô|b⟩, where Ô is an <a href="/wiki/Operator_(physics)" title="Operator (physics)">operator</a>. This is known as Dirac notation or <a href="/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket_notation" title="Bra–ket notation">bra–ket notation</a>, to note vectors from the <a href="/wiki/Dual_space" title="Dual space">dual spaces</a> of the Bra ⟨A| and the Ket |B⟩. But there are <a href="/wiki/Inner_product_space#Alternative_definitions,_notations_and_remarks" title="Inner product space">other notations</a> used. In <a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">continuum mechanics</a>, chevrons may be used as <a href="/wiki/Macaulay_brackets" title="Macaulay brackets">Macaulay brackets</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Angle_brackets_in_programming_languages">Angle brackets in programming languages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Angle brackets in programming languages">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> chevrons (actually less-than and greater-than) are used to surround arguments to <a href="/wiki/Template_(C%2B%2B)" title="Template (C++)">templates</a>. They are also used to surround the names of <a href="/wiki/Header_file#C/C++" class="mw-redirect" title="Header file">header files</a>; this usage was inherited from and is also found in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">Z</a> <a href="/wiki/Formal_specification" title="Formal specification">formal specification</a> language, chevrons define a sequence. In <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, chevrons (actually 'greater than' and 'less than' symbols) are used to bracket meta text. For example <code class="nowrap" style=""></code> denotes that the following text should be displayed as bold. Pairs of meta text tags are required – much as brackets themselves are usually in pairs. The end of the bold text segment would be indicated by <code class="nowrap" style=""></code>. This use is sometimes extended as an informal mechanism for communicating mood or tone in digital formats such as messaging, for example adding "<sighs>" at the end of a sentence. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/angle_bracket" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:angle bracket">angle bracket</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%9F%A8_%E2%9F%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:⟨ ⟩">⟨ ⟩</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Unsupported_titles/Enclosing_less_than_greater_than" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Unsupported titles/Enclosing less than greater than">< ></a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/broket" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:broket">broket</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pointy_bracket" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pointy bracket">pointy bracket</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diamond_bracket" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:diamond bracket">diamond bracket</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Unicode">edit</a>]</div> Representations of various kinds of brackets in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> and their respective <a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">HTML entities</a>, that are not in the infoboxes in preceding sections, are given below. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Unicode and HTML encodings for various bracket characters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Uses</th> <th scope="col">Unicode/HTML</th> <th scope="col">Sample </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Quasi-quotation" title="Quasi-quotation">Quine corners</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Technical-15">[15]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+231C ⌜ TOP LEFT CORNER (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&ulcorn;, &ulcorner;)</td> <td rowspan="2">⌜quasi-quotation⌝ ⌜editorial notation⌝ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+231D ⌝ TOP RIGHT CORNER (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&urcorn;, &urcorner;) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+231E ⌞ BOTTOM LEFT CORNER (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&dlcorn;, &llcorner;)</td> <td rowspan="2">⌞editorial notation⌟ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+231F ⌟ BOTTOM RIGHT CORNER (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&drcorn;, &lrcorner;) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Fullwidth parentheses<a href="#cite_note-Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms-11">[11]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF5F ｟ FULLWIDTH LEFT WHITE PARENTHESIS</td> <td rowspan="2">｟...｠ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF60 ｠ FULLWIDTH RIGHT WHITE PARENTHESIS </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="24">Technical/mathematical (specialized)<a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Technical-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Superscripts_and_Subscripts-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols-A-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols-B-18">[18]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23B8 ⎸ LEFT VERTICAL BOX LINE</td> <td rowspan="2">⎸boxed text⎹ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23B9 ⎹ RIGHT VERTICAL BOX LINE </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23E0 ⏠ TOP TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2" style="line-height: 1 !important; text-align: center;"> ⏠ tortoise shell brackets ⏡ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+23E1 ⏡ BOTTOM TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+27C5 ⟅ LEFT S-SHAPED BAG DELIMITER</td> <td rowspan="2">⟅...⟆ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+27C6 ⟆ RIGHT S-SHAPED BAG DELIMITER </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+27D3 ⟓ LOWER RIGHT CORNER WITH DOT</td> <td rowspan="2">⟓pullback...pushout⟔ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+27D4 ⟔ UPPER LEFT CORNER WITH DOT </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+27EC ⟬ MATHEMATICAL LEFT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&loang;)</td> <td rowspan="2">⟬white tortoise shell brackets⟭ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+27ED ⟭ MATHEMATICAL RIGHT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&roang;) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2987 ⦇ Z NOTATION LEFT IMAGE BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">R⦇S⦈ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2988 ⦈ Z NOTATION RIGHT IMAGE BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2989 ⦉ Z NOTATION LEFT BINDING BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">⦉x:Z⦊ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+298A ⦊ Z NOTATION RIGHT BINDING BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2993 ⦓ LEFT ARC LESS-THAN BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&lparlt;)</td> <td rowspan="2">⦓<a href="/wiki/Inequality_(mathematics)" title="Inequality (mathematics)">inequality</a> sign brackets⦔ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2994 ⦔ RIGHT ARC GREATER-THAN BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&rpargt;) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2995 ⦕ DOUBLE LEFT ARC GREATER-THAN BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&gtlPar;)</td> <td rowspan="2">⦕inequality sign brackets⦖ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2996 ⦖ DOUBLE RIGHT ARC LESS-THAN BRACKET (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&ltrPar;) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2997 ⦗ LEFT BLACK TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">⦗black tortoise shell brackets⦘ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2998 ⦘ RIGHT BLACK TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+29D8 ⧘ LEFT WIGGLY FENCE</td> <td rowspan="2">⧘...⧙ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+29D9 ⧙ RIGHT WIGGLY FENCE </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+29DA ⧚ LEFT DOUBLE WIGGLY FENCE</td> <td rowspan="2">⧚...⧛ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+29DB ⧛ RIGHT DOUBLE WIGGLY FENCE </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Half brackets<a href="#cite_note-Supplemental_Punctuation-14">[14]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E22 ⸢ TOP LEFT HALF BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">⸢editorial notation⸣ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E23 ⸣ TOP RIGHT HALF BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E24 ⸤ BOTTOM LEFT HALF BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">⸤editorial notation⸥ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E25 ⸥ BOTTOM RIGHT HALF BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Variants" title="Small Form Variants">Compatibility variants for CNS 11643</a><a href="#cite_note-Small_Form_Variants-74">[72]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE59 ﹙ SMALL LEFT PARENTHESIS</td> <td rowspan="2">﹙...﹚ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE5A ﹚ SMALL RIGHT PARENTHESIS </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE5B ﹛ SMALL LEFT CURLY BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">﹛...﹜ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE5C ﹜ SMALL RIGHT CURLY BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE5D ﹝ SMALL LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">﹝...﹞ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE5E ﹞ SMALL RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Dingbats</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Dingbats-20">[20]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2772 ❲ LIGHT LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET ORNAMENT (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&lbbrk;)</td> <td rowspan="2">❲light tortoise shell bracket ornament❳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2773 ❳ LIGHT RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET ORNAMENT (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&rbbrk;) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="N'Ko alphabet">N'Ko</a><a href="#cite_note-Supplemental_Punctuation-14">[14]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E1C ⸜ LEFT LOW PARAPHRASE BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r866774678">.mw-parser-output .script-nko{font-family:"Conakry","DejaVu Sans",Ebrima,"Noto Sans NKo"}</style>⸜ߒߞߏ⸝‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E1D ⸝ RIGHT LOW PARAPHRASE BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a><a href="#cite_note-Uncode_Ogham-75">[73]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+169B ᚛ OGHAM FEATHER MARK</td> <td rowspan="2"><big>᚛ᚑᚌᚐᚋ᚜</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+169C ᚜ OGHAM REVERSED FEATHER MARK </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Hungarian alphabet">Old Hungarian</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E42 ⹂ DOUBLE LOW-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK</td> <td>⹂ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Tibetan-76">[74]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0F3A ༺ TIBETAN MARK GUG RTAGS GYON</td> <td rowspan="2"><big>༺དབུ་ཅན་༻</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0F3B ༻ TIBETAN MARK GUG RTAGS GYAS </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0F3C ༼ TIBETAN MARK ANG KHANG GYON</td> <td rowspan="2"><big>༼༡༢༣༽</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0F3D ༽ TIBETAN MARK ANG KHANG GYAS </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> editorial marks<a href="#cite_note-Supplemental_Punctuation-14">[14]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E02 ⸂ LEFT SUBSTITUTION BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">⸂...⸃ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E03 ⸃ RIGHT SUBSTITUTION BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E04 ⸄ LEFT DOTTED SUBSTITUTION BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">⸄...⸅ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E05 ⸅ RIGHT DOTTED SUBSTITUTION BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E09 ⸉ LEFT TRANSPOSITION BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">⸉...⸊ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E0A ⸊ RIGHT TRANSPOSITION BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E0C ⸌ LEFT RAISED OMISSION BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">⸌...⸍ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E0D ⸍ RIGHT RAISED OMISSION BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a><a href="#cite_note-General_Punctuation-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Supplemental_Punctuation-14">[14]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E26 ⸦ LEFT SIDEWAYS U BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">⸦crux⸧ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E27 ⸧ RIGHT SIDEWAYS U BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">Quotation (East-Asian texts)<a href="#cite_note-CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation-34">[34]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+3014 〔 LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">〔...〕 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+3015 〕 RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+3016 〖 LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">〖...〗 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+3017 〗 RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+3018 〘 LEFT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">〘...〙 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+3019 〙 RIGHT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+301D 〝 REVERSED DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK</td> <td rowspan="2">〝...〞 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+301E 〞 DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK<a href="#cite_note-301E-77">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Quotation (<a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">halfwidth</a> East-Asian texts)<a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Miscellaneous_Technical-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms-11">[11]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF62 ｢ HALFWIDTH LEFT CORNER BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">｢ｶﾀｶﾅ｣ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF63 ｣ HALFWIDTH RIGHT CORNER BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">Quotation (fullwidth East-Asian texts)<a href="#cite_note-CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation-34">[34]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+300C 「 LEFT CORNER BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">「表題」 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+300D 」 RIGHT CORNER BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+300E 『 LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">『表題』 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+300F 』 RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+3010 【 LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2">【表題】 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+3011 】 RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="20">Vertical bracket presentation forms<a href="#cite_note-CJK_Compatibility_Forms-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vertical_Forms-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vertical_presentation_forms-80">[b]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE17 ︗ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;">︗...︘ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE18 ︘ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET<a href="#cite_note-FE18-81">[c]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE35 ︵ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT PARENTHESIS</td> <td rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;">︵...︶ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE36 ︶ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT PARENTHESIS </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE37 ︷ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT CURLY BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;">︷...︸ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE38 ︸ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT CURLY BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE39 ︹ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;">︹...︺ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE3A ︺ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE3B ︻ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;">︻...︼ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE3C ︼ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE3D ︽ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;">︽...︾ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE3E ︾ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE3F ︿ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT ANGLE BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;">︿...﹀ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE40 ﹀ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE41 ﹁ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT CORNER BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;">﹁...﹂ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE42 ﹂ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT CORNER BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE43 ﹃ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;">﹃...﹄ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE44 ﹄ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE47 ﹇ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT SQUARE BRACKET</td> <td rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;">﹇...﹈ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE48 ﹈ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-301E-77"><a href="#cite_ref-301E_77-0">^</a> This is fullwidth version of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2033 ″ DOUBLE PRIME. In vertical texts, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+301F 〟 LOW DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK is preferred. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vertical_presentation_forms-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Vertical_presentation_forms_80-0">^</a> These characters are not used in typical documents. Instead the respective horizontal characters are used and the character that is rendered depends on the <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts#In_computing" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">writing direction</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FE18-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FE18_81-0">^</a> The original name of this character is "Presentation Form For Vertical Right White Lenticular Brakcet [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]". Since Unicode character names cannot be changed, this character has the corrected name as an <a href="/wiki/Unicode_alias_names_and_abbreviations" title="Unicode alias names and abbreviations">alias</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracket_(mathematics)" title="Bracket (mathematics)">Bracket (mathematics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_variation_in_quotation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="International variation in quotation marks">International variation in quotation marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_typographic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese typographic symbols">Japanese typographic symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_operations" title="Order of operations">Order of operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPointonClark2014406_1-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFPointonClark2014">Pointon & Clark 2014</a>, p. 406. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thesaurus.com/e/grammar/angle-brackets/">"What Are Angle Brackets ( < ) and How do You Use Them?"</a>. 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Are+Angle+Brackets+%28+%3C+%29+and+How+do+You+Use+Them%3F&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesaurus.com%2Fe%2Fgrammar%2Fangle-brackets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2005-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2005_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2005_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2005_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2005_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2005_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2005_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2005_3-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcArthurMcArthur2005">McArthur & McArthur 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2007101-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2007101_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2007101_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2007101_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeters2007">Peters 2007</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-unicode-9-5"><a href="#cite_ref-unicode-9_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#Paired_Brackets">"Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm"</a>. Unicode Technical Reports. Unicode Consortium. § 3.1.3 Paired Brackets. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003140816/http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#Paired_Brackets">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode+Technical+Reports&rft.atitle=Unicode+Bidirectional+Algorithm&rft.pages=%C2%A7+3.1.3+Paired+Brackets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Freports%2Ftr9%2F%23Paired_Brackets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruss2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Truss" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn Truss">Truss, Lynne</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Eats,_Shoots_%26_Leaves" title="Eats, Shoots & Leaves">Eats, Shoots & Leaves</a>. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1592400876" title="Special:BookSources/1592400876"><bdi>1592400876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eats%2C+Shoots+%26+Leaves&rft.pages=161&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1592400876&rft.aulast=Truss&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob" class="citation web cs1">Bob, Bemer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903184346/http://www.bobbemer.com/BRACES.HTM">"The Great Curly Brace Trace Chase"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobbemer.com/BRACES.HTM">the original</a> on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Curly+Brace+Trace+Chase&rft.aulast=Bob&rft.aufirst=Bemer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobbemer.com%2FBRACES.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringhurst" class="citation book cs1">Bringhurst, Robert. The Elements of Typographic Style. §5.3.2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Typographic+Style&rft.pages=%C2%A75.3.2&rft.aulast=Bringhurst&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsmannDeJong2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Forsmann, Friedrich; DeJong, Ralf (2004). Detailtypografie [Detail Typography] (in German). Mainz: Herrmann Schmidt. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783874396424" title="Special:BookSources/9783874396424"><bdi>9783874396424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Detailtypografie&rft.place=Mainz&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Herrmann+Schmidt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9783874396424&rft.aulast=Forsmann&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft.au=DeJong%2C+Ralf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basic_Latin-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basic_Latin_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basic_Latin_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basic_Latin_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basic_Latin_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf">"C0 Controls and Basic Latin Code Chart"</a> (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526182105/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=C0+Controls+and+Basic+Latin+Code+Chart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU0000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_11-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFF00.pdf">"Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms Code Chart"</a> (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222001703/https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFF00.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Halfwidth+and+Fullwidth+Forms+Code+Chart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FUFF00.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unicode_Arabic_Presentation_Forms-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Unicode_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf">"Arabic Presentation Forms-A Code Chart"</a> (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428184606/http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Arabic+Presentation+Forms-A+Code+Chart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FUFB50.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-General_Punctuation-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-General_Punctuation_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-General_Punctuation_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-General_Punctuation_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2000.pdf">"General Punctuation Code Chart"</a> (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175510/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2000.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=General+Punctuation+Code+Chart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Supplemental_Punctuation-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Supplemental_Punctuation_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supplemental_Punctuation_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supplemental_Punctuation_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supplemental_Punctuation_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supplemental_Punctuation_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supplemental_Punctuation_14-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2E00.pdf">"Supplemental Punctuation Code Chart"</a> (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124073722/https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2E00.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2021. 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The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230040331/http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2019. 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The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579582180" title="Special:BookSources/9781579582180"><bdi>9781579582180</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031135122/https://books.google.com/books?id=EHeGzQ8wuLQC&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023. 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The Linguistics Student's Handbook. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748627592" title="Special:BookSources/9780748627592"><bdi>9780748627592</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031135124/https://books.google.com/books?id=WsrtrmHkLvoC&pg=PA99">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023. 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Routledge. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317513049" title="Special:BookSources/9781317513049"><bdi>9781317513049</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031135126/https://books.google.com/books?id=3vssCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Writing+systems%3A+methods+for+recording+language&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317513049&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3vssCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHefferon" class="citation book cs1">Hefferon, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joshua.smcvt.edu/linearalgebra/book_ed3.pdf">Linear algebra</a> (PDF) (Third ed.). Saint Michael's College. p. 121. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203193951/http://joshua.smcvt.edu/linearalgebra/book_ed3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linear+algebra&rft.pages=121&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Saint+Michael%27s+College&rft.aulast=Hefferon&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjoshua.smcvt.edu%2Flinearalgebra%2Fbook_ed3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Small_Form_Variants-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Small_Form_Variants_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf">"Small Form Variants"</a> (PDF). The Unicode Standard. 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Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Ogham+Code+Chart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU1680.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unicode_Tibetan-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Unicode_Tibetan_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0F00.pdf">"Tibetan Code Chart"</a> (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413024814/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0F00.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Tibetan+Code+Chart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU0F00.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CJK_Compatibility_Forms-78"><a href="#cite_ref-CJK_Compatibility_Forms_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE30.pdf">"CJK Compatibility Forms"</a> (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=CJK+Compatibility+Forms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FUFE30.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vertical_Forms-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Vertical_Forms_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE10.pdf">"Vertical Forms"</a> (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Vertical+Forms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FUFE10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcArthurMcArthur2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_McArthur_(linguist)" title="Tom McArthur (linguist)">McArthur, Thomas Burns</a>; McArthur, Roshan (2005). "Brackets". Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192806376" title="Special:BookSources/9780192806376"><bdi>9780192806376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brackets&rft.btitle=Concise+Oxford+Companion+to+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780192806376&rft.aulast=McArthur&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Burns&rft.au=McArthur%2C+Roshan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPointonClark2014" class="citation book cs1">Pointon, Graham; Clark, Stewart (2014). "Punctuation Guide". Words: A User's Guide. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317864295" title="Special:BookSources/9781317864295"><bdi>9781317864295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Punctuation+Guide&rft.btitle=Words%3A+A+User%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317864295&rft.aulast=Pointon&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Clark%2C+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pam_Peters" title="Pam Peters">Peters, Pam</a> (2007). The Cambridge Guide to Australian English Usage (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139465212" title="Special:BookSources/9781139465212"><bdi>9781139465212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Australian+English+Usage&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781139465212&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Pam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts1877" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Watts_(chemist)" title="Henry Watts (chemist)">Watts, Henry</a> (1877). "Notation". A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of Other Sciences. Vol. 4. Longmans, Green, and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notation&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Chemistry+and+the+Allied+Branches+of+Other+Sciences&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewhamRosenblatt1998" class="citation book cs1">Newham, Cameron; Rosenblatt, Bill (1998). Learning the Bash Shell. O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565923478" title="Special:BookSources/9781565923478"><bdi>9781565923478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+the+Bash+Shell&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781565923478&rft.aulast=Newham&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft.au=Rosenblatt%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobellSeebach2005" class="citation book cs1">Sobell, Mark G.; Seebach, Peter (2005). A Practical Guide to UNIX for Mac OS X Users. Prentice Hall Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780321629982" title="Special:BookSources/9780321629982"><bdi>9780321629982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Guide+to+UNIX+for+Mac+OS+X+Users&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+Professional&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780321629982&rft.aulast=Sobell&rft.aufirst=Mark+G.&rft.au=Seebach%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggs2002" class="citation book cs1">Biggs, Norman (2002). "Set notation". Discrete Mathematics. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198507178" title="Special:BookSources/9780198507178"><bdi>9780198507178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Set+notation&rft.btitle=Discrete+Mathematics&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780198507178&rft.aulast=Biggs&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhde1984" class="citation book cs1">Ihde, Aaron J. (1984). The Development of Modern Chemistry. Dover Books on Chemistry. Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486642352" title="Special:BookSources/9780486642352"><bdi>9780486642352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Modern+Chemistry&rft.series=Dover+Books+on+Chemistry&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780486642352&rft.aulast=Ihde&rft.aufirst=Aaron+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchatzAnderson2005" class="citation book cs1">Achatz, Thomas; Anderson, John G. (2005). McKenzie, Kathleen (ed.). Technical Shop Mathematics. Industrial Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780831130862" title="Special:BookSources/9780831130862"><bdi>9780831130862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+Shop+Mathematics&rft.pub=Industrial+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780831130862&rft.aulast=Achatz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Anderson%2C+John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1850" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John (1850). Treatise on English Punctuation (2nd ed.). Boston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatise+on+English+Punctuation&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1785" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Robertson_(priest)" title="Joseph Robertson (priest)">Robertson, Joseph</a> (1785). An Essay on Punctuation. London: J. Walter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Essay+on+Punctuation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Walter&rft.date=1785&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton1836" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hutton" title="Charles Hutton">Hutton, Charles</a> (1836). Gregory, Olinthus (ed.). A Course of Mathematics. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). London: Longman, Rees.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Course+of+Mathematics&rft.place=London&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Rees&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLennard1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lennard" title="John Lennard">Lennard, John</a> (1991). But I Digress: The Exploitation of Parentheses in English Printed Verse. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198112475" title="Special:BookSources/0198112475"><bdi>0198112475</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=But+I+Digress%3A+The+Exploitation+of+Parentheses+in+English+Printed+Verse&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0198112475&rft.aulast=Lennard&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbullBaird1964" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Arthur T.; Baird, Russell N. (1964). The Graphics of Communication: Typography, Layout, Design. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Graphics+of+Communication%3A+Typography%2C+Layout%2C+Design&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Arthur+T.&rft.au=Baird%2C+Russell+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABracket" class="Z3988"> States that what are depicted as brackets above are called braces and braces are called brackets. This was the terminology in US printing prior to computers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brackets_(punctuation_marks)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brackets (punctuation marks)">Brackets</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bracket" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:bracket">bracket</a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template talk:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_punctuation_and_other_typographical_symbols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographical</a> symbols</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>      <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a> </li> <li>  ,   <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a> </li> <li>  :   <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> </li> <li>  ;   <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a> </li> <li>  ‐   <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> </li> <li>  ’   '   <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> </li> <li>  ′   ″   ‴   <a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a> </li> <li>  .   <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  &   <a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a> </li> <li>  @   <a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">at sign</a> </li> <li>  ^   <a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a> </li> <li>  /   <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a> </li> <li>  \   <a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">backslash</a> </li> <li>  …   <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a> </li> <li>  *   <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> </li> <li>  ※   <a href="/wiki/Reference_mark" title="Reference mark">Reference mark</a> </li> <li>  ⁂   <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(typography)" title="Asterism (typography)">asterism</a> </li> <li>    *  *  *      <a href="/wiki/Dinkus" title="Dinkus">dinkus</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  -   <a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a> </li> <li>  ‒   –   —   <a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a> </li> <li>  ⹀   ⸗   <a href="/wiki/Double_hyphen" title="Double hyphen">double hyphen</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  ?   <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a> </li> <li>  !   <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a> </li> <li>  ‽   <a href="/wiki/Interrobang" title="Interrobang">interrobang</a> </li> <li>  ¡   ¿   <a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">inverted ! and ?</a> </li> <li>  ⸮   <a href="/wiki/Irony_punctuation" title="Irony punctuation">irony punctuation</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  #   <a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">number sign</a> </li> <li>  №   <a href="/wiki/Numero_sign" title="Numero sign">numero sign</a> </li> <li>  º   ª   <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicator</a> </li> <li>  %   <a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">percent sign</a> </li> <li>  ‰   <a href="/wiki/Per_mille" title="Per mille">per mille</a> </li> <li>  ‱   <a href="/wiki/Basis_point" title="Basis point">basis point</a> </li> <li>  °   <a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a> </li> <li>  ⌀   <a href="/wiki/Diameter#Symbol" title="Diameter">diameter sign</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  +   −   <a href="/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs">plus and minus signs</a> </li> <li>  ×   <a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication sign</a> </li> <li>  ÷   <a href="/wiki/Division_sign" title="Division sign">division sign</a> </li> <li>  ~   <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> </li> <li>  ±   <a href="/wiki/Plus%E2%80%93minus_sign" title="Plus–minus sign">plus–minus sign</a> </li> <li>  ∓   <a href="/wiki/Minus-plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus-plus sign">minus-plus sign</a> </li> <li>  √   <a href="/wiki/Radical_symbol" title="Radical symbol">radical symbol</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  _   <a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a> </li> <li>  ⁀   <a href="/wiki/Tie_(typography)" title="Tie (typography)">tie</a> </li> <li>  |   ¦   ‖   <a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a> </li> <li>  •   <a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">bullet</a> </li> <li>  ·   <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  ©   <a href="/wiki/Copyright_symbol" title="Copyright symbol">copyright symbol</a> </li> <li>  ℗   <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_copyright_symbol" title="Sound recording copyright symbol">sound recording copyright</a> </li> <li>  ®   <a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">registered trademark</a> </li> <li>  SM   <a href="/wiki/Service_mark_symbol" title="Service mark symbol">service mark symbol</a> </li> <li>  TM   <a href="/wiki/Trademark_symbol" title="Trademark symbol">trademark symbol</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  ‘ ’   “ ”   ' '   " "   <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a> </li> <li>  ‹ ›   « »   <a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemet</a> </li> <li>  ( )   [ ]   { }   ⟨ ⟩   <a class="mw-selflink selflink">bracket</a> </li> <li>  ”   <a href="/wiki/Ditto_mark" title="Ditto mark">ditto mark</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  †   ‡   <a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">dagger</a> </li> <li>  ❧   <a href="/wiki/Fleuron_(typography)" title="Fleuron (typography)">fleuron</a> (hedera, aldus) </li> <li>  ☞   <a href="/wiki/Manicule" title="Manicule">manicule</a> </li> <li>  ◊   ⌑   <a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">lozenge</a> </li> <li>  ¶   ⸿   <a href="/wiki/Pilcrow" title="Pilcrow">pilcrow</a> (paragraph mark) </li> <li>  §   <a href="/wiki/Section_sign" title="Section sign">section mark</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">Version of this table as a sortable list</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a> (accents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_logic_symbols" title="List of logic symbols">Logic symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mathematical symbols">Math symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Chinese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Hebrew punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_punctuation" title="Korean punctuation">Korean punctuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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