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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanjing_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanjing_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Nanjing dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanjing_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-rhotic_erhua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-rhotic_erhua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Non-rhotic <i>erhua</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-rhotic_erhua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_Chinese_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_Chinese_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In other Chinese languages</span> </div> </a> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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title="Erhua – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Erhua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixe_-er_en_mandarin" title="Suffixe -er en mandarin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suffixe -er en mandarin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%90%E5%8C%96" title="児化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="児化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">R-coloring in Mandarin Chinese syllables</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Erhua</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">兒化</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">儿化</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">érhuà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄦˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>erh<sup>2</sup>-hua<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ǎɚ.xwâ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn"><span><sup>6</sup>ng-ho</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">yìhfa</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">ji4 faa3</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[ji˩.fa˧]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Erhua</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">儿化</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">兒化</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">érhuà</span></i>), also called "erization" or "rhotacization of syllable finals",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a phonological process that adds <a href="/wiki/R-coloring" class="mw-redirect" title="R-coloring">r-coloring</a> or the <i>er</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">儿</span></span>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">兒</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɚ]</a></span>) sound to syllables in spoken <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>. <i><b>Erhuayin</b></i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">儿化音</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">兒化音</span>) is the pronunciation of "er" after rhotacization of syllable finals. </p><p>It is common in most varieties of Mandarin as a <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> suffix for nouns, though some dialects also use it for other grammatical purposes. The <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> spoken in government-produced educational and examination recordings features <i>erhua</i> to some extent, as in <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">哪儿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">nǎr</i></span> 'where', <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">一点儿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yìdiǎnr</i></span> 'a little', and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">好玩儿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hǎowánr</i></span> 'fun'. Colloquial speech in many northern dialects has more extensive <i>erhua</i> than the standardized language. Southwestern Mandarin dialects such as those of <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> also have <i>erhua</i>. By contrast, many Southern Chinese who speak their own languages may have difficulty pronouncing the sound or may simply prefer not to pronounce it, and usually avoid words with <i>erhua</i> when speaking Standard Chinese; for example, the three examples listed above may be replaced with the synonyms <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">哪里</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">nǎlǐ</i></span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">一点</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yìdiǎn</i></span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">好玩</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hǎowán</i></span>. Furthermore, <i>erhua</i> is extremely rare or absent in <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only a small number of words in standardized Mandarin, such as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">二</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">èr</i></span> 'two' and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">耳</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ěr</i></span> 'ear' have r-colored vowels that do not result from the <i>erhua</i> process. All of the non-erhua r-colored syllables have no initial consonant, and are traditionally pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɚ]</a></span> in Beijing dialect and in conservative varieties. In the recent decades, the vowel in the toned syllable <i>er</i>, especially <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">èr</i></span>, has been lowered in many accents, making the syllable come to approach or acquire a quality like <i>ar</i>—i.e. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[äʵ]</a></span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɐʵ]</a></span> with the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology#Tones" title="Standard Chinese phonology">tone</a>. </p><p>In some publications, particularly those on Chinese linguistics, the <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">儿</span></span>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">兒</span></span> in terms with <i>erhua</i> is written with a smaller size to distinguish its non-syllabic nature. This also distinguishes it from the same character being used as a noun meaning 'son'. This practice may have been introduced by <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Ren_Chao" title="Yuen Ren Chao">Yuen Ren Chao</a>. The small-sized characters have been proposed to <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provisionally assigned by Unicode in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_rules">Standard rules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhua&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Standard rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic rules controlling the surface pronunciation of <i>erhua</i> are as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syllable#Coda" title="Syllable">Coda</a> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> are deleted.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> is deleted and the syllable becomes <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasalized</a>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> becomes rhotacized.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllable#Nucleus" title="Syllable">Nucleus</a> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐ]</span> if it is an underlying <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> become rhotacized.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span> become glides (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥ]</span>).</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ̩~ɻ̩]</span> is deleted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Following the rules that coda <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> are deleted, noted above, the finals in the syllables <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">伴儿</span></span> (<i>bànr</i>) <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">盖儿</span></span> (<i>gàir</i>) are both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐʵ]</span>; similarly, the finals in the syllables <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">妹儿</span></span> (<i>mèir</i>) and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">份儿</span></span> (<i>fènr</i>) are both also <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɚ]</span>. The final in <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趟儿</span></span> (<i>tàngr</i>) is similar but nasalized, because of the rule that the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> is deleted and the syllable is nasalized. </p><p>The realization of <i>ar</i>, i.e. the <i>erhua</i> of coda-less <i>a</i>, varies. It may be realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[äʵ]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> distinct from <i>anr</i> and <i>air</i>, or it may be merged with the latter two. That is, a word like <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">把儿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bàr</i></span> may be realized with either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[äʵ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐʵ]</span> depending on the speaker. </p><p>Because of the rule that <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span> become glides, the finals of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">气儿</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qìr</i></span>) and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">劲儿</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jìnr</i></span>) are both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɚ]</span>, and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">裙儿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qúnr</i></span> and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">驴儿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">lǘr</i></span> are both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥɚ]</span>. </p><p>The following chart shows how the finals are affected by the addition of this suffix:<sup id="cite_ref-Duanmu_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duanmu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>IPA and pinyin counterparts of bopomofo finals </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>∅</th> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄚ</li><li>a</li></ul></div></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄜ</li><li>o</li></ul></div></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄛ</li><li>e</li></ul></div></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄝ</li><li>ê</li></ul></div></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄞ</li><li>ai</li></ul></div></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄟ</li><li>ei</li></ul></div></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄠ</li><li>ao</li></ul></div></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄡ</li><li>ou</li></ul></div></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄢ</li><li>an</li></ul></div></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄣ</li><li>en</li></ul></div></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄤ</li><li>ang</li></ul></div></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄥ</li><li>eng</li></ul></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th>∅ </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɚ]</span></li><li>(ㄭ)ㄦ<sup>1</sup></li><li>-ir</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[äʵ]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐʵ]</span></li><li>ㄚㄦ</li><li>ar</li><li>-ar</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔʵ]</span></li><li>ㄛㄦ</li><li>or</li><li>-or</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤʵ]</span></li><li>ㄜㄦ</li><li>e'r</li><li>-er</li></ul></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐʵ]</span></li><li>ㄞㄦ</li><li>air</li><li>-air</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɚ]</span></li><li>ㄟㄦ</li><li>eir</li><li>-eir</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑu̯˞]</span></li><li>ㄠㄦ</li><li>aor</li><li>-aor</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ou̯˞]</span></li><li>ㄡㄦ</li><li>our</li><li>-our</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐʵ]</span></li><li>ㄢㄦ</li><li>anr</li><li>-anr</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɚ]</span></li><li>ㄣㄦ</li><li>enr</li><li>-enr</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ̃ʵ]</span></li><li>ㄤㄦ</li><li>angr</li><li>-angr</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤ̃ʵ]</span></li><li>ㄥㄦ</li><li>engr</li><li>-engr</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄧ</li><li>i</li></ul></div> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɚ]</span></li><li>ㄧㄦ</li><li>yir</li><li>-ir</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jäʵ]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɐʵ]</span></li><li>ㄧㄚㄦ</li><li>yar</li><li>-iar</li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɛʵ]</span></li><li>ㄧㄝㄦ</li><li>yer</li><li>-ier</li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɑu̯ʵ]</span></li><li>ㄧㄠㄦ</li><li>yaor</li><li>-iaor</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jou̯ʵ]</span></li><li>ㄧㄡㄦ</li><li>your</li><li>-iur</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɐʵ]</span></li><li>ㄧㄢㄦ</li><li>yanr</li><li>-ianr</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɚ]</span></li><li>ㄧㄣㄦ</li><li>yinr</li><li>-inr</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɑ̃ʵ]</span></li><li>ㄧㄤㄦ</li><li>yangr</li><li>-iangr</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɤ̃ʵ]</span></li><li>ㄧㄥㄦ</li><li>yingr</li><li>-ingr</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄨ</li><li>u</li></ul></div> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u˞]</span></li><li>ㄨㄦ</li><li>wur</li><li>-ur</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wäʵ]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɐʵ]</span></li><li>ㄨㄚㄦ</li><li>war</li><li>-uar</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɔʵ]</span></li><li>ㄨㄛㄦ</li><li>wor</li><li>-uor</li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɐʵ]</span></li><li>ㄨㄞㄦ</li><li>wair</li><li>-uair</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɚ]</span></li><li>ㄨㄟㄦ</li><li>weir</li><li>-uir</li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɐʵ]</span></li><li>ㄨㄢㄦ</li><li>wanr</li><li>-uanr</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɚ]</span></li><li>ㄨㄣㄦ</li><li>wenr</li><li>-unr</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɑ̃ʵ]</span></li><li>ㄨㄤㄦ</li><li>wangr</li><li>-uangr</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɤ̃ʵ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ʊ̃˞]</span></li><li>ㄨㄥㄦ</li><li>wengr</li><li>-ongr</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄩ</li><li>ü</li></ul></div> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥɚ]</span></li><li>ㄩㄦ</li><li>yur</li><li>-ür</li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥœʵ]</span></li><li>ㄩㄝㄦ</li><li>yuer</li><li>-üer</li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="4" data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥɐʵ]</span></li><li>ㄩㄢㄦ</li><li>yuanr</li><li>-üanr</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥɚ]</span></li><li>ㄩㄣㄦ</li><li>yunr</li><li>-ünr</li></ul></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jʊ̃ʵ]</span></li><li>ㄩㄥㄦ</li><li>yongr</li><li>-iongr</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhua&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Standard Chinese phonology</a></div> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">一瓶</span></span> (<i>yìpíng</i>, one bottle) → <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">一瓶儿</span></span> (<i>yìpíngr</i>), pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i˥˩pʰjɤ̃ʵ˧˥]</span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">公园</span></span> (<i>gōngyuán</i>, public garden) → <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">公园儿</span></span> (<i>gōngyuánr</i>), pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʊŋ˥ɥɐʵ˧˥]</span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">小孩</span></span> (<i>xiǎohái</i>, small child) → <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">小孩儿</span></span> (<i>xiǎoháir</i>), pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕjau̯˨˩xɐʵ˧˥]</span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">事</span></span> (<i>shì</i>) (thing) → <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">事儿</span></span> (<i>shìr</i>), pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂɚ˥˩]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beijing_dialect">Beijing dialect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhua&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beijing dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from its use as a diminutive, <i>erhua</i> in the Beijing dialect also serves to differentiate words; for example, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">白面</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">báimiàn</i></span> 'flour' and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">白面儿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">báimiànr</i></span> 'heroin'.<sup id="cite_ref-chen_39_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen_39-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some words may sound unnatural without rhotacization, as is the case with <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">花</span></span> or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">花儿</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">huā</i></span> or <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">huār</i></span> 'flower').<sup id="cite_ref-chen_39_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen_39-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these cases, the <i>erhua</i> serves to label the word as a noun (and sometimes a specific noun among a group of homophones). Since in modern Mandarin many single-syllable words (in which there are both nouns and adjectives) share the same pronunciation, adding such a label on nouns can reduce the complication. </p><p>As an example, the syllable <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wǎn</i></span> may mean one of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">碗</span></span> 'bowl', <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">婉</span></span> 'gentleness', <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">挽</span></span> 'to take with hand', <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">皖</span></span> (a short form of <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>), <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宛</span></span> (a place name and surname), and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">晚</span></span> 'late', 'night'. However, of these words, only <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">碗儿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wǎnr</i></span> 'bowl', 'the little bowl' can generally have <i>erhua</i>. Further, many people <i>erhua</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">晚</span></span>, but only when it means 'night' and not 'late'. The rest never has <i>erhua</i> and <i>erhua</i> attempts will cause incomprehension. </p><p><i>Erhua</i> does not always occur at the end of a word in Beijing dialect. Although it must occur at the end of the syllable, it can be added to the middle of many words, and there is not a rule to explain when it should be added to the middle. For example, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">板儿砖</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bǎnrzhuān</i></span> 'brick', especially the brick used as a weapon) should not be <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">板砖儿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bǎnzhuānr</i></span>. </p><p>The composition of the <i>erhua</i> system varies within Beijing, with the following variations reported. Apart from sub dialects, many sociological factors are involved, such as gender, age, ethnicity, inner/outer city, south–north.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Some merge <i>-ar</i> (nucleus a with no coda) with <i>-anr</i>/<i>-air</i> (nucleus a with coda <i>-i</i>/<i>-n</i>), as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐʵ]</span>, while others distinguish them as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[äʵ]</span> vs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐʵ]</span>.</li> <li>Some merge <i>-er</i> single <i>e</i> with <i>erhua</i>. with <i>-enr</i>/<i>-eir</i>, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əʵ]</span>. This may depend on phonological environments, such as the tone and the preceding consonant.</li> <li>Some merge <i>-ier</i> and <i>-üer</i> with <i>-ir</i>/<i>-inr</i> and <i>-ür</i>/<i>-ünr</i>, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jəʵ]</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥəʵ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duanmu_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duanmu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some merge <i>-uor</i> with <i>-uir</i>/<i>-unr</i>, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wəʵ]</span>.</li> <li>Some lose the nasalization of <i>-ngr</i>, thus potentially merging pairs like <i>-ir</i>/<i>-ingr</i>, <i>-enr</i>/<i>-engr</i> and <i>-angr</i>/<i>-anr</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_Mandarin_varieties">In other Mandarin varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhua&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In other Mandarin varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The realization and behavior of <i>erhua</i> are very different among Mandarin dialects. Tones are marked by the tone diacritics of the corresponding tone in Standard Chinese, and do not necessarily represent the actual realization of tones. Some rules mentioned before are still generally applied, such as the deletion of coda <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> and the nasalization with the coda <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>. Certain vowels' qualities may also change. However, depending on the exact dialect, the actual behavior, rules and realization can differ greatly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chongqing_and_Chengdu">Chongqing and Chengdu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhua&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chongqing and Chengdu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Erhua</i> in <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengdu dialect">Chengdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chongqing dialect">Chongqing</a> is collapsed to only one set: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɚ]</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɚ]</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɚ]</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥɚ]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many words become homophonous as a result, for example <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">板儿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bǎnr</i></span> 'board' and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">本儿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">běnr</i></span> 'booklet', both pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɚ]</span> with the appropriate tone. It is technically feasible to write all <i>erhua</i> in Pinyin simply as <i>-er</i>. </p><p>Besides its diminutive and differentiating functions, <i>erhua</i> in these two dialects can also make the language more vivid.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chongqing, <i>erhua</i> can also be derogatory.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different from Beijing, <i>erhua</i> can be applied to people's names and kinship words, such as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">cáoyēr</i></span> (diminutive of the name Cao Ying <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">曹英儿</span></span>) and <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiǎomèr</i></span> 'little sister' (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">小妹儿</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Erhua</i> occurs in more names of places, vegetables and little animals compared to Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Erhua</i> causes sandhi for the reduplication of monosyllabic words. In both dialects, the application of <i>erhua</i> to a monosyllabic noun usually results in its reduplication, e.g. <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">盘</span></span> 'dish' becomes <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">盘盘儿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">pánpánr</i></span> 'little dish'. The second syllable invariably has <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yángpíng</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">陽平</span>) or the second tone.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chongqing, <i>erhua</i> causes sandhi in some bisyllabic reduplicative adverbs, where second syllable acquires <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yīnpíng</span></i> (<span lang="zh">陰平</span>) or the first tone.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zhongyuan_dialects">Zhongyuan dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhua&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Zhongyuan dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some dialects of Zhongyuan Mandarin preserve the coda <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>. They are typically deleted in <i>erhua</i> like with the codas <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>. </p><p>Some dialects distinguish pairs like <i>-ir</i>/<i>-inr</i> and <i>-ür</i>/<i>-ünr</i>, making words like <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鸡儿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jīr</i></span> 'little chicken' and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">今儿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jīnr</i></span> 'today' different. For example, in Huojia, the former is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕiʵ/</span> while the latter is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕjəʵ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanjing_dialect">Nanjing dialect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhua&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nanjing dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erhua causes the medial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> to be dropped and the <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shǎng</span></i> (third) tone to <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilate</a> to the <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yángpíng</span></i> (second) tone, the original tone of the morpheme <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">儿</span></span>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Nanking dialect</a> preserves the <a href="/wiki/Checked_tone" title="Checked tone">checked syllable</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">rùshēng</span></i>) and thus possesses a coda <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span>. <i>erhua</i> checked syllables are realized with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ɻʔ/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-rhotic_erhua">Non-rhotic <i>erhua</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhua&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-rhotic erhua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Mandarin dialects have a handful of words exhibiting a fossilized lexical form of nasal-coda <i>erhua</i>. An example is <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鼻涕儿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bíting</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pi2.tʰiŋ/</span> 'nasal mucus', cf. the etymon <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鼻涕</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bíti</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pi2.tʰi/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_Chinese_languages">In other Chinese languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhua&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In other Chinese languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wu">Wu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhua&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu Chinese</a> varieties exhibit a similar phenomenon with the morpheme <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:兒">兒</a></span></span>, generally pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>. The <i>erhua</i> coda is almost always a nasal coda instead of a rhotic one. Some lects' <i>erhua</i> also causes vowel umlaut.<sup id="cite_ref-Qian_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qian-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exception is <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhounese</a>, which adds a <i>er²</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦəl/</span> final instead, which is phonotactically a rhotic.<sup id="cite_ref-Bao_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bao-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:麻將">麻將</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a>: <i>mo-cian</i>, '<a href="/wiki/Mahjong" title="Mahjong">Mahjong</a>') is etymologically <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">麻雀兒</span></span> (<i>mo-ciaq-ng</i> 'little sparrow'), from <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">麻雀</span></span> (<i>mo-ciaq</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mo.t͡si̯ɐʔ/</span> 'sparrow'). The syllable <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">雀</span></span> (<i>ciaq</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡si̯ɐʔ/</span>) undergoes <i>erhua</i> with the morpheme <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">兒</span></span> (<i>ng</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ̩/</span>), resulting in the syllable <i>cian</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡si̯aŋ/</span>, which is then represented by the homophonous but etymologically unrelated word <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">將</span></span> <i>cian</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡si̯aŋ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Qian_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qian-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further examples include: </p> <ul><li>Addition of rhotic coda (Examples from Hangzhounese)<sup id="cite_ref-Bao_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bao-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">鴨</span></span> <i>iaq⁷</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iɑʔ⁵/</span> 'duck' → <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">鴨兒</span></span> <i>iaq⁷-er²</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iɑʔ⁵<span class="wrap"> </span>əl³³/</span></li> <li><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">知了</span></span> <i>tsy¹-liau³</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsz̩⁵³<span class="wrap"> </span>liɔ⁵³/</span> 'cicada' → <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">知了兒</span></span> <i>tsy¹-liau³-er²</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsz̩³³<span class="wrap"> </span>liɔ⁵³<span class="wrap"> </span>əl³¹/</span></li> <li><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">小鬼頭</span></span> <i>shiau³-kuei³-dei²</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕiɔ⁵³<span class="wrap"> </span>kui³¹<span class="wrap"> </span>dei/</span> 'brat' → <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">小鬼頭兒</span></span> <i>shiau³-kuei³-dei²-er²</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕiɔ⁵³<span class="wrap"> </span>kui³¹<span class="wrap"> </span>dei<span class="wrap"> </span>əl/</span></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Addition of nasal coda (Examples from <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenzhou dialect">Wenzhounese</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">地蟢</span></span> <i>dei⁶-sy¹</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/di¹¹<span class="wrap"> </span>sz̩³³/</span> 'crab' → <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">地蟢兒</span></span> <i>dei⁶-sy¹-ng²</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/di⁵³<span class="wrap"> </span>sz̩¹¹<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ¹²/</span></li> <li><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">棗</span></span> <i>tseo³</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsə³⁵/</span> 'jujube' → <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">棗兒</span></span> <i>tseo³-ng²</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsə⁴²<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ¹¹/</span></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Historical nasal coda resulting in umlaut (Examples from Shanghainese)<sup id="cite_ref-Qian_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qian-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">凌凙</span></span> <i>lin⁶-doq⁸</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/liŋ¹¹<span class="wrap"> </span>doʔ³³/</span> 'icicle' → <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">凌凙兒</span></span> <i>lin⁶-daon⁶</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/liŋ¹¹<span class="wrap"> </span>dɑ̃³³/</span> (often mistakenly written as <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">凌宕</span></span>, though etymologically correct spelling supported by nearby lects.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">蝦</span></span> <i>ho¹</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ho⁵³/</span> 'shrimp' → <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hant">蝦兒</span></span> <i>hoe¹</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hø⁵³/</span></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yue">Yue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhua&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Yue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> languages such as <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> have a small number of terms with <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue-Hant">兒</span></span> (<i>ji⁴</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i²¹/</span>) that exhibits tone change, such as the term <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue-Hant">乞兒</span></span> (<i>hat¹ ji⁴⁻¹</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hɐt⁵<span class="wrap"> </span>i²¹⁻⁵/</span>, 'beggar'). Cantonese also exhibits a diminutive formation known as <a href="/wiki/Changed_tone" title="Changed tone">changed tone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%9F%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:變音">變音</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E9%9F%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:变音">变音</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a>: <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping"><i>bin<sup>3</sup> jam<sup>1</sup></i></span></i>) by altering the base tone contour to that of the dark rising tone (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陰上</span></span>), such as the term <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue-Hant">廣州話</span></span> (<i>gwong² zau¹ waa⁶⁻²</i>, 'Cantonese'), which etymologically may be an <i>erhua</i> based construction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhua&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penelope Eckert. Meaning and Linguistic Variation: The Third Wave in Sociolinguistics. 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718173931/https://twtcsl.org/further/Taiwan_Mandarin_phonology">"台灣國語的語音特色"</a>. <i>twtcsl.org</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twtcsl.org/further/Taiwan_Mandarin_phonology">the original</a> on 2020-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=twtcsl.org&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwtcsl.org%2Ffurther%2FTaiwan_Mandarin_phonology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShin" class="citation journal cs1">Shin, Woosun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7736659">"臺灣國語的重疊式"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E9%87%8D%E7%96%8A%E5%BC%8F&rft.aulast=Shin&rft.aufirst=Woosun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7736659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhua" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestChan2023" class="citation web cs1">West, Andrew; Chan, Eiso (12 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23284-small-er-proposal.pdf">"Proposal to encode two small form CJK characters for Chinese"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>unicode.org</i>. The Unicode Consortium<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicode.org&rft.atitle=Proposal+to+encode+two+small+form+CJK+characters+for+Chinese&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Chan%2C+Eiso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2023%2F23284-small-er-proposal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24006.htm#178-C27">"UTC 178 Minutes"</a>. <i>www.unicode.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicode.org&rft.atitle=UTC+178+Minutes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2024%2F24006.htm%23178-C27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLi1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Li, Simin (1994). <i>汉语"儿"[ɚ] 音史研究</i> [<i>A study of the history of ér in Chinese</i>] (in Chinese). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">122–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787100015219" title="Special:BookSources/9787100015219"><bdi>9787100015219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%22%E5%84%BF%22%5B%C9%9A%5D+%E9%9F%B3%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.pub=Commercial+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9787100015219&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Simin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duanmu-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duanmu_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duanmu_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuanmu2007" class="citation book cs1">Duanmu, San (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phonologystandar00duan"><i>The Phonology of Standard Chinese</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phonologystandar00duan/page/n238">218</a>–223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Standard+Chinese&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=218-223&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Duanmu&rft.aufirst=San&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphonologystandar00duan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLin2007" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Yen-Hwei (2007). <i>The Sounds of Chinese</i>. 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Beijing: Peking University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">184–</span>187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787301199725" title="Special:BookSources/9787301199725"><bdi>9787301199725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.pub=Peking+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9787301199725&rft.aulast=Ding&rft.aufirst=Chongming&rft.au=Rong%2C+Jing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chen_39-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chen_39_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chen_39_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChen1999" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Ping (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernchinesehis00chen_132"><i><span></span></i>Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics<i><span></span></i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernchinesehis00chen_132/page/n54">39</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Chinese%3A+History+and+Sociolinguistics&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Ping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernchinesehis00chen_132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">林焘沈炯 (1995): 北京话儿化韵的语音分歧</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郑有仪 : 北京话和成都话、重庆话的儿化比较</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">重庆方言中的儿化现象</span></span> (unknown author)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHe1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">He, Wei (1989). <i>获嘉方言研究</i> [<i>A Study of Huojia Dialect</i>] (in Chinese). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B4%87%E6%98%8E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=%E6%B1%9F%E8%98%87%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Rong&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Weiying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYaoOuyangZhou2016" class="citation book cs1">Yao, Bingcai; Ouyang, Jueya; Zhou, Wuji (2016). <i>廣州話方言詞典</i>. 商務印書館. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Bingcai&rft.au=Ouyang%2C+Jueya&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Wuji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGao1980" class="citation book cs1">Gao, Huanian (July 1980). <i>廣州方言研究</i>. 商務印書館.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft.date=1980-07&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Huanian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZheng1997" class="citation book cs1">Zheng, Ding'ou (1997). <i>香港粵語詞典</i>. 江蘇教育出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5343-2942-6" title="Special:BookSources/7-5343-2942-6"><bdi>7-5343-2942-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.pub=%E6%B1%9F%E8%98%87%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=7-5343-2942-6&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Ding%27ou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhua&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2005" class="citation cs2">Lee, Wai-Sum (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/pdfs/interspeech_2005/lee05d_interspeech.pdf"><i>A phonetic study of the "er-hua" rimes in Beijing Mandarin</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+phonetic+study+of+the+%22er-hua%22+rimes+in+Beijing+Mandarin&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Wai-Sum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isca-speech.org%2Farchive%2Fpdfs%2Finterspeech_2005%2Flee05d_interspeech.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhua" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanepariCerini2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Canepari" title="Luciano Canepari">Canepari, Luciano</a>; Cerini, Marco (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305185517/http://venus.unive.it/canipa/dokuwiki/lib/exe/fetch.php?id=en%3Apdf&cache=cache&media=en:erhua.pdf"><i>Mandarin: the </i>-r<i> grammeme and the so-called </i>érhuà<i> phenomenon</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2nd ed.), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venus.unive.it/canipa/dokuwiki/lib/exe/fetch.php?id=en%3Apdf&cache=cache&media=en:erhua.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-12</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandarin%3A+the+-r+grammeme+and+the+so-called+%C3%A9rhu%C3%A0+phenomenon&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Canepari&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft.au=Cerini%2C+Marco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenus.unive.it%2Fcanipa%2Fdokuwiki%2Flib%2Fexe%2Ffetch.php%3Fid%3Den%253Apdf%26cache%3Dcache%26media%3Den%3Aerhua.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErhua" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.102/s06/audio/Unit%205.15%20Pronun%20erhua.mp3"><i>Erhua</i> pronunciation MP3</a> on <a href="/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare" title="MIT OpenCourseWare">MIT OpenCourseWare</a>. The accompanying <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/foreign-languages-and-literatures/21f-102-chinese-ii-regular-spring-2006/readings/102_unit5_mar06.pdf">text</a> is located on page 40 of the notes.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117010823/http://www.sinoglot.com/bjs/2008/01/does-the-beijing-r-mean-anything/">Blog discussion of functions of <i>erhua</i> in meaning, with sound samples.</a></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erhua&oldid=1281942291">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erhua&oldid=1281942291</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mandarin_Chinese" title="Category:Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Mandarin_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Mandarin IPA">Pages with Mandarin IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Wu_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Wu Chinese-language text">Articles containing Wu Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Yue_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Yue Chinese-language text">Articles containing Yue Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_template_Zh_with_sup_tags" title="Category:Pages using template Zh with sup tags">Pages using template Zh with sup tags</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 March 2025, at 12:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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