Israel-Palestine Conflict Requires Rethinking the ICC’s Jurisdiction

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Security"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/","https://x.com/just_security","https://www.linkedin.com/company/just-security-linkedin/","https://www.instagram.com/justsecurityforum/","https://www.youtube.com/@JustSecurityForum"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/3d1089eb9221174d9b350c7f82e0e848","name":"Smadar Ben-Natan","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/afae243f5b071ca622946b84cd11a550","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/13f3cd14b16fad825a85b2a3957e1fbd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/13f3cd14b16fad825a85b2a3957e1fbd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Smadar Ben-Natan"},"description":"Smadar Ben-Natan (@Smadarbn1) is an assistant professor of human rights in the School of Global Studies and Languages, University of Oregon. She teaches international law, international human rights, global carceral studies, and courses on Israel/Palestine. Previously, Ben-Natan taught at the University of Washington, Seattle, and the University of California, Berkeley, and was a visiting scholar at UC Berkeley’s Center for the Study of Law and Society, Center for Middle East Studies, and Harvard Law School Center for Global Law and Policy. She holds an LLB from Tel Aviv University, an MA from the University of Oxford, and a PhD from Tel Aviv University. Ben-Natan practiced as a human rights and criminal defense lawyer in Israel/Palestine, she is a member of the ICC list of counsel, and a board member of B’tselem, the Israeli Information Center for human Rights in the Occupied Territories. She is also an adviser for Amnesty International. Her research uses socio-legal and comparative methods to study human rights, criminal justice, armed conflict, and citizenship. Her most recent article, The Boundaries of the Carceral State: Accounting for the Role of Military Incarceration, was published in Theoretical Criminology. It is part of the research project The Carceral State in Conflict: Between Reconciliation and Radicalization, supported by the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/d4be1de92945811b8c0caccb5f02a851","name":"Itamar Mann","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/de6a3e1704427f1fe22510b55725f77c","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/deeef9592497a46c2cf00072e8132947?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/deeef9592497a46c2cf00072e8132947?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Itamar Mann"},"description":"Itamar Mann (@itamann) is an associate professor of Law at the University of Haifa and a research fellow at Humboldt University in Berlin. He teaches international law and a number of related courses, including an elective on law and terrorism, environmental law, and a clinical seminar. Before moving to Haifa, he was the national security law fellow and an adjunct professor at Georgetown Law Center. He holds an LLB from Tel Aviv University, and LLM and JSD degrees from Yale Law School. Mann is also the president of Border Forensics, a Geneva based investigation group. His book, Humanity at Sea: Maritime Migration and the Foundations of International Law, came out with Cambridge University Press in 2016.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//use.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Just Security » Feed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/feed/" />  <script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-C8GWL90XNK" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" async></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript"> var mi_version = '9.2.4'; var mi_track_user = true; var mi_no_track_reason = ''; var MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations = {"page_location":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/98501\/israel-trans-border-torture\/"}; if ( typeof MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter === 'function' ) { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? 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Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict </h1> </div> </div> </div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p><p class="date">August 7, 2024</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-bluesky"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-bluesky-98501" class="share-bluesky sd-button share-icon no-text" 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share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/bangladesh/" rel="tag">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gaza/" rel="tag">Gaza</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/icc-prosecutor/" rel="tag">ICC Prosecutor</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-court-of-justice-icj/" rel="tag">International Court of Justice (ICJ)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-court/" rel="tag">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/israel/" rel="tag">Israel</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/israel-hamas-war/" rel="tag">Israel-Hamas War</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/jurisdiction/" rel="tag">Jurisdiction</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/myanmar/" rel="tag">Myanmar</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/palestine/" rel="tag">Palestine</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/rohingya/" rel="tag">Rohingya</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/rome-statute/" rel="tag">Rome Statute</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/torture/" rel="tag">torture</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/war-crimes/" rel="tag">War Crimes</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p><p class="date">August 7, 2024</p></div><p style="font-weight: 400;">On Monday, the Israeli human rights organization <a href="https://www.btselem.org/about_btselem">B’tselem</a> (The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories) published <a href="https://www.btselem.org/publications/202408_welcome_to_hell">a devastating report</a> on the systematic torture and ill-treatment of Palestinians detained by Israeli authorities since the Hamas-led attack of October 7, relying on testimonies of more than 50 released detainees. Its title, “Welcome to Hell” is a quote from a soldier speaking to a group of detainees as they arrived in Megiddo prison, which is located <em>inside Israel</em>. This report builds on <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/israel-must-end-mass-incommunicado-detention-and-torture-of-palestinians-from-gaza/#:~:text=Amnesty%20International%20is%20calling%20for,the%20Red%20Cross%20(ICRC).">previous reporting</a> by Amnesty International, also relying on the testimonies of released detainees. One of the most notable media testimonies was that of Mohammed Abu Salmiya, director of Gaza’s al-Shifa hospital, after seven months in Israeli custody. Abu Salmiya’s <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/02/middleeast/al-shifa-hospital-director-released-israel-detention-intl-hnk/index.html">harrowing account</a> of “almost daily torture” while detained <em>inside Israel</em> presents a complex legal and geographical challenge to traditional notions of the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) territorial reach.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">All of these allegations of torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment – alongside numerous <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/10/middleeast/israel-sde-teiman-detention-whistleblowers-intl-cmd/index.html">reports emerging</a> as Israel releases <a href="https://x.com/AJEnglish/status/1811105664808124584?t=4ndRK9HJvCq51edIDrQKnA&s=08">other</a> Palestinian detainees – reignite crucial debates about the ICC’s jurisdiction over alleged war crimes in the Israel-Palestine conflict and the Court’s ability to hold alleged perpetrators to account. The fact that Israel <a href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240217-israel-kidnapped-palestinians-from-jabalia-camp-to-transfer-to-israel/">transfers detainees</a> <em>from Gaza and the West Bank</em> to face torture and interrogation <em>inside Israel</em> complicates any strict delineation of the jurisdictional boundaries of the ICC’s territorial reach, which covers the <em>State of Palestine</em> as a State Party to the <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf">Rome Statute</a>. These accounts reveal, once again, that human rights violations against Palestinians form an intricate, interconnected web spanning the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, and Israel proper, defying neat territorial categorizations.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">A recent advisory <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/186/186-20240719-adv-01-00-en.pdf">opinion</a> from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) regarding the legal consequences of Israel’s control of the Occupied Palestinian Territories has further amplified the difficulties in delineating strict territorial lines between the State of Israel and the State of Palestine. Finding that Israel’s control amounts to unlawful annexation, the advisory opinion <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97889/a-synopsis-of-icj-finding-israels-occupation-of-palestinian-territory-in-violation-of-international-law/">makes clear</a> that Palestine – <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2021_01165.PDF">recognized</a> as a State by the ICC – is under unlawful control by another State. The interconnectedness of these alleged crimes with territories on both sides of the Green Line presents a challenge and an opportunity for the ICC, underscoring the need for a holistic approach to accountability. By recognizing the inherently transnational nature of these alleged crimes, the Court could potentially bridge the artificial divide between Gaza and Israel, addressing the conflict’s root causes and systemic abuses in a more comprehensive manner.</p> <h2 style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>A Unified System of Alleged Abuses</strong></h2> <p style="font-weight: 400;">With respect to Israeli leaders, ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan has <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state#:~:text=My%20Office%20submits%20that%20these,iii)%20collectively%20punish%20the%20civilian">chosen</a> to focus the Palestine investigation primarily on starvation-related crimes allegedly committed in Gaza. Yet the mounting allegations of detainee abuse underscore the need for his office to broaden the scope of its investigation. <a href="https://hamoked.org/prisoners-charts.php">Thousands</a> of detainees from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank have been transferred into Israel, and many of those allegedly abused since the outbreak of the conflict. Under Article 54(1)(a), the <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf">Rome Statute</a> allows for such expansion as new evidence emerges, and the torture allegations demand serious consideration.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">The ICC’s territorial jurisdiction is established based on the <a href="https://asp.icc-cpi.int/states-parties/asian-states/Palestine">accession</a> of Palestine as a State Party to the Rome Statute, under Article 12(2), and the decision to open an investigation regarding crimes within its territory. The idea is that even though Palestine is occupied, it is has been recognized as a State with a defined territory including the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, where the Prosecutor may conduct investigations in accordance with Article 54(2) of the Rome Statute. Yet this doctrinal solution creates a puzzle when it come to “trans-border” crimes that are partially committed in the territory of the State of Israel.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">At the heart of this jurisdictional puzzle lies a stark truth: the Israel-Palestine conflict does not abide by the <a href="https://casebook.icrc.org/a_to_z/glossary/occupation">modern framework</a> of the law of occupation, under which Israel is a sovereign territory that is separate from the Occupied Palestinian Territories of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. In fact, it operates within a de facto one-State reality over the entire territory of Palestine/Israel, where the territorial lines between occupied and occupier have become increasingly blurred. This colonial reality is reflected not just in the physical control of territory and population, such as <a href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=25698">restrictions on movement</a>, cultivation of land, and water supply, to name just a few. It is inscribed in the <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3723656">seamless continuum</a> of human rights violations that span both sides of the Green Line, drawn by the <a href="https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/IL%20JO_490403_Hashemite%20Jordan%20Kingdom-Israel%20General%20Armistice%20Agreement.pdf">Rhodes Armistice Agreements</a> (1949), between the newly established State of Israel and the remaining territory of Palestine, as defined in a <a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/palmanda.asp">1922 League of Nations’ Mandate</a>.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">The jurisdictional framework <a href="https://stoptorture.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/FIDH-PCATI_Art.-15-communication-June-2022.pdf">proposed</a> by the human rights advocacy organizations <a href="https://stoptorture.org.il/en/">Public Committee Against Torture in Israel</a> (PCATI) and the <a href="https://www.fidh.org/en">International Federation for Human Rights</a> (FIDH) in their 2022 communication to the ICC Prosecutor, which we both consulted them on, offers a lens to view this interconnected landscape of abuse. The communication describes a continuous chain of events, where the initial arrest in the Occupied Territories brings subsequent acts outside that territory within the Court’s purview, mirroring the intricate web of Israeli control and oppression that characterizes the Israeli-Palestinian conflict since 1967. Just as the territories of Palestine and Israel themselves are inextricably linked by a shared history and <a href="https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/idith-zertal/lords-of-the-land/9780786744855/?lens=bold-type-books">decades of occupation and settlement,</a> so too are the alleged crimes that span them. The forcible transfer of detainees across borders, the continuity of their mistreatment, and the lasting impact on both individuals and communities, all point to a unified system which defies simple territorial demarcation, a system which one of us has defined as “<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13624806231163109?icid=int.sj-full-text.citing-articles.4">the one carceral state</a>.”</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">This framing provides an opportunity to view Abu Salmiya’s and other detainees’ alleged mistreatment not as discrete incidents, but as an unbroken chain of abuse beginning and ending within a single, complex reality in which the ICC’s authority must be asserted holistically. The forcible transfer of detainees from Gaza to Israel, far from being a mere logistical detail, takes on heightened significance. As consultants to PCATI and FIDH, we helped to develop the underlying argument: such deportations constitute a war crime in their own right under the <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf">Rome Statute</a>, that of unlawful deportation or transfer of occupied population (Article 8(2)(b)(viii)). As explained in paragraph 117 of the PCATI and FIDH <a href="https://stoptorture.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/FIDH-PCATI_Art.-15-communication-June-2022.pdf">communication</a>, this system is deliberately designed to facilitate more intensive interrogation techniques, such “cyclical sessions including beatings, sleep deprivation, stress positions, painful shackling, sexual and psychological humiliation and abuse, and other techniques, all with the involvement of medical personnel […]” (<a href="https://stoptorture.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/FIDH-PCATI_Art.-15-communication-June-2022.pdf">communication</a>, para. 13). These actions, which occur in specialized facilities, can constitute the crime of torture and similar inhuman acts. As such, both the deportation and the torture itself may constitute criminal acts under Articles 7 and 8 of the <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf">Rome Statute</a>, which should not escape international scrutiny and accountability on what has become a territorial technicality. The “trans-border” nature of these crimes further complicates traditional notions of jurisdiction, but it also reflects the <a href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Palestinian-Walks/Raja-Shehadeh/9781416569664">lived experiences</a> of Palestinians who find themselves subject to a fragmented yet interconnected system of control that in itself may <a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution">constitute the crime of apartheid</a>.</p> <h2 style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Precedent in Trans-border Jurisdiction</strong></h2> <p style="font-weight: 400;">The ICC has previously navigated similar jurisdictional complexities, most notably in its <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/victims/bangladesh-myanmar">investigation of alleged crimes</a> against the Rohingya people, offering a potential precedent for addressing the Israel-Palestine situation. In that case, the Court faced a scenario where Myanmar, like Israel, is <a href="https://asp.icc-cpi.int/states-parties">not a Party</a> to the Rome Statute. However, the ICC Pre-Trial Chamber <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/court-record/icc-01/19-27">ruled</a> that it could exercise jurisdiction over the crime of deportation, which began in Myanmar but was completed when Rohingya refugees crossed into Bangladesh, an ICC Member State. As the Pre-Trial Chamber <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2019_06955.PDF">explained</a>, only “one element of a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court or part of such a crime” must be committed on the territory of a Rome Statute State Party (para. 43). This precedent-setting decision recognized the inherently transnational nature of certain crimes and opened the door for a more flexible understanding of the Court’s territorial jurisdiction.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">The parallels to the Israel-Palestine situation are clear, though the movement is in the opposite direction: from Palestine, which is <a href="https://asp.icc-cpi.int/states-parties">an ICC Member State</a>, to Israel which is not. Additionally, while in the Myanmar case deportation was the only cross border crime, here the crime of deportation is one element of a <a href="https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/fidh-pcati_art__15_communication_palestine_crimes_isa.pdf">sequence</a> of alleged crimes, including, and further facilitating torture or inhuman treatment (TIT), as <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf">defined</a> in Article 8(2)(a)(ii) of the Rome Statute. Both are differences without a legal distinction relevant to the establishment of jurisdiction, making the Myanmar case applicable to the <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/palestine">Situation of Palestine</a> (and whatever differences are relevant between the two allegations concern <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article-abstract/13/3/555/890738?redirectedFrom=PDF">evidentiary requirements</a>, not jurisdiction). Whereas deportation is <em>by nature</em> a trans-border crime, the trans-border commission of TIT requires proof by evidence: for example, that a sequence of beatings begun in the Occupied Palestinian Territories during the initial arrest, after which the detainee was shackled and blindfolded, while beating or other forms of TIT continued in Israeli territory</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">The applicability of the Myanmar case rests on two arguments. First, as with deportation, TIT constitutes an unbroken chain of events, with material elements of actus reus in both deportation and TIT perpetrated in the territory of Palestine and continuing into Israel. The violent arrests and transfers of victims mark the beginning of an ordeal that cumulatively amounts to TIT. According to the evidence PCATI and FIDH collected (before the current war), physical violence and threats often <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-18/ty-article/.premium/hundreds-of-gazans-arrested-during-war-held-blindfolded-and-handcuffed-at-israeli-base/0000018c-7ce6-de44-a9be-7df678fd0000">start</a> during the arrests and transfers (<a href="https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/fidh-pcati_art__15_communication_palestine_crimes_isa.pdf">communication, para. 73</a>), some but not all such arrests have included forms of TIT. Violent arrests preface the violence that awaits the detainees and serves to instill the <a href="https://www.adalah.org/uploads/oldfiles/Public/files/English/Publications/On%20Torture%20(English).pdf">fear and sense of powerlessness</a> which are part of a process of torture and inhuman treatment in detention facilities, sometimes culminating in (but not separate from) violent interrogations which, together with the arrests, constitute TIT.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">In survivor testimony that PCATI has meticulously collected over years before October 2023, detainees often describe the moment in which Israeli security agents declare that they are commencing with “military interrogation” (تحقيق عسكري) (<a href="https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/fidh-pcati_art__15_communication_palestine_crimes_isa.pdf">communication para. 13</a>). This is widely understood as the heart of the violent investigation, in which physical violence was invariably intensified. From the viewpoints of interrogator and detainee, this ritual declaration marks a shift in the level of pain inflicted. As physical violence has at this point already taken place going all the way back to the initial violent arrest in the Palestinian Occupied Territories, from a legal point of view the declaration is often but one part of a crime that has already been underway. This is true particularly in those instances when it can be shown that the initial violence during arrest rose to the level of TIT.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Second, even when the initial violence during arrest and transfer do not amount to TIT, the conduct of the arrest in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank and transfer to Israel knowingly <em>enable </em>the subsequent TIT. The transfer, detention, and interrogation inside Israel are neither incidental nor opportunistic. As detailed by <a href="https://stoptorture.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/FIDH-PCATI_Art.-15-communication-June-2022.pdf">PCATI and FIDH</a> (paras. 111-124), arrest following transfer and interrogation inside Israel are an organized and institutionalized course of action that has been developed over years, in which interrogation facilities are intentionally located in Israel. These facilities are staffed by interrogators of the Israeli Security Agency (ISA, also known as the Shin Bet) who are under a chain of command <a href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jihuleg10&div=6&id=&page=">which authorizes TIT</a> under the euphemistic title “<a href="https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/5624/2_necessity_procedure_1.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y">Necessity Procedure</a>,” equipped with the physical conditions to carry out violent interrogations (which may involve filthy and dark rooms, equipment for loud music, temperature control, and/or specific chairs). Even when, as in the current case of detentions following the Gaza war, abuse is prevalent in detention facilities even outside the interrogation chamber, the location of these facilities inside Israel is an intentional and <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/13624806231163109?casa_token=F3DAmYihkaQAAAAA:yeINNQtxU8h4xztV8MdDdSyKtXnBSM1aQ49ER1iJm5w9HcnbzvME92WfcfSJSrjFT-ekhJaQWxul">organizational State policy</a> that allows for full control of such facilities. The transfer of detainees is therefore an integral and essential component of the torture process, a necessary condition. There may be discussion whether this aspect of planning is part of the crimes of TIT and deportation, or rather an ancillary element, perhaps amounting to joint criminal enterprise, or aiding and abetting, all of which are defined in Article 25 of the <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf">Rome Statute</a>. In that case too, however, jurisdiction may be triggered under the theory the Court developed in the investigation of the <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/victims/bangladesh-myanmar">Situation in Bangladesh/Myanmar</a>.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">One may perceive this more flexible understanding of jurisdiction as in tension with the principle of State consent foundational to any treaty, as neither Myanmar nor Israel are parties to the Rome Statute. However, in its February 2021 <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2021_01165.PDF">decision</a> addressing the Court’s jurisdiction regarding the Situation in Palestine, the Pre-Trial Chamber already emphasized that the territorial scope of the investigation is determined based on Palestine’s accession to the Rome Statute, not the other way around (para. 114). In other words, once the Pre-Trial Chamber recognized Palestine for this matter, it is enough that a crime is <em>partly</em> within its territory. This of course does not preclude any additional arguments regarding jurisdiction, which parties and defendants will no doubt continue to present to the Chamber. Indeed, on July 22 the Pre-trial Chamber <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/0902ebd1809006d1.pdf">allowed</a> various parties to make submissions on whether the Court can exercise jurisdiction.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">The ICC also has strong policy reasons to maintain this interpretation of acts falling within its jurisdiction. Once jurisdiction is based on State Party territory, any perpetrators committing crimes therein are subject to the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 12 of the Rome Statute. It only makes sense, then, that perpetrators may seek to remove criminal acts out of the Court’s jurisdiction. The intentional and illegal transfer of detainees and prisoners to a location outside the jurisdiction of the Court, by the perpetrators of those crimes, should not be allowed to have this intended effect, as it would enable perpetrators of war crimes (and other atrocities) to escape criminal liability for grave crimes. Especially when such transfers are of detainees who remain under absolute and exclusive control of the perpetrators, the transfer should be seen as an integral part of the alleged crimes and should not have the effect of removing the act from the Courts’ jurisdiction.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">This scenario echoes the 2008 decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in relation to Guantanamo detainees in <a href="https://casetext.com/case/boumediene-v-bush-5"><em>Boumediene v. Bush</em></a>. Discussing the applicability of Habeas Corpus to detainees intentionally placed outside the formal sovereign territory of the United States (but under its complete control and de-facto jurisdiction), the Court stated: “The test for determining the scope of this provision [Habeas Corpus suspension clause] must not be subject to manipulation by those whose power it is designed to restrain.”</p> <h2 style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Mounting Evidence and Responses</strong></h2> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Israel’s war on Gaza has brought these jurisdictional questions into sharp focus. Israeli human rights groups, including <a href="https://www.english.acri.org.il/">ACRI</a>, <a href="https://phr.org/">Physicians for Human Rights</a>, <a href="https://hamoked.org/">HaMoked</a>, and PCATI, have <a href="https://www.acri.org.il/post/_1086">petitioned</a> (only available in Hebrew) Israel’s High Court of Justice to close the detention center at the Sde Teiman military base in southern Israel. (The case is still under consideration with some families of fallen IDF soldiers and hostages strongly <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/right-wing-protesters-disrupt-high-court-hearing-over-sde-teiman-detention-center/">protesting</a> against the petition, including in the courtroom). The petition cites mounting evidence of severe human rights abuses, including “surgeries performed without anesthesia, holding detainees in painful positions for days, and handcuffing that leads to amputation” (p. 2). These allegations, occurring within Israel proper but inextricably linked to the broader conflict, highlight the artificial nature of attempting to separate abuses based on territorial borders alone.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) has responded to these allegations by committing to transfer the detainees to regular prisons, <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-to-phase-out-southern-detention-site-amid-allegations-of-torture-of-terror-suspects/">closing</a> the Sde Teiman facility, and establishing an “advisory committee” to examine the conditions of Palestinian prisoners detained amid the Gaza war. This development, deflecting attention from Israel’s new <a href="https://www.hamoked.org/document.php?dID=Updates2391">prohibition</a> on International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) visits to detainees, raises questions about the effectiveness of internal monitoring and investigations and the need for international oversight that can address the totality of the conflict’s human rights implications.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Recently, on July 29, the Israeli military police arrested for investigation 9 soldiers <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-29/ty-article/.premium/idf-police-raid-sde-teiman-prison-detain-soldiers-suspected-of-abusing-detainee/00000190-fe2c-d22a-abfe-ff2c10c20000?gift=315ccc472cc04646bb70defe3dc9c425">suspected of severely abusing a Palestinian detainee</a>, from the one of the units operating the Sde Teiman detention facility. The detainee was allegedly violently and sexually abused, requiring medical treatment and evacuation to a hospital following the abuse. As high ranking Israeli politicians and demonstrators from the far right <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/31/israeli-lawmakers-try-block-torture-prosecutions">criticized the investigation</a> and tried to block it, Israeli <a href="https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hysvdvrya">legal officials justified the investigation</a> not only on grounds of the criminal acts, but also as one that can protect Israeli suspects from prosecution by the ICC. These Israeli officials seem to have already assumed that the acts – again, committed inside the territory of Israel – are subject to ICC jurisdiction. They know Israeli authorities act in an unbroken chain throughout Israel and Palestine.</p> <h2 style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Challenges and Opportunities for the ICC</strong></h2> <p style="font-weight: 400;">The interconnectedness of these alleged crimes with territories on both sides of the Green Line presents both a challenge and an opportunity for the ICC. While it complicates questions of jurisdiction, it also underscores the need for a holistic approach to accountability. By recognizing the inherently transnational nature of these alleged crimes, the Court could potentially bridge the artificial divide between Palestine and Israel, addressing the conflict’s root causes and systemic abuses in a more comprehensive manner that reflects the one-State reality of the situation. Holding accountable those responsible for crimes in the region, whether on the Israeli or indeed on the Palestinian side, does not rest on doctrinal grounds alone. It must grow from an experience of the larger pattern of politics that has evolved in the area, a pattern of apartheid.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Yet significant hurdles remain. Verifying claims like Abu Salmiya’s presents evidentiary challenges, particularly for events occurring within Israeli territory. The ongoing conflict, Israel’s non-member status with the ICC, and the <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us-casts-third-veto-un-action-since-start-israel-hamas-war-2024-02-20/">strong support</a> Israel enjoys from a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, creates a politically charged atmosphere that complicates any potential ICC action. Moreover, while the Myanmar precedent offers a potential roadmap, the Court has yet to rule definitively on the validity of these expansive jurisdictional arguments in the context of the Israel-Palestine situation. Finally, it may be the case that the ICC Prosecutor prefers not to go beyond his existing request for arrest warrants. Expanding international criminal procedure against Israeli suspects even further may be perceived as a politically risky choice for the Prosecutor to make.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">The ICJ advisory opinion may present additional challenges and opportunities. On the one hand, it should lend more legitimacy to prosecution against Israeli officials. Indeed, the ICJ went as far as finding that Israel is in breach of prohibition of Article 3 (<a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/186/186-20240719-adv-01-00-en.pdf">para. 229</a>) of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), which states that: “States Parties particularly condemn racial segregation and apartheid and undertake to prevent, prohibit and eradicate all practices of this nature in territories under their jurisdiction.” The ICJ finding appears to reinforce our view, the jurisdiction should reflect a continuous reality in Palestine and Israel. On the other hand, how should the ICC interpret territorial jurisdiction over a State that is now considered annexed? With no rule of binding precedent in international law, the ICC is not required to adopt the ICJ finding and may have to conduct its own analysis. Nevertheless, ICJ analysis may very well be held as persuasive precedent. The framework we present offers a way for the ICC to adhere to its mandate and examine jurisdiction over particular crimes while considering the entire territory they span.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">In short, the potential expansion of the ICC’s investigation to include torture and related crimes is not merely a matter of legal technicality. It represents an opportunity to address the full spectrum of alleged abuses and to recognize the interconnected nature of the conflict itself. By doing so, the Court could play a crucial role in dismantling the artificial boundaries that have too often shielded perpetrators from accountability and denied victims their right to justice.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">As allegations of detainee abuse continue to surface, the legal framework proposed by PCATI and FIDH takes on renewed urgency. Cases like Abu Salmiya’s should force the Court to grapple with fundamental questions about the nature of jurisdiction in an interconnected world, the reach of international criminal law, and the obligations of States to protect the fundamental rights of those in their custody – regardless of which side of the line they happen to fall on.</p> <h6><em>IMAGE: Barbed wire is coiled around the top of a chain-link fence. (Photo via Getty Images) </em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/bangladesh/" rel="tag">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gaza/" rel="tag">Gaza</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/icc-prosecutor/" rel="tag">ICC Prosecutor</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-court-of-justice-icj/" rel="tag">International Court of Justice (ICJ)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-court/" rel="tag">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/israel/" rel="tag">Israel</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/israel-hamas-war/" rel="tag">Israel-Hamas War</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/jurisdiction/" rel="tag">Jurisdiction</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/myanmar/" rel="tag">Myanmar</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/palestine/" rel="tag">Palestine</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/rohingya/" rel="tag">Rohingya</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/rome-statute/" rel="tag">Rome Statute</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/torture/" rel="tag">torture</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/war-crimes/" rel="tag">War Crimes</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Kramer</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 17th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106427/unpacking-the-biden-administrations-executive-order-on-ai-infrastructure/">Unpacking the Biden Administration’s Executive Order on AI Infrastructure</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 16th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106278/highlights-jack-smith-january-6th-final-report/">3 Highlights in Special Counsel Jack Smith’s Final Report on 2020 Election Subversion Case</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 14th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106313/questions-pam-bondi-attorney-general/">Questions for Senators (And Journalists) to Ask Attorney General Nominee Pam Bondi</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 14th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106317/questions-rubio-secretary-of-state-nominee/">Questions for Senators (and Journalists) to Ask Secretary of State Nominee Marco Rubio</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 14th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106283/how-not-to-decide-tiktok-u-s-press-freedom-hangs-in-the-balance/">How Not to Decide TikTok: U.S. press freedom hangs in the balance</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/coledavid/" title="Profile and articles by David Cole" class="author url fn" rel="author">David Cole</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 13th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106247/inspector-general-january-6th/">Unpacking the Inspector General Report on January 6th and FBI “False Flag” Conspiracies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 10th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106146/national-security-resilience-reform/">National Security Resilience and Reform: Trump 2.0 and Beyond</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kohharold/" title="Profile and articles by Harold Hongju Koh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harold Hongju Koh</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 8th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106105/announcement-ai-emerging-technologies-initiative/">Announcing Just Security’s Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies Initiative</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 6th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105879/suing-taliban-icj-abuses-afghan-women/">Suing the Taliban at the ICJ Over Abuses of Afghan Women Isn’t a Panacea. Countries Must Do More Now.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/huckerbyjayne/" title="Profile and articles by Jayne Huckerby" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jayne Huckerby</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 3rd, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105991/just-security-2024-book-recommendations/">The Just Security 2024 Year-End Book Recommendations</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105981/ukraine-russia-human-safari-tactic/">Russia’s “Human Safari” Terror Tactic in Key Southeastern Ukraine Region of Kherson</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sapuppomercedes/" title="Profile and articles by Mercedes Sapuppo" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mercedes Sapuppo</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105944/us-iran-diplomacy-nuclear/">U.S. Options for Iran Diplomacy in 2025</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/davenportkelsey/" title="Profile and articles by Kelsey Davenport" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kelsey Davenport</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105917/interim-report-icj-climate-opinion/">An Interim Report on the ICJ’s Climate Advisory Opinion</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hericorina/" title="Profile and articles by Corina Heri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Corina Heri</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105909/challenging-china-human-rights/">New Challenges to Xi Jinping’s Alternative Facts on Taiwan: Lessons for the Human Rights Space, Too</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/richardsonsophie/" title="Profile and articles by Sophie Richardson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sophie Richardson</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105752/ai-presidency/">The AI Presidency: What “America First” Means for Global AI Governance</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105735/trump-administration-sanctions-africa/">The First Trump Administration Used Sanctions Effectively in Africa. Here’s How That Can Resume in the Second Term.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bradbrooksrubin/" title="Profile and articles by Brad Brooks-Rubin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brad Brooks-Rubin</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105708/icc-standard-proof-head-state/">Does the Int’l Criminal Court Impose Too Low a Standard of Proof to Arrest a Head of State?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchwaldtodd/" title="Profile and articles by Todd Buchwald" class="author url fn" rel="author">Todd Buchwald</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/trumbullcharlie/" title="Profile and articles by Charlie Trumbull" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charlie Trumbull</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105638/biden-bosnia-security-troops/">Biden’s Unfinished Business: A Bridge to Shore Up a European Flank – in the Balkans</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bassuenerkurt/" title="Profile and articles by Kurt Bassuener" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kurt Bassuener</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105640/georgia-protests-us-sanctions/">Georgia Risks Falling to a Violent One-Party Regime. The Biden Administration Must Act Now to Stop Its Slide.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kellyian/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105627/syria-freedom-governance-local-approach-constitutionalism/">Syrians’ Pursuit of Freedom and Self-Governance: Prioritizing a Locally-Driven and Incremental Approach to Constitutionalism</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/alrwishdideyaa/" title="Profile and articles by Deyaa Alrwishdi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Deyaa Alrwishdi</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105593/foreign-agent-laws-impact/">The Spreading Impact of Restrictive ‘Foreign Agent’ Laws and How to Stop Them</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/cameronjasmine/" title="Profile and articles by Jasmine D. Cameron" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jasmine D. Cameron</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nicolafernandag/" title="Profile and articles by Fernanda G. Nicola" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fernanda G. Nicola</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105552/public-framing-mass-deportation/">The Public Framing of Mass Deportation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/coxadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Cox" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Cox</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105538/interpol-transparency-reform/">Interpol General Assembly Inches Forward on Transparency, Still Needs Reform Strategy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bromundted/" title="Profile and articles by Ted R. Bromund" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ted R. Bromund</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/grossmansandra/" title="Profile and articles by Sandra Grossman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sandra Grossman</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105406/georgia-protests-letter-us-diplomats/">Open Letter on Georgia from Former US Diplomats</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/herbstjohne/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) John E. Herbst" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) John E. Herbst</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105321/military-immigration-enforcement-deportation/">Deployment of the U.S. Military for Immigration Enforcement: A Primer</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goiteinelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Goitein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Goitein</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105181/drones-graves-mexicos-disappeared/">Camera-Fitted Drones May Help Locate Graves of Mexico’s Disappeared</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/garciareyeskarina/" title="Profile and articles by Karina García-Reyes" class="author url fn" rel="author">Karina García-Reyes</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/moctezumamiguel/" title="Profile and articles by Miguel Moctezuma" class="author url fn" rel="author">Miguel Moctezuma</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105176/birthright-citizenship-undocumented-immigrants-2/">Birthright Citizenship and Undocumented Immigrants</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sominilya/" title="Profile and articles by Ilya Somin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilya Somin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105048/icc-arrest-warrants/">Nuts & Bolts of the International Criminal Court Arrest Warrants in the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105019/trump-ukraine-policy-peace-talks/">To ‘End’ War in Ukraine, Trump Might Be Tougher on Putin Than Critics Think</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104929/ukraine-biden-trump-missiles/">Biden’s Final Efforts on Ukraine — and Trump’s First Moves</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/frieddaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Daniel Fried" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Daniel Fried</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104770/new-technology-atrocity-prevention/">Thinking Beyond Risks: A Symposium on Tech and Atrocity Prevention</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104800/sanctions-effectiveness-models/">Do Sanctions Work? It Depends. Burma and the West Bank Might Be Models.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bradbrooksrubin/" title="Profile and articles by Brad Brooks-Rubin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brad Brooks-Rubin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104728/ukraine-constitution-conscientious-objectors/">As Ukraine Struggles for Troops, Its Constitutional Court Considers the Rights of Conscientious Objectors</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nekoliakandrii/" title="Profile and articles by Andrii Nekoliak" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrii Nekoliak</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104676/american-ai-leadership-requires-support-open-source/">The United States Must Win The Global Open Source AI Race</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mcbridekeegan/" title="Profile and articles by Keegan McBride" class="author url fn" rel="author">Keegan McBride</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/woodleyballdean/" title="Profile and articles by Dean W. Ball" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dean W. Ball</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104622/journalist-in-exile-laments-kyrgyzstan-crackdown-now-extending-to-his-12-year-old-son/">Journalist in Exile Laments Kyrgyzstan Crackdown, Now Extending to His 12-Year-Old Son</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/temirovbolot/" title="Profile and articles by Bolot Temirov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bolot Temirov</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104655/real-time-litigation-tracker-election/">Election 2024 Real-Time Litigation Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vancejoyce/" title="Profile and articles by Joyce Vance" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joyce Vance</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/geemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Gee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Gee</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104564/election-top-10-nov-4/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104448/older-people-human-rights-africa/">A Historic Day for Older People and Human Rights Across Africa</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mugabowishemaelie/" title="Profile and articles by Elie Mugabowishema" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elie Mugabowishema</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchananjane/" title="Profile and articles by Jane Buchanan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jane Buchanan</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104398/new-interpol-chief-abuses-reforms/">As Interpol Gets New Secretary General, What are the Risks of Abuses Over Reforms?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bromundted/" title="Profile and articles by Ted R. Bromund" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ted R. Bromund</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/grossmansandra/" title="Profile and articles by Sandra Grossman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sandra Grossman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenbergilan/" title="Profile and articles by Ilan Greenberg" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilan Greenberg</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104416/congress-protect-americans-transnational-repression/">Congress Should Protect Americans from Transnational Repression</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ahmedrasheed/" title="Profile and articles by Rasheed Ahmed" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rasheed Ahmed</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104451/pentagon-plan-protect-civilians-promises/">Is The Pentagon’s Plan to Protect Civilians Living up to its Promises?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hunkemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Hunke" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Hunke</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104393/election-top-10-oct-29/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104407/authoritarianism-plutocracy-press-freedom/">Rising Authoritarianism and Plutocracy Are a Dangerous Mix for Press Freedom</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kleinfeldrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Kleinfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Kleinfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104385/presumptive-privilege-trump-pence/">Does a “Presumptive” Privilege Protect President Trump from Prosecution for Pressuring Pence?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/alschuleralbert/" title="Profile and articles by Albert W. Alschuler" class="author url fn" rel="author">Albert W. Alschuler</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/">Frictionless Government and the National Security Constitution</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/deeksashley/" title="Profile and articles by Ashley Deeks" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashley Deeks</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eichensehrkristen/" title="Profile and articles by Kristen Eichensehr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kristen Eichensehr</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104348/israel-strikes-against-iran/">Making Sense of International Law in Light of Israel and Iran’s Latest Round of “Retaliation”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lieblicheliav/" title="Profile and articles by Eliav Lieblich" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eliav Lieblich</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104334/washington-post-endorsement-bezos/">On Dictatorship and Self-Censorship: Lessons the Owner of a Sudanese Newspaper Could Give Jeff Bezos</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104328/dod-directive-changes/">Much Ado About Nothing: Recent Changes to Department of Defense Directive 5240.01</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nunnjoseph/" title="Profile and articles by Joseph Nunn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joseph Nunn</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goiteinelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Goitein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Goitein</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104242/memorandum-ai-national-security/">The U.S. National Security Memorandum on AI: Leading Experts Weigh In</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104206/fair-fast-asylum-processing-switzerland/">Fair and Fast Asylum Processing: Lessons from Switzerland</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ghezelbashdaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Daniel Ghezelbash" class="author url fn" rel="author">Daniel Ghezelbash</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hruschkaconstantin/" title="Profile and articles by Constantin Hruschka" class="author url fn" rel="author">Constantin Hruschka</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104174/election-top-10-oct-23/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104130/rule-of-law-index-2024/">Rule of Law Index Shows Some Rays of Hope Amidst Continuing Global Recession</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andersenelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Andersen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Andersen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/evangelidesalicia/" title="Profile and articles by Alicia Evangelides" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alicia Evangelides</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/">Heat Map of January 6th Defendants Across the United States</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103956/proud-boys-threat-assessment/">Proud Boys Threat Assessment: From the Planning of January 6th to Future Scenarios</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103773/top-10-election-litigation/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/">Lifting Russia Sanctions – What Can a President Do Unilaterally?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/markustaisa/" title="Profile and articles by Taisa Markus" class="author url fn" rel="author">Taisa Markus</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103918/jack-goldsmith-jack-smith-explanation/">Refuting the Latest Baseless Attacks Against Special Counsel Jack Smith</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103838/un-future-summit-can-teach/">What the UN’s Summit of the Future Can Teach Us – When the Dust Settles</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/streetjordan/" title="Profile and articles by Jordan Street" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jordan Street</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103818/scenario-planning-january-6th/">The “War Game” Documentary, and Simulating a Worse January 6th</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103777/maintaining-the-rule-of-law-in-the-age-of-ai/">Maintaining the Rule of Law in the Age of AI</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/szilagyikatie/" title="Profile and articles by Katie Szilagyi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katie Szilagyi</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103478/2024-election-litigation-top-10/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103317/shattering-illusions-how-cyber-threat-intelligence-augments-legal-action-against-russias-influence-operations/">Shattering Illusions: How Cyber Threat Intelligence Augments Legal Action against Russia’s Influence Operations</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kruschmasonw/" title="Profile and articles by Mason W. Krusch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mason W. Krusch</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103464/beyond-law-reaffirming-the-centrality-of-ethics-in-war/">Beyond Law: Reaffirming the Centrality of Ethics in War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzelke/" title="Profile and articles by Elke Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elke Schwarz</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/renicneil/" title="Profile and articles by Neil Renic" class="author url fn" rel="author">Neil Renic</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103533/whos-who-jack-smith-immunity-brief/">Who’s Who in Jack Smith’s Immunity Brief</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103433/unlawful-private-militias-government-response/">The Threat from Unlawful Private Militias Has Evolved. The Federal Government’s Response Must Evolve Too.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mccordmary/" title="Profile and articles by Mary B. McCord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mary B. McCord</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glickjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Glick" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Glick</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103348/afghanistan-protect-allies/">US Should Learn from Afghanistan and Vietnam Withdrawals to Better Protect Vulnerable Allies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rscottadams12/" title="Profile and articles by R. Scott Adams" class="author url fn" rel="author">R. Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103200/state-department-reform-commission/">The State Department Reform Commission: A Once in A Generation Opportunity to Reform American Diplomacy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/spokojnydan/" title="Profile and articles by Dan Spokojny" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dan Spokojny</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103265/analysis-iran-2024-election-interference-indictment/">Analysis of Remarkable and Unremarkable Aspects of Iranian 2024 Election Interference Indictment </a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aarondavid/" title="Profile and articles by David Aaron" class="author url fn" rel="author">David Aaron</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 28th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106653/collection-trump-administration-executive-actions/">Collection: Just Security’s Coverage of the Trump Administration Executive Actions</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 14th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107087/tracker-litigation-legal-challenges-trump-administration/">Litigation Tracker: Legal Challenges to Trump Administration Actions</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 16th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104770/new-technology-atrocity-prevention/">Thinking Beyond Risks: A Symposium on Tech and Atrocity Prevention</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a 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Barela" class="author url fn" rel="author">Steven J. Barela</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fallonmark/" title="Profile and articles by Mark Fallon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mark Fallon</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 1st, 2021</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Key Topics</h3><div class="sub-title">Scroll within to view all topics.</div></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-2" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><div class="flexible-content links custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:255px;"><ul class="link-list"><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/">Climate Change</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/">Congressional Oversight</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/counterterrorism/">Counterterrorism</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/">Democracy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/">Diplomacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/disinformation/">Disinformation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/immigration/">Immigration</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/intelligence/">Intelligence activities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-law/">International Criminal Law</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/israel-hamas-war/">Israel-Hamas War</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/january-6th-attack-on-us-capitol/">January 6th Attack on US Capitol</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/law-of-armed-conflict-loac/">Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-voices/">Local Voices</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/racial-justice/">Racial Justice</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/">Social Media Platforms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/">United Nations (UN)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li></ul></div></aside></div></div><div id="post-meta-after" class="pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div class="post-bottom-row about-authors clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>About the Author(s)</h3></div><div class="primary"><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/">Smadar <span>Ben-Natan</span></a></h4><p>Smadar Ben-Natan is an assistant professor of human rights in the School of Global Studies and Languages, University of Oregon. </p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/">Itamar <span>Mann</span></a></h4><p>Itamar Mann is an associate professor of Law at the University of Haifa and a research fellow at Humboldt University in Berlin. </p> <p>Follow him on Twitter (<a href="https://twitter.com/itamann?lang=en">@itamann</a>).</p> </div><p class="clearfix"> <a href="mailto:lte@justsecurity.org" class="button has-icon icon-fa"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Send A Letter To The Editor </a> </p></div></div><div class="post-bottom-row related-posts clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>Read these related stories next:</h3></div><div class="primary archive-wrap"><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107929/us-foreign-aid-freeze-middle-east-north-africa/" class="thumb" 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Israel-Palestine Conflict Requires Rethinking the ICC’s Jurisdiction