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charset=utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.1, user-scalable=1"/><title>Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</title><link rel="icon" href="/web/20240117193331im_/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/favicon.ico"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20240117193331cs_/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/styles/screen.css" type="text/css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20240117193331cs_/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/styles/survey/survey.css" type="text/css"/><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20240117193331js_/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/scripts/jquery-1.6.2.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20240117193331js_/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/scripts/CentralConfig.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20240117193331js_/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/scripts/survey/survey.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20240117193331js_/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/scripts/chrome.js"></script><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/web/20240117193331im_/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/images/chrome/apple-touch-icons/apple-touch-icon.png"/> <meta name="DC.title" content="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988"/><meta name="DC.description" content="An Act to restate the law of copyright, with amendments; to make fresh provision as to the rights of performers and others in performances; to confer a design right in original designs; to amend the Registered Designs Act 1949; to make provision with respect to patent agents and trade mark agents; to confer patents and designs jurisdiction on certain county courts; to amend the law of patents; to make provision with respect to devices designed to circumvent copy-protection of works in electronic form; to make fresh provision penalising the fraudulent reception of transmissions; to make the fraudulent application or use of a trade mark an offence; to make provision for the benefit of the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London; to enable financial assistance to be given to certain international bodies; and for connected purposes."/><meta name="description" content="An Act to restate the law of copyright, with amendments; to make fresh provision as to the rights of performers and others in performances; to confer a design right in original designs; to amend the Registered Designs Act 1949; to make provision with respect to patent agents and trade mark agents; to confer patents and designs jurisdiction on certain county courts; to amend the law of patents; to make provision with respect to devices designed to circumvent copy-protection of works in electronic form; to make fresh provision penalising the fraudulent reception of transmissions; to make the fraudulent application or use of a trade mark an offence; to make provision for the benefit of the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London; to enable financial assistance to be given to certain international bodies; and for connected purposes."/><meta name="DC.date.created" scheme="W3CDTF" content="1988-11-15"/><meta name="DC.type" scheme="DCTERMS.DCMIType" content="Text"/><meta name="DC.format" scheme="IMT" content="text/xml"/><meta name="DC.language" scheme="ISO639-2" content="eng"/><meta name="DC.publisher" content="Statute Law Database"/><meta name="DC.Date.Modified" content="2024-01-12"/><meta name="DC.contributor" content="Expert Participation"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/xml" href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/11/data.xml"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/11/data.rdf" title="RDF/XML"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/akn+xml" href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/11/data.akn" title="AKN"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/xhtml+xml" href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/11/data.xht" title="HTML snippet"/><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/11/data.htm" title="Website (XHTML) Default View"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/11/data.pdf" title="PDF"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/akn+xhtml" href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/11/data.html" title="HTML5 snippet"/> <link rel="index" href="/ukpga/1988/48/contents" title="Table of Contents"/> <link rel="up" href="/ukpga/1988/48" title="Entire legislation"/><link rel="prev" href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/10A" title="Provision; 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href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents">1988 c. 48</a></li><li><a href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/part/I"> Part I</a></li><li><a href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/part/I/chapter/I"> Chapter I</a></li><li><a href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/part/I/chapter/I/crossheading/authorship-and-ownership-of-copyright">Authorship and ownership of...</a></li><li class="active">Section 11</li></ul></div><ul id="legSubNav"><li id="legTocLink"><span class="presentation"></span><a href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents">Table of Contents</a></li><li id="legContentLink"><span class="presentation"></span><a href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/introduction" class="disabled">Content</a></li><li id="legResourcesLink"><span class="presentation"></span><a 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href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/pdfs/ukpga_19880048_en.pdf">Original: King's Printer Version</a></li></ul></div><p class="viewMoreLink"><a href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/resources">View more<span class="pageLinkIcon"></span></a></p></div></div></div><div id="content"><div id="changesOverTime"><h2>Changes over time for: Section 11</h2><div class="timelineHelp"><a href="#timelineHelp" class="helpItem helpItemToMidLeft"><img src="/web/20240117193331im_/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/images/chrome/helpIcon.gif" alt=" Help about opening options"/></a></div><div id="timeline"><div id="timelineData" style="width:717px"><h3 class="accessibleText">Alternative versions:</h3><ul><li style="width: 338px;"><a href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/11/1991-02-01"><span class="pointer"></span><span>01/02/1991<em class="accessibleText">- Amendment</em></span></a></li><li style="width: 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be fully up to date. At the current time any known changes or effects made by subsequent legislation have been applied to the text of the legislation you are viewing by the editorial team. Please see ‘Frequently Asked Questions’ for details regarding the timescales for which new effects are identified and recorded on this site.</p></div></div></div></div><div id="viewLegContents" xml:lang="en"><div class="LegSnippet" id="viewLegSnippet"><a class="LegAnchorID" id="section-11"></a><h5 class="LegClearFix LegP1ContainerFirst"><span class="LegDS LegP1No">11</span><span class="LegDS LegP1GroupTitleFirst"> First ownership of copyright.<span class="LegExtentRestriction" id="extent-U.K." title="Applies to "><span class="btr"></span>U.K.<span class="bbl"></span><span class="bbr"></span></span></span></h5><p class="LegClearFix LegP2Container"><span class="LegDS LegLHS LegP2No" id="section-11-1">(1)</span><span class="LegDS LegRHS LegP2Text">The author of a work is the first owner of any copyright in it, subject to the following provisions.</span></p><p class="LegClearFix LegP2Container"><span class="LegDS LegLHS LegP2No" id="section-11-2">(2)</span><span class="LegDS LegRHS LegP2Text">Where a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work <span class="LegChangeDelimiter">[</span><a class="LegCommentaryLink" href="#commentary-c13754611" title="View the commentary text for this item" id="reference-c13754611">F1</a><span class="LegAddition">, or a film,</span><span class="LegChangeDelimiter">]</span> is made by an employee in the course of his employment, his employer is the first owner of any copyright in the work subject to any agreement to the contrary.</span></p><p class="LegClearFix LegP2Container"><span class="LegDS LegLHS LegP2No" id="section-11-3">(3)</span><span class="LegDS LegRHS LegP2Text">This section does not apply to Crown copyright or Parliamentary copyright (see sections 163 and 165) or to copyright which subsists by virtue of section 168 (copyright of certain international organisations).</span></p><div class="LegAnnotations"><p class="LegAnnotationsGroupHeading">Textual Amendments</p><div class="LegCommentaryItem" id="commentary-c13754611"><p class="LegCommentaryPara"><span class="LegCommentaryType"><a href="#reference-c13754611" title="Go back to reference for this commentary item">F1</a></span><span class="LegCommentaryText">Words in s. 11(2) inserted (1.12.1996 with effect in relation to films made on or after 1.7.1994) by <a class="LegCitation" title="Go to item of legislation" rel="cite" href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/uksi/1996/2967">S.I. 1996/2967</a>, <a class="LegCitation" href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/uksi/1996/2967/regulation/18/3" title="Go to S.I. 1996/2967 regs. 18(3)" rel="cite"><strong>regs. 18(3)</strong></a>, <a class="LegCitation" href="/web/20240117193331/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/uksi/1996/2967/regulation/36" title="Go to S.I. 1996/2967 36" rel="cite">36</a></span></p></div></div><span class="LegClearFix"></span></div></div><div class="contentFooter"><div class="interface"><div class="prevNextNav"><ul><li 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