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<span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_internal_combustion_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_internal_combustion_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage in internal combustion engines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage_in_internal_combustion_engines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage in internal combustion engines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_internal_combustion_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Materials_and_durability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_and_durability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Materials and durability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials_and_durability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sodium_Cooled_Exhaust_Valves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sodium_Cooled_Exhaust_Valves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sodium Cooled Exhaust Valves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sodium_Cooled_Exhaust_Valves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actuation_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actuation_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Actuation method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actuation_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_and_location_of_valves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_and_location_of_valves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Number and location of valves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_and_location_of_valves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_steam_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_steam_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Usage in steam engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_steam_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A0lvula_de_seient" title="Vàlvula de seient – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vàlvula de seient" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellerventil" title="Tellerventil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tellerventil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lvula_de_asiento" title="Válvula de asiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Válvula de asiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="سوپاپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوپاپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soupape_(moteur)" title="Soupape (moteur) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soupape (moteur)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%95%8F_%EB%B0%B8%EB%B8%8C" title="포핏 밸브 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포핏 밸브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katup_poppet" title="Katup poppet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katup poppet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvola_a_fungo" title="Valvola a fungo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valvola a fungo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppen" title="Kleppen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kleppen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of valve</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:292px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poppet_valve_red.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Poppet_valve_red.jpg/142px-Poppet_valve_red.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Poppet_valve_red.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:292px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poppetvalve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Poppetvalve.jpg/142px-Poppetvalve.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Poppetvalve.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="316" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Poppet valves with valve springs, valve stem collets and oil seals</div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>poppet valve</b> (also sometimes called <b>mushroom valve</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">valve</a> typically used to control the timing and quantity of petrol (gas) or vapour flow into or out of an engine, but with many other applications. </p><p>It consists of a hole or open-ended chamber, usually round or oval in cross-section, and a plug, usually a disk shape on the end of a shaft known as a valve stem. The working end of this plug, the valve face, is typically ground at a 45° bevel to seal against a corresponding <a href="/wiki/Valve_seat" title="Valve seat">valve seat</a> ground into the rim of the chamber being sealed. The shaft travels through a <a href="/wiki/Valve_guide" title="Valve guide">valve guide</a> to maintain its alignment. </p><p>A pressure differential on either side of the valve can assist or impair its performance. In <b>exhaust</b> applications higher pressure against the valve helps to seal it, and in <b>intake</b> applications lower pressure helps open it. </p><p>The poppet valve was invented in 1833 by American E.A.G. Young of the <a href="/wiki/New_Castle_and_Frenchtown_Turnpike_and_Railroad_Company" title="New Castle and Frenchtown Turnpike and Railroad Company">Newcastle and Frenchtown Railroad</a>. Young had patented his idea, but the <a href="/wiki/1836_U.S._Patent_Office_fire" title="1836 U.S. Patent Office fire">Patent Office fire of 1836</a> destroyed all records of it.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppet_valve&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <a href="/wiki/Poppet" title="Poppet">poppet</a> shares <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">puppet</a>": it is from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i>popet</i> ("youth" or "doll"), from <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <i>poupette</i>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> of <i>poupée</i>. The use of the word <i>poppet</i> to describe a valve comes from the same word applied to <a href="/wiki/Marionette" title="Marionette">marionettes</a>, which, like the poppet valve, move bodily in response to remote motion transmitted linearly.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, "puppet valve" was a synonym for <i>poppet valve</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, this usage of "puppet" is now obsolete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppet_valve&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poppet_valves_activated_by_two_mechanisms.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/29/Poppet_valves_activated_by_two_mechanisms.gif/220px-Poppet_valves_activated_by_two_mechanisms.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/29/Poppet_valves_activated_by_two_mechanisms.gif/330px-Poppet_valves_activated_by_two_mechanisms.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/29/Poppet_valves_activated_by_two_mechanisms.gif/440px-Poppet_valves_activated_by_two_mechanisms.gif 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Piston engine with an automatically actuated intake valve (in red), and a cam-activated exhaust valve (in blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>The poppet valve is different from both slide and oscillating valves. Instead of <i>sliding</i> or <i>rocking</i> over a seat to uncover a port, the poppet valve lifts from the seat with a movement <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> to the plane of the port. The main advantage of the poppet valve is that it has no movement on the seat, thus requiring no lubrication.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most cases it is beneficial to have a "balanced poppet" in a direct-acting valve. Less force is needed to move the poppet because all forces on the poppet are nullified by equal and opposite forces. The solenoid coil has to counteract only the spring force.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poppet valves are best known for their use in internal combustion and steam engines, but are used in general pneumatic and hydraulic circuits where a pulsed flow control is wanted. The pulse can be controlled by a combination of differential pressure and spring load as required. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Presta_valve" title="Presta valve">Presta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schrader_valve" title="Schrader valve">Schrader valves</a> used on pneumatic <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tyres</a> are examples of poppet valves. The Presta valve has no spring and relies on a pressure differential for opening and closing while being inflated. </p><p>Poppet valves are employed extensively in the launching of <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>. Many systems use compressed air to expel the torpedo from the <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">tube</a>, and the poppet valve recovers a large quantity of this air (along with a significant amount of seawater) in order to reduce the tell-tale cloud of bubbles that might otherwise betray the boat's submerged position.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_internal_combustion_engines">Usage in internal combustion engines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppet_valve&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage in internal combustion engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif/170px-4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Poppet valves in a typical <a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">overhead camshaft engine</a> </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Poppet_valve" title="Special:EditPage/Poppet valve">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Poppet+valve%22">"Poppet valve"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Poppet+valve%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Poppet+valve%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Poppet+valve%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Poppet+valve%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Poppet+valve%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Poppet valves are used in most <a href="/wiki/Piston_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Piston engine">piston engines</a> to control the flow of intake and exhaust gasses through the <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">cylinder head</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a>. The side of the poppet valve which sits inside the combustion chamber is a flat disk, while the other side tapers from the disk shape to a thin cylindrical rod called a "valve stem". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials_and_durability">Materials and durability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppet_valve&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Materials and durability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a typical modern mass-production engines, the valves are solid and made from steel <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>. However some engines use hollow valves filled with <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, to improve <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a>. </p><p>Many modern engines use an aluminium cylinder head. Although this provides better heat transfer, it requires steel <a href="/wiki/Valve_seat" title="Valve seat">valve seat</a> inserts to be used; in older <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> cylinder heads, the valve seats are often part of the cylinder head. A gap of 0.4–0.6 mm (0.016–0.024 in) is present around the valve stem, therefore a valve stem <a href="/wiki/Oil_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil seal">oil seal</a> is used to prevent oil being drawn into the intake manifold and combustion chamber. Typically, a rubber lip-type seal is used. A common symptom of worn valve guides and/or defective oil seals is a puff of blue smoke from the exhaust pipe at times of increased intake <a href="/wiki/Manifold_vacuum" title="Manifold vacuum">manifold vacuum</a>, such as when the throttle is abruptly closed. </p><p>Historically, valves had two major issues, both of which have been solved by improvements in modern <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>. The first was that in early internal combustion engines, high wear rates of valves meant that a <a href="/wiki/Valve_job" title="Valve job">valve job</a> to regrind the valves was required at regular intervals. Secondly, <a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead#In_motor_fuel" title="Tetraethyllead">lead additives</a> had been used in petrol (gasoline) since the 1920s, to prevent <a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">engine knocking</a> and provide lubrication for the valves. Modern materials for the valves (such as stainless steel) and valve seats (such as <a href="/wiki/Stellite" title="Stellite">stellite</a>) allowed for leaded petrol to be phased out in many industrialised countries by the mid-1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sodium_Cooled_Exhaust_Valves">Sodium Cooled Exhaust Valves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppet_valve&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sodium Cooled Exhaust Valves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exhaust valves are subject to very high temperatures and in extreme high performance applications may be <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> cooled. The valve is hollow and filled with sodium, which melts at a relatively low temperature and, in its liquid state, convects heat away from the hot valve head to the stem where it may be conducted to the cylinder head. Common in second world war piston engines, now only found in high performance engines.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Actuation_method">Actuation method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppet_valve&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Actuation method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a></div> <p>Early engines in the 1890s and 1900s used an "automatic" intake valve, which was opened by the vacuum in the combustion chamber and closed by a light spring. The exhaust valve had to be mechanically driven to open it against the pressure in the cylinder. Use of automatic valves simplified the mechanism, but <a href="/wiki/Valve_float" title="Valve float">valve float</a> limited the speed at which the engine could run, and by about 1905 mechanically operated inlet valves were increasingly adopted for vehicle engines. </p><p>Mechanical operation is usually by pressing on the end of the valve stem, with a spring generally being used to return the valve to the closed position. At high engine speeds (<a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPM</a>), the weight of the <a href="/wiki/Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">valvetrain</a> means the valve spring cannot close the valve as quickly enough, leading to <a href="/wiki/Valve_float" title="Valve float">valve float</a> or <i>valve bounce</i>. <a href="/wiki/Desmodromic_valve" title="Desmodromic valve">Desmodromic valves</a> use a second rocker arm to mechanically close the valves (instead of using valve springs) and are sometimes used to avoid valve float in engines that operate at high RPM. </p><p>In most mass-produced engines, the <a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">camshaft</a>(s) control the opening of the valves, via several intermediate mechanisms (such as <a href="/wiki/Pushrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushrod">pushrods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roller_rocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Roller rocker">roller rockers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valve_lifter" class="mw-redirect" title="Valve lifter">valve lifters</a>). The shape of the cams on the camshaft influence the <a href="/wiki/Valve_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Valve lift">valve lift</a> and determine the timing of when the valves open. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_and_location_of_valves">Number and location of valves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppet_valve&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Number and location of valves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Side-valve_engine_with_Ricardo%27s_turbulent_head_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Side-valve_engine_with_Ricardo%27s_turbulent_head_01.png/180px-Side-valve_engine_with_Ricardo%27s_turbulent_head_01.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Side-valve_engine_with_Ricardo%27s_turbulent_head_01.png/270px-Side-valve_engine_with_Ricardo%27s_turbulent_head_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Side-valve_engine_with_Ricardo%27s_turbulent_head_01.png/360px-Side-valve_engine_with_Ricardo%27s_turbulent_head_01.png 2x" data-file-width="2218" data-file-height="2876" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flathead engine (valve shown in light blue)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolomite_Sprint_Valves_Section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dolomite_Sprint_Valves_Section.jpg/180px-Dolomite_Sprint_Valves_Section.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dolomite_Sprint_Valves_Section.jpg/270px-Dolomite_Sprint_Valves_Section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dolomite_Sprint_Valves_Section.jpg/360px-Dolomite_Sprint_Valves_Section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Overhead camshaft engine</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Multi-valve" title="Multi-valve">Multi-valve</a></div> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">flathead engines</a> (also called <i>L-head engines</i>) saw the valves located beside to the cylinder(s), in an "upside down" orientation parallel to the cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this design made for simplified and cheap construction, the twisting path of the intake and exhaust gasses had major drawbacks for the airflow, which limited engine RPM<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and could cause the engine block to overheat under sustained heavy load. The flathead design evolved into <a href="/wiki/IOE_engine" title="IOE engine">intake over exhaust (IOE) engine</a>, used in many early motorcycles and several cars. In an IOE engine, the intake valves were located directly above the cylinder (like the later <i>overhead valve engines</i>), however the exhaust valve remains beside the cylinder in an upside down orientation. </p><p>These designs were largely replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">overhead valve (OHV) engine</a> between 1904 until late-1960s/early-to-mid 1970s, whereby the intake and exhaust valves are both located directly above the cylinder (with the camshaft located at the bottom of the engine). In turn, OHV engines were largely replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">overhead camshaft (OHC) engines</a> between 1950s until 1980s. The location of the valves is broadly the same between OHV and OHC engines, however OHC engines saw the camshaft located to the top of the engine with the valves and OHC engines often have more valves per cylinder. Most OHC engines have an extra intake and an extra exhaust valve per cylinder (four-valve cylinder head), compared with the design of two valves per cylinder used by most OHV engines. However some OHC engines have used three or five valves per cylinder. </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_steam_engines">Usage in steam engines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppet_valve&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Usage in steam engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PuppetValve.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PuppetValve.png/170px-PuppetValve.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PuppetValve.png/255px-PuppetValve.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/PuppetValve.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Balanced poppet valve from U.S. Patent 339,809. High pressure steam enters at <i>A</i> and exits at <i>B</i>. The valve stem <i>D</i> moves up to open the valve discs <i>C</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> was using poppet valves to control the flow of steam into the cylinders of his <a href="/wiki/Beam_engine" title="Beam engine">beam engines</a> in the 1770s. A sectional illustration of Watt's beam engine of 1774 using the device is found in Thurston 1878:98,<sup id="cite_ref-Thurston_1878_98_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thurston_1878_98-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Lardner (1840) provides an illustrated description of Watt's use of the poppet valve.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When used in high-pressure applications, for example, as admission valves on steam engines, the same pressure that helps seal poppet valves also contributes significantly to the force required to open them. This has led to the development of the balanced poppet or <a href="/wiki/Double_beat_valve" title="Double beat valve">double beat valve</a>, in which two valve plugs ride on a common stem, with the pressure on one plug largely balancing the pressure on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these valves, the force needed to open the valve is determined by the pressure and the difference between the areas of the two valve openings. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ellsworth_Sickels" title="Frederick Ellsworth Sickels">Sickels</a> patented a valve gear for double-beat poppet valves in 1842. Criticism was reported in the journal Science in 1889 of equilibrium poppet valves (called by the article the "double or balanced or American puppet valve") in use for paddle steamer engines, that by its nature it must leak 15 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:231-E-41-d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/231-E-41-d.jpg/250px-231-E-41-d.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/231-E-41-d.jpg/375px-231-E-41-d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/231-E-41-d.jpg/500px-231-E-41-d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Oscillating poppet valve on one of Chapelon's rebuilt <a href="/wiki/4-6-2" title="4-6-2">4-6-2</a> locomotives</figcaption></figure> <p>Poppet valves have been used on <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a>, often in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Lentz" title="Hugo Lentz">Lentz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caprotti_valve_gear" title="Caprotti valve gear">Caprotti valve gear</a>. British examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LNER_Class_B12" class="mw-redirect" title="LNER Class B12">LNER Class B12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LNER_Class_D49" title="LNER Class D49">LNER Class D49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LNER_Class_P2" title="LNER Class P2">LNER Class P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LMS_Stanier_Class_5_4-6-0" title="LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0">LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BR_standard_class_5" class="mw-redirect" title="BR standard class 5">BR standard class 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BR_Standard_Class_8" title="BR Standard Class 8">BR standard class 8 71000 Duke of Gloucester</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works" title="Sentinel Waggon Works">Sentinel Waggon Works</a> used poppet valves in their steam wagons and steam locomotives. Reversing was achieved by a simple sliding <a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">camshaft</a> system. </p><p>Many locomotives in France, particularly those rebuilt to the designs of Andre Chapelon, such as the <a href="/wiki/SNCF_240P" title="SNCF 240P">SNCF 240P</a>, used Lentz oscillating-cam poppet valves, which were operated by the Walschaert valve gear the locomotives were already equipped with. </p><p>The poppet valve was also used on the American <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/PRR_T1" class="mw-redirect" title="PRR T1">T1</a> <a href="/wiki/Duplex_locomotive" title="Duplex locomotive">duplex locomotives</a>, although the valves commonly failed because the locomotives were commonly operated in excess of 160 km/h (100 mph), and the valves were not meant for the stresses of such speeds. The poppet valves also gave the locomotive a distinctive "chuffing" sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppet_valve&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_beat_valve" title="Double beat valve">Double beat valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auto_parts" title="List of auto parts">List of auto parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_valve_springs" title="Pneumatic valve springs">Pneumatic valve springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_valve" title="Reed valve">Reed valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_valve" title="Relief valve">Relief valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_valve" title="Rotary valve">Rotary valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_valve" title="Sleeve valve">Sleeve valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valve</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppet_valve&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFA.L._Dyke1921" class="citation cs2">A.L. Dyke (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dykesautomobile00dykegoog"><i>Dyke's Automobile and Gasoline Encyclopedia</i></a>, St. Louis, A. L. Dyke, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611051701/https://archive.org/details/dykesautomobile00dykegoog">archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dyke%27s+Automobile+and+Gasoline+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=St.+Louis%2C+A.+L.+Dyke&rft.date=1921&rft.au=A.L.+Dyke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdykesautomobile00dykegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppet+valve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1979" class="citation book cs1">White, John H. (1979). <i>A History of the American Locomotive</i>. North Chelmsford, MA: Courier Corporation. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Locomotive&rft.place=North+Chelmsford%2C+MA&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppet+valve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poppet">"<b>Poppet</b> at Merriam-Webster"</a>. Merriam-webster.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017220959/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poppet">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poppet+at+Merriam-Webster&rft.pub=Merriam-webster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpoppet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppet+valve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/puppet">"<b>Puppet</b> at Merriam-Webster"</a>. Merriam-webster.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112111206/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/puppet">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puppet+at+Merriam-Webster&rft.pub=Merriam-webster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpuppet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppet+valve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060221143245/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/Pu/Puppet+valve.html">"<b>Puppet valve</b> from 1913 Webster's dictionary"</a>. Websters-online-dictionary.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/Pu/Puppet+valve.html">the original</a> on 2006-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puppet+valve+from+1913+Webster%27s+dictionary&rft.pub=Websters-online-dictionary.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.websters-online-dictionary.org%2FPu%2FPuppet%2Bvalve.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppet+valve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00339809&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D0339809.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0339809%2526RS%3DPN%2F0339809&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page">"U.S. Patent No. 339809, "Puppet Valve", issued April 13, 1886"</a>. Patimg1.uspto.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110090901/http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00339809&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D0339809.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0339809%2526RS%3DPN%2F0339809&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Patent+No.+339809%2C+%22Puppet+Valve%22%2C+issued+April+13%2C+1886&rft.pub=Patimg1.uspto.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatimg1.uspto.gov%2F.piw%3FDocid%3D00339809%26homeurl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fpatft.uspto.gov%252Fnetacgi%252Fnph-Parser%253FSect1%253DPTO1%252526Sect2%253DHITOFF%252526d%253DPALL%252526p%253D1%252526u%253D%2525252Fnetahtml%2525252FPTO%2525252Fsrchnum.htm%252526r%253D1%252526f%253DG%252526l%253D50%252526s1%253D0339809.PN.%252526OS%253DPN%252F0339809%252526RS%253DPN%252F0339809%26PageNum%3D%26Rtype%3D%26SectionNum%3D%26idkey%3DNONE%26Input%3DView%2Bfirst%2Bpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppet+valve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFessenden1915" class="citation book cs1">Fessenden, Charles H. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/valvegears00fessrich"><i>Valve Gears</i></a>. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/valvegears00fessrich/page/159">159</a>–168. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603231938/https://archive.org/details/valvegears00fessrich">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valve+Gears&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=159-168&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Fessenden&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvalvegears00fessrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppet+valve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahl2013" class="citation book cs1">Wahl, Philipp (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festo.com/net/lt_lt/SupportPortal/Downloads/320845/291660"><i>Piston spool valves and poppet valves</i></a>. Esslingen: Festo AG & Co. KG.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piston+spool+valves+and+poppet+valves&rft.place=Esslingen&rft.pub=Festo+AG+%26+Co.+KG&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wahl&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festo.com%2Fnet%2Flt_lt%2FSupportPortal%2FDownloads%2F320845%2F291660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppet+valve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavy2009" class="citation book cs1">Navy, U. S. (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-oAVAgAAQBAJ&dq=poppet+valve+torpedo&pg=PA63"><i>Torpedo Tube Manual</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781935327639" title="Special:BookSources/9781935327639"><bdi>9781935327639</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torpedo+Tube+Manual&rft.date=2009-02&rft.isbn=9781935327639&rft.aulast=Navy&rft.aufirst=U.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-oAVAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpoppet%2Bvalve%2Btorpedo%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppet+valve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2020" class="citation web cs1">Cameron, Kevin (22 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cycleworld.com/story/bikes/some-facts-about-sodium-filled-valves/">"Some Facts About Sodium-Filled Valves"</a>. <i>Cycle World</i>. Octane Media, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cycle+World&rft.atitle=Some+Facts+About+Sodium-Filled+Valves&rft.date=2020-04-22&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cycleworld.com%2Fstory%2Fbikes%2Fsome-facts-about-sodium-filled-valves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppet+valve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsoc.co.uk/">"fsoc"</a>. <i>fsoc</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318113101/https://www.fsoc.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fsoc&rft.atitle=fsoc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsoc.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppet+valve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rucenterprises.com/Clinton/A_Handy_Guide_To_Clinton_Engines.pdf">"A Handy Guide to Clinton Engines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1956. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003194636/http://www.rucenterprises.com/Clinton/A_Handy_Guide_To_Clinton_Engines.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2015</span>. <q>R. P. M. 2200 — 3600</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Handy+Guide+to+Clinton+Engines&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1956&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rucenterprises.com%2FClinton%2FA_Handy_Guide_To_Clinton_Engines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppet+valve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thurston_1878_98-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thurston_1878_98_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston1878" class="citation book cs1">Thurston, R.H. (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924031167632"><i>A History of the Growth of the Steam Engine</i></a>. New York: Appleton & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924031167632/page/n123">98</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Growth+of+the+Steam+Engine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Appleton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924031167632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppet+valve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLardner1840" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Lardner" title="Dionysius Lardner">Lardner, Dionysius</a> (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/steamengineexpla00lardrich"><i>The steam engine explained and illustrated</i></a>. London: Taylor and Walton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/steamengineexpla00lardrich/page/189">189</a>–91. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215524/http://archive.org/details/steamengineexpla00lardrich">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+steam+engine+explained+and+illustrated&rft.place=London&rft.pages=189-91&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Walton&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Lardner&rft.aufirst=Dionysius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsteamengineexpla00lardrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppet+valve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Mouchly, Valve and Valve Gear for Locomotives and Other Engines, U.S. Patent 1,824,830, issued Sept. 29, 1931.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman G. Mueller, Steam Engine Valve, U.S. Patent 1,983,803, issued Dec. 11, 1934.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Criticism by E.N. Dickerson in lecture to the Electric Club of New York 17/01/1889, reported by Science vol.13 No.314, Feb 8 1889 p.95 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.ns-13.314.94">sciencemag.org</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internal_combustion_engine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internal combustion engine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internal_combustion_engine562" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_block" title="Engine block">Engine block</a> and<br /> rotating assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_shaft" title="Balance shaft">Balance shaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_heater" title="Block heater">Block heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase" title="Crankcase">Crankcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase_ventilation_system" title="Crankcase ventilation system">Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankpin" title="Crankpin">Crankpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_plug" title="Core plug">Core plug (freeze plug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">layout</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_order" title="Firing order">Firing order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_bearing" title="Main bearing">Main bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_ring" title="Piston ring">Piston ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_ring_gear" title="Starter ring gear">Starter ring gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">Valvetrain</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">Cylinder head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Overhead camshaft layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve (pushrod) layout</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tappet" title="Tappet">Tappet / lifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Chest (mechanical engineering)">Chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">Combustion chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">Compression ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_gasket" title="Head gasket">Head gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">Rocker arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_belt_(camshaft)" title="Timing belt (camshaft)">Timing belt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">Forced induction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowoff_valve" title="Blowoff valve">Blowoff valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_controller" title="Boost controller">Boost controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">Supercharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuel system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">Carburetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">Fuel filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_pump" title="Fuel pump">Fuel pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">Ignition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">Magneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">Compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil-on-plug_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil-on-plug ignition">Coil-on-plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributor" title="Distributor">Distributor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_plug_(diesel_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glow plug (diesel engine)">Glow plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_coil" title="Ignition coil">Ignition coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">Spark plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug_wires" title="Spark plug wires">Spark plug wires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Engine management</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">Engine control unit (ECU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Electrical system</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">Alternator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">Dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intake system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbox" title="Airbox">Airbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter#Internal_combustion_engine_air_filters" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_air_control_actuator" title="Idle air control actuator">Idle air control actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">Inlet manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP_sensor" title="MAP sensor">MAP sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_flow_sensor" title="Mass flow sensor">MAF sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle_position_sensor" title="Throttle position sensor">Throttle position sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">Exhaust system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_particulate_filter" title="Diesel particulate filter">Diesel particulate filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas_temperature_gauge" title="Exhaust gas temperature gauge">EGT sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_manifold" title="Exhaust manifold">Exhaust manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">Muffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_sensor#Automotive_applications" title="Oxygen sensor">Oxygen sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Cooling system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">Air cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Water cooling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Electric fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_clutch" title="Fan clutch">Viscous fan (fan clutch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lubrication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">Oil filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pump_(internal_combustion_engine)" title="Oil pump (internal combustion engine)">Oil pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">Sump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wet_sump" title="Wet sump">Wet sump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_sump" title="Dry sump">Dry sump</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">Knocking / pinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_band" title="Power band">Power band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redline" title="Redline">Redline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_charge_engine" title="Stratified charge engine">Stratified charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_centre_(engineering)" title="Dead centre (engineering)">Top dead centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Steam_engines212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Steam_engine_configurations" title="Template:Steam engine configurations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Steam_engine_configurations" title="Template talk:Steam engine configurations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Steam_engine_configurations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Steam engine configurations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Steam_engines212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam engines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating cycle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newcomen_atmospheric_engine" title="Newcomen atmospheric engine">Atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_engine" title="Cornish engine">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_steam_engine" title="Compound steam engine">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniflow_steam_engine" title="Uniflow steam engine">Uniflow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Valves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slide_valve" title="Slide valve">Slide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slide_valve#Murdoch's_D_slide_valve" title="Slide valve">D slide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_valve_(steam_engine)" title="Piston valve (steam engine)">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_beat_valve" title="Double beat valve">Drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corliss_steam_engine" title="Corliss steam engine">Corliss</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_valve" title="Sleeve valve">Sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash_valve" title="Bash valve">Bash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Valve_gear" title="Valve gear">Valve gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gab_valve_gear" title="Gab valve gear">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear" title="Stephenson valve gear">Stephenson link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_valve_gear" title="Joy valve gear">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walschaerts_valve_gear" title="Walschaerts valve gear">Walschaerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear#Allan_straight_link_valve_gear" title="Stephenson valve gear">Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_valve_gear" title="Baker valve gear">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corliss_steam_engine" title="Corliss steam engine">Corliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Lentz" title="Hugo Lentz">Lentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprotti_valve_gear" title="Caprotti valve gear">Caprotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresley_conjugated_valve_gear" title="Gresley conjugated valve gear">Gresley conjugated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_valve_gear" title="Southern valve gear">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">Mechanisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine" title="Beam engine">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_(beam_engine)" title="Cataract (beam engine)">Cataract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_governor" title="Centrifugal governor">Centrifugal governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod#Steam_engines" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi_couple" title="Tusi couple">Tusi couple</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypocycloidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocycloidal">hypocycloidal</a> <a href="/wiki/Straight_line_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight line mechanism">straight line mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Link chain">Link chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel motion">Parallel motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_chain" title="Roller chain">Plate chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine#Rotative_beam_engines" title="Beam engine">Rotative beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_planet_gear" title="Sun and planet gear">Sun and planet gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt%27s_linkage" title="Watt's linkage">Watt's linkage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Simple boilers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haystack_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Haystack boiler">Haystack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagon boiler">Wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg-ended_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg-ended boiler">Egg-ended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Box boiler">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flued_boiler" title="Flued boiler">Flued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish boiler">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancashire boiler">Lancashire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Fire-tube_boiler" title="Fire-tube boiler">Fire-tube boilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Locomotive boiler">Locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_marine_boiler" title="Scotch marine boiler">Scotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch-type_boiler" title="Launch-type boiler">Launch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Water-tube_boiler" title="Water-tube boiler">Water-tube boilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Babcock & Wilcox boiler">Babcock & Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-tube_boiler" title="Field-tube boiler">Field-tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_boiler" title="Sentinel boiler">Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_boiler" title="Stirling boiler">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimble_tube_boiler" title="Thimble tube boiler">Thimble tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-drum_boiler" title="Three-drum boiler">Three-drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarrow_boiler" title="Yarrow boiler">Yarrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Boiler feed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feedwater_heater" title="Feedwater heater">Feedwater heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_feedwater_pump" title="Boiler feedwater pump">Feedwater pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injector" title="Injector">Injector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(locomotive)" title="Cylinder (locomotive)">Locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscillating_cylinder_steam_engine" title="Oscillating cylinder steam engine">Oscillating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-_and_double-acting_cylinders" title="Single- and double-acting cylinders">Single- and double-acting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_steam_locomotive" title="Condensing steam locomotive">Condensing steam locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_condenser" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet condenser">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchweger_condenser" title="Kirchweger condenser">Kirchweger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine#Separate_condenser" title="Watt steam engine">Watt's separate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen#After_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">"Pickle-pot"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_condenser" title="Surface condenser">Surface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(steam_engine)" title="Blowback (steam engine)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosshead" title="Crosshead">Crosshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutoff_(steam_engine)" title="Cutoff (steam engine)">Cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_valve_(steam_engine)" title="Expansion valve (steam engine)">Expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrolock" title="Hydrolock">Hydrolock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_connecting_rod_engine" title="Return connecting rod engine">Return connecting rod engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-column_beam_engine" title="Six-column beam engine">Six-column beam engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_connecting_rod_engine#Steeple_engines" title="Return connecting rod engine">Steeple engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeple_compound_engine" title="Steeple compound engine">Steeple compound engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_fluid" title="Working fluid">Working fluid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine" title="History of the steam engine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine#Precursors" title="History of the steam engine">Precursors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savery" title="Thomas Savery">Savery Engine</a> (1698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Newcomen_atmospheric_engine" title="Newcomen atmospheric engine">Newcomen engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newcomen_Memorial_Engine" title="Newcomen Memorial Engine">Newcomen Memorial Engine</a> (1725)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fairbottom_Bobs" title="Fairbottom Bobs">Fairbottom Bobs</a></i> (1760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsecar_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsecar Engine">Elsecar Engine</a> (1795)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine" title="Beam engine">Beam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinneil_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinneil Engine">Kinneil Engine</a> (1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bess_(beam_engine)" title="Old Bess (beam engine)"><i>Old Bess</i></a> (1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheal_Busy" title="Wheal Busy">Chacewater Mine engine</a> (1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smethwick_Engine" title="Smethwick Engine">Smethwick Engine</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolution_(beam_engine)" title="Resolution (beam engine)"><i>Resolution</i></a> (1781)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine#Rotative_beam_engines" title="Beam engine">Rotative beam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soho_Manufactory#Steam_engines" title="Soho Manufactory">Soho Manufactory engine</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)#Boring_machine_for_steam_engines" title="John Wilkinson (industrialist)">Bradley Works engine</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitbread_Engine" title="Whitbread Engine">Whitbread Engine</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine#Preserved_beam_engines" title="Beam engine">National Museum of Scotland engine</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_Engine" title="Lap Engine">Lap Engine</a> (1788)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine#High-pressure_engines" title="History of the steam engine">High-pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#High-pressure_engine" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#Puffing_Devil" title="Richard Trevithick"><i>Puffing Devil</i></a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#London_Steam_Carriage" title="Richard Trevithick">London Steam Carriage</a> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#Coalbrookdale_Locomotive" title="Richard Trevithick">"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"</a> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#"Pen-y-Darren"_locomotive" title="Richard Trevithick">"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive</a> (1804)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Compound_steam_engine" title="Compound steam engine">Compound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Woolf" title="Arthur Woolf">Woolf's compound engine</a> (1803)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Murray" title="Matthew Murray">Murray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murray%27s_Hypocycloidal_Engine" title="Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine">Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanca_(locomotive)" title="Salamanca (locomotive)"><i>Salamanca</i></a> (1812)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_steam_engine" title="High-speed steam engine">High-speed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porter-Allen_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Porter-Allen engine">Porter-Allen</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_turbine" title="Ljungström turbine">Ljungström</a> (1908)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_steam_locomotive_components" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of steam locomotive components">Glossary of steam locomotive components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">History of steam road vehicles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot#The_first_self-propelled_vehicle" title="Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot">Cugnot's <i>fardier à vapeur</i></a> (1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murdoch#Steam_powered_locomotion" title="William Murdoch">Murdoch's model steam carriage</a> (1784)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lean%27s_Engine_Reporter" title="Lean's Engine Reporter">Lean's Engine Reporter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_technology_patents" title="List of steam technology patents">List of steam technology patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_steam_technology" title="Advanced steam technology">Modern steam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">Stationary steam engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_steam_power" title="Timeline of steam power">Timeline of steam power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-returning_engine" title="Water-returning engine">Water-returning engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poppet_valve&oldid=1257722505">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poppet_valve&oldid=1257722505</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Engine_valves" title="Category:Engine valves">Engine 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