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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_situation_of_Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_situation_of_Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Political situation of Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_situation_of_Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_situation_and_rise_of_Ivaylo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_situation_and_rise_of_Ivaylo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Internal situation and rise of Ivaylo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_situation_and_rise_of_Ivaylo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_the_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_the_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Course of the rebellion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Course_of_the_rebellion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Course of the rebellion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Course_of_the_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_victories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_victories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Initial victories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_victories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_intervention_and_recognition_of_Ivaylo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_intervention_and_recognition_of_Ivaylo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Byzantine intervention and recognition of Ivaylo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_intervention_and_recognition_of_Ivaylo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_against_Byzantines_and_Mongols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_against_Byzantines_and_Mongols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Campaigns against Byzantines and Mongols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_against_Byzantines_and_Mongols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_rebellion_and_demise_of_Ivaylo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_rebellion_and_demise_of_Ivaylo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>End of the rebellion and demise of Ivaylo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_rebellion_and_demise_of_Ivaylo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Footnotes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Uprising of Ivaylo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88" title="ثورة إيفايلو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثورة إيفايلو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Въстание на Ивайло – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въстание на Ивайло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_de_Ivailo" title="Rebelión de Ivailo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rebelión de Ivailo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%BC%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C" title="이바일로의 난 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이바일로의 난" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(1277-1280)" title="Իվայլոյի ապստամբություն (1277-1280) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իվայլոյի ապստամբություն (1277-1280)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolta_di_Ivailo" title="Rivolta di Ivailo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivolta di Ivailo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ივაილოს აჯანყება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ივაილოს აჯანყება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Ивайло көтерілісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ивайло көтерілісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Востание на Ивајло – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Востание на Ивајло" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_de_Lacanas" title="Revolta de Lacanas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolta de Lacanas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Восстание Ивайло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восстание Ивайло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ивајлов устанак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ивајлов устанак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Повстання Івайла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Повстання Івайла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Uprising of the Byzantine-Bulgarian wars</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Uprising of Ivaylo</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars" title="Byzantine–Bulgarian wars">Byzantine–Bulgarian wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgaria-second_half_of_the_13th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bulgaria-second_half_of_the_13th_century.png/250px-Bulgaria-second_half_of_the_13th_century.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bulgaria-second_half_of_the_13th_century.png/375px-Bulgaria-second_half_of_the_13th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bulgaria-second_half_of_the_13th_century.png/500px-Bulgaria-second_half_of_the_13th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="1852" data-file-height="1556" /></a></span><br />Bulgaria in the late 13th century. The area of Ivaylo's uprising are marked with red dots.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1277–1280</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan peninsula">Balkan peninsula</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Ivaylo was murdered, George Terter I became Emperor of Bulgaria</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Bulgarians under <a href="/wiki/Ivaylo_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivaylo of Bulgaria">Ivaylo</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian nobility</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Ivaylo_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivaylo of Bulgaria">Ivaylo of Bulgaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Tikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Tikh">Constantine Tikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_III_of_Bulgaria" 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href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anchialus_(708)" title="Battle of Anchialus (708)">1st Anchialus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marcellae_(756)" title="Battle of Marcellae (756)">1st Marcellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Rishki_Pass" title="Battle of the Rishki Pass">Rishki Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anchialus_(763)" title="Battle of Anchialus (763)">2nd Anchialus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Litosoria" title="Battle of Litosoria">Litosoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marcellae" title="Battle of Marcellae">2nd Marcellae</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Krum" title="Krum">Krum</a>'s campaigns</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Serdica_(809)" title="Siege of Serdica (809)">Serdica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska" title="Battle of Pliska">Pliska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Debeltos" title="Siege of Debeltos">Debeltos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Versinikia" title="Battle of Versinikia">Versinikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(813)" title="Siege of Adrianople (813)">1st Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(813)" title="Siege of Constantinople (813)">2nd Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesembria" title="Battle of Mesembria">Mesembria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Burdizon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Burdizon (page does not exist)">Burdizon</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I</a>'s campaigns</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_war_of_894%E2%80%93896" title="Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896">War of 894–896</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boulgarophygon" title="Battle of Boulgarophygon">Boulgarophygon</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_war_of_913%E2%80%93927" title="Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927">War of 913–927</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Achelous_(917)" title="Battle of Achelous (917)">Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Katasyrtai" title="Battle of Katasyrtai">Katasyrtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pegae" title="Battle of Pegae">Pegae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Constantinople_(922)" title="Battle of Constantinople (922)">3rd Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav%27s_invasion_of_Bulgaria" title="Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria">Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcadiopolis_(970)" title="Battle of Arcadiopolis (970)">1st Arcadiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dorostolon" title="Siege of Dorostolon">Dorostolon</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgaria" title="Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria">Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gates_of_Trajan" title="Battle of the Gates of Trajan">Trajan's Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(995)" title="Battle of Thessalonica (995)">1st Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spercheios" title="Battle of Spercheios">Spercheios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skopje" title="Battle of Skopje">Skopje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(1004)" title="Battle of Thessalonica (1004)">2nd Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kreta" title="Battle of Kreta">Kreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(1014)" title="Battle of Thessalonica (1014)">3rd Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kleidion" title="Battle of Kleidion">Kleidion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strumica" title="Battle of Strumica">Strumitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitola_(1015)" title="Battle of Bitola (1015)">Bitola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Setina" title="Battle of Setina">Setina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(1018)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (1018)">Dyrrhachium</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Peter_Delyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of Peter Delyan">Uprising of Peter Delyan</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(1040)" title="Battle of Thessalonica (1040)">4th Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(2nd_1040)" title="Battle of Thessalonica (2nd 1040)">5th Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovo" title="Battle of Ostrovo">Ostrovo</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lovech" title="Siege of Lovech">Lovech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tryavna" title="Battle of Tryavna">Tryavna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcadiopolis_(1194)" title="Battle of Arcadiopolis (1194)">2nd Arcadiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Serres" title="Battle of Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Varna_(1201)" title="Siege of Varna (1201)">Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klokotnitsa" title="Battle of Klokotnitsa">Klokotnitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1254)" title="Battle of Adrianople (1254)">2nd Adrianople</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uprising of Ivaylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Devina" title="Battle of Devina">Devina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skafida" title="Battle of Skafida">Skafida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rusokastro" title="Battle of Rusokastro">Rusokastro</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Uprising of Ivaylo</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">Въстанието на Ивайло</span>) was a rebellion of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a> peasantry against the incompetent rule of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Tikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Tikh">Constantine Tikh</a> and the Bulgarian nobility. The revolt was fuelled mainly by the failure of the central authorities to confront the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> menace in north-eastern Bulgaria. The Mongols had looted and ravaged the Bulgarian population for decades, especially in the region of <a href="/wiki/Dobrudzha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrudzha">Dobrudzha</a>. The weakness of the state institutions was due to the accelerating <a href="/wiki/Feudalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudalisation">feudalisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>. </p><p>The peasants' leader <a href="/wiki/Ivaylo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivaylo">Ivaylo</a>, said to have been a <a href="/wiki/Swineherd" title="Swineherd">swineherd</a> by the contemporary Byzantine chroniclers, proved to be a successful general and charismatic leader. In the first months of the rebellion, he defeated the Mongols and the emperor's armies, personally slaying Constantine Tikh in battle. Later, he made a triumphant entry in the capital <a href="/wiki/Tarnovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Maria_Palaiologina_Kantakouzene" title="Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene">Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene</a>, the emperor's widow, and forced the nobility to recognize him as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Bulgaria">emperor of Bulgaria</a>. </p><p>The Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> tried to exploit this situation and intervened in Bulgaria. He sent <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_III" title="Ivan Asen III">Ivan Asen III</a>, son of the former Emperor <a href="/wiki/Mitso_Asen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitso Asen">Mitso Asen</a>, to claim the Bulgarian throne at the head of a large Byzantine army. Simultaneously, Michael VIII incited the Mongols to attack from the north, forcing Ivaylo to fight on two fronts. Ivaylo was defeated by the Mongols and besieged in the important fortress of <a href="/wiki/Drastar" class="mw-redirect" title="Drastar">Drastar</a>. In his absence, the nobility in Tarnovo opened the gates to Ivan Asen III. However, Ivaylo broke the siege and Ivan Asen III fled back to the Byzantine Empire. Michael VIII sent two large armies, but they were both defeated by the Bulgarian rebels in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan mountains">Balkan mountains</a>. </p><p>Meanwhile, the nobility in the capital had proclaimed as emperor one of their own, the magnate <a href="/wiki/George_Terter_I" class="mw-redirect" title="George Terter I">George Terter I</a>. Surrounded by enemies and with diminishing support due to the constant warfare, Ivaylo fled to the court of the Mongol warlord <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a> to seek aid, but was eventually murdered. The legacy of the rebellion endured both in Bulgaria and in Byzantium. Years after the demise of the peasant emperor, two "Pseudo-Ivaylos" appeared in the Byzantine Empire and enjoyed wide support by the populace. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_situation_of_Bulgaria">Political situation of Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political situation of Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the demise of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II" title="Ivan Asen II">Ivan Asen II</a> (r. 1218–1241), the large Bulgarian Empire began to decline due to a succession of infant emperors and internal struggles among the nobility. To the north the country faced <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">a Mongol invasion in 1242</a> and constant raiding thereafter. Although Ivan Asen II defeated the Mongols shortly before his death,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the regency of <a href="/wiki/Kaliman_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaliman I of Bulgaria">Kaliman I Asen</a> (r. 1241–1246) agreed to pay an annual tribute to the Mongols to avoid devastation. The Mongol invasion led to the collapse of the loosely held <a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cuman confederation</a> in the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> and the foundation of the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. This had long–term political and strategic consequences for Bulgaria — the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> were Bulgarian allies and often supplied the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Bulgarian_army" title="Medieval Bulgarian army">Bulgarian army</a> with auxiliary cavalry, while the Golden Horde proved to be hostile.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the south, Bulgaria lost large portions of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Nicaean_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaean Empire">Nicaean Empire</a>, which had escaped the initial Mongol attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lands to the north-west, including <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brani%C4%8Devo_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Braničevo (region)">Braničevo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Severin_Banat" class="mw-redirect" title="Severin Banat">Severin Banat</a>, were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages">Kingdom of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1256, Bulgaria descended into a civil war between <a href="/wiki/Mitso_Asen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitso Asen">Mitso Asen</a> (r. 1256–1257), a relative of Ivan Asen II, who established himself in south-eastern Bulgaria, and the <a href="/wiki/Bolyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolyar">bolyar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Tikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Tikh">Constantine Tikh</a> (r. 1257–1277), who was proclaimed emperor by the nobility in Tarnovo. Simultaneously, the Hungarian noble of <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus' (people)">Rus'</a> princely origin <a href="/wiki/Rostislav_Mikhailovich" title="Rostislav Mikhailovich">Rostislav Mikhailovich</a> established himself in <a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a> as another claimant of the title <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_monarchs" title="List of Bulgarian monarchs">Emperor of Bulgaria</a> and was recognized as such by the Kingdom of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1261, Constantine Tikh had emerged as victor, but his 20–year reign did not bring stability to Bulgaria: Vidin remained separated from the central authorities in Tarnovo,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Mongols regularly campaigned in north-eastern Bulgaria, looting the countryside and paralysing the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> (r. 1259–1282) seized <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and restored the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> as a major adversary of Bulgaria to the south. In the 1260s, Constantine Tikh broke his leg in a hunting incident and was paralysed from the waist down.<sup id="cite_ref-fine195_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine195-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This disability weakened his control over the government and he fell under the influence of his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Doukaina_Laskarina" title="Irene Doukaina Laskarina">Irene Doukaina Laskarina</a>, who was constantly involved in intrigues with her relatives in the Byzantine court. Later, he left state affairs to his third wife, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Palaiologina_Kantakouzene" title="Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene">Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene</a> — a scandalous intriguer whose actions to secure the succession of her son alienated the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-fine195_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine195-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_situation_and_rise_of_Ivaylo">Internal situation and rise of Ivaylo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Internal situation and rise of Ivaylo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstantin_i_Irina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Konstantin_i_Irina.jpg/170px-Konstantin_i_Irina.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Konstantin_i_Irina.jpg/255px-Konstantin_i_Irina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Konstantin_i_Irina.jpg/340px-Konstantin_i_Irina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Constantine and Empress Irene, fresco from the <a href="/wiki/Boyana_Church" title="Boyana Church">Boyana Church</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The internal political development and feudalisation of Bulgaria in the 13th century resulted in a rising number of serfs, as well as an increase in the power of the landed nobility. This led to aspirations for more self-rule among the most influential nobles. Many of them established semi-independent fiefdoms that nominally recognized the emperor in Tarnovo and greatly reduced the capacity of the central authorities to deal with external threats.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half of the 13th century, the peasantry was losing personal privileges to the benefit of the secular and religious feudal lords, which in turn reduced the peasants' income and opportunities, worsening their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov277_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov277-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parallel, the inability of Constantine Tikh to end the constant Mongol incursions in the north-east of the country shattered the pillars of the state institutions in <a href="/wiki/Dobrudzha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrudzha">Dobrudzha</a> and contributed to the outbreak of the uprising and its swift success.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov277_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov277-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongol raids were carried out by the semi-independent chief <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a>, who was more powerful than the legitimate ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mengu-Timur" title="Mengu-Timur">Mengu-Timur</a> (r. 1266–1280), and ruled over the steppes of modern <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fine195_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine195-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ivaylo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivaylo">Ivaylo</a>, a native of north-eastern Bulgaria, most likely the area near <a href="/wiki/Provadia" title="Provadia">Provadia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-andreev221_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev221-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began to incite the population to revolt. He was called by the contemporary Byzantine chroniclers by the name <i>Bardokva</i> (lettuce) or <i>Lakhanas</i> (vegetable) and his real name is known only from a note attached to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svarlig_Gospel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svarlig Gospel (page does not exist)">Svarlig Gospel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov277_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov277-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/George_Pachymeres" title="George Pachymeres">George Pachymeres</a> stated that he was a <a href="/wiki/Swineherd" title="Swineherd">swineherd</a> who took care of pigs for money.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historian <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr.">John Fine</a> notes that pigs were a major livestock product at the time and the possessor of a large herd could have been part of the elite of the local community.<sup id="cite_ref-fine195_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine195-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivaylo claimed that he had visions from God to lead the people and that he was in contact with heaven and the saints.<sup id="cite_ref-fine195_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine195-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, his <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> was deliberately used to swiftly gain support and followers among the religious villagers.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev221_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev221-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bakalov360_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakalov360-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He came to be seen by many Bulgarians as a God-given saviour.<sup id="cite_ref-fine195_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine195-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_the_rebellion">Course of the rebellion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Course of the rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_victories">Initial victories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Initial victories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>Lakhanas engaged a Mongol falanga, attacked it with the men he led, crushed them thoroughly and again attacked another unit. Thus, in a few days he covered with glory.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/George_Pachymeres" title="George Pachymeres">George Pachymeres</a> on the victory of Ivaylo over the Mongols.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The rebellion broke out in the spring or summer of 1277 in north-eastern Bulgaria where the Mongol devastation was strongest.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1277 Ivaylo confronted and defeated a plundering Mongol unit. Another victory followed soon and by autumn all Mongols were driven out of Bulgarian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev222_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev222-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having achieved what had eluded the Bulgarian arms for decades, his popularity and reputation rose quickly. Among his followers were an increasing number of nobles who were discontent with the intrigues of Empress Maria.<sup id="cite_ref-fine195_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine195-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivaylo was hailed as emperor by the people and many regions came under his control.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev222_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev222-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end of 1277, Constantine Tikh finally took measures to confront the rebels. He gathered a small army and advanced slowly as he had to travel in a chariot because of his injury. Ivaylo attacked and defeated this force, killing many of the emperor's close associates, while the rest of the army joined the rebels. Ivaylo personally slew Constantine Tikh, claiming that the emperor did nothing to keep his honour in the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev223_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev223-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his triumph, Ivaylo began to seize the country's fortified cities, which surrendered and recognized him as emperor one by one. By the spring of 1278 only the capital Tarnovo remained under the control of Empress Maria.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov282_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov282-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_intervention_and_recognition_of_Ivaylo">Byzantine intervention and recognition of Ivaylo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Byzantine intervention and recognition of Ivaylo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_VIII_Palaiologos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A miniature of a medieval manuscript" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos.jpg/170px-Michael_VIII_Palaiologos.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos.jpg/255px-Michael_VIII_Palaiologos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos.jpg/340px-Michael_VIII_Palaiologos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption>Michael VIII Palaiologos</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> left <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> for <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Adrianople</a>, situated close to the Byzantine–Bulgarian border, in order to monitor the events and to exploit the situation in Bulgaria in his favour.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev223_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev223-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-angelov282_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov282-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demise of Constantine Tikh came as a shock to the Byzantines. Initially, Michael VIII considered marrying off his daughter to Ivaylo, but eventually decided it more favourable to install a protégé of his own.<sup id="cite_ref-bakalov360_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakalov360-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His candidate was <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_III" title="Ivan Asen III">Ivan Asen III</a>, son of the deposed Mitso Asen, who had sought asylum in Byzantium and possessed estates in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. Ivan promptly married Michael VIII's daughter <a href="/wiki/Irene_Palaiologina,_Empress_of_Bulgaria" title="Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria">Irene</a>, pledged allegiance to Michael VIII and was proclaimed emperor of Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fine196_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine196-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantines sent gifts to the Bulgarian nobles to incite them to support Ivan Asen III and envoys were dispatched to Tarnovo to arrange for his recognition and the surrender of Empress Maria.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov282_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov282-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Ivan Asen III marched north at the head of a Byzantine army while Ivaylo was besieging Tarnovo.<sup id="cite_ref-fine196_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine196-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Faced with two adversaries, Maria initially tried to negotiate with Michael VIII the succession of her son, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Asen_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Asen II">Michael Asen II</a>, but the Byzantine emperor insisted on an unconditional surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov282_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov282-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much to the surprise of the Byzantines, Maria then entered in negotiations with Ivaylo and offered him her hand and the Bulgarian crown on the condition that he would guarantee the rights of Michael Asen as his sole successor.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev224_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev224-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary chronicler George Pachymeres accuses Maria of "ignoring the moral duty to her late husband"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in fact her decision was driven by her hatred of her uncle Michael VIII, whom she considered a heretic<sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup>, as well as by her desire to retain power.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev224_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev224-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, Ivaylo was reluctant to accept the proposal claiming that Maria was offering what he was about to take by force<sup id="cite_ref-andreev224_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev224-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but eventually conceded "because of the peace and to avoid bloodshed in a civil war".<sup id="cite_ref-pachymeres178_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pachymeres178-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ivaylo made it clear that he was the one giving clemency, not the one receiving it.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev225_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev225-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1278 Ivaylo entered Tarnovo in triumph, married Maria and was proclaimed emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev225_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev225-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bakalov361_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakalov361-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bozhilov518_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozhilov518-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since he was inexperienced in state affairs, Ivaylo failed to consolidate his authority over the nobility in the capital, who were concerned with their own influence, and often quarrelled with Maria.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev225_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev225-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fine197_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine197-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He still had to deal with overwhelming challenges — the Byzantines dispatched many troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Doukas_Glabas_Tarchaneiotes" title="Michael Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes">Michael Glabas</a> in support of Ivan Asen III and incited the Mongols to attack from the north to open war on two fronts. Yet Ivaylo vigorously prepared his forces to counter the adversaries and managed to gain support among many nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-pachymeres178_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pachymeres178-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns_against_Byzantines_and_Mongols">Campaigns against Byzantines and Mongols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Campaigns against Byzantines and Mongols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ivaylo left Tarnovo in the summer of 1278, marched north and defeated the Mongols, pushing them across the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev226_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev226-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-angelov285_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov285-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation to the south was more dangerous. The Byzantines launched an attack on a wide front along the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Shipka_Pass" title="Shipka Pass">Shipka Pass</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. They failed to cross the mountains as the defenders held on until the Mongols were defeated and reinforcement could be sent.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov285_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov285-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the huge efforts and numerical superiority, the Byzantines made few gains at very high cost.<sup id="cite_ref-bakalov361_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakalov361-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Ktenia_(fortress)" title="Ktenia (fortress)">Ktenia</a> was seized after many assaults, the castles of <a href="/wiki/Kran,_Stara_Zagora_Province" title="Kran, Stara Zagora Province">Kran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maglizh" title="Maglizh">Maglizh</a> fell with heavy casualties for the invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov285_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov285-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bulgarian commander Stan fell valiantly during the defence of <a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora" title="Stara Zagora">Boruy</a> and many other of Ivaylo's associates distinguished themselves in the war — Momchil, Kuman, Damyan, Kancho.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev226_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev226-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-angelov285_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov285-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All battles led personally by Ivaylo were successful — he fought at Studena and Pirgitsa<sup id="cite_ref-angelov285_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov285-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — and by the autumn of 1278, the Bulgarians gained the upper hand, forcing the Byzantines to abandon the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev226_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev226-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-angelov285_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov285-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">morale</a> was very low because Ivaylo gave <a href="/wiki/No_quarter" title="No quarter">no quarter</a>. George Pachymeres wrote that "to fall in the hands of Lakhanas [Ivaylo] was equivalent to death".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uprising_of_Ivaylo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the Bulgarian Empire in the mid 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Uprising_of_Ivaylo.png/300px-Uprising_of_Ivaylo.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Uprising_of_Ivaylo.png/450px-Uprising_of_Ivaylo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Uprising_of_Ivaylo.png/600px-Uprising_of_Ivaylo.png 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Bulgarian Empire, showing the movement of the Bulgarian, Byzantine and Mongol armies during the rebellion</figcaption></figure> <p>With the situation to the south under control, Ivaylo had to confront a second Mongol attack to the north. This time the Bulgarians faced the elite forces of Nogai Khan. The Mongols prevailed and Ivaylo was besieged in the important city of <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Drastar</a> on the southern bank of the Danube, where he withstood a three-month siege.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev226_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev226-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-angelov286_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov286-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most of the rebel army was engaged in the north, Michael VIII started negotiating with the nobility in Tarnovo and convinced the local dignitaries to recognize the claim of Ivan Asen III.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov286_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov286-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the beginning of 1279, a Byzantine army under Michael Glabas disembarked near <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a> and set off to the capital, supported by a Mongol unit commanded by Kasim beg.<sup id="cite_ref-fine197_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine197-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elite of Tarnovo spread rumours that Ivaylo had perished fighting the Mongols and opened the gates to the Byzantines and their protégé. Ivan Asen III was proclaimed emperor and Maria, who at the time bore Ivaylo's child, was exiled to Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-bakalov361_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakalov361-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bozhilov518_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozhilov518-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-andreev226_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev226-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To consolidate the support of the nobility, the new monarch married his sister <a href="/wiki/Kira_Maria_Asenina_of_Bulgaria" title="Kira Maria Asenina of Bulgaria">Kira Maria</a> to <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Bulgaria" title="George I of Bulgaria">George Terter</a>, one of Bulgaria's most powerful and influential feudal lords, whose estates were centred at <a href="/wiki/Cherven_(fortress)" title="Cherven (fortress)">Cherven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasim beg, who had been awarded the high court title <i><a href="/wiki/Protostrator" title="Protostrator">protostrator</a></i>, felt that the rise of George Terter was at his expense, deserted Ivan Asen III and joined the cause of Ivaylo.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov287_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov287-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, fighting between the rebels and the Byzantines continued. Although the Bulgarian forces were cut in two after the Byzantine landing at Varna, heavy clashes erupted in the eastern Balkan Mountains with new vigour, especially around the <a href="/wiki/Kotel_Pass" title="Kotel Pass">Kotel Pass</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Varbitsa_Pass" title="Varbitsa Pass">Varbitsa Pass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov286_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov286-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bulgarian positions there were surrounded both from the north and the south. The Byzantines had to besiege and take the fortresses one by one which cost time and casualties. Many strongholds remained unconquered and permanently engaged large Byzantine forces.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov287_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov287-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring 1279, Ivaylo managed to break through the Mongol blockade at Drastar and besieged Tarnovo. This advance took Ivan Asen III and his supporters by surprise.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov287_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov287-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael VIII took measures to protect his protégé and in the summer of 1279 sent a 10,000-strong army under the command of the <i><a href="/wiki/Protovestiarios" title="Protovestiarios">protovestiarios</a></i> Murin. Ivaylo did not linger in Tarnovo and engaged the invading host on 17 June 1279 in the Kotel Pass. Despite being outnumbered, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Devina" title="Battle of Devina">ensuing battle near the fortress of Devina</a> the Bulgarians achieved a complete victory. Part of the Byzantines perished in the battle along with their commander, the rest were captured and killed by orders of Ivaylo.<sup id="cite_ref-bakalov361_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakalov361-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-andreev227_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev227-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-angelov288_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov288-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month later, the Byzantines sent another army of 5,000 troops led by the <i>protovestiarios</i> Aprin. Ivaylo engaged them in the eastern Balkan Mountains on 15 August 1279 and after a long combat defeated the Byzantines, personally killing Aprin in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev227_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev227-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-angelov288_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov288-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivaylo was said to had "fought with fury, achieving many feats"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in both battles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_rebellion_and_demise_of_Ivaylo">End of the rebellion and demise of Ivaylo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: End of the rebellion and demise of Ivaylo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsarevets-Panorama11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A medieval fortress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tsarevets-Panorama11.JPG/440px-Tsarevets-Panorama11.JPG" decoding="async" width="440" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tsarevets-Panorama11.JPG/660px-Tsarevets-Panorama11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tsarevets-Panorama11.JPG/880px-Tsarevets-Panorama11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4318" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a>, the capital of the Bulgarian Empire</figcaption></figure> <p>With the Byzantines defeated, the authority of Ivan Asen III was shaken. He and Irene secretly fled Tarnovo, taking the Byzantine imperial insignia, which were kept in the treasury since the Bulgarian victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tryavna" title="Battle of Tryavna">battle of Tryavna</a> in 1190.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="ref_b" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_b">[b]</a></sup> Michael VIII was infuriated with the couple's cowardliness and refused to grant them an audience for days.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov288_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov288-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tarnovo, the nobility refused to open the gates to Ivaylo and instead elected George Terter emperor, which had a devastating effect on the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev227_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev227-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the military successes, neither was the Mongol threat dealt with, nor was Ivaylo able to secure the support of the Bulgarian nobility and unify the country against the overwhelming forces of the Mongols and the Byzantines. As a result, Ivaylo's followers, disillusioned with the endless wars without prospects for peace, began to abandon his cause. With diminished support, in 1280 Ivaylo crossed the Danube with a few loyal associates, including Kasim beg, to seek aid from Nogai Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-bakalov361_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakalov361-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-angelov288_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov288-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fine198_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine198-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is important to mention that Ivaylo was not decisively defeated neither by the new tsar George Terter nor Nogai khan, as Ivaylo maintained the conquered territories and fortresses. The visit of Ivaylo at Nogai court was not an attempt of escape nor an attempt of seeking refuge, but a diplomatical action.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Ivaylo was received well by Nogai Khan. When news of his whereabouts reached Constantinople, Michael VIII sent Ivan Asen III with rich gifts to the Mongol court to ask assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov288_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov288-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fine198_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine198-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-andreev228_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev228-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nogai Khan expressed interest in the issue and for several months kept promising help to both pretenders. Eventually the Byzantine influence prevailed because the Mongol leader was married to the illegitimate daughter of Michael VIII, <a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_Palaiologina_(daughter_of_Michael_VIII)" title="Euphrosyne Palaiologina (daughter of Michael VIII)">Euphrosyne Palaiologina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev228_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev228-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a feast, in which Ivaylo and Ivan Asen III seated on both sides of Nogai Khan, he pointed at Ivaylo with the words "He is an enemy of my father, the Emperor [Michael VIII], and does not deserve to live"<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ordered his execution. Ivaylo, along with Kasim beg, were duly murdered on the spot.<sup id="cite_ref-bakalov361_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakalov361-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-angelov288_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov288-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-andreev228_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev228-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan Asen III was fortunate to avoid that fate due to the advocacy of Euphrosyne and eventually returned to his estates in Asia Minor, where he died in 1303.<sup id="cite_ref-fine198_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine198-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023981488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>...the peasants left their lands and agrarian labour and under their own will became soldiers [...], determined to line up under the banner of Lakhanas, confident that they will win with him.<sup id="cite_ref-pachymeres187_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pachymeres187-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>George Pachymeres on Pseudo-Ivaylo.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Ivaylo's legacy enjoyed huge popularity beyond the borders of Bulgaria years after his death. At least two "Pseudo-Ivaylos" appeared in the Byzantine Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev229_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev229-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1284 a Bulgarian who claimed to had been Ivaylo, arrived in Constantinople and offered his services to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> to fight against the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov290_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov290-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andronikos II asked the ex-empress Maria to verify if the man was her husband and she exposed him as an imposter. Pseudo-Ivaylo was detained but the populace demanded his release since the Turks "feared the barbarian [Ivaylo]".<sup id="cite_ref-pachymeres187_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pachymeres187-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantine emperor calculated that there was nothing to lose and allowed him to march against the Turks. "Ivaylo" gathered a huge army of peasants, much to the concern of the Byzantine nobility who feared a revolt or coup. The emperor then summoned Pseudo-Ivaylo under some pretext and had him imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov290_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov290-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years later, another Bulgarian (whose real name was Ivan) appeared in the Byzantine Empire claiming he was Ivaylo. He was given an army to combat the Turks but after a few victories he was captured and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov290_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov290-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Bulgaria, the two decades after the end of the rebellion were the lowest point of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-angelov290_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov290-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reigns of <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Bulgaria" title="George I of Bulgaria">George Terter I</a> (r. 1280–1292) and his successor <a href="/wiki/Smilets_of_Bulgaria" title="Smilets of Bulgaria">Smilets</a> (r. 1292–1298) were characterised by constant Mongol interference in the state's domestic affairs and progressive disintegration of Imperial authority in favour of the feudal magnates.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgaria had lost almost all lands to the south of the Balkan mountains to the Byzantines and was in no position to regain these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fortunes of the country changed for the better under George Terter I's son, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Svetoslav_of_Bulgaria" title="Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria">Theordore Svetoslav</a> (r. 1300–1321), when Bulgaria acquired <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> from the Mongols and reconquered <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thrace" title="Northern Thrace">Northern Thrace</a> from the Byzantines, bringing stability and prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rebellion failed because the rebels had to fight against overwhelming odds — not only the Byzantines and the Mongols, but also much of the Bulgarian nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-bakalov361_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakalov361-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-angelov288_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angelov288-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although ultimately unsuccessful, the uprising of Ivaylo had achieved a recognition of its leader as emperor, an aim in which all other <a href="/wiki/Popular_revolt_in_late-medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe">popular revolts in medieval Europe</a> failed. In <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Socialist Bulgaria</a>, the rebellion was portrayed as a social movement against the iniquity of the feudal system and the foreign invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-fine196_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine196-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern Bulgaria, Ivaylo is still revered as a fighter for freedom and social justice.<sup id="cite_ref-andreev229_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev229-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no evidence that Ivaylo and his followers ever intended to conduct social reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-fine196_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine196-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that the rebellion was supported by some nobles and that Ivaylo married the hated Empress Maria also indicates that the main factor was the incompetent rule of Emperor Constantine Tikh.<sup id="cite_ref-fine196_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine196-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgarian historians praise the heroism of the rebels and evaluate the uprising as a bright patriotic achievement of the Bulgarian people because Ivaylo was able to gather wide support from all social classes of Bulgaria to defend the then-troubled country against the external enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-bakalov361_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakalov361-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-andreev228_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreev228-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivaylo is remembered as a heroic ruler and a tragic figure who represented the ideal of the "Good Tsar".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rebellion of Ivaylo is among the most popular and recognizable Bulgarian historical events with numerous pieces of art dedicated to it. The 1959 <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> "Ivaylo" by the composer <a href="/wiki/Marin_Goleminov" title="Marin Goleminov">Marin Goleminov</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">overture</a> of the same name by <a href="/wiki/Dobri_Hristov" title="Dobri Hristov">Dobri Hristov</a>, was inspired by the "revolutionary pathos and tragedy of the epoch".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dedicated to the uprising are also the 1964 colour <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature film</a> "Ivaylo" by the director Nikola Valchev, based on the novel "The Smouldering Ember" by Evgeni Konstantinov,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1921 drama "The Throne" by prominent Bulgarian poet and writer <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vazov" title="Ivan Vazov">Ivan Vazov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town of <a href="/wiki/Ivaylovgrad" title="Ivaylovgrad">Ivaylovgrad</a> in modern southern Bulgaria and the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivaylo_(village)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivaylo (village) (page does not exist)">Ivaylo</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Pazardzhik" title="Pazardzhik">Pazardzhik</a> are named after the rebel leader. There are statues in several cities dedicated to him, as well as a monument commemorating the victory over the Byzantines in the battle of Devina, situated at 5 km to the south-east of the town of <a href="/wiki/Kotel,_Bulgaria" title="Kotel, Bulgaria">Kotel</a>. That memorial, named "The Stone Guard", was listed in the top ten emblematic monuments in the history of Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>summer of 1277 — The Mongols are defeated</li> <li>autumn of 1277 — The Mongols are driven out of Bulgaria</li> <li>end of 1277 — The army of Constantine Tikh is defeated; the emperor is killed by Ivaylo</li> <li>spring of 1278 — Ivaylo enters the capital Tarnovo; marries Constantine Tikh's wife Maria; crowned Emperor of Bulgaria</li> <li>summer and autumn of 1278 — Warfare against Byzantines and Mongols; victory over the Byzantines; defeat against the Mongols; Ivaylo is besieged in Drastar</li> <li>beginning of 1279 — The nobility in Tarnovo opens the gates to the Byzantine-supported pretender Ivan Asen III</li> <li>spring of 1279 — Ivaylo breaks the Mongol blockade at Drastar; besieges Tarnovo; Ivan Asen III flees to Constantinople</li> <li>17 June 1279 — A 10,000-strong Byzantine army is defeated in the battle of Devina</li> <li>15 August 1279 — A 5,000-strong Byzantine army is defeated in the eastern Balkan Mountains</li> <li>beginning of 1280 — George Terter I is elected emperor by the nobility</li> <li>1280 — Ivaylo flees to Nogai Khan and is eventually murdered</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/21px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/42px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bulgaria" title="Portal:Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/19px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/29px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/38px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/19px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/29px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/38px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="267" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul></div> <table width="80%"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars" title="Byzantine–Bulgarian wars">Byzantine–Bulgarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Bulgarian_army" title="Medieval Bulgarian army">Medieval Bulgarian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Byzantine army</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="cnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^</a></b></span> <b>a:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a> vigorously opposed the attempts to reunite the Orthodox and the Catholic Churches sponsored by Michael VIII and the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>. The Bulgarian patriarch Ignatius and empress Maria criticised them for their apparent willingness to make concessions at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> in 1272–1274.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span id="cnote_b"><b><a href="#ref_b">^</a></b></span> <b>b:</b> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tryavna" title="Battle of Tryavna">battle of Tryavna</a> in 1190 the Bulgarians captured the Byzantine imperial treasure, including the golden helmet of the Byzantine Emperors, the crown and the Imperial Cross, which was considered the most valuable possession of the Byzantine rulers — a <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a> of solid gold containing a piece of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>. These trophies became part of the Bulgarian treasury and were carried around Tarnovo during official occasions until 1279, when Ivan Asen III took them during his flight from the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996">Andreev & Lalkov 1996</a>, pp. 192–193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1987">Fine 1987</a>, pp. 154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1987">Fine 1987</a>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakalov_et_al2003">Bakalov et al 2003</a>, p. 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBozhilovGyuzelev1999">Bozhilov & Gyuzelev 1999</a>, pp. 508–509</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1987">Fine 1987</a>, pp. 171–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1987">Fine 1987</a>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBozhilovGyuzelev1999">Bozhilov & Gyuzelev 1999</a>, p. 513</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fine195-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fine195_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine195_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine195_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine195_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine195_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine195_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine195_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1987">Fine 1987</a>, p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996">Andreev & Lalkov 1996</a>, p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBozhilovGyuzelev1999">Bozhilov & Gyuzelev 1999</a>, pp. 513–514</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngelov_et_al1981">Angelov et al 1981</a>, p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-angelov277-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-angelov277_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov277_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov277_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngelov_et_al1981">Angelov et al 1981</a>, p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakalov_et_al2003">Bakalov et al 2003</a>, p. 359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andreev221-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andreev221_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev221_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996">Andreev & Lalkov 1996</a>, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996">Andreev & Lalkov 1996</a>, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakalov_et_al2003">Bakalov et al 2003</a>, pp. 359–360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBozhilovGyuzelev1999">Bozhilov & Gyuzelev 1999</a>, p. 515</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"De Michaele et Andronico Paleologis by George Pachymeres" in GIBI, vol. X, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://promacedonia.org/gibi/10/gal/10_171.html">p. 171</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bakalov360-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bakalov360_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakalov360_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakalov_et_al2003">Bakalov et al 2003</a>, p. 360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"De Michaele et Andronico Paleologis by George Pachymeres" in GIBI, vol. X, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://promacedonia.org/gibi/10/gal/10_172.html">p. 172</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngelov_et_al1981">Angelov et al 1981</a>, p. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andreev222-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andreev222_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev222_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996">Andreev & Lalkov 1996</a>, p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngelov_et_al1981">Angelov et al 1981</a>, pp. 280–281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andreev223-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andreev223_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev223_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996">Andreev & Lalkov 1996</a>, p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngelov_et_al1981">Angelov et al 1981</a>, p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-angelov282-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-angelov282_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov282_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov282_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov282_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngelov_et_al1981">Angelov et al 1981</a>, p. 282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996">Andreev & Lalkov 1996</a>, pp. 230–231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fine196-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fine196_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine196_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine196_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine196_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine196_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1987">Fine 1987</a>, p. 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andreev224-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andreev224_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev224_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev224_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996">Andreev & Lalkov 1996</a>, p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"De Michaele et Andronico Paleologis by George Pachymeres" in GIBI, vol. X, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://promacedonia.org/gibi/10/gal/10_177.html">p. 177</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pachymeres178-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pachymeres178_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pachymeres178_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"De Michaele et Andronico Paleologis by George Pachymeres" in GIBI, vol. X, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://promacedonia.org/gibi/10/gal/10_178.html">p. 178</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andreev225-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andreev225_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev225_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev225_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996">Andreev & Lalkov 1996</a>, p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bakalov361-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bakalov361_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakalov361_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakalov361_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakalov361_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakalov361_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakalov361_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakalov361_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakalov361_34-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakalov_et_al2003">Bakalov et al 2003</a>, p. 361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bozhilov518-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bozhilov518_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bozhilov518_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBozhilovGyuzelev1999">Bozhilov & Gyuzelev 1999</a>, p. 518</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fine197-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fine197_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine197_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1987">Fine 1987</a>, p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andreev226-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andreev226_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev226_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev226_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev226_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev226_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996">Andreev & Lalkov 1996</a>, p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-angelov285-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-angelov285_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov285_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov285_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov285_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov285_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov285_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngelov_et_al1981">Angelov et al 1981</a>, p. 285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"De Michaele et Andronico Paleologis by George Pachymeres" in GIBI, vol. X, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://promacedonia.org/gibi/10/gal/10_179.html">p. 179</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-angelov286-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-angelov286_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov286_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov286_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngelov_et_al1981">Angelov et al 1981</a>, p. 286</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996">Andreev & Lalkov 1996</a>, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-angelov287-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-angelov287_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov287_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov287_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngelov_et_al1981">Angelov et al 1981</a>, p. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996">Andreev & Lalkov 1996</a>, pp. 226–227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andreev227-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andreev227_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev227_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev227_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996">Andreev & Lalkov 1996</a>, p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-angelov288-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-angelov288_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov288_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov288_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov288_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov288_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov288_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angelov288_45-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngelov_et_al1981">Angelov et al 1981</a>, p. 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"De Michaele et Andronico Paleologis by George Pachymeres" in GIBI, vol. X, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://promacedonia.org/gibi/10/gal/10_181.html">p. 181</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996">Andreev & Lalkov 1996</a>, p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fine198-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fine198_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine198_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine198_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1987">Fine 1987</a>, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFПавловВладимиров2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Павлов, Пламен; Владимиров, Георги (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QTaVzwEACAAJ"><i>Златната орда и българите</i></a> (in Bulgarian). Bălgarska istorija. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-619-7496-90-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-619-7496-90-1"><bdi>978-619-7496-90-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=B%C4%83lgarska+istorija&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-619-7496-90-1&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD&rft.au=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTaVzwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUprising+of+Ivaylo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andreev228-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andreev228_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev228_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev228_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreev228_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996">Andreev & Lalkov 1996</a>, p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"De Michaele et Andronico Paleologis by George Pachymeres" in GIBI, vol. 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Велико Търново (<a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a>): Абагар (Abagar). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-427-216-X" title="Special:BookSources/954-427-216-X"><bdi>954-427-216-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5+%28The+Bulgarian+Khans+and+Tsars%29&rft.place=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE+%28Veliko+Tarnovo%29&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80+%28Abagar%29&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=954-427-216-X&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2+%28Andreev%29&rft.aufirst=%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD+%28Jordan%29&rft.au=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28Lalkov%29%2C+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%BE+%28Milcho%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUprising+of+Ivaylo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAngelov_et_al1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ангелов (Angelov), Димитър (Dimitar); Божилов (Bozhilov), Иван (Ivan); Ваклинов (Vaklinov), Станчо (Stancho); Гюзелев (Gyuzelev), Васил (Vasil); Куев (Kuev), Кую (kuyu); Петров (Petrov), Петър (Petar); Примов (Primov), Борислав (Borislav); Тъпкова (Tapkova), Василка (Vasilka); Цанокова (Tsankova), Геновева (Genoveva) (1981). <i>История на България. Том II. Първа българска държава</i> [<i>History of Bulgaria. Volume II. First Bulgarian State</i>] (in Bulgarian). и колектив. София (<a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>): Издателство на БАН (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</a> Press).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+II.+%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%28Sofia%29&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%91%D0%90%D0%9D+%28Bulgarian+Academy+of+Sciences+Press%29&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28Angelov%29&rft.aufirst=%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80+%28Dimitar%29&rft.au=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28Bozhilov%29%2C+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%28Ivan%29&rft.au=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28Vaklinov%29%2C+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BE+%28Stancho%29&rft.au=%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2+%28Gyuzelev%29%2C+%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB+%28Vasil%29&rft.au=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B2+%28Kuev%29%2C+%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%8E+%28kuyu%29&rft.au=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28Petrov%29%2C+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80+%28Petar%29&rft.au=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28Primov%29%2C+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2+%28Borislav%29&rft.au=%D0%A2%D1%8A%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%28Tapkova%29%2C+%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0+%28Vasilka%29&rft.au=%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%28Tsankova%29%2C+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0+%28Genoveva%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUprising+of+Ivaylo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBakalov_et_al2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Бакалов (Bakalov), Георги (Georgi); Ангелов (Angelov), Петър (Petar); Павлов (Pavlov), Пламен (Plamen); Коев (Koev), Тотю (Totyu); Александров (Aleksandrov), Емил (Emil) (2003). <i>История на българите от древността до края на XVI век (History of the Bulgarians from Antiquity to the end of the XVI century)</i> (in Bulgarian). и колектив. София (Sofia): Знание (Znanie). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-621-186-9" title="Special:BookSources/954-621-186-9"><bdi>954-621-186-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+XVI+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA+%28History+of+the+Bulgarians+from+Antiquity+to+the+end+of+the+XVI+century%29&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%28Sofia%29&rft.pub=%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%28Znanie%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=954-621-186-9&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28Bakalov%29&rft.aufirst=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8+%28Georgi%29&rft.au=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28Angelov%29%2C+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80+%28Petar%29&rft.au=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28Pavlov%29%2C+%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+%28Plamen%29&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2+%28Koev%29%2C+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8E+%28Totyu%29&rft.au=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28Aleksandrov%29%2C+%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB+%28Emil%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUprising+of+Ivaylo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBozhilovGyuzelev1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Божилов (Bozhilov), Иван (Ivan); <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Gyuzelev" title="Vasil Gyuzelev">Гюзелев (Gyuzelev), Васил (Vasil)</a> (1999). <i>История на средновековна България VII–XIV век (History of Medieval Bulgaria VII–XIV centuries)</i> (in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Анубис (Anubis). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-426-204-0" title="Special:BookSources/954-426-204-0"><bdi>954-426-204-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+VII%E2%80%93XIV+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA+%28History+of+Medieval+Bulgaria+VII%E2%80%93XIV+centuries%29&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%28Sofia%29&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81+%28Anubis%29&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=954-426-204-0&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28Bozhilov%29&rft.aufirst=%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%28Ivan%29&rft.au=%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2+%28Gyuzelev%29%2C+%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB+%28Vasil%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUprising+of+Ivaylo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFine1987" class="citation book cs1">Fine, J. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latemedievalbalk00fine"><i>The Late Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-10079-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-10079-3"><bdi>0-472-10079-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%2C+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-472-10079-3&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatemedievalbalk00fine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUprising+of+Ivaylo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, A.</a> (1991). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=New+York%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rft.aulast=Kazhdan&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUprising+of+Ivaylo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFКолектив_(Collective)1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Колектив (Collective) (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://promacedonia.org/gibi/10/index.html"><i>Гръцки извори за българската история (ЛИБИ), том III (Greek Sources for Bulgarian History (GIBI), volume X)</i></a> (in Bulgarian and Greek). София (Sofia): Издателство на БАН (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%28%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%91%D0%98%29%2C+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC+III+%28Greek+Sources+for+Bulgarian+History+%28GIBI%29%2C+volume+X%29&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%28Sofia%29&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%91%D0%90%D0%9D+%28Bulgarian+Academy+of+Sciences+Press%29&rft.date=1980&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2+%28Collective%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpromacedonia.org%2Fgibi%2F10%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUprising+of+Ivaylo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_links">External links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_Ivaylo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214002112/http://znam.bg/com/action/showArticle;jsessionid=D07E7140A2A46291B10A0476FE288344?encID=2&article=4154523781">"Uprising of Ivaylo 1277–1280"</a> (in Bulgarian). Electronic History of Bulgaria hosted on the Bulgarian Knowledge Portal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://znam.bg/com/action/showArticle;jsessionid=D07E7140A2A46291B10A0476FE288344?encID=2&article=4154523781">the original</a> on 14 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uprising+of+Ivaylo+1277%E2%80%931280&rft.pub=Electronic+History+of+Bulgaria+hosted+on+the+Bulgarian+Knowledge+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fznam.bg%2Fcom%2Faction%2FshowArticle%3Bjsessionid%3DD07E7140A2A46291B10A0476FE288344%3FencID%3D2%26article%3D4154523781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUprising+of+Ivaylo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peasant_revolts_in_medieval_and_early_modern_Europe1562" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_and_Early_Modern_European_Peasant_Wars" title="Template:Medieval and Early Modern European Peasant Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_and_Early_Modern_European_Peasant_Wars" title="Template talk:Medieval and Early Modern European Peasant Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_and_Early_Modern_European_Peasant_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval and Early Modern European Peasant Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peasant_revolts_in_medieval_and_early_modern_Europe1562" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_peasant_revolts" title="List of peasant revolts">Peasant revolts in medieval and early modern Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellinga" title="Stellinga">Stellinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Copper_Hand" title="Basil the Copper Hand">Rebellions of Basil the Copper Hand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uprising of Ivaylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_revolt_in_Flanders_1323%E2%80%9328" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–28">Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Night_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's Night Uprising">St. George's Night Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquerie" title="Jacquerie">Jacquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciompi_Revolt" title="Ciompi Revolt">Ciompi Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harelle" title="Harelle">Harelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabochien_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabochien Revolt">Cabochien Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_peasant_revolt" title="Transylvanian peasant revolt">Transylvanian peasant revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funen_and_Jutland_Peasant_rebellions" class="mw-redirect" title="Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions">Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cade%27s_Rebellion" title="Jack Cade's Rebellion">Jack Cade's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_William_Merfold%27s_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="John and William Merfold's uprising">John and William Merfold's uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Peasant_Revolt" title="Carinthian Peasant Revolt">Carinthian Peasant Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_Revolt_of_1511" class="mw-redirect" title="Friulian Revolt of 1511">Friulian Revolt of 1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Conrad" title="Poor Conrad">Poor Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3zsa_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dózsa rebellion">Dózsa rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_peasant_revolt_of_1515" title="Slovene peasant revolt of 1515">Slovene peasant revolt of 1515</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arumer_Zwarte_Hoop" title="Arumer Zwarte Hoop">Arumer Zwarte Hoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_Rebellions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian Rebellions">Dalecarlian Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_Peasants%27_War" title="Palatine Peasants' War">Palatine Peasants' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipper_Clement%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Skipper Clement's Rebellion">Skipper Clement's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opryshky" class="mw-redirect" title="Opryshky">Opryshky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peasants%27_Rebellion_in_Telemark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peasants' Rebellion in Telemark (page does not exist)">Peasants' Rebellion in Telemark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacke_War" title="Dacke War">Dacke War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kett%27s_Rebellion" title="Kett's Rebellion">Kett's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cudgel_War" title="Cudgel War">Cudgel War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Slovene_Peasant_Revolt" title="Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt">Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bolotnikov%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Bolotnikov's Rebellion">Ivan Bolotnikov's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_in_Upper_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasants' War in Upper Austria">Peasants' War in Upper Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostka-Napierski_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Kostka-Napierski Uprising">Kostka-Napierski Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning Star Rebellion">Morning Star Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_peasant_war_of_1653" title="Swiss peasant war of 1653">Swiss peasant war of 1653</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenka_Razin_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenka Razin Uprising">Stenka Razin Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_Rebellion_(1743)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian Rebellion (1743)">Dalecarlian Rebellion (1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_and_Cri%C8%99an" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan">Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Saxon Peasants' Revolt">Saxon Peasants' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War (1798)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_on_the_First_Bulgarian_Empire_and_Second_Bulgarian_Empire212" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99C68E"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bulgarian_Empire" title="Template:Bulgarian Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bulgarian_Empire" title="Template talk:Bulgarian Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bulgarian_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bulgarian Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_on_the_First_Bulgarian_Empire_and_Second_Bulgarian_Empire212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Bulgarian_Empire-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Bulgarian Empire-related articles">Topics</a> on the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 33%; background-color: #E32636">State </th> <th style="width: 34%; background-color: #03C03C">Military </th> <th style="width: 33%; background-color: #FFF8E7">Culture </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> <td> <div style="background:#FFF8E7; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Origin</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#FFF8E7; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>States</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> (681–1018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a> (1185–1396/1422)</li></ul> <p><i>De facto independent Bulgarian states from the Second Empire</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Vidin" title="Tsardom of Vidin">Tsardom of Vidin</a> (1371–1396/1422)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Dobruja" title="Despotate of Dobruja">Despotate of Dobruja (Principality of Karvuna)</a> (1337/1346–1413)</li></ul> <div style="background:#FFF8E7; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Administration</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyar#Boyars_in_Bulgaria" title="Boyar">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="bg:Съвет на Великите боили">Great Boyar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Preslav" title="Council of Preslav">Council of Preslav</a></li> <li>Capitals: <a href="/wiki/Pliska" title="Pliska">Pliska</a> (681–893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Preslav">Preslav</a> (893–972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> (972–992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> (992–1018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a> (1185–1393)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nicopolis</a> (1393–1396)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a> (1393–1396)</li></ul> <div style="background:#FFF8E7; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Important rulers</b></div> <p><i><b>First Bulgarian Empire</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asparukh_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Asparukh of Bulgaria">Asparukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tervel_of_Bulgaria" title="Tervel of Bulgaria">Tervel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krum" title="Krum">Krum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omurtag_of_Bulgaria" title="Omurtag of Bulgaria">Omurtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Boris I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Peter I of Bulgaria">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria" title="Samuel of Bulgaria">Samuel</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Second Bulgarian Empire</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_I_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaloyan of Bulgaria">Kaloyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tih" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Tih">Konstantin Tih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shishman_of_Bulgaria" title="Michael Shishman of Bulgaria">Michael Shishman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Alexander_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria">Ivan Alexander</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#FFF8E7; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Economy</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Bulgarian_coinage" title="Medieval Bulgarian coinage">Bulgarian coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Bulgarian_economy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval Bulgarian economy (page does not exist)">Bulgarian economy</a></li></ul> <p><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krum33.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krum of Bulgaria"><img alt="Krum of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Krum33.jpg/75px-Krum33.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Krum33.jpg/113px-Krum33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Krum33.jpg/150px-Krum33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="810" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Omurtag1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Omurtag of Bulgaria"><img alt="Omurtag of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Omurtag1.jpg/75px-Omurtag1.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Omurtag1.jpg/113px-Omurtag1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Omurtag1.jpg/150px-Omurtag1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="598" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NHM-BG-photoKonstantinTih1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Constantine I of Bulgaria"><img alt="Constantine I of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NHM-BG-photoKonstantinTih1.jpg/74px-NHM-BG-photoKonstantinTih1.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NHM-BG-photoKonstantinTih1.jpg/111px-NHM-BG-photoKonstantinTih1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NHM-BG-photoKonstantinTih1.jpg/148px-NHM-BG-photoKonstantinTih1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Bulgarian_army" title="Medieval Bulgarian army">Bulgarian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Bulgarian_navy" title="Medieval Bulgarian navy">Bulgarian navy</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#FF4040; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Conflicts</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars" title="Byzantine–Bulgarian wars">Byzantine–Bulgarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars" title="Croatian–Bulgarian wars">Croatian–Bulgarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" title="Bulgarian–Hungarian wars">Bulgarian–Hungarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Latin_wars" title="Bulgarian–Latin wars">Bulgarian–Latin wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" title="Bulgarian–Ottoman wars">Bulgarian–Ottoman wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_(medieval)" title="Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval)">Bulgarian–Serbian wars</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#FF4040; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Major battles</b></div> <p><i><b>First Bulgarian Empire</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ongal" title="Battle of Ongal">Battle of Ongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">Siege of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marcellae" title="Battle of Marcellae">Battle of Marcellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska" title="Battle of Pliska">Battle of Pliska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Bulgarian_battle_of_854" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 854">Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Southern_Buh" title="Battle of Southern Buh">Battle of Southern Buh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Achelous_(917)" title="Battle of Achelous (917)">Battle of Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gates_of_Trajan" title="Battle of the Gates of Trajan">Battle of the Gates of Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kleidion" title="Battle of Kleidion">Battle of Kleidion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(1018)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (1018)">Battle of Dyrrhachium</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Second Bulgarian Empire</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tryavna" title="Battle of Tryavna">Battle of Tryavna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1205)" title="Battle of Adrianople (1205)">Battle of Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klokotnitsa" title="Battle of Klokotnitsa">Battle of Klokotnitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skafida" title="Battle of Skafida">Battle of Skafida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velbazhd" title="Battle of Velbazhd">Battle of Velbazhd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rusokastro" title="Battle of Rusokastro">Battle of Rusokastro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa" title="Battle of Maritsa">Battle of Chernomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarnovo" title="Siege of Tarnovo">Siege of Tarnovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Battle of Nicopolis</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#FF4040; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Major uprisings</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Peter_Delyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of Peter Delyan">Uprising of Peter Delyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Georgi_Voyteh" title="Uprising of Georgi Voyteh">Uprising of Georgi Voyteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Asen_and_Peter" title="Uprising of Asen and Peter">Uprising of Asen and Peter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uprising of Ivaylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Konstantin_and_Fruzhin" title="Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin">Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AdrianopleConquest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/AdrianopleConquest.jpg/320px-AdrianopleConquest.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/AdrianopleConquest.jpg/480px-AdrianopleConquest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/AdrianopleConquest.jpg/640px-AdrianopleConquest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <div style="background:#ACE1AF; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Literature</b></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander"><img alt="Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg/100px-Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg/150px-Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg/200px-Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption>Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Bulgarian_literature" title="Medieval Bulgarian literature">Bulgarian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preslav_Literary_School" title="Preslav Literary School">Preslav Literary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Literary_School" title="Ohrid Literary School">Ohrid Literary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Bulgarian_royal_charters" title="Medieval Bulgarian royal charters">Royal charters</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Prominent writers and scholars:</b></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Naum" title="Saint Naum">Saint Naum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Ohrid" title="Clement of Ohrid">Clement of Ohrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernorizets_Hrabar" title="Chernorizets Hrabar">Chernorizets Hrabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_of_Preslav" title="Constantine of Preslav">Constantine of Preslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Exarch" title="John the Exarch">John the Exarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymius_of_Tarnovo" title="Euthymius of Tarnovo">Evtimiy of Tarnovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Tsamblak" title="Gregory Tsamblak">Gregory Tsamblak</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#ACE1AF; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Art and architecture</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Tarnovo_Artistic_School" title="Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School">Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting_of_the_Tarnovo_Artistic_School" title="Painting of the Tarnovo Artistic School">Painting of the Tarnovo Artistic School</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Famous examples:</b></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madara_Rider" title="Madara Rider">Madara Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basilica,_Pliska" title="Great Basilica, Pliska">Great Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Church,_Preslav" title="Round Church, Preslav">Round Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Forty_Martyrs_Church,_Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Holy Forty Martyrs Church, Veliko Tarnovo">Holy Forty Martyrs Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyana_Church" title="Boyana Church">Boyana Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevets_(fortress)" title="Tsarevets (fortress)">Tsarevets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Vida" title="Baba Vida">Baba Vida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherven_(fortress)" title="Cherven (fortress)">Cherven</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#ACE1AF; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b>Religion</b></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Theodor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Theodor"><img alt="Saint Theodor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Theodor.jpg/100px-St._Theodor.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Theodor.jpg/150px-St._Theodor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Theodor.jpg/200px-St._Theodor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Saint Theodor</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Ohrid" title="Archbishopric of Ohrid">Archbishopric of Ohrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#99C68E"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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