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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internment_and_redress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internment_and_redress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Internment and redress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internment_and_redress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cultural profile</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_profile-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural profile subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Generations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools_for_Japanese_Americans_and_Japanese_nationals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_for_Japanese_Americans_and_Japanese_nationals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Schools for Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_for_Japanese_Americans_and_Japanese_nationals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic_Status_/_Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic_Status_/_Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Socioeconomic Status / Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic_Status_/_Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Celebrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Risk_for_inherited_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_for_inherited_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Risk for inherited diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_for_inherited_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_Americans_by_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_Americans_by_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Japanese Americans by state</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Japanese_Americans_by_state-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Japanese Americans by state subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Japanese_Americans_by_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colorado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Colorado</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connecticut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connecticut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Connecticut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connecticut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Hawaii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illinois" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illinois"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Illinois</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illinois-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massachusetts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massachusetts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Massachusetts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massachusetts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michigan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michigan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Michigan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michigan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missouri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missouri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Missouri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missouri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Jersey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Jersey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>New Jersey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Jersey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11</span> <span>New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oklahoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oklahoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.12</span> <span>Oklahoma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oklahoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oregon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oregon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.13</span> <span>Oregon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oregon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhode_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhode_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.14</span> <span>Rhode Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhode_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.15</span> <span>Virginia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.16</span> <span>Washington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods_and_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods_and_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Neighborhoods and communities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Neighborhoods_and_communities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Neighborhoods and communities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods_and_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Outside the West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Art and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span>Art and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Entertainment and media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_about_Japanese_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_about_Japanese_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Works about Japanese Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_about_Japanese_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Hawaii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Hawaii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>In Hawaii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Hawaii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Japanese Americans</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="أمريكيون يابانيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمريكيون يابانيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanische_Amerikaner" title="Japanische Amerikaner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Japanische Amerikaner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_japonesa_en_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Inmigración japonesa en los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inmigración japonesa en los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="ژاپنی آمریکایی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژاپنی آمریکایی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippo-Am%C3%A9ricains" title="Nippo-Américains – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nippo-Américains" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B8" title="일본계 미국인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본계 미국인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Jepang_Amerika" title="Orang Jepang 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searchaux" style="display:none">Americans of Japanese ancestry</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the miniseries, see <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans_(miniseries)" title="Japanese Americans (miniseries)">Japanese Americans (miniseries)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Japanese Americans</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日系アメリカ人</span></span></span><br /><i><span style="font-size:85%;">Nikkeiamerikajin</span></i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_with_Japanese_Ancestry_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Americans_with_Japanese_Ancestry_by_state.svg/220px-Americans_with_Japanese_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Americans_with_Japanese_Ancestry_by_state.svg/330px-Americans_with_Japanese_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Americans_with_Japanese_Ancestry_by_state.svg/440px-Americans_with_Japanese_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="593" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Japanese Ancestry by state</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>1,646,953</b> (2023) (ancestry or ethnic origin, including part-Japanese people)<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_2023_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS_2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>337,877</b> (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-USCB_Census_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCB_Census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(born in Japan)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Hawaii, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Greater Los Angeles</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, Japanese</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">33% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a><br />32% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Unaffiliated</a><br />25% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><br />4% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a><br />4% <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Japanese Americans</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">日系アメリカ人</span>)</span> are <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> of Japanese ancestry. Japanese Americans were among the three largest <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian American</a> ethnic communities during the 20th century; but, according to the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000 census</a>, they have declined in ranking to constitute the sixth largest Asian American group at around 1,469,637, including those of partial ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-acs17_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acs17-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a>, the largest Japanese American communities were found in California with 272,528, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> with 185,502, New York with 37,780, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> with 35,008, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> with 17,542 and <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> with 16,995.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> has the largest Japanese American population in North America and the city of <a href="/wiki/Gardena,_California" title="Gardena, California">Gardena</a> holds the densest Japanese American population in the 48 contiguous states.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japanese-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese-American history">Japanese-American history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese-American_life_before_World_War_II" title="Japanese-American life before World War II">Japanese-American life before World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese-American_life_after_World_War_II" title="Japanese-American life after World War II">Japanese-American life after World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_-_Japantown_1909_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Seattle_-_Japantown_1909_01.jpg/220px-Seattle_-_Japantown_1909_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Seattle_-_Japantown_1909_01.jpg/330px-Seattle_-_Japantown_1909_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Seattle_-_Japantown_1909_01.jpg/440px-Seattle_-_Japantown_1909_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A street in Seattle's Nihonmachi in 1909</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Japanese-American_442nd_Regimental_Combat_Team_stands_in_formation_at_Iolani_Palace,_Hawaii_in_March_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Japanese-American_442nd_Regimental_Combat_Team_stands_in_formation_at_Iolani_Palace%2C_Hawaii_in_March_1943.jpg/220px-The_Japanese-American_442nd_Regimental_Combat_Team_stands_in_formation_at_Iolani_Palace%2C_Hawaii_in_March_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Japanese-American_442nd_Regimental_Combat_Team_stands_in_formation_at_Iolani_Palace%2C_Hawaii_in_March_1943.jpg/330px-The_Japanese-American_442nd_Regimental_Combat_Team_stands_in_formation_at_Iolani_Palace%2C_Hawaii_in_March_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Japanese-American_442nd_Regimental_Combat_Team_stands_in_formation_at_Iolani_Palace%2C_Hawaii_in_March_1943.jpg/440px-The_Japanese-American_442nd_Regimental_Combat_Team_stands_in_formation_at_Iolani_Palace%2C_Hawaii_in_March_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="1480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Japanese Americans in Hawaii 1943</div></div></div></div></div> <p>People from <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> began migrating to the US in significant numbers following the political, cultural, and social changes stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> in 1868. These early <a href="/wiki/Issei" title="Issei">Issei</a> immigrants came primarily from small towns and rural areas in the southern Japanese prefectures of <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture">Hiroshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture" title="Yamaguchi Prefecture">Yamaguchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_Prefecture" title="Kumamoto Prefecture">Kumamoto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture" title="Fukuoka Prefecture">Fukuoka</a><sup id="cite_ref-glenn_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glenn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most of them settled in either Hawaii or along the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a>. The Japanese population in the United States grew from 148 in 1880 (mostly students) to 2,039 in 1890 and 24,326 by 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-neiwert15_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neiwert15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the earliest years of the 20th century, American officials with no experience in "transliterating...Japanese" often gave Japanese-Americans new names before and during the process of their <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyssa,_Oregon._Japanese-American_farm_worker_digital_file_from_original_neg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nyssa%2C_Oregon._Japanese-American_farm_worker_digital_file_from_original_neg.jpg/220px-Nyssa%2C_Oregon._Japanese-American_farm_worker_digital_file_from_original_neg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nyssa%2C_Oregon._Japanese-American_farm_worker_digital_file_from_original_neg.jpg/330px-Nyssa%2C_Oregon._Japanese-American_farm_worker_digital_file_from_original_neg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nyssa%2C_Oregon._Japanese-American_farm_worker_digital_file_from_original_neg.jpg/440px-Nyssa%2C_Oregon._Japanese-American_farm_worker_digital_file_from_original_neg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Japanese American in <a href="/wiki/Nyssa,_Oregon" title="Nyssa, Oregon">Nyssa, Oregon</a>, 1931</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1907, the <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement</a> between the governments of Japan and the United States ended immigration of Japanese unskilled workers, but permitted the immigration of businessmen, students and spouses of Japanese immigrants already in the US. Prior to the Gentlemen's Agreement, about seven out of eight ethnic Japanese in the continental United States were men. By 1924, the ratio had changed to approximately four women to every six men.<sup id="cite_ref-hoobler_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoobler-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese immigration to the U.S. effectively ended when Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a> which banned all but a token few Japanese people. The earlier <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act of 1790</a> restricted naturalized United States citizenship to free white persons, which excluded the Issei from citizenship. As a result, the Issei were unable to vote and faced additional restrictions such as the inability to own land under many state laws. Due to these restrictions, Japanese immigration to the United States between 1931 and 1950 only totaled 3,503 which is strikingly low compared to the totals of 46,250 people in 1951–1960, 39,988 in 1961–70, 49,775 in 1971–80, 47,085 in 1981–90, and 67,942 in 1991–2000.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because no new immigrants from Japan were permitted after 1924, almost all pre-World War II Japanese Americans born after this time were born in the United States. This generation, the <a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">Nisei</a>, became a distinct cohort from the Issei generation in terms of age, citizenship, and English-language ability, in addition to the usual generational differences. Institutional and interpersonal racism led many of the Nisei to marry other Nisei, resulting in a third distinct generation of Japanese Americans, the <a href="/wiki/Sansei" title="Sansei">Sansei</a>. Significant Japanese immigration did not occur again until the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a> ended 40 years of bans against immigration from Japan and other countries. </p><p>In the last few decades, immigration from Japan has been more like that from <a href="/wiki/European_emigration" title="European emigration">Europe</a>. The numbers involve on average 5 to 10 thousand per year, and is similar to the amount of immigration to the US from Germany. This is in stark contrast to the rest of Asia, where better opportunity of life is the primary impetus for immigration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internment_and_redress">Internment and redress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Internment and redress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_redress_and_court_cases" title="Japanese American redress and court cases">Japanese American redress and court cases</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Angeles,_California._Evacuees_of_Japanese_ancestry_entraining_for_Manzanar,_California,_250_mil_._._._-_NARA_-_536765.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Los_Angeles%2C_California._Evacuees_of_Japanese_ancestry_entraining_for_Manzanar%2C_California%2C_250_mil_._._._-_NARA_-_536765.jpg/220px-Los_Angeles%2C_California._Evacuees_of_Japanese_ancestry_entraining_for_Manzanar%2C_California%2C_250_mil_._._._-_NARA_-_536765.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Los_Angeles%2C_California._Evacuees_of_Japanese_ancestry_entraining_for_Manzanar%2C_California%2C_250_mil_._._._-_NARA_-_536765.jpg/330px-Los_Angeles%2C_California._Evacuees_of_Japanese_ancestry_entraining_for_Manzanar%2C_California%2C_250_mil_._._._-_NARA_-_536765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Los_Angeles%2C_California._Evacuees_of_Japanese_ancestry_entraining_for_Manzanar%2C_California%2C_250_mil_._._._-_NARA_-_536765.jpg/440px-Los_Angeles%2C_California._Evacuees_of_Japanese_ancestry_entraining_for_Manzanar%2C_California%2C_250_mil_._._._-_NARA_-_536765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2477" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Families of Japanese ancestry being removed from Los Angeles during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_American_Citizens%27_League_as_Anti-Axis_Committee_Headquarters,_Los_Angeles,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Japanese_American_Citizens%27_League_as_Anti-Axis_Committee_Headquarters%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1941.jpg/220px-Japanese_American_Citizens%27_League_as_Anti-Axis_Committee_Headquarters%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Japanese_American_Citizens%27_League_as_Anti-Axis_Committee_Headquarters%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1941.jpg/330px-Japanese_American_Citizens%27_League_as_Anti-Axis_Committee_Headquarters%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Japanese_American_Citizens%27_League_as_Anti-Axis_Committee_Headquarters%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1941.jpg/440px-Japanese_American_Citizens%27_League_as_Anti-Axis_Committee_Headquarters%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="4878" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Anti-Axis Committee headquarters in the <a href="/wiki/Little_Tokyo,_Los_Angeles" title="Little Tokyo, Los Angeles">Little Tokyo</a> section of Los Angeles, 1941</div></div></div></div></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, an estimated 120,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals or citizens residing on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast of the United States</a> were forcibly interned in ten different camps across the Western United States. The internment was based on the race or ancestry, rather than the activities of the interned. Families, including children, were interned together.<sup id="cite_ref-Densho-about_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Densho-about-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 5,000 were able to "voluntarily" relocate outside the exclusion zone;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese-American_camp,_war_emergency_evacuation,_(Tule_Lake_Relocation_Center,_Newell,_Calif.)_(LOC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Japanese-American_camp%2C_war_emergency_evacuation%2C_%28Tule_Lake_Relocation_Center%2C_Newell%2C_Calif.%29_%28LOC%29.jpg/220px-Japanese-American_camp%2C_war_emergency_evacuation%2C_%28Tule_Lake_Relocation_Center%2C_Newell%2C_Calif.%29_%28LOC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Japanese-American_camp%2C_war_emergency_evacuation%2C_%28Tule_Lake_Relocation_Center%2C_Newell%2C_Calif.%29_%28LOC%29.jpg/330px-Japanese-American_camp%2C_war_emergency_evacuation%2C_%28Tule_Lake_Relocation_Center%2C_Newell%2C_Calif.%29_%28LOC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Japanese-American_camp%2C_war_emergency_evacuation%2C_%28Tule_Lake_Relocation_Center%2C_Newell%2C_Calif.%29_%28LOC%29.jpg/440px-Japanese-American_camp%2C_war_emergency_evacuation%2C_%28Tule_Lake_Relocation_Center%2C_Newell%2C_Calif.%29_%28LOC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>Japanese American <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">war camp</a> in 1943 (AUG. 1943)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese-American_Claims_Act" title="Japanese-American Claims Act">Evacuation Claims Act</a> provided some compensation for property losses, but the act required documentation that many former inmates had lost during their removal and excluded lost opportunities, wages or interest from its calculations. Less than 24,000 filed a claim, and most received only a fraction of the losses they claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four decades later, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Liberties_Act_of_1988" title="Civil Liberties Act of 1988">Civil Liberties Act of 1988</a> officially acknowledged the "fundamental violations of the basic civil liberties and constitutional rights" of the internment.<sup id="cite_ref-civicsonline_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civicsonline-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Japanese Americans consider the term internment camp a <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> and prefer to refer to the forced relocation of Japanese Americans as imprisonment in concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Webster's New World Fourth College Edition defines a concentration camp: "A prison camp in which political dissidents, members of minority ethnic groups, etc. are confined." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_profile">Cultural profile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generations">Generations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Generations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nomenclature for each of their generations who are citizens or long-term residents of countries other than Japan, used by Japanese Americans and other nationals of Japanese descent are explained here; they are formed by combining one of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese numbers">Japanese numbers</a> corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generation</a> with the Japanese word for generation (<i>sei</i> 世). The Japanese American communities have themselves distinguished their members with terms like <i>Issei</i>, <i>Nisei</i>, and <i>Sansei</i>, which describe the first, second, and third generations of immigrants. The fourth generation is called <i>Yonsei</i> (四世), and the fifth is called <i>Gosei</i> (五世). The term <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Nikkei</a></i> (日系) encompasses Japanese immigrants in all countries and of all generations. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Generation</th> <th>Summary </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Issei" title="Issei">Issei</a> (一世)</td> <td>The generation of people born in Japan who later immigrated to another country. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">Nisei</a> (二世)</td> <td>The generation of people born outside of Japan to at least one Issei or one non-immigrant Japanese parent. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sansei" title="Sansei">Sansei</a> (三世)</td> <td>The generation of people born outside of Japan to at least one Nisei or one non-immigrant Japanese parent. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yonsei_(fourth-generation_Nikkei)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonsei (fourth-generation Nikkei)">Yonsei</a> (四世)</td> <td>The generation of people born outside of Japan to at least one Sansei or one non-immigrant Japanese parent. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gosei_(fifth-generation_Nikkei)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosei (fifth-generation Nikkei)">Gosei</a> (五世)</td> <td>The generation of people born outside of Japan to at least one Yonsei or one non-immigrant Japanese parent. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Kanreki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanreki">kanreki</a></i> (還暦), a pre-modern Japanese <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a> to old age at 60, is now being celebrated by increasing numbers of Japanese American <i>Nisei.</i> Rituals are enactments of shared meanings, norms, and values; and this traditional Japanese rite of passage highlights a collective response among the Nisei to the conventional dilemmas of growing older.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language_education_in_the_United_States" title="Japanese language education in the United States">Japanese language education in the United States</a></div> <p><i>Issei</i> and many <i>nisei</i> speak Japanese in addition to English as a second language. In general, later generations of Japanese Americans speak English as their first language, though some do learn Japanese later as a second language. In Hawaii however, where Nikkei are about one-fifth of the whole population, Japanese is a major language, spoken and studied by many of the state's residents across ethnicities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is taught in private Japanese language schools as early as the second grade. As a courtesy to the large number of Japanese tourists (from Japan), Japanese characters are provided on place signs, public transportation, and civic facilities. The Hawaii media market has a few locally produced Japanese language newspapers and magazines, although these are on the verge of dying out, due to a lack of interest on the part of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">local (Hawaii-born) Japanese</a> population. Stores that cater to the tourist industry often have Japanese-speaking personnel. To show their allegiance to the US, many <i>nisei</i> and <i>sansei</i> intentionally avoided learning Japanese. But as many of the later generations find their identities in both Japan and America or American society broadens its definition of cultural identity, studying Japanese is becoming more popular than it once was.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No source given for claims concerning reasons for studying Japanese (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese American culture places great value on education and culture. Across generations, children are often instilled with a strong desire to enter the rigors of higher education. In 1966, sociologist <a href="/wiki/William_Petersen_(demographer)" title="William Petersen (demographer)">William Petersen</a> (who coined the term "Model Minority") wrote that Japanese Americans "have established this remarkable record, moreover, by their own almost totally unaided effort. Every attempt to hamper their progress resulted only in enhancing their determination to succeed."<sup id="cite_ref-petersen_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petersen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2000 census reported that 40.8% of Japanese Americans held a college degree.<sup id="cite_ref-Asian_Nation_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asian_Nation-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schools_for_Japanese_Americans_and_Japanese_nationals">Schools for Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Schools for Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_-_Nihon_Go_Gakko_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Seattle_-_Nihon_Go_Gakko_01.jpg/220px-Seattle_-_Nihon_Go_Gakko_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Seattle_-_Nihon_Go_Gakko_01.jpg/330px-Seattle_-_Nihon_Go_Gakko_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Seattle_-_Nihon_Go_Gakko_01.jpg/440px-Seattle_-_Nihon_Go_Gakko_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Go_Gakko_(Seattle)" title="Nihon Go Gakko (Seattle)">Nihon Go Gakko</a> in Seattle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20140314_SAINTS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/20140314_SAINTS.png/220px-20140314_SAINTS.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/20140314_SAINTS.png/330px-20140314_SAINTS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/20140314_SAINTS.png/440px-20140314_SAINTS.png 2x" data-file-width="3940" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seigakuin_Atlanta_International_School" title="Seigakuin Atlanta International School">Seigakuin Atlanta International School</a> on March 23, 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>A Japanese school opened in Hawaii in 1893 and other Japanese schools for temporary settlers in North America followed.<sup id="cite_ref-Endop279_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endop279-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years prior to World War II, many second generation Japanese American attended the American school by day and the Japanese school in the evening to keep up their Japanese skill as well as English. Other first generation Japanese American parents were worried that their child might go through the same discrimination when going to school so they gave them the choice to either go back to Japan to be educated, or to stay in America with their parents and study both languages.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Anti-Japanese sentiment during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> resulted in public efforts to close Japanese-language schools. The 1927 Supreme Court case <i><a href="/wiki/Farrington_v._Tokushige" title="Farrington v. Tokushige">Farrington v. Tokushige</a></i> protected the Japanese American community's right to have Japanese language private institutions. During the <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">internment of Japanese Americans</a> in World War II many Japanese schools were closed. After the war many Japanese schools reopened.<sup id="cite_ref-Endop280_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endop280-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are primary school-junior high school Japanese international schools within the United States. Some are classified as <i><a href="/wiki/Nihonjin_gakk%C5%8D" title="Nihonjin gakkō">nihonjin gakkō</a></i> or Japanese international schools operated by Japanese associations,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some are classified as <i><a href="/wiki/Shiritsu_zaigai_ky%C5%8Diku_shisetsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiritsu zaigai kyōiku shisetsu">Shiritsu zaigai kyōiku shisetsu</a></i> (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E7%AB%8B%E5%9C%A8%E5%A4%96%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%96%BD%E8%A8%AD" class="extiw" title="ja:私立在外教育施設">私立在外教育施設</a>) or overseas branches of Japanese private schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirituzaigaikyoikushisetsu_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirituzaigaikyoikushisetsu-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are: <a href="/wiki/Seigakuin_Atlanta_International_School" title="Seigakuin Atlanta International School">Seigakuin Atlanta International School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Futabakai_Japanese_School" title="Chicago Futabakai Japanese School">Chicago Futabakai Japanese School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_School_of_Guam" title="Japanese School of Guam">Japanese School of Guam</a>, Nishiyamato Academy of California near Los Angeles, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_School_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese School of New Jersey">Japanese School of New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_Japanese_School" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Japanese School">New York Japanese School</a>. A boarding senior high school, <a href="/wiki/Keio_Academy_of_New_York" title="Keio Academy of New York">Keio Academy of New York</a>, is near New York City. It is a <i>Shiritsu zaigai kyōiku shisetsu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirituzaigaikyoikushisetsu_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirituzaigaikyoikushisetsu-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also <a href="/wiki/Hoshuko" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoshuko">supplementary Japanese educational institutions</a> (<i>hoshū jugyō kō</i>) that hold Japanese classes on weekends. They are located in several US cities.<sup id="cite_ref-NAList_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAList-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supplementary schools target Japanese nationals and second-generation Japanese Americans living in the United States. There are also Japanese heritage schools for third generation and beyond Japanese Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Endop281_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endop281-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rachel Endo of <a href="/wiki/Hamline_University" title="Hamline University">Hamline University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the author of "Realities, Rewards, and Risks of Heritage-Language Education: Perspectives from Japanese Immigrant Parents in a Midwestern Community," wrote that the heritage schools "generally emphasize learning about Japanese American historical experiences and Japanese culture in more loosely defined terms".<sup id="cite_ref-Endop282_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endop282-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Meiji_Gakuin_High_School" title="Tennessee Meiji Gakuin High School">Tennessee Meiji Gakuin High School</a> (<i>shiritsu zaigai kyōiku shisetsu</i>) and <a href="/wiki/International_Bilingual_School" title="International Bilingual School">International Bilingual School</a> (unapproved by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Ministry of Education">Japanese Ministry of Education</a> or MEXT) were full-time Japanese schools that were formerly in existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic_Status_/_Demographics"><span id="Socioeconomic_Status_.2F_Demographics"></span>Socioeconomic Status / Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic Status / Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023 Japanese Americans had a Median Household Income of $100,611, significantly higher than the Total Population. Japanese Americans also have a very small average household size (2.17), this is in contrast to a lot of other Asian American groups. Japanese Americans have a very high Per Capita Income of $61,568. Japanese American Males and Females have a Median Earning of $86,636 and $71,468, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>60.1% of Japanese Americans work in Management, business, science, and arts occupations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese Americans have a surprisingly low labor force participation rate of 54.6%. This may be because of the communities significantly older population, with the median age being 54.6.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Yellow; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 252.57116894473px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:92.977648588825px 36.812455268468px 0 0; border-top-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 93.906250581749px 100px 0; border-right-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religious makeup of Japanese-Americans (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Christianity (37%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Unaffiliated</a> (32%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (25%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Shintoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shintoism">Shintoism</a> and other (6%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Japanese Americans practice a wide range of religions, including <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> (<a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> forms), <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, and Christianity (usually <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, being their majority faith as per recent data). In many ways, due to the longstanding nature of Buddhist and Shinto practices in Japanese society, many of the cultural values and traditions commonly associated with Japanese tradition have been strongly influenced by these religious forms. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA-San_Jose-Betsuin_Buddhist_Church-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/USA-San_Jose-Betsuin_Buddhist_Church-1.jpg/220px-USA-San_Jose-Betsuin_Buddhist_Church-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/USA-San_Jose-Betsuin_Buddhist_Church-1.jpg/330px-USA-San_Jose-Betsuin_Buddhist_Church-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/USA-San_Jose-Betsuin_Buddhist_Church-1.jpg/440px-USA-San_Jose-Betsuin_Buddhist_Church-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>San Jose Betsuin Buddhist Temple</figcaption></figure> <p>A large number of the Japanese American community continue to practice <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in some form, and a number of community traditions and festivals continue to center around Buddhist institutions. For example, one of the most popular community festivals is the annual <a href="/wiki/Obon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Obon Festival">Obon Festival</a>, which occurs in the summer, and provides an opportunity to reconnect with their customs and traditions and to pass these traditions and customs to the young. These kinds of festivals are mostly popular in communities with large populations of Japanese Americans, such as <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> and Hawaii. A reasonable number of Japanese people both in and out of Japan are secular, as Shinto and Buddhism are most often practiced by rituals such as marriages or funerals, and not through faithful worship, as defines religion for many Americans. </p><p>Most Japanese Americans now practice Christianity. Among mainline denominations the Presbyterians have long been active. The First Japanese Presbyterian Church of San Francisco opened in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Los Angeles Holiness Church was founded by six Japanese men and women in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also the Japanese Evangelical Missionary Society (JEMS) formed in the 1950s. It operates Asian American Christian Fellowships (AACF) programs on university campuses, especially in California.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese language ministries are fondly known as "Nichigo" in Japanese American Christian communities. The newest trend includes Asian American members who do not have a Japanese heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celebrations">Celebrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Celebrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important annual festival for Japanese Americans is the <a href="/wiki/Obon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Obon Festival">Obon Festival</a>, which happens in July or August of each year. Across the country, Japanese Americans gather on fair grounds, churches and large civic parking lots and commemorate the memory of their ancestors and their families through folk dances and food. Carnival booths are usually set up so Japanese American children have the opportunity to play together. </p><p>Japanese American celebrations tend to be more sectarian in nature and focus on the community-sharing aspects. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebuta_NiseiWeek2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nebuta_NiseiWeek2007.jpg/186px-Nebuta_NiseiWeek2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nebuta_NiseiWeek2007.jpg/279px-Nebuta_NiseiWeek2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nebuta_NiseiWeek2007.jpg/372px-Nebuta_NiseiWeek2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A nebuta float during Nisei Week in Los Angeles</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20140810-0190_Tanabata_Little_Tokyo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20140810-0190_Tanabata_Little_Tokyo.JPG/198px-20140810-0190_Tanabata_Little_Tokyo.JPG" decoding="async" width="198" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20140810-0190_Tanabata_Little_Tokyo.JPG/297px-20140810-0190_Tanabata_Little_Tokyo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20140810-0190_Tanabata_Little_Tokyo.JPG/396px-20140810-0190_Tanabata_Little_Tokyo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5323" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kazari streamers hung during the Tanabata festival in Los Angeles' Little Tokyo.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:271px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_2011_-_Bon_Odori_060.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Seattle_2011_-_Bon_Odori_060.jpg/180px-Seattle_2011_-_Bon_Odori_060.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Seattle_2011_-_Bon_Odori_060.jpg/270px-Seattle_2011_-_Bon_Odori_060.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Seattle_2011_-_Bon_Odori_060.jpg/360px-Seattle_2011_-_Bon_Odori_060.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bon Odori in Seattle</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:271px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kagami_mochi_display_at_Nijiya_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kagami_mochi_display_at_Nijiya_Market.jpg/204px-Kagami_mochi_display_at_Nijiya_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kagami_mochi_display_at_Nijiya_Market.jpg/306px-Kagami_mochi_display_at_Nijiya_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kagami_mochi_display_at_Nijiya_Market.jpg/408px-Kagami_mochi_display_at_Nijiya_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Kagami_mochi" title="Kagami mochi">kagami mochi</a> display for the upcoming Japanese New Year in San Diego's <a href="/wiki/Nijiya_Market" title="Nijiya Market">Nijiya Market</a></div></div></div></div></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption><span style="font-size:140%;"><b>Major celebrations in the United States</b></span> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Date</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Region </th></tr> <tr> <td>January 1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">Shōgatsu New Year's Celebration</a></td> <td>Nationwide </td></tr> <tr> <td>February</td> <td>Japanese Heritage Fair</td> <td>Honolulu, HI </td></tr> <tr> <td>February to March</td> <td>Cherry Blossom Festival</td> <td>Honolulu, HI </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinamatsuri" title="Hinamatsuri">Hinamatsuri</a> (Girls' Day)</td> <td>Hawaii </td></tr> <tr> <td>March</td> <td>Honolulu Festival</td> <td>Honolulu, HI </td></tr> <tr> <td>March</td> <td>Hawaiʻi International <a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">Taiko</a> Festival</td> <td>Honolulu, HI </td></tr> <tr> <td>March</td> <td>International Cherry Blossom Festival</td> <td>Macon, GA </td></tr> <tr> <td>March to April</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Cherry_Blossom_Festival" title="National Cherry Blossom Festival">National Cherry Blossom Festival</a></td> <td>Washington, D.C. </td></tr> <tr> <td>April</td> <td>Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival</td> <td>San Francisco, CA </td></tr> <tr> <td>April</td> <td>Pasadena Cherry Blossom Festival</td> <td>Pasadena, CA </td></tr> <tr> <td>April</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fest%C3%A1l#Japan:_Seattle_Cherry_Blossom_&_Japanese_Cultural_Festival" title="Festál">Seattle Cherry Blossom Festival</a></td> <td>Seattle, WA </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tango_no_Sekku" class="mw-redirect" title="Tango no Sekku">Tango no Sekku</a> (Boys' Day)</td> <td>Hawaii </td></tr> <tr> <td>May</td> <td>Shinnyo-En Toro-Nagashi (Memorial Day Floating Lantern Ceremony)</td> <td>Honolulu, HI </td></tr> <tr> <td>June</td> <td>Pan-Pacific Festival <a href="/wiki/Matsuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsuri">Matsuri</a> in Hawaiʻi</td> <td>Honolulu, HI </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanabata" title="Tanabata">Tanabata</a> (Star Festival)</td> <td>Nationwide </td></tr> <tr> <td>July–August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Obon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Obon Festival">Obon Festival</a></td> <td>Nationwide </td></tr> <tr> <td>August</td> <td>Nihonmachi Street Fair</td> <td>San Francisco, CA </td></tr> <tr> <td>August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nisei_Week" title="Nisei Week">Nisei Week</a></td> <td>Los Angeles, CA </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patsy_Mink_1994_portrait_(cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Patsy_Mink_1994_portrait_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Patsy_Mink_1994_portrait_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Patsy_Mink_1994_portrait_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Patsy_Mink_1994_portrait_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Patsy_Mink_1994_portrait_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Patsy_Mink_1994_portrait_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3946" data-file-height="5100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Mink</a> entered the U.S. House of Representatives in 1965 as the first Asian-American in Congress.</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese Americans have shown strong support for Democratic candidates in recent elections. Shortly prior to the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 US presidential election</a>, Japanese Americans narrowly favored <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> by a 42% to 38% margin over <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lobe_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lobe-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 US presidential election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Asian_American_Survey" title="National Asian American Survey">National Asian American Survey</a> found that Japanese Americans favored <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> by a 62% to 16% margin over <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, while 22% were still undecided.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Asian_American_Survey_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Asian_American_Survey-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 presidential election</a>, a majority of Japanese Americans (70%) voted for Barack Obama.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2016 presidential election, majority of Japanese Americans (74%) voted for <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In pre-election surveys for the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a>, 61% to 72% of Japanese Americans planned to vote for <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circa 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Forestry_and_Fisheries_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)">Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)</a> calculated that people of Japanese ancestry operated about 10% of the Japanese restaurants in the United States; this was because salaries were relatively high in Japan and few cooks of Japanese cuisine had motivations to move to the United States. This meant Americans and immigrants of other ethnic origins, including Chinese Americans, opened restaurants serving Japanese style cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_for_inherited_diseases">Risk for inherited diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Risk for inherited diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies have looked into the risk factors that are more prone to Japanese Americans, specifically in hundreds of family generations of <a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">Nisei</a> (<i>The generation of people born in North America, Philippines, Latin America, Hawaii, or any country outside Japan either to at least one Issei or one non-immigrant Japanese parent)</i> second-generation <a href="/wiki/Proband" title="Proband">pro-bands</a> (<i>A person serving as the starting point for the genetic study of a family, used in medicine and psychiatry).</i> The risk factors for genetic diseases in Japanese Americans include coronary heart disease and diabetes. One study, called the Japanese American Community Diabetes Study that started in 1994 and went through 2003, involved the pro-bands taking part to test whether the increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> among Japanese Americans is due to the effects of Japanese Americans having a more westernized lifestyle due to the many differences between the United States of America and Japan. One of the main goals of the study was to create an archive of <a href="/wiki/DNA_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sample">DNA samples</a> which could be used to identify which diseases are more susceptible in Japanese Americans. </p><p>Concerns with these studies of the risks of inherited diseases in Japanese Americans is that information pertaining to the genetic relationship may not be consistent with the reported biological family information given of Nisei second generation pro-bands.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, research has been put on concerning <a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E" title="Apolipoprotein E">apolipoprotein E</a> genotypes; this <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphism</a> has three alleles (*e2, *e3, and *e4) and was determined from research because of its known association with <a href="/wiki/Increased_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Increased cholesterol">increased cholesterol</a> levels and risk of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a> in Japanese Americans. Specifically too, the apolipoprotein *e4 allele is linked to <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> as well. Also, there is increased coronary heart disease in Japanese American men with a <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cholesteryl_ester_transfer_protein" title="Cholesteryl ester transfer protein">cholesterol ester transfer protein</a> gene despite having increased levels of HDL. By definition, HDL are plasma <a href="/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein" title="High-density lipoprotein">high density lipoproteins</a> that show a genetic relationship with coronary heart disease (CHD). The cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) helps the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Cholesteryl_ester" title="Cholesteryl ester">cholesterol esters</a> from lipoproteins to other lipoproteins in the human body. It plays a fundamental role in the reverse transport of cholesterol to the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, which is why a mutation in this can lead to coronary heart disease. </p><p>Studies have shown that the CETP is linked to increased HDL levels. There is a very common pattern of two different cholesterol ester transfer protein gene mutations (D442G, 5.1%; intron 14G:A, 0.5%) found in about 3,469 Japanese American men. This was based on a program called the Honolulu Heart Program. The mutations correlated with decreased CETP levels (−35%) and increased HDL cholesterol levels (+10% for D442G). The relative risk of CHD was 1.43 in men with mutations (P<0.05), and after research found for CHD risk factors, the relative risk went up to 1.55 (P=0.02); after further adjustments for HDL levels, the relative risk went up again to 1.68 (P=0.008). Genetic CETP deficiency is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, which is due mainly to increased CHD risks in Japanese American men with the D442G mutation and lipoprotein cholesterol levels between 41 and 60 mg/dl.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With research and investigations, the possibility of finding "bad genes" denounces the Japanese Americans and will be associated only with Japanese American ancestry, leading to other issues the Japanese Americans had to deal with in the past such as discrimination and prejudice.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_Americans_by_state">Japanese Americans by state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japanese Americans by state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California">California</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of the Japanese in Los Angeles">History of the Japanese in Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Japanese in San Francisco">History of the Japanese in San Francisco</a></div> <p>In the early 1900s, Japanese Americans established fishing communities on <a href="/wiki/Terminal_Island" title="Terminal Island">Terminal Island</a> and in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FelandoMedina2012_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FelandoMedina2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1923, there were two thousand Japanese fishermen sailing out of <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Bay_(California)" title="San Pedro Bay (California)">Los Angeles Harbor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1930s, legislation was passed that attempted to limit Japanese fishermen. Still, areas such as San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Japantown,_San_Francisco" title="Japantown, San Francisco">Japantown</a> managed to thrive. </p><p>Due to the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, historically Japanese areas fell into disrepair or became adopted by other minority groups (in the case of Black and Latino populations in Little Tokyo). Boats owned by Japanese Americans were confiscated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_in_World_War_II" title="United States Navy in World War II">U.S. Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the vessels owned by a Japanese American, the <i>Alert</i>, built in 1930,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became YP-264 in December 1941,<sup id="cite_ref-FelandoMedina2012_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FelandoMedina2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was finally struck from the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register" title="Naval Vessel Register">Naval Vessel Register</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Japanese Americans returned from internment, many settled in neighborhoods where they set up their own <a href="/wiki/Community_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Community centers">community centers</a> to feel accepted. Today, many have been renamed cultural centers and focus on the sharing of Japanese culture with local community members, especially in the sponsorship of <a href="/wiki/Obon" title="Obon">Obon</a> festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Torrance,_California" title="Torrance, California">Torrance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles metropolitan area">Greater Los Angeles</a> has headquarters of Japanese automakers and offices of other Japanese companies. Because of the abundance of Japanese restaurants and other cultural offerings are in the city, and Willy Blackmore of <i><a href="/wiki/L.A._Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="L.A. Weekly">L.A. Weekly</a></i> wrote that Torrance was "essentially Japan's 48th <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefecture</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colorado">Colorado</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Colorado"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese immigrants</a> to the state often came from rural parts of Japan and the "prosperous <a href="/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture" title="Aichi Prefecture">Aichi Prefecture</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were roughly 11,000 people of Japanese heritage in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> as of 2005. The history up until 2005 was covered in the book <i>Colorado's Japanese Americans: From 1886 to the Present</i> by award-winning author and journalist <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hosokawa" title="Bill Hosokawa">Bill Hosokawa</a>. One of the first documented was engineer <a href="/wiki/Tadaatsu_Matsudaira" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadaatsu Matsudaira">Tadaatsu Matsudaira</a> who moved there for health reasons in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Granada_Relocation_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada Relocation Center">Granada Relocation Center</a> which incarcerated more than 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans from 1942 to 1945</a>, was designated as part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_System" class="mw-redirect" title="National Park System">National Park System</a> on March 18, 2022, and is located in southeastern Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colorado is also home to several rural farms, many multi-generational dating back to the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, owned by people of Japanese ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connecticut">Connecticut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Connecticut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Hosh%C5%AB_jugy%C5%8D_k%C5%8D" title="Hoshū jugyō kō">supplementary Japanese language schools</a> are located in Connecticut, each educating the local Japanese population. <a href="/wiki/The_Japanese_School_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="The Japanese School of New York">The Japanese School of New York</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut" title="Greenwich, Connecticut">Greenwich, Connecticut</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">Greater New York City</a>; it had formerly been located in New York City. There is also the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Language_School_of_Greater_Hartford" title="Japanese Language School of Greater Hartford">Japanese Language School of Greater Hartford</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>. </p><p>As of 2015, there is 3,974 Japanese Americans in Connecticut, making up 0.11% of Connecticut's population. Japanese Americans also make up 2.8% of Connecticut's Asian population. 3,391 people speak Japanese at home in Connecticut.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgia">Georgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seigakuin_Atlanta_International_School" title="Seigakuin Atlanta International School">Seigakuin Atlanta International School</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Peachtree_Corners,_Georgia" title="Peachtree Corners, Georgia">Peachtree Corners</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Atlanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Atlanta">Greater Atlanta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hawaii">Hawaii</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hawaii"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">Japanese in Hawaii</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illinois">Illinois</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Illinois"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2011 there is a Japanese community in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_Heights,_Illinois" title="Arlington Heights, Illinois">Arlington Heights</a>, near Chicago. Jay Shimotake, the president of the Mid America Japanese Club, an organization located in Arlington Heights, said "Arlington Heights is a very convenient location, and Japanese people in the business environment know it's a nice location surrounding <a href="/wiki/O%27Hare_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Hare airport">O'Hare airport</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-SelvamAsiansuburbs_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SelvamAsiansuburbs-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Futabakai_Japanese_School" title="Chicago Futabakai Japanese School">Chicago Futabakai Japanese School</a> is located in Arlington Heights. The <a href="/wiki/Mitsuwa_Marketplace" title="Mitsuwa Marketplace">Mitsuwa Marketplace</a>, a shopping center owned by Japanese, opened around 1981. Many Japanese companies have their US headquarters in nearby <a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Estates,_Illinois" title="Hoffman Estates, Illinois">Hoffman Estates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schaumburg,_Illinois" title="Schaumburg, Illinois">Schaumburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SelvamAsiansuburbs_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SelvamAsiansuburbs-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Massachusetts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a Japanese School of Language in Medford.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another, the Amherst Japanese Language School, is in South Hadley, in the 5-college area of the western part of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Japanese Americans in the state live in Greater Boston, with a high concentration in the town of Brookline. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Porter_Square,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Porter Square, Cambridge">Porter Square, Cambridge</a> has a Japanese-cultural district and shopping plaza. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michigan">Michigan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Michigan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of April 2013, the largest Japanese national population in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Novi,_Michigan" title="Novi, Michigan">Novi</a>, with 2,666 Japanese residents, and the next largest populations are respectively in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bloomfield_Township,_Michigan" title="West Bloomfield Township, Michigan">West Bloomfield Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan" title="Farmington Hills, Michigan">Farmington Hills</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_Creek,_Michigan" title="Battle Creek, Michigan">Battle Creek</a>. The state has 481 Japanese employment facilities providing 35,554 local jobs. 391 of them are in Southeast Michigan, providing 20,816 jobs, and the 90 in other regions in the state provide 14,738 jobs. The Japanese Direct Investment Survey of the <a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Japan,_Detroit" title="Consulate-General of Japan, Detroit">Consulate-General of Japan, Detroit</a> stated that over 2,208 more Japanese residents were employed in the State of Michigan as of October 1, 2012, than had been in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missouri">Missouri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Missouri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Japanese Americans in Missouri live in the St. Louis area and are the descendants of those who were previously interned in camps such as one in Arkansas.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Jersey">New Jersey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: New Jersey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of March 2011 about 2,500 Japanese Americans combined live in <a href="/wiki/Edgewater,_New_Jersey" title="Edgewater, New Jersey">Edgewater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey" title="Fort Lee, New Jersey">Fort Lee</a>; this is the largest concentration of Japanese Americans in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Japanese_School" title="New Jersey Japanese School">New Jersey Japanese School</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_New_Jersey" title="Oakland, New Jersey">Oakland</a>. Paramus Catholic High School hosts a weekend Japanese school, and Englewood Cliffs has a Japanese school. Other smaller Japanese American populations are also located in the remainder of <a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen County</a> and other parts of the state. <a href="/wiki/Mitsuwa_Marketplace" title="Mitsuwa Marketplace">Mitsuwa Marketplace</a> has a location in Edgewater that also houses a mini shopping complex.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York">New York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_New_York_City" title="Japanese in New York City">Japanese in New York City</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Oklahoma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1990 census recorded 2,385 Japanese Americans in Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, they lived in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartlesville,_Oklahoma" title="Bartlesville, Oklahoma">Bartlesville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ponca_City,_Oklahoma" title="Ponca City, Oklahoma">Ponca City</a> and none were interned during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oregon">Oregon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Oregon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_in_Portland,_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Japanese in Portland, Oregon">History of the Japanese in Portland, Oregon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhode_Island">Rhode Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Rhode Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day" title="Victory over Japan Day">Victory over Japan Day</a></div> <p>Rhode Island is the only state celebrating Victory Over Japan Day (V-J Day) as a holiday. Every year, the holiday is observed on the second Monday in August. It has been claimed that this holiday is racially-based and negatively affects Japanese American citizens in RI and other states in the U.S., ignoring traumas caused by the history of the internment camp and deaths of between 129,000 and 226,000 civilians and lasting radiation poisoning due to the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It is reported that in Rhode Island, some Japanese "are uncomfortable leaving their homes on Victory Day because they fear violence."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virginia">Virginia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Virginia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are about 5,500 Japanese Americans in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a>, representing the majority of Japanese Americans in the state and the multi-state <a href="/wiki/Baltimore-Washington_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area">Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area</a>. A small, but relatively high number of Japanese Americans can be found areas surrounding the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Washington">Washington</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Washington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_in_Seattle" title="History of the Japanese in Seattle">History of the Japanese in Seattle</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neighborhoods_and_communities">Neighborhoods and communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods and communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japantown" title="Japantown">Japantown</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Japanese-American_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Japanese-American populations">List of U.S. cities with large Japanese-American populations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Japanese_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Japanese Americans">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Village_Plaza,_Little_Tokyo_(19293489684).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Japanese_Village_Plaza%2C_Little_Tokyo_%2819293489684%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_Village_Plaza%2C_Little_Tokyo_%2819293489684%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Japanese_Village_Plaza%2C_Little_Tokyo_%2819293489684%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_Village_Plaza%2C_Little_Tokyo_%2819293489684%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Japanese_Village_Plaza%2C_Little_Tokyo_%2819293489684%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_Village_Plaza%2C_Little_Tokyo_%2819293489684%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="2896" /></a><figcaption>Little Tokyo Village in Los Angeles' Little Tokyo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miyako_Mall,_Japan_Center_interior_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Miyako_Mall%2C_Japan_Center_interior_2.JPG/220px-Miyako_Mall%2C_Japan_Center_interior_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Miyako_Mall%2C_Japan_Center_interior_2.JPG/330px-Miyako_Mall%2C_Japan_Center_interior_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Miyako_Mall%2C_Japan_Center_interior_2.JPG/440px-Miyako_Mall%2C_Japan_Center_interior_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Miyako Mall in San Francisco's Japantown</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_-_Uwajimaya_Village_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Seattle_-_Uwajimaya_Village_02.jpg/220px-Seattle_-_Uwajimaya_Village_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Seattle_-_Uwajimaya_Village_02.jpg/330px-Seattle_-_Uwajimaya_Village_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Seattle_-_Uwajimaya_Village_02.jpg/440px-Seattle_-_Uwajimaya_Village_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Uwajimaya Village in Seattle</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West">West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hawaii:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">Japanese in Hawaii</a></div> <ul><li>California: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Greater Los Angeles</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaheim">Anaheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerritos,_California" title="Cerritos, California">Cerritos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Gardens,_California" title="Hawaiian Gardens, California">Hawaiian Gardens</a> and adjacent cities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California" title="Costa Mesa, California">Costa Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana,_California" title="Fontana, California">Fontana</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire" title="Inland Empire">Inland Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerton,_California" title="Fullerton, California">Fullerton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardena,_California" title="Gardena, California">Gardena</a> in Los Angeles' <a href="/wiki/South_Bay,_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bay, Los Angeles">South Bay</a> area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomita,_California" title="Lomita, California">Lomita</a> in the L.A. area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a> – historic Japanese fisheries presence in <a href="/wiki/Terminal_Island" title="Terminal Island">Terminal Island</a>.</li> <li>Los Angeles, especially the <a href="/wiki/Little_Tokyo,_Los_Angeles" title="Little Tokyo, Los Angeles">Little Tokyo</a> section.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert,_California" title="Palm Desert, California">Palm Desert</a>, the Japanese also developed the year-round agricultural industries in the <a href="/wiki/Coachella_Valley" title="Coachella Valley">Coachella Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Valley_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Valley (California)">Imperial Valley</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena</a> in the Los Angeles' <a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Valley" title="San Gabriel Valley">San Gabriel Valley</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica</a> – esp. Blacks Beach.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawtelle,_Los_Angeles" title="Sawtelle, Los Angeles">Sawtelle, California</a>, in West Los Angeles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrance,_California" title="Torrance, California">Torrance</a> in Los Angeles' <a href="/wiki/South_Bay,_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bay, Los Angeles">South Bay</a> area, the largest Japanese community in North America and the second largest Japanese community in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles" title="Venice, Los Angeles">Venice, Los Angeles</a> – historically Japanese fisheries in <a href="/wiki/Marina_Del_Rey" class="mw-redirect" title="Marina Del Rey">Marina Del Rey</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_Island" title="Terminal Island">Terminal Island</a> – site of a former Japanese fishing village in Los Angeles Harbor. Notable for a Japanese-English pidgin spoken there before WWII. It was demolished during the War, after its residents were sent to <a href="/wiki/Manzanar" title="Manzanar">Manzanar</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> area: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_City,_San_Diego" title="University City, San Diego">University City</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Vista,_California" title="Chula Vista, California">Chula Vista</a>.</li> <li>Japanese community center in <a href="/wiki/Vista,_California" title="Vista, California">Vista</a> in North County, one of two of its kind in Southern California.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Valley, California">Central Valley, California</a> region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakersfield">Bakersfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kern_County,_California" title="Kern County, California">Kern County</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butte_County,_California" title="Butte County, California">Butte County</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresno">Fresno</a>, 0.5% of county residents have Japanese ancestry.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_California" title="Livingston, California">Livingston, California</a> in Merced County.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi,_California" title="Lodi, California">Lodi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merced" class="mw-redirect" title="Merced">Merced</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutter_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutter County">Sutter County</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuba_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuba County">Yuba County</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, the main concentration of <i>Nisei</i> and <i>Sansei</i> in the 20th century: <ul><li>Alameda County, concentrated and historic populations in the cities of Alameda, Berkeley, Fremont, Oakland, and Hayward.</li> <li>Contra Costa County, concentrated in Walnut Creek.</li> <li>San Mateo County, especially Daly City and Pacifica.</li> <li>San Jose, has one of the three remaining officially recognized <a href="/wiki/Japantown" title="Japantown">Japantowns</a> in North America.</li> <li>Santa Clara County, concentrated in Cupertino, Palo Alto, Santa Clara, and Sunnyvale.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japantown,_San_Francisco" title="Japantown, San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, notably in the Japantown district<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Santa Cruz County.</li></ul></li> <li>Monterey County, especially <a href="/wiki/Salinas,_California" title="Salinas, California">Salinas, California</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisei_VFW_Post_8985" title="Nisei VFW Post 8985">Sacramento</a>, and some neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Elk_Grove,_California" title="Elk Grove, California">Elk Grove</a>, Florin and <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Grove_Japanese-American_Historic_District" title="Walnut Grove Japanese-American Historic District">Walnut Grove</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Washington State: <ul><li>Seattle area.</li> <li>Bellevue.</li> <li>Redmond.</li> <li>Tacoma.</li></ul></li> <li>Puget Sound region (San Juan Islands) have Japanese fisheries for over a century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagit_Valley" title="Skagit Valley">Skagit Valley</a> of Washington.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_River" title="Yakima River">Yakima Valley, Washington</a>.</li> <li>Chehalis Valley of Washington.</li> <li>Oregon: <ul><li>Ontario.</li> <li>Portland and surrounding area.</li> <li>Southern Oregon valleys.</li> <li>Willamette Valley.</li></ul></li> <li>Idaho: <ul><li>Boise Area.</li> <li>Caldwell.</li> <li>Meridian.</li> <li>Nampa.</li></ul></li> <li>Arizona: <ul><li>Phoenix Area, notably a section of Grand Avenue in Northwest Phoenix, and <a href="/wiki/Maryvale_(Phoenix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryvale (Phoenix)">Maryvale</a>.</li> <li>Las Vegas Area, with a reference of Japanese farmers on <i>Bonzai Slough</i>, Arizona near <a href="/wiki/Needles,_California" title="Needles, California">Needles, California</a>.</li> <li>Southern Arizona, part of the "exclusion area" for Japanese internment during World War II along with the Pacific coast states.</li> <li>Yuma County/Colorado River Valley.</li></ul></li> <li>New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallup,_New_Mexico" title="Gallup, New Mexico">Gallup, New Mexico</a>, in World War II the city fought to prevent the internment of its 800 Japanese residents.</li></ul></li> <li>Colorado <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, note <a href="/wiki/Sakura_Square" title="Sakura Square">Sakura Square</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeley,_Colorado" title="Greeley, Colorado">Greeley</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado" title="Pueblo, Colorado">Pueblo</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Utah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_the_West">Outside the West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Outside the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a>, and Northeastern United States, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a> has the highest number of Japanese Americans, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington metropolitan area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a> region).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen County, New Jersey</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Kentucky" title="Boone County, Kentucky">Boone County, Kentucky</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmel,_Indiana" title="Carmel, Indiana">Carmel, Indiana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>.</li> <li>Chicago, Illinois and suburbs: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Heights,_Illinois" title="Arlington Heights, Illinois">Arlington Heights</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Illinois" title="Buffalo Grove, Illinois">Buffalo Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_Grove_Village,_Illinois" title="Elk Grove Village, Illinois">Elk Grove Village</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_County,_Illinois" title="Kane County, Illinois">Kane County</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naperville,_Illinois" title="Naperville, Illinois">Naperville</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaumburg,_Illinois" title="Schaumburg, Illinois">Schaumburg</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skokie,_Illinois" title="Skokie, Illinois">Skokie</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmette,_Illinois" title="Wilmette, Illinois">Wilmette</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina" title="Fayetteville, North Carolina">Fayetteville, North Carolina</a> – close to the <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle" title="Research Triangle">Research Triangle</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prairie,_Texas" title="Grand Prairie, Texas">Grand Prairie, Texas</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Dallas-Fort_Worth_Metroplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex">Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex</a> area).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City">Kansas City</a> metro area.</li> <li>New York City, according to the Japanese Embassy of the US, over 100,000 persons of Japanese ancestry live in the NYC metro area, including <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Long_Island)" title="South Shore (Long Island)">South Shore (Long Island)</a> and Hudson Valley; <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Connecticut" title="Fairfield County, Connecticut">Fairfield County, Connecticut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern New Jersey">Northern New Jersey</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indiana" title="Northern Indiana">Northern Indiana</a> has a small, but evident Japanese community.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novi,_Michigan" title="Novi, Michigan">Novi, Michigan</a> outside Detroit.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania with the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester County, Pennsylvania">Chester County</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_New_Jersey" title="Salem, New Jersey">Salem, New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Hill,_New_Jersey" title="Cherry Hill, New Jersey">Cherry Hill, New Jersey</a> (see Delaware Valley).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland" title="Salisbury, Maryland">Salisbury, Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_City,_Maryland" title="Ocean City, Maryland">Ocean City, Maryland</a> (see Wicomico County).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabrook_Farms,_New_Jersey" title="Seabrook Farms, New Jersey">Seabrook Farms, New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Texas" title="South Texas">South Texas</a> – Rio Grande Valley had Japanese farmers.</li> <li>Washington, D.C., and suburbs in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_Colony,_Florida" title="Yamato Colony, Florida">Yamato Colony, Florida</a> in South Florida.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_Americans" title="List of Japanese Americans">List of Japanese Americans</a>.</div> <table style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;margin:auto;width:665px"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sessue_Hayakawa_1918_(Fred_Hartsook).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sessue_Hayakawa_1918_%28Fred_Hartsook%29.jpg/95px-Sessue_Hayakawa_1918_%28Fred_Hartsook%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sessue_Hayakawa_1918_%28Fred_Hartsook%29.jpg/143px-Sessue_Hayakawa_1918_%28Fred_Hartsook%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sessue_Hayakawa_1918_%28Fred_Hartsook%29.jpg/190px-Sessue_Hayakawa_1918_%28Fred_Hartsook%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="961" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Sessue_Hayakawa" title="Sessue Hayakawa">Sessue Hayakawa</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_matsui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Robert_matsui.jpg/95px-Robert_matsui.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Robert_matsui.jpg/143px-Robert_matsui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Robert_matsui.jpg/190px-Robert_matsui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Matsui" title="Bob Matsui">Bob Matsui</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Shinseki_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eric_Shinseki_official_portrait.jpg/94px-Eric_Shinseki_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eric_Shinseki_official_portrait.jpg/141px-Eric_Shinseki_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eric_Shinseki_official_portrait.jpg/189px-Eric_Shinseki_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Eric Shinseki</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isamu_Noguchi,_1983_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Isamu_Noguchi%2C_1983_%28cropped%29.jpg/93px-Isamu_Noguchi%2C_1983_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Isamu_Noguchi%2C_1983_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Isamu_Noguchi%2C_1983_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Isamu_Noguchi%2C_1983_%28cropped%29.jpg/186px-Isamu_Noguchi%2C_1983_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1517" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi" title="Isamu Noguchi">Isamu Noguchi</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Mineta,_official_portrait,_DOT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Norman_Mineta%2C_official_portrait%2C_DOT.jpg/93px-Norman_Mineta%2C_official_portrait%2C_DOT.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Norman_Mineta%2C_official_portrait%2C_DOT.jpg/139px-Norman_Mineta%2C_official_portrait%2C_DOT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Norman_Mineta%2C_official_portrait%2C_DOT.jpg/185px-Norman_Mineta%2C_official_portrait%2C_DOT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="2858" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Norman Mineta</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michio_Kaku-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Michio_Kaku-cropped.jpg/94px-Michio_Kaku-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Michio_Kaku-cropped.jpg/140px-Michio_Kaku-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Michio_Kaku-cropped.jpg/187px-Michio_Kaku-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="1066" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Michio_Kaku" title="Michio Kaku">Michio Kaku</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirai_Nagasu_Podium_2008_Junior_Worlds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mirai_Nagasu_Podium_2008_Junior_Worlds.jpg/80px-Mirai_Nagasu_Podium_2008_Junior_Worlds.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mirai_Nagasu_Podium_2008_Junior_Worlds.jpg/120px-Mirai_Nagasu_Podium_2008_Junior_Worlds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mirai_Nagasu_Podium_2008_Junior_Worlds.jpg/160px-Mirai_Nagasu_Podium_2008_Junior_Worlds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Mirai_Nagasu" title="Mirai Nagasu">Mirai Nagasu</a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Utada_Hikaru_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Utada_Hikaru_2004.jpg/78px-Utada_Hikaru_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Utada_Hikaru_2004.jpg/117px-Utada_Hikaru_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Utada_Hikaru_2004.jpg/156px-Utada_Hikaru_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Hikaru_Utada" title="Hikaru Utada">Hikaru Utada</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Iha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/James_Iha.jpg/95px-James_Iha.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/James_Iha.jpg/143px-James_Iha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/James_Iha.jpg/190px-James_Iha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/James_Iha" title="James Iha">James Iha</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Takei_Sulu_Star_Trek.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/George_Takei_Sulu_Star_Trek.JPG/91px-George_Takei_Sulu_Star_Trek.JPG" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/George_Takei_Sulu_Star_Trek.JPG/136px-George_Takei_Sulu_Star_Trek.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/George_Takei_Sulu_Star_Trek.JPG/182px-George_Takei_Sulu_Star_Trek.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3963" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/George_Takei" title="George Takei">George Takei</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linkin_Park-Rock_im_Park_2014-_by_2eight_3SC0450.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Linkin_Park-Rock_im_Park_2014-_by_2eight_3SC0450.jpg/80px-Linkin_Park-Rock_im_Park_2014-_by_2eight_3SC0450.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Linkin_Park-Rock_im_Park_2014-_by_2eight_3SC0450.jpg/119px-Linkin_Park-Rock_im_Park_2014-_by_2eight_3SC0450.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Linkin_Park-Rock_im_Park_2014-_by_2eight_3SC0450.jpg/159px-Linkin_Park-Rock_im_Park_2014-_by_2eight_3SC0450.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Shinoda" title="Mike Shinoda">Mike Shinoda</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellison_Shoji_Onizuka_(NASA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ellison_Shoji_Onizuka_%28NASA%29.jpg/95px-Ellison_Shoji_Onizuka_%28NASA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ellison_Shoji_Onizuka_%28NASA%29.jpg/143px-Ellison_Shoji_Onizuka_%28NASA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ellison_Shoji_Onizuka_%28NASA%29.jpg/190px-Ellison_Shoji_Onizuka_%28NASA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3262" data-file-height="4108" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Ellison_Onizuka" title="Ellison Onizuka">Ellison Onizuka</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YunaItoGroink.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/YunaItoGroink.png/84px-YunaItoGroink.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/YunaItoGroink.png/126px-YunaItoGroink.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/YunaItoGroink.png/168px-YunaItoGroink.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1254" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Yuna_Ito" title="Yuna Ito">Yuna Ito</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadao_Munemori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sadao_Munemori.jpg/95px-Sadao_Munemori.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sadao_Munemori.jpg/143px-Sadao_Munemori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sadao_Munemori.jpg/190px-Sadao_Munemori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Munemori" title="Sadao Munemori">Sadao Munemori</a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harris_Jr_PACOM_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Harris_Jr_PACOM_2015.jpg/95px-Harris_Jr_PACOM_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Harris_Jr_PACOM_2015.jpg/143px-Harris_Jr_PACOM_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Harris_Jr_PACOM_2015.jpg/190px-Harris_Jr_PACOM_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4518" data-file-height="5648" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Harris_Jr." title="Harry B. Harris Jr.">Harry B. Harris Jr.</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Melody,_doing_a_peace_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Melody%2C_doing_a_peace_sign.jpg/90px-Melody%2C_doing_a_peace_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Melody%2C_doing_a_peace_sign.jpg/135px-Melody%2C_doing_a_peace_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Melody%2C_doing_a_peace_sign.jpg/180px-Melody%2C_doing_a_peace_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Melody_(Japanese_singer)" title="Melody (Japanese singer)">Melody.</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jake_Shimabukuro_performing,_by_Michale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jake_Shimabukuro_performing%2C_by_Michale.jpg/89px-Jake_Shimabukuro_performing%2C_by_Michale.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jake_Shimabukuro_performing%2C_by_Michale.jpg/133px-Jake_Shimabukuro_performing%2C_by_Michale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jake_Shimabukuro_performing%2C_by_Michale.jpg/178px-Jake_Shimabukuro_performing%2C_by_Michale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Jake_Shimabukuro" title="Jake Shimabukuro">Jake Shimabukuro</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sono-osato-d7e610b2-1df0-434b-a625-7e1ef838290.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sono-osato-d7e610b2-1df0-434b-a625-7e1ef838290.jpg/95px-Sono-osato-d7e610b2-1df0-434b-a625-7e1ef838290.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sono-osato-d7e610b2-1df0-434b-a625-7e1ef838290.jpg/143px-Sono-osato-d7e610b2-1df0-434b-a625-7e1ef838290.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sono-osato-d7e610b2-1df0-434b-a625-7e1ef838290.jpg/190px-Sono-osato-d7e610b2-1df0-434b-a625-7e1ef838290.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Sono_Osato" title="Sono Osato">Sono Osato</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Fukuyama_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Francis_Fukuyama_2005.jpg/78px-Francis_Fukuyama_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Francis_Fukuyama_2005.jpg/117px-Francis_Fukuyama_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Francis_Fukuyama_2005.jpg/156px-Francis_Fukuyama_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayley-Kiyoko_2010-04-30_photoby_Adam-Bielawski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hayley-Kiyoko_2010-04-30_photoby_Adam-Bielawski.jpg/80px-Hayley-Kiyoko_2010-04-30_photoby_Adam-Bielawski.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hayley-Kiyoko_2010-04-30_photoby_Adam-Bielawski.jpg/120px-Hayley-Kiyoko_2010-04-30_photoby_Adam-Bielawski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hayley-Kiyoko_2010-04-30_photoby_Adam-Bielawski.jpg/160px-Hayley-Kiyoko_2010-04-30_photoby_Adam-Bielawski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Hayley_Kiyoko" title="Hayley Kiyoko">Hayley Kiyoko</a></div></td><td style="width:95px;text-align:center;border:1px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:95px;height:120px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryan_Higa_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ryan_Higa_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/95px-Ryan_Higa_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ryan_Higa_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/142px-Ryan_Higa_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ryan_Higa_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/190px-Ryan_Higa_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="3018" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Higa" title="Ryan Higa">Ryan Higa</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_2">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Inouye_Official_Photo_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Daniel_Inouye_Official_Photo_2009.jpg/170px-Daniel_Inouye_Official_Photo_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Daniel_Inouye_Official_Photo_2009.jpg/255px-Daniel_Inouye_Official_Photo_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Daniel_Inouye_Official_Photo_2009.jpg/340px-Daniel_Inouye_Official_Photo_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a> of Hawaii was named the <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore" title="President pro tempore">President pro tempore</a> of the United States Senate in 2010, becoming the highest ranking Asian American in congressional history.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaiʻi</a>'s statehood in 1959, Japanese American political empowerment took a step forward with the election of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_K._Inouye" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel K. Inouye">Daniel K. Inouye</a> to Congress. <a href="/wiki/Spark_Matsunaga" title="Spark Matsunaga">Spark Matsunaga</a> was elected to the US House of Representatives in 1963, and in 1965, <a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Mink</a> became the first Asian American woman elected to the United States Congress. Inouye, Matsunaga, and Mink's success led to the gradual acceptance of Japanese American leadership on the national stage. Federal level appointments include <a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Eric Shinseki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Y._Mineta" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Y. Mineta">Norman Y. Mineta</a>, the first Japanese American <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">military chief of staff</a> and federal <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">cabinet secretary</a>, respectively. </p><p>As an expansion of immigration continued in 1920, more restrictions on women were put in place.This also came with the push for more Single women to act as continental brides and come to the United States and more to raise up strong Japanese communities by marrying Japanese settlers who lived there. This push also called for women to be trained to  best server the household needs, husband and mostly the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese American members of the United States House of Representatives have included Daniel K. Inouye, Spark Matsunaga, Patsy Mink, Norman Mineta, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Matsui" title="Bob Matsui">Bob Matsui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Saiki" title="Pat Saiki">Pat Saiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Honda" title="Mike Honda">Mike Honda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Matsui" title="Doris Matsui">Doris Matsui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazie_Hirono" title="Mazie Hirono">Mazie Hirono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Takano" title="Mark Takano">Mark Takano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Takai" title="Mark Takai">Mark Takai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jill_Tokuda" title="Jill Tokuda">Jill Tokuda</a>. </p><p>Japanese American members of the United States Senate have included Daniel K. Inouye, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_I._Hayakawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel I. Hayakawa">Samuel I. Hayakawa</a>, Spark Matsunaga, and Mazie Hirono. In 2010, Inouye was sworn in as <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the United States Senate</a> making him the highest-ranking Asian-American politician in American history up to that time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Ariyoshi" title="George Ariyoshi">George Ariyoshi</a> served as the governor of Hawaiʻi from 1974 to 1986. He was the first American of Asian descent to be elected governor of a state of the United States. <a href="/wiki/David_Ige" title="David Ige">David Ige</a> was the governor of Hawaii from 2014 2022. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kinjiro_Matsudaira" title="Kinjiro Matsudaira">Kinjiro Matsudaira</a> was elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Edmonston,_Maryland" title="Edmonston, Maryland">Edmonston, Maryland</a> in 1927 and 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-edmonston_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmonston-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, Japanese American <a href="/wiki/James_Kanno" title="James Kanno">James Kanno</a> was elected as the first mayor of California's <a href="/wiki/Fountain_Valley,_California" title="Fountain Valley, California">Fountain Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tom Kitayama became <a href="/wiki/Union_City,_California" title="Union City, California">Union City, California</a>'s first mayor in 1959, and also served there as mayor in 1962, 1969, and 1974 through 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-mori_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mori-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-raymundo_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymundo-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Norm Mineta became mayor of <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-mjournal_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mjournal-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ken Nakaoka became <a href="/wiki/Gardena,_California" title="Gardena, California">Gardena, California</a>'s mayor in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-yamamoto_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamamoto-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Sato" title="Eunice Sato">Eunice Sato</a> became the first Asian-American female mayor of a major American city when she was elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YoichiroNambu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/YoichiroNambu.jpg/220px-YoichiroNambu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/YoichiroNambu.jpg/330px-YoichiroNambu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/YoichiroNambu.jpg/440px-YoichiroNambu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1263" /></a><figcaption>Yoichiro Nambu, the 2008 Nobel Laureate in Physics</figcaption></figure> <p>Many Japanese Americans have also gained prominence in science and technology. In 1979, biochemist <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Itano" title="Harvey Itano">Harvey Itano</a> became the first Japanese American elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">United States National Academy of Sciences</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a> won the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his methods of synthesizing crown ethers. <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a> won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on quantum chromodynamics and spontaneous symmetry breaking. <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a> won the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes. <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Syukuro Manabe</a> won the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the "physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michio_Kaku" title="Michio Kaku">Michio Kaku</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physicist</a> specializing in <a href="/wiki/String_field_theory" title="String field theory">string field theory</a>, and a well-known science popularizer. <a href="/wiki/Ellison_Onizuka" title="Ellison Onizuka">Ellison Onizuka</a> became the first Asian American <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> and was the mission specialist aboard <i>Challenger</i> at the time of its <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">explosion</a>. Immunologist <a href="/wiki/Santa_J._Ono" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa J. Ono">Santa J. Ono</a> became the first Japanese American president of a major research university (the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati" title="University of Cincinnati">University of Cincinnati</a>). Ono subsequently served as president of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bell_M._Shimada" title="Bell M. Shimada">Bell M. Shimada</a> was a notable <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">fisheries scientist</a> of the 1950s after whom the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Research ship">research ship</a> <a href="/wiki/NOAAS_Bell_M._Shimada_(R_227)" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAAS Bell M. Shimada (R 227)">NOAAS <i>Bell M. Shimada</i> (R 227)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shimada_Seamount" title="Shimada Seamount">Shimada Seamount</a> in the Pacific Ocean were named.<sup id="cite_ref-preserve_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preserve-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nvc_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nvc-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Williams_(mathematician)" title="Lauren Williams (mathematician)">Lauren Kiyomi Williams</a> became the second ever tenured female mathematician of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> mathematics department. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_literature">Art and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Art and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Art and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artist <a href="/wiki/Sueo_Serisawa" title="Sueo Serisawa">Sueo Serisawa</a> helped establish the California Impressionist style of painting. <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a> art and performance art has been exhibited internationally. Other influential Japanese American artists include <a href="/wiki/Norio_Azuma" title="Norio Azuma">Norio Azuma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiura_Obata" title="Chiura Obata">Chiura Obata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi" title="Isamu Noguchi">Isamu Noguchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenjiro_Nomura_(artist)" title="Kenjiro Nomura (artist)">Kenjiro Nomura</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Tsutakawa" title="George Tsutakawa">George Tsutakawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Nakashima" title="George Nakashima">George Nakashima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hideo_Noda" title="Hideo Noda">Hideo Noda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Asawa" title="Ruth Asawa">Ruth Asawa</a>. </p><p>Architect <a href="/wiki/Minoru_Yamasaki" title="Minoru Yamasaki">Minoru Yamasaki</a> designed the original <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> (completed in 1973) and several other large-scale projects. <a href="/wiki/Gyo_Obata" title="Gyo Obata">Gyo Obata</a> designed the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> in Washington, D.C. (completed in 1976) and the pavilion of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_National_Museum" title="Japanese American National Museum">Japanese American National Museum</a> in Los Angeles (completed in 1992). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature">Literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Min%C3%A9_Okubo_paused_to_have_this_picture_taken_(G-828)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Min%C3%A9_Okubo_paused_to_have_this_picture_taken_%28G-828%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Min%C3%A9_Okubo_paused_to_have_this_picture_taken_%28G-828%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Min%C3%A9_Okubo_paused_to_have_this_picture_taken_%28G-828%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>1984 American Book Award winner Miné Okubo</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese American recipients of the <a href="/wiki/American_Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="American Book Award">American Book Award</a> include <a href="/wiki/Milton_Murayama" title="Milton Murayama">Milton Murayama</a> (1980), <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Phillip_Tanaka" title="Ronald Phillip Tanaka">Ronald Phillip Tanaka</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Min%C3%A9_Okubo" title="Miné Okubo">Miné Okubo</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/Keiho_Soga" title="Keiho Soga">Keiho Soga</a> (1985), Taisanboku Mori (1985), Sojin Takei (1985), Muin Ozaki (1985), <a href="/wiki/Toshio_Mori" title="Toshio Mori">Toshio Mori</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/William_Minoru_Hohri" class="mw-redirect" title="William Minoru Hohri">William Minoru Hohri</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/Sesshu_Foster" title="Sesshu Foster">Sesshu Foster</a> (1990 and 2010), <a href="/wiki/Karen_Tei_Yamashita" title="Karen Tei Yamashita">Karen Tei Yamashita</a> (1991 and 2011), <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Hamanaka" title="Sheila Hamanaka">Sheila Hamanaka</a> (1992), <a href="/wiki/Lawson_Fusao_Inada" title="Lawson Fusao Inada">Lawson Fusao Inada</a> (1994), <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Takaki" title="Ronald Takaki">Ronald Takaki</a> (1994), <a href="/wiki/Kimiko_Hahn" title="Kimiko Hahn">Kimiko Hahn</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/Lois-Ann_Yamanaka" title="Lois-Ann Yamanaka">Lois-Ann Yamanaka</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Ozeki" title="Ruth Ozeki">Ruth Ozeki</a> (2004), <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Kashiwagi" title="Hiroshi Kashiwagi">Hiroshi Kashiwagi</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Yuko_Taniguchi" title="Yuko Taniguchi">Yuko Taniguchi</a> (2008), and Frank Abe (2019). <a href="/wiki/Hisaye_Yamamoto" title="Hisaye Yamamoto">Hisaye Yamamoto</a> received an American Book Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1986. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taro_Yashima" title="Taro Yashima">Taro Yashima</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Josette_Frank_Award" title="Josette Frank Award">Children's Book Award</a> in 1955 for his book <i>Crow Boy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Kadohata" title="Cynthia Kadohata">Cynthia Kadohata</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Newbery_Medal" title="Newbery Medal">Newbery Medal</a> in 2005 and <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Young_People%27s_Literature" title="National Book Award for Young People's Literature">National Book Award for Young People's Literature</a> in 2013. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michi_Weglyn" title="Michi Weglyn">Michi Weglyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Takaki" title="Ronald Takaki">Ronald Takaki</a> received the <a href="/wiki/Anisfield-Wolf_Book_Award" title="Anisfield-Wolf Book Award">Anisfield-Wolf Book Award</a> in 1977 and 1994 respectively. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dale_Furutani" title="Dale Furutani">Dale Furutani</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Awards" title="Anthony Awards">Anthony Award</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Macavity_Awards" title="Macavity Awards">Macavity Award</a> in 1997. </p><p>Poet laureate of San Francisco (from 2000 to 2002) <a href="/wiki/Janice_Mirikitani" title="Janice Mirikitani">Janice Mirikitani</a> published three volumes of poems. Lawson Fusao Inada was named poet laureate of the state of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> (2006–2010). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tomie_Arai" title="Tomie Arai">Tomie Arai</a>'s work is part of permanent collection of <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Chinese_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Chinese in the Americas">Museum of Chinese in the Americas</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michiko_Kakutani" title="Michiko Kakutani">Michiko Kakutani</a> is an American <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning literary critic and former chief book critic for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (from 1983 to 2017). </p><p>Karen Tei Yamashita was named the recipient of the National Book Foundation's <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award#Medal_for_Distinguished_Contribution_(lifetime)" title="National Book Award">Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters</a> in 2021. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MidoriInstructingStudent_2013rehearsal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/MidoriInstructingStudent_2013rehearsal.jpg/220px-MidoriInstructingStudent_2013rehearsal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/MidoriInstructingStudent_2013rehearsal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Midori Goto in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Classical violinist <a href="/wiki/Midori_Got%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Midori Gotō">Midori Gotō</a> is a recipient of the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Avery_Fisher_Prize" title="Avery Fisher Prize">Avery Fisher Prize</a> (2001), while world-renowned violinist <a href="/wiki/Anne_Akiko_Meyers" title="Anne Akiko Meyers">Anne Akiko Meyers</a> received an Avery Fisher career grant in 1993. <a href="/wiki/Juno_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Juno Award">Juno Award</a>-nominated classical violinist Hidetaro Suzuki was the concertmaster of the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra">Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra</a> from 1978 to 2005. <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a>-winning singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a> released 14 studio albums and was named the 11th most successful dance club artist of all time by <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard Magazine">Billboard Magazine</a>. </p><p>Other notable Japanese American musicians include singer, actress and Broadway star <a href="/wiki/Pat_Suzuki" title="Pat Suzuki">Pat Suzuki</a>; rapper <a href="/wiki/Mike_Shinoda" title="Mike Shinoda">Mike Shinoda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Linkin_Park" title="Linkin Park">Linkin Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Minor" title="Fort Minor">Fort Minor</a>; rapper Kikuo Nishi aka "KeyKool" of <a href="/wiki/The_Visionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="The Visionaries">The Visionaries</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hiro_Yamamoto" title="Hiro Yamamoto">Hiro Yamamoto</a>, original bassist of <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">ukulele</a> player <a href="/wiki/Jake_Shimabukuro" title="Jake Shimabukuro">Jake Shimabukuro</a>; guitarist <a href="/wiki/James_Iha" title="James Iha">James Iha</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins" title="The Smashing Pumpkins">The Smashing Pumpkins</a> fame; singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Rachael_Yamagata" title="Rachael Yamagata">Rachael Yamagata</a>; bilingual singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Emi_Meyer" title="Emi Meyer">Emi Meyer</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(band)" title="Trivium (band)">Trivium</a> lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist <a href="/wiki/Matt_Heafy" title="Matt Heafy">Matt Heafy</a>. Marc Okubo, guitarist of <a href="/wiki/Veil_of_Maya" title="Veil of Maya">Veil of Maya</a>, is of Japanese descent. </p><p>Singer-songwriter and composer <a href="/wiki/Mari_Iijima" title="Mari Iijima">Mari Iijima</a> is a Japanese expat currently living in the United States. <a href="/wiki/J-Pop" class="mw-redirect" title="J-Pop">J-Pop</a> singers <a href="/wiki/Hikaru_Utada" title="Hikaru Utada">Hikaru Utada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Inoue" title="Joe Inoue">Joe Inoue</a> were both born in the United States but gained their fame in Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Konno_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ford_Konno_1952.jpg/170px-Ford_Konno_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ford_Konno_1952.jpg/255px-Ford_Konno_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ford_Konno_1952.jpg/340px-Ford_Konno_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>1952 gold medalist Ford Konno</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese Americans first made an impact in Olympic sports in the late 1940s and in the 1950s. <a href="/wiki/Harold_Sakata" title="Harold Sakata">Harold Sakata</a> won a weightlifting silver medal in the 1948 Olympics, while Japanese Americans <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Kono" title="Tommy Kono">Tommy Kono</a> (weightlifting), <a href="/wiki/Yoshinobu_Oyakawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoshinobu Oyakawa">Yoshinobu Oyakawa</a> (100-meter backstroke), and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Konno" title="Ford Konno">Ford Konno</a> (1500-meter freestyle) each won gold and set Olympic records in the 1952 Olympics. Also at the 1952 Olympics, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Kawamoto-Konno" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelyn Kawamoto-Konno">Evelyn Kawamoto</a> won two bronze medals in swimming. Konno won another gold and silver swimming medal at the same Olympics and added a silver medal in 1956, while Kono set another Olympic weightlifting record in 1956. </p><p>Several decades later, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Westbrook" title="Peter Westbrook">Peter Westbrook</a> won the bronze medal in fencing at the 1984 Olympics. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Sato" title="Eric Sato">Eric Sato</a> won gold (1988) and bronze (1992) medals in volleyball, while his sister <a href="/wiki/Liane_Sato" title="Liane Sato">Liane Sato</a> won bronze in the same sport in 1992. <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Clay" title="Bryan Clay">Bryan Clay</a> (mother from Japan) won the decathlon gold medal in the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_decathlon" title="Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon">2008 Olympics</a>, the silver medal in the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_decathlon" title="Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon">2004 Olympics</a>, and was the sport's 2005 world champion. <a href="/wiki/Apolo_Anton_Ohno" class="mw-redirect" title="Apolo Anton Ohno">Apolo Anton Ohno</a> (father from Japan) won eight Olympic medals in short-track speed skating (two gold) in 2002, 2006, and 2010, as well as a world cup championship. Brothers <a href="/wiki/Kawika_Shoji" title="Kawika Shoji">Kawika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erik_Shoji" title="Erik Shoji">Erik Shoji</a> won bronze medals in volleyball in 2016. Erik Shoji won another bronze medal in volleyball in 2024. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Norman_(sprinter)" title="Michael Norman (sprinter)">Michael Norman</a> (mother from Japan) was a member of the gold medal-winning 4 × 400 meters relay at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a> in Tokyo, and won an individual gold medal in the 400-meter race at the <a href="/wiki/2022_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2022 World Athletics Championships">2022 World Athletics Championships</a>. Swimmers <a href="/wiki/Erica_Sullivan_(swimmer)" title="Erica Sullivan (swimmer)">Erica Sullivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jay_Litherland" title="Jay Litherland">Jay Litherland</a> (both with mothers from Japan) each won silver medals at the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo. <a href="/wiki/Megumi_Field" title="Megumi Field">Megumi Field</a> won a silver medal as a member of the artistic swimming team at the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a>. </p><p>In figure skating, <a href="/wiki/Kristi_Yamaguchi" title="Kristi Yamaguchi">Kristi Yamaguchi</a>, a fourth-generation Japanese American, won three national championship titles (one in singles, two in pairs), two world titles, and the <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics" title="Figure skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics">1992 Olympic gold medal</a> in singles figure skating. <a href="/wiki/Rena_Inoue" title="Rena Inoue">Rena Inoue</a>, a Japanese immigrant to America who later became a US citizen, competed at the 2006 Olympics in pair skating for the United States. <a href="/wiki/Kyoko_Ina" title="Kyoko Ina">Kyoko Ina</a>, who was born in Japan, but raised in the United States, competed for the United States in singles and pairs, and was a multiple national champion and an Olympian with two different partners. Two-time Olympian <a href="/wiki/Mirai_Nagasu" title="Mirai Nagasu">Mirai Nagasu</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2008_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships" title="2008 U.S. Figure Skating Championships">2008 U.S. Figure Skating Championships</a> at the age of 14, becoming the second youngest woman to ever win that title. <a href="/wiki/Alex_Shibutani" title="Alex Shibutani">Alex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maia_Shibutani" title="Maia Shibutani">Maia Shibutani</a> are two-time national champions in <a href="/wiki/Ice_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice dancing">ice dancing</a> and 2018 Olympic bronze medalists. </p><p>In distance running, <a href="/wiki/Miki_Gorman" title="Miki Gorman">Miki (Michiko) Gorman</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon" title="Boston Marathon">Boston</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon" title="New York City Marathon">New York City</a> marathons twice in the 1970s. A former American record holder at the distance, she is the only woman to win both races twice, and is one of only two women to win both marathons in the same year. </p><p>In professional sports, <i><a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">Nisei</a></i>-born <a href="/wiki/Wataru_Misaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Wataru Misaka">Wataru Misaka</a> made the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Knicks" title="New York Knicks">New York Knicks</a> roster in 1947 as the first person of color to play in modern professional basketball, just months after <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a> had broken the color barrier in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers" title="Brooklyn Dodgers">Brooklyn Dodgers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-goldstein_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldstein-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misaka played <a href="/wiki/College_basketball" title="College basketball">college basketball</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Utes_men%27s_basketball" title="Utah Utes men's basketball">Utah Utes</a> and led the team to win the <a href="/wiki/1944_NCAA_basketball_tournament" title="1944 NCAA basketball tournament">1944 NCAA</a> and <a href="/wiki/1947_National_Invitation_Tournament" title="1947 National Invitation Tournament">1947 NIT</a> championships. He took a two-year hiatus between these titles to serve in the United States Army in the American <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation of Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hokubei_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hokubei-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wertheim20120211_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wertheim20120211-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wally_Kaname_Yonamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wally Kaname Yonamine">Wally Kaname Yonamine</a> was a professional running back for the San Francisco 49ers in 1947. <a href="/wiki/Lenn_Sakata" title="Lenn Sakata">Lenn Sakata</a>, born in Hawaii, played in the <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">MLB</a> from 1977 to 1987. <a href="/wiki/Rex_Walters" title="Rex Walters">Rex Walters</a>, whose mother was Japanese, played in the NBA from 1993 to 2000. <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Yamasaki" title="Lindsey Yamasaki">Lindsey Yamasaki</a> was the first Asian American to play in the <a href="/wiki/WNBA" class="mw-redirect" title="WNBA">WNBA</a> and finished off her NCAA career with the third-most career 3-pointers at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hikaru_Nakamura" title="Hikaru Nakamura">Hikaru Nakamura</a> became the youngest American ever to earn the titles of National Master (age 10) and International Grandmaster (age 15) in chess. In 2004, at the age of 16, he won the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Chess Championship">U.S. Chess Championship</a> for the first time. He later won four other times. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Collin_Morikawa" title="Collin Morikawa">Collin Morikawa</a> won golf's <a href="/wiki/2020_PGA_Championship" title="2020 PGA Championship">2020 PGA Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Open_Championship" title="2021 Open Championship">2021 Open Championship</a>. </p><p>Tennis player <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Osaka" title="Naomi Osaka">Naomi Osaka</a>, who moved to the United States aged three,<sup id="cite_ref-ny-times_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ny-times-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had held U.S. citizenship until she renounced it in 2019 to represent Japan at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the main torchbearer at the event in Tokyo.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osaka resides in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Larson" title="Kyle Larson">Kyle Larson</a>, born to an American father and Japanese American mother, won the <a href="/wiki/2021_NASCAR_Cup_Series" title="2021 NASCAR Cup Series">2021 NASCAR Cup Series</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_and_media">Entertainment and media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Entertainment and media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miyoshi_Umeki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Miyoshi_Umeki.jpg/220px-Miyoshi_Umeki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Miyoshi_Umeki.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>1957 Academy Award winner <a href="/wiki/Miyoshi_Umeki" title="Miyoshi Umeki">Miyoshi Umeki</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Miyoshi_Umeki" title="Miyoshi Umeki">Miyoshi Umeki</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress">Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress</a> in 1957. Actors <a href="/wiki/Sessue_Hayakawa" title="Sessue Hayakawa">Sessue Hayakawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mako_Iwamatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mako Iwamatsu">Mako Iwamatsu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Morita" title="Pat Morita">Pat Morita</a> were nominated for Academy Awards in 1957, 1966, and 1984 respectively. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Steven_Okazaki" title="Steven Okazaki">Steven Okazaki</a> won the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_(Short_Subject)" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject)">Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject)</a> for his film <i><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Waiting:_The_Life_%26_Art_of_Estelle_Ishigo" title="Days of Waiting: The Life & Art of Estelle Ishigo">Days of Waiting: The Life & Art of Estelle Ishigo</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Chris_Tashima" title="Chris Tashima">Chris Tashima</a> won the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Live_Action_Short_Film" title="Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film">Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film</a>. <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Marrs" title="Audrey Marrs">Audrey Marrs</a> won the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature">Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kazu_Hiro" title="Kazu Hiro">Kazu Hiro</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Makeup_and_Hairstyling" title="Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling">Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling</a> in 2018 and 2020, winning the second award as an American citizen. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jack_Soo" title="Jack Soo">Jack Soo</a>, born Goro Suzuki, (<i><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day_(TV_series)" title="Valentine's Day (TV series)">Valentine's Day</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Barney_Miller" title="Barney Miller">Barney Miller</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/George_Takei" title="George Takei">George Takei</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> fame) and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Morita" title="Pat Morita">Pat Morita</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Days" title="Happy Days">Happy Days</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Karate_Kid_(1984_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Karate Kid (1984 film)">The Karate Kid</a></i>) helped pioneer acting roles for Asian Americans while playing secondary roles on the small screen during the 1960s and 1970s. In 1976, Morita also starred in <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._T_and_Tina" title="Mr. T and Tina">Mr. T and Tina</a></i>, the first American sitcom centered on a person of Asian descent. Keiko Yoshida appeared on the 1999–2005 TV show <i><a href="/wiki/Zoom_(1999_TV_series)" title="Zoom (1999 TV series)">ZOOM</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/PBS_Kids" title="PBS Kids">PBS Kids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gregg_Araki" title="Gregg Araki">Gregg Araki</a> (director of independent films) is also Japanese American. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cary_Fukunaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Cary Fukunaga">Cary Fukunaga</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Emmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy">Emmy</a>-award-winning filmmaker and writer known for directing and producing the first season of <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/True_Detective" title="True Detective">True Detective</a>,</i> and for directing the 2021 James Bond film <i><a href="/wiki/No_Time_to_Die" title="No Time to Die">No Time to Die</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karen_Fukuhara" title="Karen Fukuhara">Karen Fukuhara</a> grew up speaking Japanese as her first language and attended Japanese language schools on Saturdays for 11 years. She got her start in the entertainment industry as a host for <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel" title="Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Movie_Surfers" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie Surfers">Movie Surfers</a></i> before she made her film debut in 2016's <i><a href="/wiki/Suicide_Squad_(2016_film)" title="Suicide Squad (2016 film)">Suicide Squad</a></i> as <a href="/wiki/Katana_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katana (comics)">Tatsu Yamashiro / Katana</a>. Fukuhara has since lent her talent to live-action and animated shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boys_(TV_series)" title="The Boys (TV series)">The Boys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/She-Ra_and_the_Princesses_of_Power" title="She-Ra and the Princesses of Power">She-Ra and the Princesses of Power</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kipo_and_the_Age_of_Wonderbeasts" title="Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts">Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mackenyu" title="Mackenyu">Mackenyu</a> won the <a href="/wiki/40th_Japan_Academy_Film_Prize" title="40th Japan Academy Film Prize">40th Japan Academy Newcomers of the Year Award</a> in 2017 for his appearance on <a href="/wiki/Chihayafuru_Part_1" title="Chihayafuru Part 1">Chihayafuru Part 1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the son of actor and martial artist <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Chiba" title="Sonny Chiba">Sonny Chiba</a>. He has portrayed characters in many other adaptations of popular manga series, including <a href="/wiki/JoJo%27s_Bizarre_Adventure:_Diamond_Is_Unbreakable_Chapter_I" title="JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I">JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Ghoul_S" title="Tokyo Ghoul S">Tokyo Ghoul S</a> (2019), the villain <a href="/wiki/Yukishiro_Enishi" title="Yukishiro Enishi">Yukishiro Enishi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rurouni_Kenshin:_The_Final" title="Rurouni Kenshin: The Final">Rurouni Kenshin: The Final</a> (2021), the protagonist <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Seiya" title="Pegasus Seiya">Pegasus Seiya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Zodiac" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of the Zodiac">Knights of the Zodiac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> series <a href="/wiki/One_Piece_(2023_TV_series)" title="One Piece (2023 TV series)">One Piece (2023 TV series)</a>. </p><p>Japanese Americans anchor TV newscasts in markets all over the country. Notable anchors include <a href="/wiki/Tritia_Toyota" title="Tritia Toyota">Tritia Toyota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adele_Arakawa" title="Adele Arakawa">Adele Arakawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Ono" title="David Ono">David Ono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent_Ninomiya" title="Kent Ninomiya">Kent Ninomiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lori_Matsukawa" title="Lori Matsukawa">Lori Matsukawa</a>, and Rob Fukuzaki.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_about_Japanese_Americans">Works about Japanese Americans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Works about Japanese Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_feature_films_about_the_Japanese_American_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of feature films about the Japanese American internment">List of feature films about the Japanese American internment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_the_internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Category:Films about the internment of Japanese Americans">Category:Films about the internment of Japanese Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_the_internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Category:Books about the internment of Japanese Americans">Category:Books about the internment of Japanese Americans</a></div><p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Broadcasting System">TBS</a> produced a five-part, 10-hour fictional Japanese language miniseries, <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans_(miniseries)" title="Japanese Americans (miniseries)">Japanese Americans</a></i>. It featured many of the major events and themes of the Issei and Nisei experience, including emigration, racism, picture brides, farming, pressure due to the China and Pacific wars, internment, and the ongoing redefinition of what it means to be Japanese and American.<sup id="cite_ref-rafushimpo_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rafushimpo-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Service_(United_States)" title="Military Intelligence Service (United States)">Military Intelligence Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_American_Servicemen_and_Servicewomen_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Japanese American Servicemen and Servicewomen in World War II">List of Japanese American Servicemen and Servicewomen in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Community_Youth_Council" title="Japanese Community Youth Council">Japanese Community Youth Council</a> (San Francisco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Chicago" title="Japanese in Chicago">Japanese in Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">Japanese in Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of the Japanese in Los Angeles">Japanese in Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_New_York_City" title="Japanese in New York City">Japanese in New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Texas" title="Japanese in Texas">Japanese in Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Argentines" title="Japanese Argentines">Japanese Argentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilians" title="Japanese Brazilians">Japanese Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Chileans" title="Japanese Chileans">Japanese Chileans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Colombians" title="Japanese Colombians">Japanese Colombians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Mexicans" title="Japanese Mexicans">Japanese Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peruvians" title="Japanese Peruvians">Japanese Peruvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese settlement in the Philippines">Japanese Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Australians" title="Japanese Australians">Japanese Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Zealanders" title="Japanese New Zealanders">Japanese New Zealanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Japanese in the United Kingdom">Japanese in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Japan" title="Americans in Japan">Americans in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbeikei_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōbeikei Islanders">Ōbeikei Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">Model minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisei_Baseball_Research_Project" title="Nisei Baseball Research Project">Nisei Baseball Research Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Movement_of_the_Eastern_World" title="Pacific Movement of the Eastern World">Pacific Movement of the Eastern World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Japan–United States relations">Japan–United States relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ACS_2023-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACS_2023_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B02018">"US Census Data"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Census+Data&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FACSDT1Y2023.B02018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCB_Census-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USCB_Census_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B05006?q=B05006:%20Place%20of%20Birth%20for%20the%20Foreign-Born%20Population%20in%20the%20United%20States">"PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea, 2023 American Community Survey Estimates"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PLACE+OF+BIRTH+FOR+THE+FOREIGN-BORN+POPULATION+IN+THE+UNITED+STATES%2C+Universe%3A+Foreign-born+population+excluding+population+born+at+sea%2C+2023+American+Community+Survey+Estimates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FACSDT1Y2023.B05006%3Fq%3DB05006%3A%2520Place%2520of%2520Birth%2520for%2520the%2520Foreign-Born%2520Population%2520in%2520the%2520United%2520States&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0RjOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT851"><i>America's Changing Neighborhoods</i></a>. 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September 21, 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798216045168" title="Special:BookSources/9798216045168"><bdi>9798216045168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Changing+Neighborhoods&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.isbn=9798216045168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0RjOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/Asian-Americans-A-Mosaic-of-Faiths-overview.aspx">"Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i>. 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ZipAtlas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812100314/http://www.zipatlas.com/us/city-comparison/percentage-japanese-population.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.laweekly.com/squidink/2009/09/top_10_japanese_noodles_in_tor.php">Top 10: Japanese Noodles Shops in Torrance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130610071410/http://blogs.laweekly.com/squidink/2009/09/top_10_japanese_noodles_in_tor.php">Archived</a> June 10, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/L.A._Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="L.A. Weekly">L.A. Weekly</a></i>. 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April 12, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010035120/http://rafu.com/news/2011/04/northern-california-premiere-of-%E2%80%9999-years-of-love%E2%80%99/">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rafu+Shimpo&rft.atitle=Northern+California+Premiere+of+%2799+Years+of+Love%27&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frafu.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F04%2Fnorthern-california-premiere-of-%25E2%2580%259999-years-of-love%25E2%2580%2599%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>"Present-Day Immigration with Special Reference to the Japanese," <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i> (Jan 1921), pp. 1–232 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i242682">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809221825/http://www.jstor.org/stable/i242682">Archived</a> August 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 24 articles by experts, mostly about California</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosokawa2005" class="citation book cs1">Hosokawa, Bill (October 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upcolorado.com/university-press-of-colorado/item/1785-colorado-s-japanese-Americans"><i>Colorado's Japanese Americans: From 1886 to the Present</i></a>. University Press of Colorado. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870818110" title="Special:BookSources/9780870818110"><bdi>9780870818110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colorado%27s+Japanese+Americans%3A+From+1886+to+the+Present&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2005-10-01&rft.isbn=9780870818110&rft.aulast=Hosokawa&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupcolorado.com%2Funiversity-press-of-colorado%2Fitem%2F1785-colorado-s-japanese-Americans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Azuma, Eiichiro. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20614543">A History of Oregon's <i>Issei</i>, 1880–1952</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104211452/http://www.jstor.org/stable/20614543">Archived</a> November 4, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Quarterly" title="Oregon Historical Quarterly">Oregon Historical Quarterly</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society" title="Oregon Historical Society">Oregon Historical Society</a>. Vol. 94, No. 4, Winter, 1993/1994., pp. 315–367. Available on <a href="/wiki/JStor" class="mw-redirect" title="JStor">JStor</a>.</li> <li>DeWan, George. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130708123227/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77331625.html?dids=77331625:77331625&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+16,+1990&author=By+George+DeWan&pub=Newsday+(Combined+editions)&desc=Learning+How+To+Stay+Japanese+In+America&pqatl=google">Learning How To Stay Japanese In America</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a></i>. January 6, 1990. PART 11, Start page NOPGCIT.</li> <li>Easton, Stanley E., and Lucien Ellington. "Japanese Americans." in <i>Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,</i> edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 537–555. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300102/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=40ce8581">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210326130527/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7B%7B%21%7D%7DCX3273300102&v=2.1&it=r&sid=GPS&asid=40ce8581">Archived</a> March 26, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosokawa1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hosokawa" title="Bill Hosokawa">Hosokawa, Bill</a> (1969). <i>Nisei: the Quiet Americans</i>. New York: William Morrow & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-05013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-05013-9"><bdi>978-0-688-05013-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nisei%3A+the+Quiet+Americans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Company&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-688-05013-9&rft.aulast=Hosokawa&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Inouye, Karen M., "Changing History: Competing Notions of Japanese American Experience, 1942–2006" (PhD dissertation Brown University, 2008). <i>Dissertation Abstracts International</i> No. DA3318331.</li> <li>Jacobson, Matthew Frye. (2000). <i>Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876–1917</i>. Hill and Wang, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-1628-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-1628-0">978-0-8090-1628-0</a></li> <li>Kase, Toyoshi. "Nisei Samurai: Culture and Agency in Three Japanese American Lives." (PhD dissertation 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/2411/umi-umd-2274.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302013035/http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/2411/umi-umd-2274.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> March 2, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kikumura-Yano, Akemi, ed. "Encyclopedia of Japanese Descendants in the Americas." (Walnut Creek, CA: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002).</li> <li>Leong, Andrew Way. "Early Japanese American Literature, 1815–1900." in <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature</i> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/60434116/acrefore-9780190201098-e-83820190829-79592-1bdwdae.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Lyman, Stanford M. <i>Chinatown and Little Tokyo: Power, Conflict, and Community Among Chinese and Japanese Immigrants in America</i> (Associated Faculty Press, 1986).</li> <li>Miyakawa, Tetsuo Scott. <i>East across the Pacific: historical & sociological studies of Japanese immigration & assimilation</i> (ABC-CLIO, 1972).</li> <li>Montero, Darrel. <i>Japanese Americans: Changing Patterns of Ethnic Affiliation Over Three Generations</i> (Westview Press, 1980).</li> <li>Moulin, Pierre. (1993). <i>U.S. Samurais in Bruyeres – People of France and Japanese Americans: Incredible story</i> Hawaii CPL Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-9599984-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-9599984-0-5">2-9599984-0-5</a></li> <li>Moulin, Pierre. (2007). <i>Dachau, Holocaust and US Samurais – Nisei Soldiers first in Dachau</i> Authorhouse Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-3801-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-3801-7">978-1-4259-3801-7</a></li> <li>Nakano, Mei T. <i>Japanese American Women: Three Generations 1890–1990</i> (Mina Press, 1990).</li> <li>Niiya, Brian, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Japanese American History: An A-to-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present.</i> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofja0000unse">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Takahashi, Jere. <i>Nisei/Sansei: Shifting Japanese American Identities and Politics</i> (Temple University Press, 1997).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThernstromOrlovHandlin1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther/page/561">"Japanese"</a></span>. <i>Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups</i> (2 ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther/page/561">561–562</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-37512-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-37512-2"><bdi>0-674-37512-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japanese&rft.btitle=Harvard+Encyclopedia+of+American+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pages=561-562&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-674-37512-2&rft.aulast=Thernstrom&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft.au=Orlov%2C+Ann&rft.au=Handlin%2C+Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharvardencyclope00ther%2Fpage%2F561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tsuchiya, Tomoko, "Interracial Marriages between American Soldiers and Japanese Women at the Beginning of the Cold War," <i>Journal of American and Canadian Studies</i> (Tokyo) (no. 29, 2011), 59–84</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html">"United States Census 2000"</a>. United States Census Bureau. April 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730162532/https://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Census+2000&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fmain%2Fwww%2Fcen2000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Hawaii">In Hawaii</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: In Hawaii"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii#Further_reading" title="Japanese in Hawaii">Japanese in Hawaii § Further reading</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsato2005" class="citation book cs1">Asato, Noriko (September 2005). <i>Teaching Mikadoism: The Attack on Japanese Language Schools in Hawaii, California, and Washington, 1919–1927</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Mikadoism%3A+The+Attack+on+Japanese+Language+Schools+in+Hawaii%2C+California%2C+and+Washington%2C+1919%E2%80%931927&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii&rft.date=2005-09&rft.aulast=Asato&rft.aufirst=Noriko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonoSinoto2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kono, Hideto; Sinoto, Kazuko (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/201/JL34055.pdf">"Observations of the first Japanese to Land in Hawai'i"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Hawaiian Journal of History</i>. <b>34</b>: <span class="nowrap">49–</span>62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314062040/http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/201/JL34055.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hawaiian+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=Observations+of+the+first+Japanese+to+Land+in+Hawai%27i&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kono&rft.aufirst=Hideto&rft.au=Sinoto%2C+Kazuko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10524%2F201%2FJL34055.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kawakami, Barbara F. <i>Japanese immigrant clothing in Hawaii, 1885–1941</i> (University of Hawaii Press, 1995).</li> <li>Morgan, William. <i>Pacific Gibraltar: U.S.-Japanese Rivalry over the Annexation of Hawai'i, 1885–1898</i> (Naval Institute Press, 2011).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorimoto1997" class="citation book cs1">Morimoto, Toyotomi (1997). <i>Japanese Americans and Cultural Continuity: Maintaining Language through Heritage</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Americans+and+Cultural+Continuity%3A+Maintaining+Language+through+Heritage&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Morimoto&rft.aufirst=Toyotomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nordyke, Eleanor C., and Y. Scott Matsumoto. "Japanese in Hawaii: a Historical and Demographic Perspective." (1977). online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228214533/https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/528/2/JL11174.pdf">Archived</a> February 28, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakagi1987" class="citation book cs1">Takagi, Mariko (1987). <i>Moral Education in Pre-War Japanese Language Schools in Hawaii</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Education+in+Pre-War+Japanese+Language+Schools+in+Hawaii&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Takagi&rft.aufirst=Mariko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Americans&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Japanese_diaspora_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Japanese diaspora in the United States">Japanese diaspora in the United States</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.ca.gov/services/docs/japanese.pdf">"Japanese Americans"</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611105419/http://www.library.ca.gov/services/docs/japanese.pdf">Archive</a>) State of California.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janm.org/">Japanese American National Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/english/html/index.htm">Embassy of Japan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190216003413/https://www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/english/html/index.htm">Archived</a> February 16, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Washington, DC</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacl.org/">Japanese American Citizens League</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcch.com/">Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcccnc.org/">Japanese Cultural & Community Center</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaccc.org/">Japanese American Community and Cultural Center</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njahs.org/">Japanese American Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.densho.org/">Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019025550/http://www.jamsj.org/">Japanese American Museum</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19971007205743/http://www.janet.org/">Japanese American Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shittoku.com/">Japanese-American's own companies in USA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jarda.cdlib.org/">Japanese American Relocation Digital Archives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021125223415/http://jarda.cdlib.org/">Archived</a> November 25, 2002, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924071732/http://departments.oxy.edu/digitalarch/Web/index.htm">Online Archive of the Japanese American Relocation during World War II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525012332/http://www.floridamemory.com/PhotographicCollection/photo_exhibits/yamato.cfm">Photo Exhibit of Japanese American community</a> in Florida</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikkeifederation.org/">Nikkei Federation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512215237/http://www.nikkeifederation.org/">Archived</a> May 12, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discovernikkei.org/">Discover Nikkei</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061114021833/http://www.nichibeitimes.com/issues/articles/072706/panel.html">Summary of a panel discussion on changing Japanese American identities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_democracy_japanese_american.htm">The War: Fighting for Democracy: Japanese Americans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310175540/http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_democracy_japanese_american.htm">Archived</a> March 10, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/89manzanar/89manzanar.htm"><i>"The War Relocation Centers of World War II: When Fear Was Stronger than Justice"</i>, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themilitant.com/2006/7019/701957.html">U.S. Government interned Japanese from Latin America</a></li> <li>Short radio episode <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221022639/http://californialegacy.org/radio_anthology/scripts/mori.html">Baseball</a></i> from "Lil' Yokohama" by Toshio Mori, 1941. <a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Legacy_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California Legacy Project (page does not exist)">California Legacy Project</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.washington.edu/exhibits/harmony/Japanese">American Life in the 20th Century in Washington State</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> – University of Washington Digital Collections</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_Americans_by_location" title="Template:Japanese Americans by location"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_Americans_by_location" title="Template talk:Japanese Americans by location"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_Americans_by_location" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese Americans by location"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_Americans_and_Japanese_expatriates_in_the_United_States132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese Americans</a> and Japanese expatriates in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>California <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of the Japanese in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Japanese in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li>Colorado <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakura_Square" title="Sakura Square">Denver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li>Illinois <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Chicago" title="Japanese in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_in_Metro_Detroit" title="History of the Japanese in Metro Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li>New York <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_New_York_City" title="Japanese in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ohio <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Columbus,_Ohio" title="Japanese community of Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oregon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans_in_Portland,_Oregon" title="History of Japanese Americans in Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Texas" title="Japanese in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_in_Houston" title="History of the Japanese in Houston">Houston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Washington <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_in_Seattle" title="History of the Japanese in Seattle">Seattle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Japanese-American_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Japanese-American populations">List of U.S. cities with large Japanese-American populations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_diaspora137" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_diaspora" title="Template:Japanese diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_diaspora" title="Template talk:Japanese diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_diaspora137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_diaspora" title="Ryukyuan diaspora">Ryukyuan diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Population" title="Ainu people">Ainu diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Egypt" title="Japanese people in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Japanese people in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Caribbean_people" title="Japanese Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Cubans" title="Japanese Cubans">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Japanese settlement in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_expatriates_in_Jamaica" title="Japanese expatriates in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians_in_British_Columbia" title="Japanese Canadians in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Montreal" title="Japanese in Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Japanese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Japanese-American_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Japanese-American populations">cities with large Japanese-American populations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Argentines" title="Japanese Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Bolivians" title="Japanese Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilians" title="Japanese Brazilians">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Japanese community of São Paulo">São Paulo City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Chileans" title="Japanese Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese diaspora in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Mexicans" title="Japanese Mexicans">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Mexico_City" title="Japanese community of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paraguayans" title="Japanese Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peruvians" title="Japanese Peruvians">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peruvian_people_of_Okinawan_descent" title="Category:Peruvian people of Okinawan descent">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Uruguayans" title="Japanese Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Venezuelans" title="Japanese Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_China" title="Japanese people in China">Mainland China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Shanghai" title="Japanese community of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_orphans_in_China" title="Japanese orphans in China">Japanese orphans</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B8%85%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:脫清人">Ryukyuan refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese people in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E8%87%BA%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:在臺日本人">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%A3%E7%94%9F" class="extiw" title="zh:灣生">born in Taiwan</a> (Wansei)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_people_of_Okinawan_descent" title="Category:Taiwanese people of Okinawan descent">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_India" title="Japanese people in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Indonesia" title="Japanese migration to Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li>Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_North_Korea" title="Japanese people in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_South_Korea" title="Japanese people in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Malaysia" title="Japanese migration to Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Nepal" title="Japanese people in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Philippines" title="Japanese in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Singapore" title="Japanese people in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Japanese people in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Thailand" title="Japanese migration to Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Turkey" title="Japanese people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates#Japanese" title="Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Vietnam" title="Japanese people in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Brussels" title="Japanese community of Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_France" title="Japanese people in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Paris" title="Japanese community of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Germany" title="Japanese people in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Japanese community of Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Japanese people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Russia" title="Japanese people in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_in_Russia" title="Ainu in Russia">Ainu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Spain" title="Japanese people in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Japanese in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_London" title="Japanese community of London">London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_Micronesia" title="Japanese settlement in Micronesia">Micronesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Micronesians" title="Japanese Micronesians">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_Kiribati" title="Japanese settlement in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Japanese settlement in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marshallese_people_of_Okinawan_descent" title="Category:Marshallese people of Okinawan descent">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_Palau" title="Japanese settlement in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Australians" title="Japanese Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Melbourne" title="Japanese community of Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> (United States) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawans_in_Hawaii" title="Okinawans in Hawaii">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_New_Caledonia" title="Japanese settlement in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Zealanders" title="Japanese New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Japanese settlement in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_expatriates_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese expatriates in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Generations30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issei" title="Issei">Issei</a> <ul><li>immigrants</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">Nisei</a> <ul><li>second generation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansei" title="Sansei">Sansei</a> <ul><li>third generation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonsei_(Japanese_diaspora)" title="Yonsei (Japanese diaspora)">Yonsei</a> <ul><li>fourth generation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosei_(Japanese_diaspora)" title="Gosei (Japanese diaspora)">Gosei</a> <ul><li>fifth generation</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dekasegi" title="Dekasegi">Dekasegi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-born_Japanese" title="Foreign-born Japanese">Foreign-born Japanese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Japanese_and_Europe" title="The Japanese and Europe">The Japanese and Europe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Japanese_in_Latin_America" title="The Japanese in Latin America">The Japanese in Latin America</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japantown" title="Japantown">Japantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh%C5%AB_jugy%C5%8D_k%C5%8D" title="Hoshū jugyō kō">Hoshū jugyō kō</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hosh%C5%AB_jugy%C5%8D_k%C5%8D" title="List of hoshū jugyō kō">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Like_the_Enemy" title="Looking Like the Enemy">Looking Like the Enemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds,_New_Lives" title="New Worlds, New Lives">New Worlds, New Lives</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonjin_gakk%C5%8D" title="Nihonjin gakkō">Nihonjin gakkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_Asian-American_majority_populations" title="List of U.S. communities with Asian-American majority populations">List of U.S. communities with Asian-American majority populations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ryukyuan<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fukush%C5%ABen" title="Fukushūen">Fukushūen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawans_in_Hawaii" title="Okinawans in Hawaii">Okinawans in Hawaii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_United_Okinawa_Association" title="Hawaii United Okinawa Association">Hawaii United Okinawa Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Disposition" title="Ryukyu Disposition">Ryukyu Disposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB-kan" title="Ryūkyū-kan">Ryūkyū-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_national_football_team" title="Ryūkyū national football team">Ryūkyū national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinsagu_nu_Hana" title="Tinsagu nu Hana">Tinsagu nu Hana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Hawaii58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Hawaii" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Hawaii"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Hawaii" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Hawaii"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Hawaii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Hawaii"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Hawaii58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexicans in Hawaii">Mexicans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Asian immigration to Hawaii">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Chinese immigration to Hawaii">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Hawaii" title="Filipinos in Hawaii">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Indians in Hawaii">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Korean immigration to Hawaii">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_immigration_to_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taiwanese immigration to Hawaii (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haole" title="Haole">Haole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">White and European</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British in Hawaii (page does not exist)">British</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French in Hawaii (page does not exist)">French</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Hawaii (page does not exist)">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Hawaii" title="Greeks in Hawaii">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italians in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poles_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poles in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Portuguese immigration to Hawaii">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russians in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Spanish immigration to Hawaii">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshallese_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marshallese in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoans_in_Hawaii" title="Samoans in Hawaii">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahitians_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahitians in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongans_in_Hawaii" title="Tongans in Hawaii">Tongan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asian_Americans245" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_Americans" title="Template:Asian Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_Americans" title="Template talk:Asian Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asian_Americans245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States#Turkmen_Americans" title="Central Asians in the United States">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the United States in blue, and the nations where Asian Americans originate from in shades of orange"><img alt="Map showing the United States in blue, and the nations where Asian Americans originate from in shades of orange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg/95px-WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg/143px-WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg/190px-WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">in Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawans_in_Hawaii" title="Okinawans in Hawaii">Okinawans in Hawaii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Korean immigration to Hawaii">in Hawaii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Mien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_American_immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Asian American immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans" title="Military history of Asian Americans">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_arts_and_entertainment" title="Asian Americans in arts and entertainment">Arts and Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_broadcast_journalism" title="Asian Americans in broadcast journalism">Broadcast journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Asian_Americans" title="Demographics of Asian Americans">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_government_and_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in government and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_science_and_technology" title="Asian Americans in science and technology">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_sports" title="Asian Americans in sports">Sports</a></li> <li>Stereotypes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_East_and_Southeast_Asians_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of East and Southeast Asians in the United States">East and Southeast Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_South_Asians" title="Stereotypes of South Asians">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority_myth" title="Model minority myth">Model minority myth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_California" title="Asian Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="Asian Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_San_Francisco_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Asian Americans in San Francisco (disambiguation)">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Metro_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Metro Detroit">Metro Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Asian immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Houston" title="Asian Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian-Americans_in_Maryland" title="Asian-Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Nevada" title="Asian Americans in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Puerto_Rican" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Puerto Rican">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Washington_(state)" title="Asian Americans in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Virginia" title="Asian Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_the_United_States253" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic history</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By economic<br />and social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_States" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United States">Baha'is</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_the_United_States" title="Ahmadiyya in the United States">Ahmadiyyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">Value Creators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United States">Neopagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Non-religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">Rastafaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">By continent and<br />ethnic ancestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican Americans (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateside Virgin Islands Americans">Stateside Virgin Islands Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan American">Moroccan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Americans">Turkmen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Iu Mien Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian Slovak Gypsies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">West Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Americans">Bahraini Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Americans">Omani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Americans">Qatari Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Americans" title="Luxembourgish Americans">Luxembourgish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Nordic and Scandinavian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Americans">Slovenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Diegueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Esselen people">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo people">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinan people">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_people" title="Suisun people">Suisunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen people">Tamyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongva people">Tongva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintun" title="Wintun">Wintun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li>Central America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americans of Euro Oceanic origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealand Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto#United_States" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People of the United States / Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American ancestry">Native American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Maps of American ancestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_(EEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity (EEO)">Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156766#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata697" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156766#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata697" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156766#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/981441/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85069603">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007531584705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10636483">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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