CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sea turtle migration - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bcf8d549-2a2a-4dc1-8138-4295731f69c0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sea_turtle_migration","wgTitle":"Sea turtle migration","wgCurRevisionId":1225743091,"wgRevisionId":1225743091,"wgArticleId":31994185,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from February 2019","Sea turtles","Animal migration"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sea_turtle_migration","wgRelevantArticleId":31994185,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7440140","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents", "ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_mydas.jpg/1200px-Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_mydas.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_mydas.jpg/800px-Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_mydas.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_mydas.jpg/640px-Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_mydas.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sea turtle migration - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sea_turtle_migration rootpage-Sea_turtle_migration skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sea+turtle+migration" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sea+turtle+migration" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sea+turtle+migration" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sea+turtle+migration" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Physiological_and_Behavioral_Aspects_of_Sea_Turtle_Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_and_Behavioral_Aspects_of_Sea_Turtle_Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Physiological and Behavioral Aspects of Sea Turtle Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_and_Behavioral_Aspects_of_Sea_Turtle_Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hatchling_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hatchling_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hatchling migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hatchling_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orientation_and_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientation_and_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orientation and navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orientation_and_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-hatchling_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-hatchling_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-hatchling migration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-hatchling_migration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-hatchling migration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-hatchling_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Green_sea_turtles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_sea_turtles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Green sea turtles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_sea_turtles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Navigation methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Navigation_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Navigation methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Navigation_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bicoordinate_Mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bicoordinate_Mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bicoordinate Mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bicoordinate_Mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geomagnetic_Imprinting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geomagnetic_Imprinting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Geomagnetic Imprinting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geomagnetic_Imprinting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sea turtle migration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مهاجرت لاک‌پشت‌‌های دریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهاجرت لاک‌پشت‌‌های دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7440140#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sea_turtle_migration" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sea_turtle_migration" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sea_turtle_migration" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&oldid=1225743091" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sea_turtle_migration&id=1225743091&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSea_turtle_migration"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSea_turtle_migration"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sea_turtle_migration&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7440140" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Seasonal movement of sea turtles</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_mydas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_mydas.jpg/370px-Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_mydas.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_mydas.jpg/555px-Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_mydas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_mydas.jpg/740px-Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_mydas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green sea turtle</a> migrates between its nesting sites and its coastal foraging areas.</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Sea turtle migration</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">long-distance movements</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea turtles">sea turtles</a> (superfamily Chelonioidea) notably the long-distance movement of adults to their breeding beaches, but also the offshore migration of hatchings. Sea turtle hatchings emerge from underground nests and crawl across the beach towards the sea. They then maintain an offshore heading until they reach the open sea.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feeding and nesting sites of adult sea turtles are often distantly separated meaning some must migrate hundreds or even thousands of kilometres.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell,_A.P._2005_pp._151-184_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell,_A.P._2005_pp._151-184-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several main patterns of adult migration have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some such as the <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green sea turtle</a> shuttle between nesting sites and coastal foraging areas. The <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">loggerhead sea turtle</a> uses a series of foraging sites. Others such as the <a href="/wiki/Leatherback_sea_turtle" title="Leatherback sea turtle">leatherback sea turtle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olive_ridley_sea_turtle" title="Olive ridley sea turtle">olive ridley sea turtle</a> do not show fidelity to any specific coastal foraging site. Instead, they forage in the open sea in complex movements apparently not towards any goal. Although the foraging movements of leatherbacks seem to be determined to a large part by passive drift with the currents, they are still able to return to specific sites to breed. The ability of adult sea turtles to travel to precise targets has led many to wonder about the navigational mechanisms. Some have suggested that juvenile and adult turtles might use the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> to determine their position. There is evidence for this ability in juvenile green sea turtles.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiological_and_Behavioral_Aspects_of_Sea_Turtle_Migration">Physiological and Behavioral Aspects of Sea Turtle Migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physiological and Behavioral Aspects of Sea Turtle Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sea turtles are known to migrate long distances up to 10,000 miles or more per year.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time of travel, there is movement between breeding, foraging, and overwintering sites. Migration begins at the time of hatching. Hatchlings begin to migrate to open waters after emerging from their nest. Juvenile and adult sea turtles engage in seasonal migration, likely due to finding other thermal habitats and seeking areas with sufficient food availability.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea turtles will move north during spring and summer seasons to more nutrient rich bodies of water. In fall and winter seasons, they will migrate back in a southward direction.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loggerhead_sea_turtle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Loggerhead_sea_turtle.jpg/220px-Loggerhead_sea_turtle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Loggerhead_sea_turtle.jpg/330px-Loggerhead_sea_turtle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Loggerhead_sea_turtle.jpg/440px-Loggerhead_sea_turtle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Loggerhead Sea Turtle</figcaption></figure> <p>Sea turtles are considered ectothermic non-avian reptiles. Temperature has a major effect on both metabolic and physiological process of the turtle.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During sea turtle migration, it has been shown that there is a correlation between activity levels and VO2 within the turtles. Previous research concludes that VO2 levels are higher when in migration rather than in rest.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the turtles also have an effect on aerobic metabolism levels. A previous study indicated that as body size of the sea turtles increased, so did the capacity for aerobic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The higher capacity of aerobic activity is effective when traveling long distances. The research team concluded that the migrations done by the sea turtles are helpful in regulating temperatures, which overall increases their aerobic metabolic activity. </p><p>The following navigational methods of sea turtle migration help to increase the fitness benefits of the sea turtle. The turtles use these cues to travel into deeper waters for more a higher abundance of food and a lower risk of predation. For sea turtles who are endangered, finding an area of lower predation helps to maximize their overall fitness and keep them as an existent species.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For female sea turtles, traveling back to their natal beach in order to lay their offspring has been hypothesized to have an advantage towards parasitic resistance and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This advantage also increases the fitness of the sea turtle along with its offspring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hatchling_migration">Hatchling migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hatchling migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatchling_Loggerhead_Sea_Turtles_near_Atlit_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hatchling_Loggerhead_Sea_Turtles_near_Atlit_Israel.jpg/220px-Hatchling_Loggerhead_Sea_Turtles_near_Atlit_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hatchling_Loggerhead_Sea_Turtles_near_Atlit_Israel.jpg/330px-Hatchling_Loggerhead_Sea_Turtles_near_Atlit_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hatchling_Loggerhead_Sea_Turtles_near_Atlit_Israel.jpg/440px-Hatchling_Loggerhead_Sea_Turtles_near_Atlit_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>Hatchling Loggerhead Sea Turtles migrating towards the ocean</figcaption></figure> <p>Efficient movement of hatchlings away from the beach and shallow coastal waters is important in reducing the length of time that they are vulnerable to predators, which target the hatchlings on the beach or in shallow waters.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, sea turtle hatchlings move offshore as an <a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">innate behaviour</a>. The first part of the hatchling migration is called the 'frenzy period' which involves almost continuous swimming for the first 24–36 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orientation_and_navigation">Orientation and navigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Orientation and navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies of loggerhead and leatherback hatchlings have shown that moonlight reflected from the sea is an important visual cue in guiding movement from the beach to the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This navigational mechanism becomes a handicap if nesting sites are affected by artificial lighting since this can mean that hatchlings head towards the artificial lights rather than offshore towards the moonlit sea.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, the use of moonlight by turtle hatchings as a navigational cue can be considered an '<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_trap" title="Evolutionary trap">evolutionary trap</a>'. Loggerhead and green turtles can detect the orbital movement of waves and use this information to swim perpendicular to the waves crests. This means they swim offshore, since close to the shore, wave crests run parallel to the beach. Further offshore the Earth's magnetic field is used to maintain an offshore direction and therefore head towards the open sea.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ability to head in a given direction without reference to landmarks, is called a compass mechanism and where magnetic cues are used to achieve this it is called a 'magnetic compass'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hatchling loggerheads mature within the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Gyre" title="North Atlantic Gyre">North Atlantic Gyre</a> and it is important that they stay within this current system since here water temperatures are benign. It has been shown that loggerheads use the magnetic field to stay within the gyre. For example, when exposed to fields characteristic of a region at the edge of the gyre they responded by orienting in a direction which would keep them within the gyre.<sup id="cite_ref-Lohmann_and_Lohmann_1996_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohmann_and_Lohmann_1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These responses are inherited rather than learned since the hatchlings tested were captured before reaching the ocean. Adult turtles may learn aspects of the magnetic field and use this to navigate in a learned rather than innate way.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-hatchling_migration">Post-hatchling migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-hatchling migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Juveniles often reside in coastal feeding grounds, as with green sea turtles and loggerheads. Adult sea turtles can be divided into 3 categories according to their movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell,_A.P._2005_pp._151-184_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell,_A.P._2005_pp._151-184-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leatherbacks and olive ridley turtles roam widely and unpredictably before returning to specific breeding sites. <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration_tracking" title="Animal migration tracking">Satellite tracking</a> of leatherbacks showed that they tended to stay within relatively food-rich areas of the ocean during their migration.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kemp%27s_ridley_sea_turtle" title="Kemp's ridley sea turtle">Kemp's ridley sea turtles</a>, loggerheads and <a href="/wiki/Flatback_sea_turtle" title="Flatback sea turtle">flatback sea turtles</a> migrate between breeding areas and a series of coastal foraging areas. Green sea turtles and <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">hawksbill sea turtles</a> shuttle between fixed foraging and nesting sites. Both species of <a href="/wiki/Ridley_sea_turtle" title="Ridley sea turtle">ridley sea turtle</a> nest in large aggregations, arribadas.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is thought to be an <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">anti-predator adaptation</a> — there are simply too many eggs for the predators to consume. One unifying aspect of sea turtle migrations is their ability to return to specific nesting sites over vast areas of ocean year after year. They may return to the beach where they hatched, an ability called natal <a href="/wiki/Philopatry" title="Philopatry">philopatry</a>; this has been demonstrated in green turtles using mitochondrial DNA analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell,_A.P._2005_pp._151-184_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell,_A.P._2005_pp._151-184-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The precision migration of adults across featureless and dynamic oceans requires more than a compass mechanism, something <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a> pointed out in 1873:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Even if we grant animals a sense of the points of the compass ... how can we account for [green sea turtles] finding their way to that speck of land in the midst of the great Atlantic Ocean" [of the migration of green sea turtles from the coast of Brazil to <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>, a journey of 2200 km to an island only 20 km in diameter]. An error in heading of only a few degrees would lead a turtle to miss the island by almost 100 km and animal compass analogues are not thought to be this precise. Moreover, a compass mechanism does not correct for current displacement since there is no position-fix.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some have suggested that turtles use aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> to gauge their position and in this way they could correct for displacement by currents or by an experimenter.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_sea_turtles">Green sea turtles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Green sea turtles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Sea_Turtle_grazing_seagrass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Green_Sea_Turtle_grazing_seagrass.jpg/220px-Green_Sea_Turtle_grazing_seagrass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Green_Sea_Turtle_grazing_seagrass.jpg/330px-Green_Sea_Turtle_grazing_seagrass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Green_Sea_Turtle_grazing_seagrass.jpg/440px-Green_Sea_Turtle_grazing_seagrass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3367" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption>Green Sea Turtle grazing seagrass</figcaption></figure> <p>The post-nesting migration of adult female green sea turtles from Ascension Island to Brazil has been recorded using satellite transmitters as part of an experiment into their navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Papi,_F._2000_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papi,_F._2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the transmitters, some turtles were fitted with magnets which were expected to disrupt any ability to use the Earth's field for navigation. There was no difference in migratory performance between these turtles and turtles which were not carrying magnets, but the experimental design has been criticised.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is strong evidence that green turtles are sensitive to magnetic cues. For example, juvenile green turtles exposed to fields north and south of a capture site (i.e. displaced in geomagnetic but not geographical space) oriented in a direction that would have led them back to the capture site, suggesting that they can use the earth's magnetic field to acquire positional information. Adult turtles also use magnetic cues.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst geomagnetic cues may guide navigation over long distances, close to the goal, it is thought that turtles use wind-borne cues emanating from the goal to home in on their target.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juvenile greens can orient using a 'sun compass'.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, they can use directional information to determine their headings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navigation_methods">Navigation methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Navigation methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">Animal navigation</a></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-:72_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turtle navigational skills for migrations remain unknown. There are several hypotheses including astronomical cues and the Earth's magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that sea turtles do use a navigational compass such as bicoordinate mapping or geomagnetic imprinting when making long migrations. The following navigational methods of sea turtle migration help to increase the fitness benefits of the sea turtle. The turtles use these cues to travel into deeper waters for more a higher abundance of food and a lower risk of predation. For sea turtles who are endangered, finding an area of lower predation helps to maximize their overall fitness and keep them as an existent species. </p><p>The astronomical cue hypothesis is unsupported by scientific evidence. These cues would include light from the Sun, Moon, and stars.<sup id="cite_ref-Papi,_F._2000_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papi,_F._2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If sea turtles used astronomical cues, they would not be able to navigate in waters where light does not attenuate well, on cloudy days or when the Moon is blocked by clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-Papi,_F._2000_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papi,_F._2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moon is not a good astronomical cue because there is a new moon every 28 days. Narrowing out the astronomical hypothesis, the use of Earth's magnetic fields can be viewed as the navigational tool for long-migration patterns of sea turtles. </p><p>Earth's magnetic field is used for migration for a wide variety of species including bacteria, mollusks, arthropods, mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to understand the Earth's magnetic fields, the Earth can be viewed as a large magnet. As a typical magnet has a north and south end, so does the Earth. The north pole magnet is located at the Earth's north pole and the south pole magnet is located at the Earth's south pole. From this north and south pole span magnetic fields. The magnetic field leaves the poles and curves around the Earth until it reaches the opposite pole.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth%27s_magnetic_field,_schematic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Earth%27s_magnetic_field%2C_schematic.png/220px-Earth%27s_magnetic_field%2C_schematic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Earth%27s_magnetic_field%2C_schematic.png/330px-Earth%27s_magnetic_field%2C_schematic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Earth%27s_magnetic_field%2C_schematic.png/440px-Earth%27s_magnetic_field%2C_schematic.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Earths magnetic field schematic</figcaption></figure> <p>In regards to the magnetic field hypothesis, there are three main concepts. The concepts include electromagnetic induction, magnetic field chemical reactions, and magnetite. In regards to electromagnetic induction, it is assumed that the sea turtles have electroreceptors. Although evidence has been found in other species such as rays and sharks, no evidence has shown that there are electroreceptors in sea turtles making this hypothesis invalid. A second concept from the experimentation by Irwin involves chemical reactions commonly found in newts and birds. The strength of the magnetic field affects the chemical reactions within the bodies of the newts and birds. The final concept includes the magnetic crystals that form during the magnetic pulses from the Earth's magnetic fields. These magnetic crystals formed by magnetite give the turtles directional information and guides in migration. The magnetite affects the cells of the nervous system of the sea turtle by producing a signal that references the forces of the magnetic field and the direction and magnitude that is applied.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin,_William_P._2005_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin,_William_P._2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this magnetite is used in the migration, when the Earth's magnetic poles reverse at the dipole moment, the signal that the sea turtle nervous system receives will change the migration direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin,_William_P._2005_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin,_William_P._2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the hypothesis, hatchling turtles have the ability to determine the direction and inclination angle of which they are swimming with aide from magnetic fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Lohmann_and_Lohmann_1996_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohmann_and_Lohmann_1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bicoordinate_Mapping">Bicoordinate Mapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bicoordinate Mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographic_coordinate_system&oldid=1145582427">Bicoordinate mapping</a> has also been hypothesized as a method of travel for sea turtles along with longitudinal direction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bicoordinate mapping is defined as a geomagnetic map that depends on both the intensity and inclination of the magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes within the intensity or inclination of the Earth's magnetic field can deter a sea turtles direction of travel, so it is important for geographical coordinates to play a role in open-sea migration. It has been shown that when placed into areas with the same latitudinal but different longitudinal coordinates, sea turtles are able to continue traveling in the same magnetic direction they began in.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conclusion is formed that sea turtles may inherit a bicoordinate map to follow that does not coordinate with specific latitudinal or longitudinal points, but helps for the turtle to maintain a constant direction of travel.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geomagnetic_Imprinting">Geomagnetic Imprinting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geomagnetic Imprinting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_sea_turtle_laying_eggs_(4202525004).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Green_sea_turtle_laying_eggs_%284202525004%29.jpg/220px-Green_sea_turtle_laying_eggs_%284202525004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Green_sea_turtle_laying_eggs_%284202525004%29.jpg/330px-Green_sea_turtle_laying_eggs_%284202525004%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Green_sea_turtle_laying_eggs_%284202525004%29.jpg/440px-Green_sea_turtle_laying_eggs_%284202525004%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Sea Turtle laying eggs at designated natal beach</figcaption></figure> <p><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natal_homing&oldid=1064947514">Geomagnetic imprinting</a> is done by the use of inclination angle and field intensity to imprint onto the magnetic fields of the sea turtles natal homes. Imprinting is an innate learning process that is inherited within species to recognize important landmarks and resources. The use of geomagnetic imprinting helps the sea turtles to navigate back in later timelines. This process is not only used in sea turtles, but can also be seen in fish such as <i>Salmo Salar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Bird migration</a>. This method of navigation is important for female sea turtles, as it has been proven that they will return to their natal beaches to lay their own eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intensity and inclination of the magnetic field depend on latitude, which is helpful in navigating the turtles north or south.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes it easier for the turtles to follow along the coastline that is most related to their natal beach,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ultimately guiding them back. Previous research concluded that returning to the natal beach in order to lay offspring is an advantage towards parasitic resistance and disease, which overall increases the fitness of the turtles.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-multiple-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multiple_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multiple_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multiple_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multiple_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/depts/oceanweb/turtles/">"Sea Turtle Navigation"</a>. Unc.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sea+Turtle+Navigation&rft.pub=Unc.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2Fdepts%2Foceanweb%2Fturtles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell,_A.P._2005_pp._151-184-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russell,_A.P._2005_pp._151-184_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell,_A.P._2005_pp._151-184_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell,_A.P._2005_pp._151-184_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellAaron_M._BauerMegan_K._Johnson2005" class="citation book cs1">Russell, A.P.; Aaron M. Bauer; Megan K. Johnson (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783540266037">"Migration in amphibians and reptiles: An overview of patterns and orientation mechanisms in relation to life history strategy"</a>. In Elewa, Ashraf M.T. (ed.). <i>Migration of organisms: climate geography, ecology</i>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 151–184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Migration+in+amphibians+and+reptiles%3A+An+overview+of+patterns+and+orientation+mechanisms+in+relation+to+life+history+strategy&rft.btitle=Migration+of+organisms%3A+climate+geography%2C+ecology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=151-184&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=A.P.&rft.au=Aaron+M.+Bauer&rft.au=Megan+K.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fus%2Fbook%2F9783540266037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaleLuschi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sale, Alessandro; Luschi, Paolo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817277">"Navigational challenges in the oceanic migrations of leatherback sea turtles"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>276</b> (1674): 3737–3745. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.0965">10.1098/rspb.2009.0965</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817277">2817277</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19625321">19625321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Navigational+challenges+in+the+oceanic+migrations+of+leatherback+sea+turtles&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=1674&rft.pages=3737-3745&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817277%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19625321&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2009.0965&rft.aulast=Sale&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft.au=Luschi%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohmannLohmannEhrhartBagley2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lohmann, Kenneth J.; Lohmann, Catherine M. F.; Ehrhart, Llewellyn M.; Bagley, Dean A.; Swing, Timothy (2004). "Geomagnetic map used in sea-turtle navigation". <i>Nature</i>. <b>428</b> (6986): 909–910. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F428909a">10.1038/428909a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15118716">15118716</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4329507">4329507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Geomagnetic+map+used+in+sea-turtle+navigation&rft.volume=428&rft.issue=6986&rft.pages=909-910&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4329507%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15118716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F428909a&rft.aulast=Lohmann&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+Catherine+M.+F.&rft.au=Ehrhart%2C+Llewellyn+M.&rft.au=Bagley%2C+Dean+A.&rft.au=Swing%2C+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seeturtles.org/sea-turtle-migration">"Sea Turtle Migration"</a>. <i>SEE Turtles</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SEE+Turtles&rft.atitle=Sea+Turtle+Migration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seeturtles.org%2Fsea-turtle-migration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthwoodAvens2010" class="citation journal cs1">Southwood, Amanda; Avens, Larisa (January 2010). "Physiological, behavioral, and ecological aspects of migration in reptiles". <i>Journal of Comparative Physiology B</i>. <b>180</b> (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00360-009-0415-8">10.1007/s00360-009-0415-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0174-1578">0174-1578</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19847440">19847440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20245401">20245401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+B&rft.atitle=Physiological%2C+behavioral%2C+and+ecological+aspects+of+migration+in+reptiles&rft.volume=180&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2010-01&rft.issn=0174-1578&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20245401%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19847440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00360-009-0415-8&rft.aulast=Southwood&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Avens%2C+Larisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth1998" class="citation journal cs1">Booth, David T. (January 1998). "Incubation of Turtle Eggs at Different Temperatures: Do Embryos Compensate for Temperature during Development?". <i>Physiological Zoology</i>. <b>71</b> (1): 23–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F515884">10.1086/515884</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-935X">0031-935X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9472809">9472809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+Zoology&rft.atitle=Incubation+of+Turtle+Eggs+at+Different+Temperatures%3A+Do+Embryos+Compensate+for+Temperature+during+Development%3F&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-26&rft.date=1998-01&rft.issn=0031-935X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9472809&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F515884&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrangeJackson1976" class="citation journal cs1">Prange, Henry D.; Jackson, Donald C. (September 1976). "Ventilation, gas exchange and metabolic scaling of a sea turtle". <i>Respiration Physiology</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 369–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0034-5687%2876%2990065-7">10.1016/0034-5687(76)90065-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/973053">973053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiration+Physiology&rft.atitle=Ventilation%2C+gas+exchange+and+metabolic+scaling+of+a+sea+turtle&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=369-377&rft.date=1976-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0034-5687%2876%2990065-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F973053&rft.aulast=Prange&rft.aufirst=Henry+D.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Donald+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:72_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pike, David A (2 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614151">"Natural beaches confer fitness benefits to nesting marine turtles"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>4</b> (6): 704–706. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2008.0359">10.1098/rsbl.2008.0359</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-9561">1744-9561</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614151">2614151</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18765355">18765355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Natural+beaches+confer+fitness+benefits+to+nesting+marine+turtles&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=704-706&rft.date=2008-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614151%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1744-9561&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18765355&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2008.0359&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=David+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiebensMerinoChainEizaguirre2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stiebens, Victor A.; Merino, Sonia E.; Chain, Frédéric J. J.; Eizaguirre, Christophe (30 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655109">"Evolution of MHC class I genes in the endangered loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) revealed by 454 amplicon sequencing"</a>. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 95. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BMCEE..13...95S">2013BMCEE..13...95S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-13-95">10.1186/1471-2148-13-95</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2148">1471-2148</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655109">3655109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23627726">23627726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+MHC+class+I+genes+in+the+endangered+loggerhead+sea+turtle+%28Caretta+caretta%29+revealed+by+454+amplicon+sequencing&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3655109%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013BMCEE..13...95S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23627726&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-13-95&rft.issn=1471-2148&rft.aulast=Stiebens&rft.aufirst=Victor+A.&rft.au=Merino%2C+Sonia+E.&rft.au=Chain%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+J.+J.&rft.au=Eizaguirre%2C+Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3655109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkuyamaAbeNishizawaKobayashi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Okuyama, Junichi; Abe, Osamu; Nishizawa, Hideaki; Kobayashi, Masato; Yoseda, Kenzo; Arai, Nobuaki (2009). "Ontogeny of the dispersal migration of green turtle (<i>Chelonia mydas</i>) hatchlings". <i>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology</i>. <b>379</b> (1–2): 43–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jembe.2009.08.008">10.1016/j.jembe.2009.08.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Marine+Biology+and+Ecology&rft.atitle=Ontogeny+of+the+dispersal+migration+of+green+turtle+%28Chelonia+mydas%29+hatchlings&rft.volume=379&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=43-50&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jembe.2009.08.008&rft.aulast=Okuyama&rft.aufirst=Junichi&rft.au=Abe%2C+Osamu&rft.au=Nishizawa%2C+Hideaki&rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+Masato&rft.au=Yoseda%2C+Kenzo&rft.au=Arai%2C+Nobuaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon (2003). Artificial lighting and sea turtles. <i>Biologist</i> <b>50</b>, 163–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodenough et al. (2010). Perspectives on animal behaviour, 3rd edition. Chapter 10, p.204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lohmann_and_Lohmann_1996-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lohmann_and_Lohmann_1996_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lohmann_and_Lohmann_1996_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohmannLohmann1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lohmann, Kenneth J.; Lohmann, Catherine M. F. (1996). "Detection of magnetic field intensity by sea turtles". <i>Nature</i>. <b>380</b> (6569): 59–61. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.380...59L">1996Natur.380...59L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F380059a0">10.1038/380059a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4347283">4347283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Detection+of+magnetic+field+intensity+by+sea+turtles&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=6569&rft.pages=59-61&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4347283%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F380059a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Natur.380...59L&rft.aulast=Lohmann&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+Catherine+M.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohmannLohmannEndres2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lohmann, Kenneth J.; Lohmann, Catherine M. F.; Endres, Courtney S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.015792">"The sensory ecology of ocean navigation"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>211</b> (11): 1719–1728. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.015792">10.1242/jeb.015792</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18490387">18490387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=The+sensory+ecology+of+ocean+navigation&rft.volume=211&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1719-1728&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.015792&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18490387&rft.aulast=Lohmann&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+Catherine+M.+F.&rft.au=Endres%2C+Courtney+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.015792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlok_Jha2011" class="citation news cs1">Alok Jha (5 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/jan/05/leatherback-turtles-atlantic-journeys">"Secret voyages of leatherback turtles revealed using transmitters"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Secret+voyages+of+leatherback+turtles+revealed+using+transmitters&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft.au=Alok+Jha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2011%2Fjan%2F05%2Fleatherback-turtles-atlantic-journeys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614161237/http://www.seaturtleinc.org/lessonplans/Arribada.htm">"Arribada"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaturtleinc.org/lessonplans/Arribada.htm">the original</a> on 14 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arribada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaturtleinc.org%2Flessonplans%2FArribada.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1873" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2007793">"Perception in the lower animals"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>7</b> (176): 360. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1873Natur...7..360D">1873Natur...7..360D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F007360c0">10.1038/007360c0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3953467">3953467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Perception+in+the+lower+animals&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=176&rft.pages=360&rft.date=1873&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3953467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F007360c0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1873Natur...7..360D&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2007793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohmannLuschiHays2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lohmann, K. J.; Luschi, P.; <a href="/wiki/Graeme_Hays" title="Graeme Hays">Hays, G. C.</a> (2008). "Goal navigation and island-finding in sea turtles". <i>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology</i>. <b>356</b> (1–2): 83–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jembe.2007.12.017">10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Marine+Biology+and+Ecology&rft.atitle=Goal+navigation+and+island-finding+in+sea+turtles&rft.volume=356&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=83-95&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jembe.2007.12.017&rft.aulast=Lohmann&rft.aufirst=K.+J.&rft.au=Luschi%2C+P.&rft.au=Hays%2C+G.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohmannLohmannPutman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lohmann, Kenneth J.; Lohmann, Catherine M. F.; Putman, Nathan F. (2007). "Magnetic maps in animals: nature's GPS". <i>The Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>210</b> (21): 3697–3705. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.001313">10.1242/jeb.001313</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17951410">17951410</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12185096">12185096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Magnetic+maps+in+animals%3A+nature%27s+GPS&rft.volume=210&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=3697-3705&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12185096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17951410&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.001313&rft.aulast=Lohmann&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+Catherine+M.+F.&rft.au=Putman%2C+Nathan+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papi,_F._2000-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Papi,_F._2000_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Papi,_F._2000_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Papi,_F._2000_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapiLuschiAkessonCapogrossi2000" class="citation journal cs1">Papi, F.; Luschi, P.; Akesson, S.; Capogrossi, S.; <a href="/wiki/Graeme_Hays" title="Graeme Hays">Hays, G. C.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/content/203/22/3435">"Open-sea migration of magnetically disturbed sea turtles"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>203</b> (Pt 22): 3435–3443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.203.22.3435">10.1242/jeb.203.22.3435</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11044382">11044382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Open-sea+migration+of+magnetically+disturbed+sea+turtles&rft.volume=203&rft.issue=Pt+22&rft.pages=3435-3443&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.203.22.3435&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11044382&rft.aulast=Papi&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Luschi%2C+P.&rft.au=Akesson%2C+S.&rft.au=Capogrossi%2C+S.&rft.au=Hays%2C+G.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcontent%2F203%2F22%2F3435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohmann2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lohmann, Kenneth J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.01.023">"Sea turtles: navigating with magnetism"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>17</b> (3): R102–R104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CBio...17.R102L">2007CBio...17.R102L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.01.023">10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.023</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276900">17276900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16252578">16252578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Sea+turtles%3A+navigating+with+magnetism&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=R102-R104&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.01.023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16252578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17276900&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007CBio...17.R102L&rft.aulast=Lohmann&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2007.01.023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuschiBenhamouGirardCiccione2007" class="citation journal cs1">Luschi, Paolo; Benhamou, Simon; Girard, Charlotte; Ciccione, Stephane; Roos, David; Sudre, Joël; Benvenuti, Silvano (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2407/">"Marine turtles use geomagnetic cues during open-sea homing"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 126–133. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CBio...17..126L">2007CBio...17..126L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2006.11.062">10.1016/j.cub.2006.11.062</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17240337">17240337</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18133913">18133913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Marine+turtles+use+geomagnetic+cues+during+open-sea+homing&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=126-133&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2006.11.062&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18133913%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17240337&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007CBio...17..126L&rft.aulast=Luschi&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Benhamou%2C+Simon&rft.au=Girard%2C+Charlotte&rft.au=Ciccione%2C+Stephane&rft.au=Roos%2C+David&rft.au=Sudre%2C+Jo%C3%ABl&rft.au=Benvenuti%2C+Silvano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchimer.ifremer.fr%2Fdoc%2F00000%2F2407%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaysÅkessonBroderickGlen2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Hays" title="Graeme Hays">Hays, Graeme C.</a>; Åkesson, Susanne; Broderick, Annette C.; Glen, Fiona; Godley, Brendan J.; Papi, Floriano; Luschi, Paolo (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1698032">"Island-finding ability of marine turtles"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>270</b> (Suppl 1): S5–S7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2003.0022">10.1098/rsbl.2003.0022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1698032">1698032</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12952621">12952621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Island-finding+ability+of+marine+turtles&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S5-S7&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1698032%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12952621&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2003.0022&rft.aulast=Hays&rft.aufirst=Graeme+C.&rft.au=%C3%85kesson%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Broderick%2C+Annette+C.&rft.au=Glen%2C+Fiona&rft.au=Godley%2C+Brendan+J.&rft.au=Papi%2C+Floriano&rft.au=Luschi%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1698032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMott,_C.2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Mott, C. (2010). <i>Sun compass orientation in juvenile green sea turtles</i> (Masters Thesis). Florida: Florida Atlantic University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Sun+compass+orientation+in+juvenile+green+sea+turtles&rft.inst=Florida+Atlantic+University&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Mott%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohmannFittinghoff_Lohmann1994" class="citation journal cs1">Lohmann, Kenneth J.; Fittinghoff Lohmann, Catherine M. (1 May 1994). "Acquisition of magnetic directional preference in hatchling loggerhead sea turtles". <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>190</b> (1): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.190.1.1">10.1242/jeb.190.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0949">0022-0949</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9317201">9317201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Acquisition+of+magnetic+directional+preference+in+hatchling+loggerhead+sea+turtles&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=1994-05-01&rft.issn=0022-0949&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9317201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.190.1.1&rft.aulast=Lohmann&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft.au=Fittinghoff+Lohmann%2C+Catherine+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohmann1991" class="citation journal cs1">Lohmann, K. J. (1991). "Magnetic orientation by hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (<i>Caretta caretta</i>)". <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>155</b>: 37–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.155.1.37">10.1242/jeb.155.1.37</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2016575">2016575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Magnetic+orientation+by+hatchling+loggerhead+sea+turtles+%28Caretta+caretta%29&rft.volume=155&rft.pages=37-49&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.155.1.37&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2016575&rft.aulast=Lohmann&rft.aufirst=K.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltschkoWiltschko1996" class="citation journal cs1">Wiltschko, Wolfgang; Wiltschko, Roswitha (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/content/199/1/29">"Magnetic orientation in birds"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>199</b> (Pt 1): 29–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.199.1.29">10.1242/jeb.199.1.29</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9317275">9317275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Magnetic+orientation+in+birds&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=Pt+1&rft.pages=29-38&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.199.1.29&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9317275&rft.aulast=Wiltschko&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Wiltschko%2C+Roswitha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcontent%2F199%2F1%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irwin,_William_P._2005-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin,_William_P._2005_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin,_William_P._2005_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwinLohmann2005" class="citation journal cs1">Irwin, William P.; Lohmann, Kenneth J. (2005). "Disruption of magnetic orientation in hatchling loggerhead sea turtles by pulsed magnetic fields". <i>Journal of Comparative Physiology A</i>. <b>191</b> (5): 475–480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00359-005-0609-9">10.1007/s00359-005-0609-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15765235">15765235</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19977908">19977908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+A&rft.atitle=Disruption+of+magnetic+orientation+in+hatchling+loggerhead+sea+turtles+by+pulsed+magnetic+fields&rft.volume=191&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=475-480&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19977908%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15765235&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00359-005-0609-9&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutmanEndresLohmannLohmann2011" class="citation journal cs1">Putman, Nathan F.; Endres, Courtney S.; Lohmann, Catherine M.F.; Lohmann, Kenneth J. (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2011.01.057">"Longitude Perception and Bicoordinate Magnetic Maps in Sea Turtles"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>21</b> (6): 463–466. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CBio...21..463P">2011CBio...21..463P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2011.01.057">10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.057</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21353561">21353561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Longitude+Perception+and+Bicoordinate+Magnetic+Maps+in+Sea+Turtles&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=463-466&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21353561&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2011.01.057&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011CBio...21..463P&rft.aulast=Putman&rft.aufirst=Nathan+F.&rft.au=Endres%2C+Courtney+S.&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+Catherine+M.F.&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+Kenneth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2011.01.057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohmannLohmann1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lohmann, Kenneth J.; Lohmann, Catherine M. F. (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/199/1/73/7364/Orientation-and-Open-Sea-Navigation-in-Sea-Turtles">"Orientation and Open-Sea Navigation in Sea Turtles"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>199</b> (1): 73–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.199.1.73">10.1242/jeb.199.1.73</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0949">0022-0949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Orientation+and+Open-Sea+Navigation+in+Sea+Turtles&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-81&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.199.1.73&rft.issn=0022-0949&rft.aulast=Lohmann&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+Catherine+M.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.biologists.com%2Fjeb%2Farticle%2F199%2F1%2F73%2F7364%2FOrientation-and-Open-Sea-Navigation-in-Sea-Turtles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrothersLohmann2015" class="citation journal cs1">Brothers, J. Roger; Lohmann, Kenneth J. (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.12.035">"Evidence for Geomagnetic Imprinting and Magnetic Navigation in the Natal Homing of Sea Turtles"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 392–396. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CBio...25..392B">2015CBio...25..392B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.12.035">10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.035</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25601546">25601546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+Geomagnetic+Imprinting+and+Magnetic+Navigation+in+the+Natal+Homing+of+Sea+Turtles&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=392-396&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25601546&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.12.035&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015CBio...25..392B&rft.aulast=Brothers&rft.aufirst=J.+Roger&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+Kenneth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2014.12.035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuxjagerDavidoffMangiameleLohmann2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fuxjager, Matthew J.; Davidoff, Kyla R.; Mangiamele, Lisa A.; Lohmann, Kenneth J. (22 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4132683">"The geomagnetic environment in which sea turtle eggs incubate affects subsequent magnetic navigation behaviour of hatchlings"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>281</b> (1791): 20141218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2014.1218">10.1098/rspb.2014.1218</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4132683">4132683</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25100699">25100699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+geomagnetic+environment+in+which+sea+turtle+eggs+incubate+affects+subsequent+magnetic+navigation+behaviour+of+hatchlings&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=1791&rft.pages=20141218&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4132683%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25100699&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2014.1218&rft.aulast=Fuxjager&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rft.au=Davidoff%2C+Kyla+R.&rft.au=Mangiamele%2C+Lisa+A.&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+Kenneth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4132683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+turtle+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/depts/geomag/">The Lohmann Lab</a> - research on se a turtle navigation</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&oldid=1225743091">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&oldid=1225743091</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sea_turtles" title="Category:Sea turtles">Sea turtles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_migration" title="Category:Animal migration">Animal migration</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2019">Use dmy dates from February 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 May 2024, at 12:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle_migration&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-djcsx","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.392","walltime":"0.497","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2196,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":74626,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":710,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":126112,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 421.395 1 -total"," 69.87% 294.425 1 Template:Reflist"," 34.39% 144.925 25 Template:Cite_journal"," 19.58% 82.497 3 Template:Cite_web"," 16.44% 69.280 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.15% 38.574 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.17% 21.783 1 Template:Further"," 4.85% 20.421 4 Template:Main_other"," 4.33% 18.247 1 Template:SDcat"," 3.52% 14.841 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.235","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5583634,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-k4xtt","timestamp":"20241122145911","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sea turtle migration","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_turtle_migration","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7440140","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7440140","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-06-06T00:42:02Z","dateModified":"2024-05-26T12:29:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5c\/Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_mydas.jpg","headline":"long-distance movements of sea turtles"}</script> </body> </html>