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id="toc-Common_law_doctrine_of_necessity_and_martial_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_law_doctrine_of_necessity_and_martial_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Common law doctrine of necessity and martial law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_law_doctrine_of_necessity_and_martial_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Azerbaijan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bahrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brunei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brunei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Brunei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brunei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauritius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Mauritius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Myanmar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.21</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.22</span> <span>Russian Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.23</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.24</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.25</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.26</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.27</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.28</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.29</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.30</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.31</span> <span>Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martial law</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krygswet" title="Krygswet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Krygswet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A" title="قانون عرفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون عرفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llei_marcial" title="Llei marcial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llei marcial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99rbi_v%C9%99ziyy%C9%99t" title="Hərbi vəziyyət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hərbi vəziyyət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="সামরিক শাসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামরিক শাসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0i-gi%C3%A2m" title="Kài-giâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kài-giâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Ваеннае становішча – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ваеннае становішча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Ваеннае становішча – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ваеннае становішча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Военно положение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Военно положение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezenn_vrezel" title="Lezenn vrezel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lezenn vrezel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llei_marcial" title="Llei marcial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llei marcial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stann%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Stanné právo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stanné právo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsrecht" title="Kriegsrecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kriegsrecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5jaseisukord" title="Sõjaseisukord – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõjaseisukord" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Στρατιωτικός νόμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατιωτικός νόμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_marcial" title="Ley marcial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley marcial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militle%C4%9Do" title="Militleĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Militleĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerra-lege" title="Gerra-lege – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gerra-lege" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="حکومت نظامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکومت نظامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_martiale" title="Loi martiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Loi martiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_marcial" title="Lei marcial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lei marcial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%97%84" title="계엄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계엄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռազմական դրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռազմական դրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="सैनिक कानून – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सैनिक कानून" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militala_judicio" title="Militala judicio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Militala judicio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linteg_militar" title="Linteg militar – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Linteg militar" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darurat_militer" title="Darurat militer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Darurat militer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herl%C3%B6g" title="Herlög – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Herlög" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_marziale" title="Legge marziale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legge marziale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99" title="ממשל צבאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממשל צבאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AAveberiya_awarte" title="Rêveberiya awarte – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rêveberiya awarte" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Согуштук кырдаал – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Согуштук кырдаал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_militaris" title="Lex militaris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lex militaris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karast%C4%81voklis" title="Karastāvoklis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karastāvoklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%A1rium" title="Statárium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Statárium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Воена состојба – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Воена состојба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87" title="احكام عرفيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="احكام عرفيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-undang_tentera" title="Undang-undang tentera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Undang-undang tentera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daruraik_maliter" title="Daruraik maliter – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Daruraik maliter" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krijgswet" title="Krijgswet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krijgswet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="सैनिक कानून – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सैनिक कानून" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%92%E5%8E%B3" title="戒厳 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="戒厳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8i_marciala" title="Lèi marciala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lèi marciala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbiy_holat" title="Harbiy holat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Harbiy holat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਫ਼ੌਜੀ ਕਾਨੂੰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ੌਜੀ ਕਾਨੂੰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_wojenny" title="Stan wojenny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stan wojenny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_marcial" title="Lei marcial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lei marcial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lege_mar%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Lege marțială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lege marțială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Военное положение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военное положение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulafono_Faamiliteli" title="Tulafono Faamiliteli – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Tulafono Faamiliteli" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligji_ushtarak" title="Ligji ushtarak – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ligji ushtarak" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="යුද්ධ නීතිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුද්ධ නීතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Martial law" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%84" title="فوجي راڄ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فوجي راڄ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stann%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Stanné právo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stanné právo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojno_stanje" title="Vojno stanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojno stanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xukun_bandow" title="Xukun bandow – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xukun bandow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="حکوومەتی سەربازی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حکوومەتی سەربازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ратно законодавство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ратно законодавство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotalaki" title="Sotalaki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sotalaki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigslagar" title="Krigslagar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krigslagar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batas_militar" title="Batas militar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Batas militar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81" title="กฎอัยการศึก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎอัยการศึก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D3%A3" title="Вазъияти низомӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вазъияти низомӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1k%C4%B1y%C3%B6netim" title="Sıkıyönetim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sıkıyönetim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Воєнний стан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Воєнний стан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="فوجی قانون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فوجی قانون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leje_marsia%C5%82e" title="Leje marsiałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Leje marsiałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%E1%BA%BFt_qu%C3%A2n_lu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Thiết quân luật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiết quân luật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%92%E5%9A%B4" title="戒嚴 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="戒嚴" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%92%E4%B8%A5" title="戒严 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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law">Marital law</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Martial law (disambiguation)">Martial law (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Martial law</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T-55A_Martial_law_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/T-55A_Martial_law_Poland.jpg/216px-T-55A_Martial_law_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/T-55A_Martial_law_Poland.jpg/324px-T-55A_Martial_law_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/T-55A_Martial_law_Poland.jpg/432px-T-55A_Martial_law_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tanks during the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">martial law in Poland</a>, December 1981</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunmore%27s_Proclamation_signed_November_7,_1775.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dunmore%27s_Proclamation_signed_November_7%2C_1775.jpg/98px-Dunmore%27s_Proclamation_signed_November_7%2C_1775.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dunmore%27s_Proclamation_signed_November_7%2C_1775.jpg/147px-Dunmore%27s_Proclamation_signed_November_7%2C_1775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dunmore%27s_Proclamation_signed_November_7%2C_1775.jpg/196px-Dunmore%27s_Proclamation_signed_November_7%2C_1775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dunmore%27s_Proclamation" title="Dunmore's Proclamation">Dunmore's Proclamation</a> declaring martial law in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> on 7 November 1775</div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">Pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_battle" title="Close-quarters battle">CQC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> 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title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_treason" title="War treason">War treason</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unrestricted warfare (page does not exist)">Unrestricted warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_effectiveness" title="Combat effectiveness">Combat effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity_(military)" title="Center of gravity (military)">Center of gravity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarization" title="Militarization">Militarization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">Camp follower</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategemata" title="Strategemata">Strategemata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military company</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Martial law</b> is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martial law can continue for a specified amount of time, or indefinitely, and standard civil liberties may be suspended for as long as martial law continues.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most often, martial law is declared in times of war or emergencies such as civil unrest and natural disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, martial law may be declared in instances of <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">military coups d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <p>Despite the fact that it has been declared frequently throughout history, martial law is still often described as largely elusive as a legal entity.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References to martial law date back to 1628 England, when <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hale_(jurist)" title="Matthew Hale (jurist)">Sir Matthew Hale</a> described martial law as, "no Law, but something indulged rather than allowed as a Law."<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being centuries old, this quote remains true in many countries around the world today. Most often, the implementation of martial law arises from necessity rather than legal right, and while some countries have provisions explicitly permitting the use of martial law, many do not.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2017_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For countries that do not explicitly permit the declaration of martial law, but where martial law has been declared, the legal justification for it is often the common law <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_necessity" title="Doctrine of necessity">doctrine of necessity</a>, or some variation of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_law_doctrine_of_necessity_and_martial_law">Common law doctrine of necessity and martial law</h3></div> <p>One legal theory most frequently associated with martial law is the common law doctrine of necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2017_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many countries, the United States for example, do not have the explicit constitutional right to declare martial law, scholars often interpret the law of the United States to allow for the implementation of martial law in times of necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-brennancenter_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennancenter-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries such as Pakistan have famously implemented this rationale as well.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2></div> <p>Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the public, as seen in multiple countries listed below. Such incidents may occur after a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> (<a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">Thailand in 2006</a> and <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">2014</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">Egypt in 2013</a>); when threatened by popular protest (China, <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a>); to suppress political opposition (<a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">martial law in Poland in 1981</a>); or to stabilize insurrections or perceived insurrections. Martial law may be declared in cases of major natural disasters; however, most countries use a different legal construct, such as a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>. </p><p>Martial law has also been imposed during conflicts, and in cases of occupations, where the absence of any other civil government provides for an unstable population. Examples of this form of military rule include post <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> reconstruction in Germany and Japan, the recovery and reconstruction of the former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> during <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> in the United States of America following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and German occupation of northern France between 1871 and 1873 after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a> ended the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. </p><p>Typically, the imposition of martial law accompanies <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfews</a>; the suspension of <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>; and the application or extension of <a href="/wiki/Military_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Military law">military law</a> or <a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">military justice</a> to civilians. Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to <a href="/wiki/Military_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Military tribunal">military tribunal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war</a>, Armenian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a> declared martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> was a period of violent conflict between <a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">British colonists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> from the mid-1820s to 1832. With an escalation of violence in the late 1820s, Lieutenant-Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="George Arthur">George Arthur</a> declared martial law in November 1828—effectively providing legal immunity for killing Aboriginal people.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would remain in force for more than three years, the longest period of martial law in the history of the British colonies on the Australian continent. As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martial_law&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, martial law has never been declared since <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">federation</a> in 1901. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h3></div> <p>During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Azerbaijani president <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a> declared martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahrain">Bahrain</h3></div> <p>In 2011, King <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a> declared martial law during an <a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">anti-government uprising</a>, granting authority to the police and military to crack down on protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was lifted on 1 June amid a continuing crackdown on the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brunei">Brunei</h3></div> <p>Brunei has been under martial law since <a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">a rebellion</a> occurred on 8 December 1962 and was put down by British troops from Singapore. The Sultan of Brunei, <a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah</a>, is presently the head of state and also the Minister of Defense and Commander in Chief of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Brunei Armed Forces">Royal Brunei Armed Forces</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3></div> <p>Bangladesh was under martial law several times, in the late 70s after <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Mujib was assassinated</a>, Martial Law was declared temporarily under Chief Martial Law administrators including Ziaur Rahman<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Muhammad_Ershad" title="Hussain Muhammad Ershad">Hussain Muhammad Ershad</a> declared Martial Law in the early 80s.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a></div> <p>The <i>War Measures Act</i> was a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a> that allowed the government to assume sweeping emergency powers, stopping short of martial law, i.e., the military did not administer justice, which remained in the hands of the courts. The act was invoked three times: During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/October_Crisis_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="October Crisis of 1970">October Crisis of 1970</a>. In 1988, the <i>War Measures Act</i> was replaced by the <i><a href="/wiki/Emergencies_Act" title="Emergencies Act">Emergencies Act</a></i>, which saw its first invocation in February 2022 amidst the <a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Freedom Convoy protests</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">colonial era</a>, martial law was proclaimed and applied in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Canada (1775)">invasion of Canada</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> in 1775–1776. It was also applied twice in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Province of Lower Canada</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">1837–1838 insurrections</a>. On December 5, following the events of November 1837, martial law was proclaimed in the district of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> by Governor <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Acheson,_2nd_Earl_of_Gosford" title="Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford">Gosford</a>, without the support of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada">Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada</a>. It was imposed until April 27, 1838. Martial law was proclaimed a second time on November 4, 1838, this time by acting Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Colborne" class="mw-redirect" title="John Colborne">John Colborne</a>, and was applied in the district of Montreal until August 24, 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">Martial law in Taiwan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror (Taiwan)</a></div> <p>In China, martial law in the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> could be dated back to the final year of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. The outline of a 1908 draft constitution—modeled on <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a>—included provisions for martial law. The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">Provisional Government of the Republic of China</a> promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China">Provisional Constitution</a> in March 1911, which authorized the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President</a> to declare martial law in times of emergency. The <i>Martial Law Declaration Act</i> were issued by the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Government">Nationalist Government</a> later in 1920s and amended in 1940s. Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the island of Taiwan came back to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">China</a>'s control given the impending withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">colonial government</a>. Martial law was declared first in 1947 in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province" title="Taiwan Province">Taiwan Province</a> after the <a href="/wiki/February_28_incident" title="February 28 incident">February 28 incident</a>, then again in 1949 as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> was also raging across the country despite the democracy promised in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a> (the central government refused to implement the constitution on Taiwan until after 1949). </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist</a>-led central government of China lost control of the mainland to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> and retreated to Taiwan in 1949, the perceived need to suppress Communist activities in Taiwan was utilised as a rationale for not lifting martial law until thirty-eight years later in 1987, just prior to the death of then President <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a>. Taiwan's period of martial law was one of the longest in modern history, after that of Syria (1967–2011).<sup id="cite_ref-reuters20110421_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters20110421-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martial law was imposed in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in 1989 following the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a> by the Communist-ruled government on mainland China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emergency_law_in_Egypt" title="Emergency law in Egypt">Emergency law in Egypt</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outside_midtown_of_Tahrir_area,_Cairo_during_martial_law,_4_February_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Outside_midtown_of_Tahrir_area%2C_Cairo_during_martial_law%2C_4_February_2011.jpg/220px-Outside_midtown_of_Tahrir_area%2C_Cairo_during_martial_law%2C_4_February_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Outside_midtown_of_Tahrir_area%2C_Cairo_during_martial_law%2C_4_February_2011.jpg/330px-Outside_midtown_of_Tahrir_area%2C_Cairo_during_martial_law%2C_4_February_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Outside_midtown_of_Tahrir_area%2C_Cairo_during_martial_law%2C_4_February_2011.jpg/440px-Outside_midtown_of_Tahrir_area%2C_Cairo_during_martial_law%2C_4_February_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Martial law in Egypt: Egyptian tanks used in a checkpoint near midtown Tahrir during the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_law_in_Egypt" title="Emergency law in Egypt">states of emergency</a> were in effect almost continuously from 1967 to 2021. A state of emergency gives military courts the power to try civilians and allows the government to detain for renewable 45-day periods and without court orders anyone deemed to be threatening state security. Public demonstrations are banned under the legislation. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>'s presidency, parliament had renewed emergency laws every three years since they were imposed. The legislation was extended in 2003 and were due to expire at the end of May 2006; plans were in place to replace it with new anti-terrorism laws. After the <a href="/wiki/2006_Dahab_bombings" title="2006 Dahab bombings">Dahab bombings</a> in April of that year, it was renewed for another two years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2008 there was a further extension to June 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2010, the state of emergency was further extended, albeit with a promise from the government to be applied only to 'Terrorism and Drugs' suspects. On 10 February 2011, during the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">uprising against his rule</a>, Mubarak promised the deletion of the relevant constitutional article regarding the emergency law in an attempt to please the mass number of protesters that demanded him to resign. The following day, he stepped down and handed control of the country to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council of the Armed Forces</a>. It meant that the presidential executive powers, the parliamentary legislative powers and the judicial powers all transferred directly to the military system which may delegate powers back and forth to any civilian institution within its territory. </p><p>The military issued in its third announcement the "end of the State of Emergency as soon as order is restored in Egypt". Before martial law, the Egyptian parliament under the constitution had the civilian power to declare a state of emergency. When in martial law, the military gained all powers of the state, including to dissolve the parliament and suspend the constitution as it did in its fifth announcement. Under martial law, the only legal framework within the Egyptian territory was the numbered announcements from the military. These announcements could for instance order any civilian laws to come back into force. The military announcements (communiqués) were the <i>de facto</i> only constitution and legal framework for the Egyptian territory. It meant that all affairs of the state were bound by the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>. </p><p>Under the current president <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a>, a series of <a href="/wiki/2019_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum" title="2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum">constitutional amendments passed in 2019</a> granted the military authority to intervene in national politics to "preserve the constitution and democracy, protect the basic principles of the state and its civil nature, and protect the people's rights and freedoms". The armed forces were separately granted policing responsibilities to arrest civilians and "protect public and vital facilities".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3></div> <p>The Preparedness Act (SDK 1552/2011, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">valmiuslaki</i>) is a law in Finnish legislation, enacted in accordance with the constitutional procedure. The purpose of the Act is to give the authorities sufficient powers in times of war and other exceptional circumstances. During a state of defence (war), there is also the Defence Status Act, the provisions of which override the Preparedness Act. Together, the two laws form the Emergency Preparedness Act. The current Emergency Preparedness Act and its predecessor of the same name (1080/1991) were designed to replace the emergency provisions previously scattered over several different acts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland">Iceland</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Icelandic constitution</a> provides no mechanism for the declaration of war, martial law nor state of emergency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <p>The sole mention of Martial Law in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian constitution</a> is in Article 34 which gives Parliament the power to indemnify persons in respect of acts done in territories where martial law was in force and to legitimize such actions. But in the text itself, there is no mention of any grants of power to declare martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puttaswamy_v._Union_of_India" title="Puttaswamy v. Union of India">Puttaswamy v. Union of India</a> declared that certain rights of life and liberty are <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural rights</a>, which cannot be curbed by the state, but also upheld the inherent right of issuing writs by courts.<sup id="cite_ref-Firstpost_rightful_place_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firstpost_rightful_place-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the power of martial law is given through an <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Enabling Act">enabling act</a> of the Parliament, it is inherently subject to the above decision. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, martial law was effectively declared in the <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act_1915" title="Defence of India Act 1915">Defense of India Act, 1915</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act,_1939" title="Defence of India Act, 1939">Defense of India Act, 1939</a>. It was also declared in most of the Punjab during 1919 as a response to tensions caused by the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Amritsar Massacre</a>. These tensions were caused due to the controversial <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Indonesian_offensive_in_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="2003–04 Indonesian offensive in Aceh">2003–04 Indonesian offensive in Aceh</a></div> <p>On 18 May 2003, during a military activity in <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, under the order of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">president</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army" title="Indonesian Army">Indonesian Army</a> Chief imposed martial law for a period of six months to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a> separatists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3></div> <p>On 7 September 1978, in response to public demonstrations protesting the perceived government involvement in the death of the son of Ayatollah Khomeini, <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Khomeini" title="Mostafa Khomeini">Mostafa Khomeini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> appointed Chief of Army Staff General <a href="/wiki/Gholam_Ali_Oveisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gholam Ali Oveisi">Gholam Ali Oveisi</a> as the military governor of the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacroHistory:_World_History_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacroHistory:_World_History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 September, the government effectively declared martial law on the capital along with several other cities throughout the country, after which further protests erupted that lead to the army opening fire on a group of protesters in Tehran's Jaleh Square on the same day. Estimates on the number of casualties vary; However, according to Iranian human rights activist <a href="/wiki/Emadeddin_Baghi" title="Emadeddin Baghi">Emadeddin Baghi</a>, the number of people killed was 88 of which 64 were gunned down in Jaleh Square.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1978)" title="Black Friday (1978)">Black Friday</a>. Unable to control the unrest, the Shah dissolved the civil government headed by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jafar_Sharif-Emami" title="Jafar Sharif-Emami">Jafar Sharif-Emami</a> on 6 November and appointed General <a href="/wiki/Gholam_Reza_Azhari" title="Gholam Reza Azhari">Gholam Reza Azhari</a> as the prime minister whom ultimately failed in his efforts to restore order to the country. As he was preparing to leave the country, the Shah dissolved the military government and appointed <a href="/wiki/Shapour_Bakhtiar" title="Shapour Bakhtiar">Shapour Bakhtiar</a>, a reformist critic of his rule, as the new prime minister on 4 January 1979. Bakhtiar's government fell on 11 February and gave rise to the Islamic Republic and the creation of a new constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-MacroHistory:_World_History_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacroHistory:_World_History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 79 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a> forbids the proclamation of martial law without the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WIPO_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIPO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3></div> <p>In 1916, during the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Guest,_1st_Viscount_Wimborne" title="Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne">Lord Wimborne</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a>, declared martial law to maintain order in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. This was later extended both in duration and geographical reach to the whole of the country with the consent of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> government. Much of Ireland was declared under martial law by the British authorities during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>. A large portion of Ireland was also under de facto martial law during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a>. </p><p>In late July 1921 Lord Cave (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>) ruled on an appeal that:"...the military court, the validity of whose sentence was called into question, was a body possessing no statutory or common law authority...". The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery_(Ireland)" title="Court of Chancery (Ireland)">Court of Chancery (Ireland)</a> also ruled that the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Order_in_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920">Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920</a> had superseded the power to declare martial law. Any sentences by military tribunals that were not in accordance with that Act were declared void.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Irish Constitution</a> allows for martial law if the government declares a state of emergency; however capital punishment is prohibited in all circumstances, including a state of emergency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3></div> <p>Military administrative government was in effect from 1949 to 1966 over some geographical areas of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> having large <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab</a> populations, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(Israel)" title="Triangle (Israel)">Triangle</a>. The residents of these areas were subject to martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-Feron_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feron-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kodmani-Darwish_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodmani-Darwish-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> enforced strict residency rules. Any Arab not registered in a census taken during November 1948 was deported.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Permits from the military governor had to be procured to travel more than a given distance from a person's registered place of residence, and <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">administrative detentions</a>, and expulsions were common.<sup id="cite_ref-Feron_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feron-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the military administration was officially for geographical areas, and not people, its restrictions were seldom enforced on the Jewish residents of these areas. In the early 1950s, martial law ceased to be in effect for those Arab citizens living in predominantly Jewish cities of <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>, constituting a total of approximately 15% of the Arab population of Israel. But military rule remained in place on the remaining Arab population elsewhere within Israel until 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This period is remembered for its extreme crackdown on political rights, as well as unaccountable military brutality. Most political and civil organization was prohibited. Flying of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Palestine" title="Flag of Palestine">Palestinian flag</a>, as well as other expressions of Palestinian patriotism were prohibited. Furthermore, despite theoretical guarantee of full political rights, military government personnel frequently made threats against Arabs citizens if they did not vote in elections for the candidates favored by the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the most commemorated incidence of military brutality in this time period was the <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim_massacre" title="Kafr Qasim massacre">Kafr Qasim massacre</a> in 1956, in which the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Border_Police" title="Israel Border Police">Israel Border Police</a> killed 48 people (19 men, 6 women and 23 children aged 8–17) as they were returning home from work in the evening. The Israeli army had ordered that all Arab villages in the proximity of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Green Line</a> be placed under curfew. However, this order came into effect before the residents of these localities, including residents of <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim" title="Kafr Qasim">Kafr Qasim</a>, were notified. </p><p>Following the 1967 war, in which the Israeli army occupied the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> in Syria, and the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> in Egypt, martial law over the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> population as well as the Jordanian, Syrian, and Egyptian populations in these areas was put in place. In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_I_Accord" title="Oslo I Accord">Oslo I</a> agreements facilitated limited self-rule for Palestinians under the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a>. Officially, only parts of <a href="/wiki/Area_C_(West_Bank)" title="Area C (West Bank)">Area C</a> in the West Bank are under martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Lebanon war">2006 Lebanon war</a>, martial law was declared by Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Amir_Peretz" title="Amir Peretz">Amir Peretz</a> over the north of the country. The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> were granted the authority to issue instructions to civilians, and to close down offices, schools, camps and factories in cities considered under threat of attack, as well as to impose curfews on cities in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-Jpost_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jpost-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instructions of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Front_Command" title="Home Front Command">Home Front Command</a> are obligatory under martial law, rather than merely recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-Jpost_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jpost-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order signed by Peretz was in effect for 48 hours<sup id="cite_ref-Jpost_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jpost-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was extended by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel" title="Cabinet of Israel">Cabinet</a> and the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee over the war's duration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauritius">Mauritius</h3></div> <p>Mauritius is known as being a "Westminster" style of democracy but a peculiar system that was imposed in Mauritius during a period of civil unrest in 1968 as an emergency measure, has never been repealed and is still used by the police force there to this day. The system, which has no apparent foundation in the constitution of Mauritius, enables the police to arrest without having to demonstrate reasonable suspicion that a crime has been carried out but simply on the submission of "provisional information" to the magistrate. The accused is then placed on remand or bail and required to report to the police or the court on a regular basis, sometimes every day. There are examples of this system being used to intimidate or coerce individuals in civil litigations.<sup id="cite_ref-Raouf_Gulbul_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raouf_Gulbul-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h3></div> <p>On 1 February 2021, democratically elected members of Myanmar, known as the <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a>, were overthrown by Myanmar's military, called the <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Tatmadaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2023_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2023-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This military placed their power in a <a href="/wiki/State_Administration_Council" title="State Administration Council">military junta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw20230227_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw20230227-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five days following the coup, factory workers around Yangon (a region in Myanmar) held protests against the coup regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2023_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2023-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 March, security forces killed upwards of sixty-five protestors in the town of Hlaingtharyar.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw20230227_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw20230227-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the military junta declared martial law over the region of Yangon, including over the majority of industrial zones.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw20230227_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw20230227-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 22 February 2023, Myanmar's military junta has declared martial law over a total of 50 townships in the regions of Chin, Kachin, Karen, Karenni, Mon States, Yangon and Mandalay.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw20230227_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw20230227-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News reports indicate that since the military coup in February 2021, and the subsequent declaration of martial law in Myanmar regions, military tribunals have sentenced more than 100 people to death.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw20230227_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw20230227-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports further indicate that a total of three townships in Myanmar's northwest reside under the "executive and judicial jurisdiction of regional military commander Maj. Gen. Than Htike," who has since been sanctioned by the European Union for alleged human rights violations since Myanmar's declaration of martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw20230227_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw20230227-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Military coups in Pakistan</a></div> <p>Martial law was declared in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> on 7 October 1958, by President <a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a> who then appointed General <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (general)">Muhammad Ayub Khan</a> as the Chief Martial Law Administrator and Aziz Ahmad as Secretary General and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator. However, three weeks later General Ayub—who had been openly questioning the authority of the government before the imposition of martial law—deposed Iskandar Mirza on 27 October 1958 and assumed the presidency that practically formalized the militarization of the political system in Pakistan. Four years later a new document, Constitution of 1962, was adopted. The second martial law was imposed on 25 March 1969 by Yahya Khan, when President Yahya Khan abrogated the Constitution of 1962 and Ayub Khan handed over power to the Army Commander-in-Chief, General <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan</a>. On assuming the presidency, General Yahya Khan acceded to popular demands by abolishing the one-unit system in West Pakistan and ordered general elections on the principle of one man one vote. </p><p>The civilian martial law was imposed by <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, the first civilian to hold this post in Pakistan after the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>. On 21 December 1971, Bhutto took this post as well as that of President. It was the first civilian martial law. </p><p>The third was imposed by the General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a> on 5 July 1977. After several tumultuous years, which witnessed the secession of <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> to form Bangladesh, politician <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> took over in 1971 as the first civilian martial law administrator in recent history, imposing selective martial law in areas hostile to his rule, such as the country's largest province, <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Balochistan</a>. Following widespread <a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">civil disorder</a>, General Zia overthrew Bhutto and imposed martial law in its totality on 5 July 1977, in a bloodless <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. Unstable areas were brought under control through indirect <a href="/wiki/Military_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Military action">military action</a>, such as Balochistan under Martial Law Governor, General <a href="/wiki/Rahimuddin_Khan" title="Rahimuddin Khan">Rahimuddin Khan</a>. Civilian government resumed in 1988 following General Zia's death in an aircraft crash. </p><p>On 12 October 1999, the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> was dissolved, and the Army took control once more. A fourth martial law was imposed. General <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> took the title of <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive">Chief Executive</a> until the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Rafiq_Tarar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafiq Tarar">Rafiq Tarar</a> resigned and General Musharraf became president. Elections were held in October 2002 and <a href="/wiki/Zafarullah_Khan_Jamali" class="mw-redirect" title="Zafarullah Khan Jamali">Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali</a> became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a>. Jamali's premiership was followed by <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Shujaat_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain">Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Aziz" title="Shaukat Aziz">Shaukat Aziz</a>. While the government was supposed to be run by an elected prime minister, there was a common understanding that important decisions were made by the President General Musharraf. </p><p>General Pervez Musharraf pointed out it as an emergency, not Martial Law. The Constitution, Parliament and Provincial Assemblies were suspended and Musharraf issued "Proclamation of Emergency" on 14 October 1999. </p><p>On 3 November 2007, President General Musharraf declared the state of emergency in the country which is claimed to be equivalent to the state of martial law as the constitution of Pakistan of 1973 was suspended, and the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court were fired. </p><p>On 12 November 2007, Musharraf issued some amendments in the Military Act, which gave the armed forces some additional powers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines" title="Martial law in the Philippines">Martial law in the Philippines</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II in the Philippines">Second World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">José P. Laurel</a> placed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a> (then a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a>) under martial law via Proclamation № 29, dated 21 September 1944 and enforced the following day at 09:00 <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Standard_Time" title="Philippine Standard Time">PST</a>. Proclamation № 30 was issued on 23 September, declaring the existence of a <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">state of war</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, effective 10:00 that day. </p><p>The country was under martial law again from 1972 to 1981 under President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_%E2%84%96_1081" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation № 1081">Proclamation № 1081</a> ("Proclaiming a State of Martial Law in the Philippines") was signed on 21 September 1972 and came into force on 23 September. The official reason behind the declaration was to suppress increasing civil strife and the threat of a <a href="/wiki/Communist_rebellion_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist rebellion in the Philippines">communist takeover</a>, particularly after a series of bombings (including the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda_bombing" title="Plaza Miranda bombing">Plaza Miranda bombing</a>) and an assassination attempt on <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_National_Defense_(Philippines)" title="Secretary of National Defense (Philippines)">Defense Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a>. </p><p>The policy of martial law was initially well received, but it eventually proved unpopular as the military's <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">human rights</a> abuses (e.g. use of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> in intelligence gathering, <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearances</a>), along with the decadence and excess of the Marcos family and their allies, had emerged. Coupled with economic downturns, these factors fermented dissent in various sectors (e.g. the urban <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>) that crystallised with the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.">assassination</a> of jailed oppositionist <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a> in 1983, and widespread fraud in the <a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">1986 snap elections</a>. These eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/1986_People_Power_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 People Power Revolution">1986 People Power Revolution</a> that ousted Marcos and forced him into exile in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> where he died in 1989; his rival presidential candidate and Aquino's widow, <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon</a>, was installed as his successor. </p><p>During this 9-year period, curfews were implemented as a safety measure. Majority of radio and television networks were suspended. Journalists who were accused of speaking against the government were taken as political prisoners, some of them to be physically abused and tortured by the authorities. </p><p>Others have stated that the implementation of Martial Law was taken advantage by the Marcos regime. Billion pesos worth of property and ill-gotten wealth was said to be acquired by Marcos' consort, <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of the Philippines">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a>. This alleged money laundering issue was brought back recently, particularly in the <i><a href="/wiki/PiliPinas_Debates_2016" title="PiliPinas Debates 2016">PiliPinas Debates 2016</a></i> for the recently held <a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2016 Philippine presidential election">Philippine Presidential Elections on May 9, 2016</a>. Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr., Marcos' son, ran for the vice presidency and lost. </p><p>There were rumours that President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> was planning to impose martial law to end military <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d'etat">coup d'etat</a></i> plots, general civilian dissatisfaction, and criticism of her legitimacy arising from the dubious results of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2004 Philippine presidential election">2004 presidential elections</a>. Instead, a <a href="/wiki/2006_state_of_emergency_in_the_Philippines" title="2006 state of emergency in the Philippines">State of National Emergency</a> was imposed in 2006 from 24 February to 3 March, in order to quash a coup attempt and quell protesters. </p><p>On 4 December 2009, President Arroyo officially placed the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao" title="Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a> under a state of martial law through Proclamation № 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-gmanews.tv_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gmanews.tv-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the last imposition, the declaration suspended the <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_habeas_corpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Writ of habeas corpus">writ of habeas corpus</a> in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The announcement came days after hundreds of government troops were sent to the province to raid the armories of the powerful Ampatuan clan. The Ampatuans were implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Maguindanao Massacre">massacre of 58 persons</a>, including women from the rival <a href="/wiki/Esmael_Mangudadatu" title="Esmael Mangudadatu">Mangudadatu clan</a>, human rights lawyers, and 31 media workers. Cited as one of the bloodiest incidents of <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> in Philippine history, the massacre was condemned worldwide as the worst loss of life of media professionals in one day.<sup id="cite_ref-gmanews.tv_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gmanews.tv-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 May 2017, President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> declared martial law throughout the main southern island of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._216" title="Proclamation No. 216">Proclamation No. 216</a>, due to the <a href="/wiki/Marawi_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marawi crisis">attack</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maute_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Maute Group">Maute Group</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marawi_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Marawi City">Marawi City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Sur" title="Lanao del Sur">Lanao del Sur</a>. It was announced in a briefing in Moscow by Secretary <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Abella" title="Ernesto Abella">Ernesto Abella</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-news.abs-cbn.com_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.abs-cbn.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was in effect until December 2019. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_08.JPG/230px-Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_08.JPG/345px-Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_08.JPG/460px-Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6366" data-file-height="4259" /></a><figcaption>Polish <a href="/wiki/ZOMO" class="mw-redirect" title="ZOMO">ZOMO</a> squads with <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">police batons</a> preparing to violently disperse protesters during <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">martial law in Poland</a>, 1981–1983. The <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcastic</a> caption reads "outstretched hands of understanding" or "outstretched hands for agreement", with batons ironically symbolizing hands. 91 protesters died at the hands of the ZOMO and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Secret Services (SB)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Martial law was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> on 13 December 1981, by General <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a> to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Extra-parliamentary_opposition" title="Extra-parliamentary opposition">extraparliamentary</a> opposition from gaining popularity and political power in the country. Thousands of people linked to the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity Movement">Solidarity Movement</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>, were arbitrarily arrested and detained. Approximately 91 deaths are attributed to the martial law, including 9 miners shot by the police force during the pacification of striking <a href="/wiki/Wujek_Coal_Mine" title="Wujek Coal Mine">Wujek Coal Mine</a>. Curfews, censorship and food rationing were in place. A nationwide travel ban was imposed. The martial law was eventually lifted on 22 July 1983. Contemporary Polish society is divided in opinion on the necessity of introducing martial law in 1981. It is viewed by some as a lesser evil that was necessary to stop a potential <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> military intervention as the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, which Poland signed in 1955, enabled other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries to intervene if they believed that communism was in danger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Federation">Russian Federation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law in Russia</a></div> <p>In the Russian Federation recourse to martial law is governed by a document passed 30 January 2002 as No. 1-FKZ (1-ФКЗ).<sup id="cite_ref-n1fkz_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n1fkz-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3></div> <p>In October 1946, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">United States Army Military Government in Korea</a> declared martial law as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Daegu_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Daegu Riot">Daegu Riot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-champyungan_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-champyungan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 November 1948, <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a>'s regime proclaimed martial law in order to quell the <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeju Uprising">Jeju Uprising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jejuweekly20100331_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jejuweekly20100331-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 April 1960, the Rhee government proclaimed martial law again in order to suppress the <a href="/wiki/April_Revolution" title="April Revolution">April Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hankyoreh20110418_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hankyoreh20110418-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the 12·12 Military Insurrection of 12 December 1979, General <a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" title="Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_May_Seventeenth" title="Coup d'état of May Seventeenth">Coup d'état of May Seventeenth</a> in 1980 and forced the Cabinet to extend martial law nationwide, which set off the <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Uprising" title="Gwangju Uprising">Gwangju Uprising</a> of 18 May 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 December 2024, president <a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon Suk Yeol</a> declared a state of <a href="/wiki/2024_South_Korean_martial_law" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 South Korean martial law">emergency martial law</a> to "safeguard a liberal South Korea from the threats posed by North Korea's communist forces and to eliminate anti-state elements".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on 4 December 2024 at 01:01 AM <a href="/wiki/Korean_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Standard Time">KST</a>, 190 lawmakers who were present at the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly</a> voted unanimously to lift martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martial law was formally lifted by president Yoon around 4:50 a.m.; martial law was in effect for about six hours.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3></div> <p>There are no provisions for martial law as such in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. Under the <i>Army Law</i> of 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Army">Army</a> can be called upon by <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantonal</a> (state) authorities for assistance (<i>Assistenzdienst</i>). This regularly happens in the case of natural disasters or special protection requirements (e.g., for the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a>). This assistance generally requires parliamentary authorization, though, and takes place in the regular legal framework and under the civilian leadership of the cantonal authorities. On the other hand, the federal authorities are authorized to use the Army to enforce law and order when the Cantons no longer can or want to do so (<i>Ordnungsdienst</i>). With this came many significant points of reference. This power largely fell into disuse after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3></div> <p>The martial law regime between the <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a> and 2011 is the longest ranging period of active martial law.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (May 2017)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Martial_law#Syria:_martial_law_vs_exceptional_state" title="Talk:Martial law">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters20110421_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters20110421-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to other countries, martial law in Syria was established as a response to the declaration of a state of emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When on 8 March 1963, the Baath Party seized power, the prime minister of Syria, acting as the martial law governor, was granted extraordinary powers through his declaration of a state of emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw2007_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw2007-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian laws enabled the martial law governor to place many restrictions on freedoms of individuals, such as with respect to "meetings, residence, travel and passage in specific places or at particular times; to preventatively arrest anyone suspected of endangering public security and order; to authorize investigation of persons and places; and to delegate any person to perform any of these tasks."<sup id="cite_ref-hrw2007_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw2007-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the state of emergency declaration in Syria remained intact for nearly 50 consecutive years, prompting intervention and commentary from the international community.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw2007_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw2007-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International bodies declared such an extended state of emergency as against international law. Specifically, it was held to be in violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (hereinafter "ICCPR"), which Syria is a party to.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw2007_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw2007-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 4 of the ICCPR "limits the application of emergency laws to a time of 'public emergency which threatens the life of the nation and the existence of which is officially proclaimed.' It further stipulates that the state parties to the ICCPR may derogate from their obligations under the treaty only 'to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with their other obligations under international law.'"<sup id="cite_ref-ohchr_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohchr-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, Syria responded to the allegations from the ICCPR, and countered that it was in compliance with the ICCPR in a report to the United Nations Human Rights Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-un2009_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un2009-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syria justified this ongoing declaration of emergency through their concerns of ongoing threats of war by Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw2007_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw2007-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On 28 July 2005, the United Nations responded: </p><blockquote><p>"Noting with concern that the state of emergency declared some forty years ago is still in force and provides for many derogations in law or practice from the rights guaranteed under articles 9 14, 19, and 22, among others, of the Covenant, without any convincing explanation being given as to the relevance of these derogations to the conflict with Israel and as to the necessity of these derogations to meet the exigencies of the situation claimed to have been created by the conflict."<sup id="cite_ref-un2009_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un2009-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ohchr_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohchr-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>In further response, Syria reiterated their position that the ongoing emergency declaration was due to a continued threat of war with Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-un2009_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un2009-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hrw2007_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw2007-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite ongoing dialogue over a period of years between Syria, the ICCPR, and the United Nations, the declaration remained in effect for the next six years from the 2005 statement made by the United Nations advising of the invalidity of such an extensive state of emergency declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-un2009_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un2009-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ohchr_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohchr-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hrw2007_62-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw2007-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, after 48 years, in April 2011, President Bashar al-Assad ended Syria's state of emergency, thereby signaling the end of the longest martial law ruling in history.<sup id="cite_ref-routledge2016_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge2016-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This came as a response to <a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">protests</a> demanding freedom from the historically long police rule over Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-routledge2016_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge2016-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">Martial law in Taiwan</a></div> <p>Martial law was in force in Taiwan from 1949 to 1987, for a total of 38 consecutive years.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martial law in Taiwan refers to the periods in the history of Taiwan after World War II that are under the control by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Republic of China Armed Forces</a> of the Kuomintang-led Government of the Republic of China regime. This qualified as "the longest imposition of martial law by a regime anywhere in the world" at that time,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has since been surpassed by Brunei and Syria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3></div> <p>Martial law in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> derives statutory authority from the Act promulgated by King <a href="/wiki/Vajiravudh" title="Vajiravudh">Vajiravudh</a> following the abortive <a href="/wiki/Palace_Revolt_of_1912" title="Palace Revolt of 1912">Palace Revolt of 1912</a>, entitled "Martial Law, B.E. 2457 (1914)". Many coups have been attempted or succeeded since then, but the Act governing martial law, amended in 1942, 1944, 1959 and 1972, has remained essentially the same.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2004, the Prime Minister of Thailand, <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>, declared a state of martial law in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Province">Pattani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yala_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yala Province">Yala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Narathiwat_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Narathiwat Province">Narathiwat</a> in response to the growing <a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a>. On 19 September 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Royal Thai Armed Forces</a> declared martial law following a bloodless <a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">military coup</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thai</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, declared while Prime Minister Shinawatra was in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to address the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>. <a href="/wiki/General_Sonthi_Boonyaratglin" class="mw-redirect" title="General Sonthi Boonyaratglin">General Sonthi Boonyaratglin</a> took the control of the government, and soon after handed the premiership to ex-Army Chief <a href="/wiki/General_Surayud" class="mw-redirect" title="General Surayud">General Surayud</a>. Sonthi himself is <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Administrative_Reform_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Administrative Reform Council">Chief of the Administrative Reform Council</a>. At 3 am, on 20 May 2014, following seven months of civil and political unrest, Army Commander-in-Chief Gen. <a href="/wiki/Prayut_Chan-ocha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayut Chan-ocha">Prayut Chan-ocha</a>, declared martial law nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_and_state_of_emergency_in_Turkey" title="Martial law and state of emergency in Turkey">Martial law and state of emergency in Turkey</a></div> <p>Since the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> in 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> conducted three <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups d'état</a> and declared martial law. The first instance was established following the <a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a>, which toppled down the <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Turkey,_1946%E2%80%931961)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)">Democrat Party</a> government and executed its leaders. The second was established after the <a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a> for a short period of time to impose reforms to confront escalated domestic violence, which proved unsuccessful. As a result of conflicts between <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far-left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> groups in Turkey growing, martial law was established for the third time in 1978, followed by the <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a> that was kept in place until 1983. The martial law between 1978 and 1983 was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> in a limited number of provinces that lasted until November 2002. The <a href="/wiki/Peace_at_Home_Council" title="Peace at Home Council">Peace at Home Council</a>'s official statement in a broadcast on <a href="/wiki/TRT_1" title="TRT 1">TRT</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="2016 Turkish coup attempt">2016 coup attempt</a> included a declaration of martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Ukraine" title="Martial law in Ukraine">Martial law in Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martial_Law_in_Ukraine_(2018).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Martial_Law_in_Ukraine_%282018%29.svg/220px-Martial_Law_in_Ukraine_%282018%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Martial_Law_in_Ukraine_%282018%29.svg/330px-Martial_Law_in_Ukraine_%282018%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Martial_Law_in_Ukraine_%282018%29.svg/440px-Martial_Law_in_Ukraine_%282018%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>2018 martial law in parts of Ukraine</figcaption></figure> <p>The restrictions from martial law were defined in a 2015 law "On the Legal Regime of Martial Law". The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a> decides on the declaration of martial law and then <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> must approve it.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martial law was first declared in Ukraine in 2018 and as a response to Russian hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-americanbar_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americanbar-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 November 2018, lawmakers in the Verkhovna Rada overwhelmingly backed President <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a>'s imposition of martial law along Ukraine's coastal regions and those bordering the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, an unrecognized breakaway state of <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> which has <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_presence_in_Transnistria" title="Russian military presence in Transnistria">Russian troops stationed in its territory</a>, in response to the <a href="/wiki/2018_Kerch_Strait_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Kerch Strait incident">firing upon and seizure</a> of Ukrainian naval ships by Russia near the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimean Peninsula</a> a day earlier. A total of 276 lawmakers in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> backed the measure, which took effect on 28 November 2018 and automatically expired in 30 days.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This period of martial law was both intended to be, and ultimately was, limited in scope.<sup id="cite_ref-americanbar_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americanbar-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then-president Poroshenko proposed a 60-day martial law period, but ultimately a 30-day period of martial law was signed into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-americanbar_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americanbar-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period of martial law came to an end at its scheduled 30-day mark.<sup id="cite_ref-americanbar_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americanbar-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This declaration was limited to specific areas of Ukraine, including territories along the Russia-Ukraine border, the Moldova-Ukraine border, the coasts of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, and the Azov – Kerch international waters.<sup id="cite_ref-americanbar_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americanbar-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 February 2022, President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a> declared martial law in response to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, on 15 March, the Parliament of Ukraine adopted the Law of Ukraine "On Organizing Labor Relations under Martial Law" which came into effect on March 24, 2022, and "clarified relevant restrictions of the constitutional right and freedoms and set out special rules applicable to labor relations to replace the 'normal' rules of the Labour Code of Ukraine."<sup id="cite_ref-americanbar_74-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americanbar-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 4(7) of the Law of Ukraine holds that the "General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine shall direct, coordinate and control the activities of regional military administrations on defense, public safety, and order, and implement measures of martial law. The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine shall direct, coordinate and control the regional military administrations regarding other issues."<sup id="cite_ref-americanbar_74-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americanbar-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of November 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martial_law&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there have been ten extensions to the Ukrainian declaration of martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-rferl_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rferl-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to the <a href="/wiki/Next_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election" title="Next Ukrainian parliamentary election">2023 legislative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Next_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="Next Ukrainian presidential election">2024 presidential elections</a> being delayed, due to elections not being allowed to be held in times of martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-rferl_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rferl-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_United_States" title="Martial law in the United States">Martial law in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus_in_the_United_States#Federal_law" title="Habeas corpus in the United States">Habeas corpus in the United States § Federal law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suspension_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension Clause">Suspension Clause</a></div> <p>In the United States, martial law has been declared for a state or other locality under various circumstances including after a direct foreign attack (Hawaii after the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor">Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor</a>; New Orleans during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a>); after a major disaster (Chicago after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chicago_Fire" title="Great Chicago Fire">Great Chicago Fire</a> of 1871; San Francisco after the <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_of_1906" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquake of 1906">earthquake of 1906</a>); and in response to chaos associated with protests and mob action (San Francisco during the <a href="/wiki/1934_West_Coast_waterfront_strike" title="1934 West Coast waterfront strike">1934 West Coast waterfront strike</a>; Montgomery, Alabama, following the mob actions against the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders#Mob_violence_in_Montgomery" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a>). It has also been declared by renegade local leaders seeking to avoid arrest or challenges to their authority (<a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a> by Joseph Smith during the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Mormon_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Mormon War">Illinois Mormon War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> by Governor Brigham Young during the <a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The martial law concept in the United States is closely tied with the right of <i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a></i>, which is in essence the right to a hearing on lawful imprisonment, or more broadly, the supervision of law enforcement by the judiciary. The ability to suspend <i>habeas corpus</i> is related to the imposition of martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 1, Section 9 of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> states, "The Privilege of the Writ of <i>Habeas Corpus</i> shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it." There have been many instances of the use of the military within the borders of the United States, such as during the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> and in the South during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, but these acts are not tantamount to a declaration of martial law. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">United States law</a>, martial law is limited by several court decisions handed down between the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In 1878, <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Act" title="Posse Comitatus Act">Posse Comitatus Act</a>, which, depending on the circumstances, can forbid U.S. military involvement in domestic law enforcement without congressional approval.(<a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1385">§ 1385</a>, original at 20 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-20-152">152</a>) </p><p>The legality of the implementation of martial law was examined in 1866, in the court case <i>Ex parte Milligan</i>, 71 U.S. 2 (1866).<sup id="cite_ref-ex-parte-milligan_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ex-parte-milligan-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this case, the Supreme Court established that trying civilians in military tribunals was unconstitutional unless there were no civilian courts available.<sup id="cite_ref-ex-parte-milligan_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ex-parte-milligan-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the ability to declare martial law over the United States is not explicitly granted in the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, martial law has been declared at least 68 times in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-brennancenter_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennancenter-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two main schools of thought regarding the declaration of martial law. First, some scholars argue that the ability to declare martial law is a constitutional power vested in Congress, and in some cases of emergency, the President.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieber2019_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieber2019-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second school of thought believes that the power to declare martial law in the United States is not expressed in any law, but rather arises as a matter of necessity and in the interests of "national self-preservation."<sup id="cite_ref-Lieber2019_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieber2019-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it stands today, there is no explicit provision in the Constitution granting powers to any specific body of government to declare martial law. </p><p>Historically, martial law has been declared in response to national emergencies in the United States. In Hawaii, for example, martial law was instituted following the attack on Pearl Harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-pearlharbor_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pearlharbor-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court evaluated the legality of declaring martial law in Hawaii in the court case <i>Duncan v. Kahanamoku</i>, 327 U.S. 304 (1946).<sup id="cite_ref-duncan-v-kahanamoku_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duncan-v-kahanamoku-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, the Supreme Court held that although Hawaii was not yet a state, the legality of declaring martial law must be analyzed as though Hawaii was one.<sup id="cite_ref-duncan-v-kahanamoku_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duncan-v-kahanamoku-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the United States determined that the safety of the residents of Hawaii was their responsibility, and martial law was implemented throughout the Hawaiian Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-pearlharbor_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pearlharbor-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</h3></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> in 1991, a "State of Direct War Threat" was declared. Although forces from the whole <a href="/wiki/SFRY" class="mw-redirect" title="SFRY">SFRY</a> were included in this conflict, martial law was never announced, but after secession, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> declared martial law. On 23 March 1999, a "State of Direct War Threat" was declared in <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, following the possibility of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> air-strikes. The day after strikes began, martial law was declared, which lasted until June 1999, although strikes ended on 10 June, following <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumanovo Treaty">Kumanovo Treaty</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEFCON" title="DEFCON">DEFCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rule_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Military rule (disambiguation)">Military rule (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a>, a form of government headed by military generals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">Military junta</a>, a government led by a committee of military leaders.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a>, a form of autocratic rule led by the military.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a>, a form of government with strong central power and limited freedoms.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/martial-law">"Martial law"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Martial+law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fmartial-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/martial-law.asp">"What Is Martial Law? Meaning, History In the U.S., and Example"</a>. <i>Investopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=What+Is+Martial+Law%3F+Meaning%2C+History+In+the+U.S.%2C+and+Example&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fm%2Fmartial-law.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/martial_law">"martial law"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=martial+law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fmartial_law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LIEBER, FRANCIS, and G. NORMAN LIEBER. <i>To Save the Country: A Lost Treatise on Martial Law</i>. Edited by Will Smiley and John Fabian Witt, Yale University Press, 2019. <i>JSTOR</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvk8vz1h">10.2307/j.ctvk8vz1h</a>. Accessed 30 March 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2017_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2017_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2017_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2017_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2017" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Cameron (9 November 2017). <i>Crown and Sword: Executive power and the use of force by the Australian Defence Force</i>. <a href="/wiki/ANU_Press" title="ANU Press">ANU Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2Fcs.11.2017">10.22459/cs.11.2017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-155-3"><bdi>978-1-76046-155-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crown+and+Sword%3A+Executive+power+and+the+use+of+force+by+the+Australian+Defence+Force&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2017-11-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2Fcs.11.2017&rft.isbn=978-1-76046-155-3&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brennancenter-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brennancenter_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brennancenter_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/guide-declarations-martial-law-united-states">"Guide to Declarations of Martial Law in the United States | Brennan Center for Justice"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Declarations+of+Martial+Law+in+the+United+States+%7C+Brennan+Center+for+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brennancenter.org%2Four-work%2Fresearch-reports%2Fguide-declarations-martial-law-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark M. Stavsky, <i>The Doctrine of Necessity in Pakistan</i>, 16 Cornell Int. L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bahrain+declares+martial+law+as+protesters+clash+with+troops&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Chulov&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fmar%2F15%2Fbahrain-martial-law-protesters-troops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoepf2011" class="citation news cs1">Zoepf, Katherine (2 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/02/world/middleeast/02bahrain.html">"Bahrain Ends Martial Law but Renews Crackdown on Protests"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+Revolution+%7C+King+Pahlavi+%28the+Shah%29+against+Dissent&rft.pub=MacroHistory%3A+World+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsmitha.com%2Fh2%2Fch29ir.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emadbaghi.com/en/archives/000592.php">"Emad Baghi :: English"</a>. <i>www.emadbaghi.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.emadbaghi.com&rft.atitle=Emad+Baghi+%3A%3A+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emadbaghi.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2F000592.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Article 79", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iran_1989?lang=en#300"><i>Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</i></a>, 1989<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>, <q>The proclamation of martial law is forbidden.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Article+79&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FIran_1989%3Flang%3Den%23300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WIPO-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WIPO_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ir/ir001en.pdf">"Iranian Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>WIPO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=Iranian+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Flexdocs%2Flaws%2Fen%2Fir%2Fir001en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownshend1982" class="citation journal cs1">Townshend, Charles (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2638811">"Martial Law: Legal and Administrative Problems of Civil Emergency in Britain and the Empire, 1800-1940"</a>. <i>The Historical Journal</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00009900">10.1017/S0018246X00009900</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638811">2638811</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Martial+Law%3A+Legal+and+Administrative+Problems+of+Civil+Emergency+in+Britain+and+the+Empire%2C+1800-1940&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=187&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00009900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638811%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Townshend&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feron-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feron_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feron_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValerie_Féron2001" class="citation book cs1">Valerie Féron (2001). <i>Palestine(s): Les déchirures</i>. Paris, Editions du Felin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86645-391-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-86645-391-3"><bdi>2-86645-391-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine%28s%29%3A+Les+d%C3%A9chirures&rft.pub=Paris%2C+Editions+du+Felin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=2-86645-391-3&rft.au=Valerie+F%C3%A9ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kodmani-Darwish-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kodmani-Darwish_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassma_Kodmani-Darwish1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani-Darwish</a> (1997). <i><span></span></i>La Diaspora Palestinienne<i><span></span></i>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-13-048486-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-13-048486-7"><bdi>2-13-048486-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Diaspora+Palestinienne&rft.pub=Paris%3A+Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=2-13-048486-7&rft.au=Bassma+Kodmani-Darwish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The authorities did not recognise the legality of residence in the country of anyone not registered during the November 1948 census and issued with an identity card or military pass. Anyone who had left the country for any reason before the census, and was not registered and in possession of a card or pass was regarded as an "absentee". If he subsequently infiltrated back into the country (including to his home village), he was regarded "as illegal" and could be summarily deported. The IDF repeatedly raided villages, sorted out legal from illegal residents and, usually, expelled the "returnees."" <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (1987) <i>The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947–1949.</i> Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33028-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33028-9">0-521-33028-9</a>. p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/akevot/deciphering-the-military-rule">Join Akevot Research Institute in revealing the story of the Military Rule over Palestinian citizens in Israel 1948-1966</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raz, Adam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT.MAGAZINE-how-israel-tormented-arabs-in-its-first-decades-and-tried-to-cover-it-up-1.9433728">How Israel Tormented Arabs in Its First Decades – and Tried to Cover It Up</a> Haaretz.com. Haaretz, January 9, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenCohen2012" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Amichai; Cohen, Stuart (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eY1b5gRgjOIC&pg=PA185"><i>Israel's National Security Law: Political Dynamics and Historical Development</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-54914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-54914-1"><bdi>978-0-415-54914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+National+Security+Law%3A+Political+Dynamics+and+Historical+Development&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-54914-1&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Amichai&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeY1b5gRgjOIC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jpost-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jpost_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jpost_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jpost_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzMizroch2006" class="citation news cs1">Katz, Yaakov; Mizroch, Amir (15 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Martial-law-declared-in-the-North">"Martial Law Declared in the North"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Martial+Law+Declared+in+the+North&rft.date=2006-07-15&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rft.au=Mizroch%2C+Amir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael%2FMartial-law-declared-in-the-North&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raouf_Gulbul-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raouf_Gulbul_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurpen" class="citation web cs1">Curpen, Indradev. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215528/http://www.defimedia.info/news-sunday/nos-parliament/item/6065-raouf-gulbul--%E2%80%98arrest-first-and-enquire-afterwards-is-not-consonant-with-the-principles-of-human-rights-and-justice%E2%80%99.html">"Raouf Gulbul: 'Arrest first and enquire afterwards is not consonant with the principles of Human Rights and Justice'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Defi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defimedia.info/news-sunday/nos-parliament/item/6065-raouf-gulbul--%E2%80%98arrest-first-and-enquire-afterwards-is-not-consonant-with-the-principles-of-human-rights-and-justice%E2%80%99.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raouf+Gulbul%3A+%27Arrest+first+and+enquire+afterwards+is+not+consonant+with+the+principles+of+Human+Rights+and+Justice%27&rft.pub=Defi&rft.aulast=Curpen&rft.aufirst=Indradev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defimedia.info%2Fnews-sunday%2Fnos-parliament%2Fitem%2F6065-raouf-gulbul--%25E2%2580%2598arrest-first-and-enquire-afterwards-is-not-consonant-with-the-principles-of-human-rights-and-justice%25E2%2580%2599.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2023-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2023_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2023_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2023" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Stephen (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27201632">"Interrogating Myanmar's 'Transition' from a Post-coup Vantage Point"</a>. <i>Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia</i>. <b>38</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2Fsj38-1a">10.1355/sj38-1a</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0217-9520">0217-9520</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27201632">27201632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sojourn%3A+Journal+of+Social+Issues+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=Interrogating+Myanmar%27s+%27Transition%27+from+a+Post-coup+Vantage+Point&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=0217-9520&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27201632%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2Fsj38-1a&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27201632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw20230227-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hrw20230227_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw20230227_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw20230227_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw20230227_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw20230227_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw20230227_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/02/27/myanmar-junta-extends-martial-law">"Myanmar Junta Extends Martial Law"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russia-Ukraine+crisis+live+news%3A+Putin+has+launched+%27full-scale+invasion%27%2C+says+Ukrainian+foreign+minister+%E2%80%93+latest+updates&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft.au=Singh%2C+Maanvi&rft.au=Oladipo%2C+Gloria&rft.au=Michael%2C+Chris&rft.au=Jones%2C+Sam&rft.au=Harding%2C+Luke&rft.au=Beaumont%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Flive%2F2022%2Ffeb%2F23%2Fukraine-russia-news-crisis-latest-live-updates-putin-biden-europe-sanctions-russian-invasion-border-troops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rferl-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rferl_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rferl_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService" class="citation news cs1">Service, RFE/RL's Ukrainian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-parliament-extends-martial-law-mobilization/32807978.html">"Ukraine's Parliament Extends Martial Law, Military Mobilization By 90 Days"</a>. <i>RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioFreeEurope%2FRadioLiberty&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+Parliament+Extends+Martial+Law%2C+Military+Mobilization+By+90+Days&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=RFE%2FRL%27s+Ukrainian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fukraine-parliament-extends-martial-law-mobilization%2F32807978.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/church-history-in-the-fulness-of-times/">"Church History in the Fulness of Times Student Manual"</a>. 2003. p. 276,368<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+History+in+the+Fulness+of+Times+Student+Manual&rft.pages=276%2C368&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fchurch-history-in-the-fulness-of-times%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Edward_White2012" class="citation book cs1">G. Edward White (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP1oAgAAQBAJ"><i>Law in American History: Volume 1: From the Colonial Years Through the Civil War</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP1oAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22martial+law%22+%22habeas+corpus%22&pg=PA442">442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972314-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972314-0"><bdi>978-0-19-972314-0</bdi></a>. <q>As the above details suggest, the imposition of martial law and the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus are related, but do not perform identical functions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+in+American+History%3A+Volume+1%3A+From+the+Colonial+Years+Through+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972314-0&rft.au=G.+Edward+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZP1oAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ex-parte-milligan-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ex-parte-milligan_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ex-parte-milligan_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ex parte Milligan</i>, 71 U.S. 2 (1866).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairman1928" class="citation journal cs1">Fairman, Charles (August 1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1945619">"The Law of Martial Rule"</a>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>22</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">591–</span>616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1945619">10.2307/1945619</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1945619">1945619</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144256852">144256852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Law+of+Martial+Rule&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E591-%3C%2Fspan%3E616&rft.date=1928-08&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144256852%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1945619%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1945619&rft.aulast=Fairman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F1945619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieber2019-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lieber2019_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieber2019_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberLieber2019" class="citation book cs1">Lieber, Francis; Lieber, G. Norman (23 July 2019). Smiley, Will (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300245189"><i>To Save the Country</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12987%2F9780300245189">10.12987/9780300245189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24518-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24518-9"><bdi>978-0-300-24518-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Save+the+Country&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12987%2F9780300245189&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24518-9&rft.aulast=Lieber&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Lieber%2C+G.+Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.12987%2F9780300245189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pearlharbor-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pearlharbor_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pearlharbor_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pearlharbor.org/blog/effects-war-martial-law-in-hawaii/">"The Effects of War: Martial Law in Hawaii | Pearl Harbor"</a>. <i>pearlharbor.org</i>. 18 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pearlharbor.org&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+War%3A+Martial+Law+in+Hawaii+%7C+Pearl+Harbor&rft.date=2017-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpearlharbor.org%2Fblog%2Feffects-war-martial-law-in-hawaii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duncan-v-kahanamoku-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duncan-v-kahanamoku_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duncan-v-kahanamoku_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Duncan v. Kahanamoku</i>, 327 U.S. 304 (1946).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Macomb, Alexander, Major General of the United States Army, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_sl4NAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Practice of Courts Martial</i></a>, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1841) 154 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_(American_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Macomb (American general)">Macomb, Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Major General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uuxhjlFF4Q8C"><i>A Treatise on Martial Law, and Courts-Martial as Practiced in the United States</i></a>. (Charleston: J. Hoff, 1809), republished (New York: Lawbook Exchange, 2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-709-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-709-0">978-1-58477-709-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRehnquist,_William_H.1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist, William H.</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grandinquestshis00rehn_0"><i>All the Laws but One: Civil Liberties in Wartime</i></a></span>. New York: William Morrow & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-05142-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-05142-1"><bdi>0-688-05142-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Laws+but+One%3A+Civil+Liberties+in+Wartime&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Co&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-688-05142-1&rft.au=Rehnquist%2C+William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrandinquestshis00rehn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics</i>. Edited by Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan, Oxford University Press, 2004. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Black's Law Dictionary: Definitions of the Terms and Phrases of American and English Jurisprudence, Ancient and Modern</i>. Henry Campbell Black. St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1979. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/366852/martial-law">'Martial law' in the Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4402748.stm">Martial law in Thailand in 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707174631/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=E00000000001">Full text of the 1972 Martial Law in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/05/20070509-12.html">NSPD-51</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.movementforruleoflaw.com/emergency.php">Emergency Rule of 3 November 2007 Pakistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190916082744/http://www.movementforruleoflaw.com/emergency.php">Archived</a> 16 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" 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