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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aleutian_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aleutian_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Aleutian invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aleutian_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Prelude </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prelude subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_reinforcements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_reinforcements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 American reinforcements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_reinforcements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_shortcomings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_shortcomings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Japanese shortcomings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_shortcomings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._code-breaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._code-breaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 U.S. code-breaking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._code-breaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Battle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_air_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_air_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Initial air attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_air_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nagumo's_dilemma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagumo's_dilemma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Nagumo's dilemma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nagumo's_dilemma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_the_Japanese_fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_the_Japanese_fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Attacks on the Japanese fleet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_the_Japanese_fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_Kaga,_Sōryū_and_Akagi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_Kaga,_Sōryū_and_Akagi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Destruction of Kaga, Sōryū and Akagi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_Kaga,_Sōryū_and_Akagi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_counterattacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_counterattacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Japanese counterattacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_counterattacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_counterattack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_counterattack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 American counterattack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_counterattack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_and_U.S._casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_and_U.S._casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Japanese and U.S. casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_and_U.S._casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_prisoners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_prisoners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 American prisoners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_prisoners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_prisoners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_prisoners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Japanese prisoners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_prisoners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_sunken_vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_sunken_vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Discovery of sunken vessels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_sunken_vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remembrances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remembrances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Remembrances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remembrances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Battle of Midway</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_van_Midway" title="Slag van Midway – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slag van Midway" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="معركة ميدواي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة ميدواي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Midway" title="Batalla de Midway – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Batalla de Midway" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miduey_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Miduey döyüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Miduey döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="میدوی دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میدوی دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Битка при Мидуей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Мидуей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Midwaya" title="Bitka kod Midwaya – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bitka kod Midwaya" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_Midway" title="Emgann Midway – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann Midway" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Midway" title="Batalla de Midway – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Midway" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Midwaye" title="Bitva u Midwaye – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Midwaye" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Midway" title="Slaget om Midway – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget om Midway" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_um_Midway" title="Schlacht um Midway – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht um Midway" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_lahing" title="Midway lahing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Midway lahing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CF%8A" title="Ναυμαχία του Μίντγουεϊ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναυμαχία του Μίντγουεϊ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Midway" title="Batalla de Midway – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Midway" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Midway" title="Batalo de Midway – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Midway" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwayko_Gudua" title="Midwayko Gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Midwayko Gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C" title="نبرد میدوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد میدوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Midway" title="Bataille de Midway – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Midway" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slach_by_Midway" title="Slach by Midway – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slach by Midway" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_Midway" title="Cath Midway – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath Midway" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Midway" title="Batalla de Midway – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Midway" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4_%ED%95%B4%EC%A0%84" title="미드웨이 해전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미드웨이 해전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Midway" title="Bitka za Midway – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka za Midway" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Midway" title="Batalio di Midway – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Midway" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Midway" title="Pertempuran Midway – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Midway" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_delle_Midway" title="Battaglia delle Midway – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia delle Midway" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99" title="קרב מידוויי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב מידוויי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="მიდუეის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიდუეის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midveja_kauja" title="Midveja kauja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Midveja kauja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midv%C4%97jaus_m%C5%AB%C5%A1is" title="Midvėjaus mūšis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Midvėjaus mūšis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwayi_csata" title="Midwayi csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Midwayi csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Битка кај Мидвеј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Битка кај Мидвеј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="मिडवेची लढाई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिडवेची लढाई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Midway" title="Pertempuran Midway – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Midway" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="မစ်ဒ်ဝေးတိုက်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မစ်ဒ်ဝေးတိုက်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Midway" title="Slag bij Midway – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Midway" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%A6" title="ミッドウェー海戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミッドウェー海戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Midway" title="Slaget ved Midway – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Midway" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Midway" title="Batalha de Midway – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha de Midway" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D9%88%DB%90_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="مېډوې جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مېډوې جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Midway" title="Bitwa pod Midway – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Midway" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Midway" title="Batalha de Midway – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Midway" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Midway" title="Bătălia de la Midway – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Midway" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Битва за Мидуэй – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва за Мидуэй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Midway" title="Batalla de Midway – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Batalla de Midway" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beteja_e_Midway" title="Beteja e Midway – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beteja e Midway" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of Midway" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_o_Midway" title="Bitka o Midway – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka o Midway" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Midway" title="Bitka za Midway – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka za Midway" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Битка код Мидвеја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Мидвеја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Midwaya" title="Bitka kod Midwaya – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Midwaya" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwayn_taistelu" title="Midwayn taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Midwayn taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Midway" title="Slaget vid Midway – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Midway" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ยุทธนาวีที่มิดเวย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธนาวีที่มิดเวย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Muharebesi" title="Midway Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Midway Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Битва за Мідвей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва за Мідвей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%88%D9%88%DB%92_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%81" title="مڈوے کا معرکہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مڈوے کا معرکہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Midway" title="Trận Midway – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Midway" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%80%94%E5%B3%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="中途島戰役 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中途島戰役" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%80%94%E5%B2%9B%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="中途岛海战 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中途岛海战" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q173034#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Midway&params=30_N_178_W_type:event_region:UM">30°N 178°W / 30°N 178°W / 30; -178</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1942 major naval battle in World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1942 battle. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Battle of Midway (disambiguation)">Battle of Midway (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Midway</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific Theater</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_fighters_during_the_attack_on_the_Japanese_fleet_off_Midway,_June_4th_to_6th_1942._In_the_center_is_visible_a..._-_NARA_-_520591.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Navy_fighters_during_the_attack_on_the_Japanese_fleet_off_Midway%2C_June_4th_to_6th_1942._In_the_center_is_visible_a..._-_NARA_-_520591.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Navy_fighters_during_the_attack_on_the_Japanese_fleet_off_Midway%2C_June_4th_to_6th_1942._In_the_center_is_visible_a..._-_NARA_-_520591.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Navy_fighters_during_the_attack_on_the_Japanese_fleet_off_Midway%2C_June_4th_to_6th_1942._In_the_center_is_visible_a..._-_NARA_-_520591.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Navy_fighters_during_the_attack_on_the_Japanese_fleet_off_Midway%2C_June_4th_to_6th_1942._In_the_center_is_visible_a..._-_NARA_-_520591.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Navy_fighters_during_the_attack_on_the_Japanese_fleet_off_Midway%2C_June_4th_to_6th_1942._In_the_center_is_visible_a..._-_NARA_-_520591.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Navy_fighters_during_the_attack_on_the_Japanese_fleet_off_Midway%2C_June_4th_to_6th_1942._In_the_center_is_visible_a..._-_NARA_-_520591.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2344" /></a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless" title="Douglas SBD Dauntless">Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless</a> <a href="/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">dive bombers</a> of VS-8 from <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)" title="USS Hornet (CV-8)">USS Hornet</a> about to attack the burning Japanese <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Mikuma" title="Japanese cruiser Mikuma">Mikuma</a> for the third time on 6 June 1942</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>4–7 June 1942</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Midway&params=30_N_178_W_type:event_region:UM">30°N 178°W / 30°N 178°W / 30; -178</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> American victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester W. Nimitz</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Jack_Fletcher" title="Frank Jack Fletcher">Frank Jack Fletcher</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Spruance" title="Raymond A. Spruance">Raymond A. Spruance</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nobutake_Kond%C5%8D" title="Nobutake Kondō">Nobutake Kondō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABichi_Nagumo" title="Chūichi Nagumo">Chūichi Nagumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tamon_Yamaguchi" title="Tamon Yamaguchi">Tamon Yamaguchi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">Pacific Fleet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_16" title="Task Force 16">Task Force 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_17" title="Task Force 17">Task Force 17</a></li> <li>Midway Garrison</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a> <a href="/wiki/USMC" class="mw-redirect" title="USMC">USMC</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Combined_Fleet" title="Combined Fleet">Combined Fleet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" title="1st Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">1st Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" title="2nd Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">2nd Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" title="5th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">5th Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Air_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" title="11th Air Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">11th Air Fleet</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>3 <a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">fleet carriers</a></li> <li>7 <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruisers</a></li> <li>1 <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruiser</a></li> <li>15 <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a></li> <li>233 <a href="/wiki/Carrier-based_aircraft" title="Carrier-based aircraft">carrier-based aircraft</a></li> <li>127 land-based aircraft</li> <li>16 <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li>9 <a href="/wiki/PT_boats" class="mw-redirect" title="PT boats">PT boats</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1st Carrier Striking Force:</li> <li>4 fleet carriers</li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a></li> <li>2 heavy cruisers</li> <li>1 light cruiser</li> <li>12 destroyers</li> <li>248 carrier-based aircraft<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li>16 <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplanes</a></li> <li>13 submarines</li> <li>Midway Support Force:</li> <li>4 heavy cruisers</li> <li>2 destroyers</li> <li>12 floatplanes</li> <li>Did not participate in battle:</li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">light carriers</a></li> <li>5 battleships</li> <li>4 heavy cruisers</li> <li>2 light cruisers</li> <li>~35 support ships</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1 fleet carrier sunk 1 destroyer sunk ~150 aircraft destroyed ~307 killed,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> including 3 killed as prisoners</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 4 fleet carriers sunk 1 heavy cruiser sunk 1 heavy cruiser damaged 2 destroyers damaged 248 aircraft destroyed<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> 3,057 killed<a href="#cite_note-ParTulcas-6">[6]</a> 37 captured<a href="#cite_note-NavalHistory2015-7">[7]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bombardment_of_Midway" title="First Bombardment of Midway">1st Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Johnston_and_Palmyra" title="Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra">Johnston and Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Bombardment_of_Midway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Bombardment of Midway (page does not exist)">2nd Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">Operation K</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">3rd Midway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_offensives,_1940–1942" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_1940%E2%80%931942" title="Template:Campaignbox Pacific 1940–1942"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pacific_1940%E2%80%931942" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pacific 1940–1942"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_1940%E2%80%931942" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pacific 1940–1942"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_offensives,_1940–1942" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War#Japanese_offensives,_1941–42" title="Pacific War">Japanese offensives, 1940–1942</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1940 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Suiyuan" title="Battle of West Suiyuan">West Suiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuyuan" title="Battle of Wuyuan">Wuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimingjie_germ_weapon_attack" title="Kaimingjie germ weapon attack">Kaimingjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hubei_Operation" title="Central Hubei Operation">Central Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">North China</a></li></ul> 1941 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panjiayu_Massacre" title="Panjiayu Massacre">Panjiayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hubei_Operation" title="Western Hubei Operation">Western Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">2nd Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bombardment_of_Midway" title="First Bombardment of Midway">Sand Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">3rd Changsha</a></li></ul> 1942 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Qantas_Short_Empire_shootdown" title="1942 Qantas Short Empire shootdown">Qantas Short Empire shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Broome" title="Attack on Broome">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_KNILM_Douglas_DC-3_shootdown" title="1942 KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown">KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">Operation K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tulagi_(May_1942)" title="Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942)">Tulagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RY" title="Operation RY">Nauru and Ocean Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Sydney_Harbour" title="Attack on Sydney Harbour">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Newcastle" title="Shelling of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Dureenbee" title="Attack on the Dureenbee">Dureenbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Mount Emily</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Central Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshalls%E2%80%93Gilberts_raids" title="Marshalls–Gilberts raids">Marshalls–Gilberts raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilberts and Marshalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Marianas and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inmate" title="Operation Inmate">Truk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Island_massacre" title="Ocean Island massacre">Ocean Island</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean (1941–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Japanese merchant raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homfreyganj_massacre" title="Homfreyganj massacre">Homfreyganj massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">1st Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Ceylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stab" title="Operation Stab">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">2nd Indian Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Southeast Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malacca_Strait" title="Battle of the Malacca Strait">Malacca Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jurist" title="Operation Jurist">Jurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiderace" title="Operation Tiderace">Tiderace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Zipper" title="Operation Zipper">Zipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_South-East_Asia_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of South-East Asia (1944–45)">Strategic bombing (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Burma campaign (1942–1943)">Burma (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944)" title="Burma campaign (1944)">Burma and India (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">Southwest Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RY" title="Operation RY">RY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_naval_activity_in_Australian_waters" title="Axis naval activity in Australian waters">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_campaign" title="New Britain campaign">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo (1945)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">North America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)#Bombardment_of_Estevan_Point_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Estevan Point Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Lookout Air Raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu-Go_balloon_bomb" title="Fu-Go balloon bomb">Fire balloon bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_PX" title="Operation PX">PX</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">Air raids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Yokosuka" title="Attack on Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Kure_and_the_Inland_Sea_(July_1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on Kure and the Inland Sea (July 1945)">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_air_attacks_on_the_Mariana_Islands" title="Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Starvation" title="Operation Starvation">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sagami_Bay" title="Battle of Sagami Bay">Sagami Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">Downfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kantokuen" title="Kantokuen">Kantokuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria (1945)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutanchiang" title="Battle of Mutanchiang">Mutanchiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seishin_Operation" title="Seishin Operation">Chongjin</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Battle of Midway was a major naval battle in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific Theater</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> that took place 4–7 June 1942, six months after Japan's <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and one month after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NavalHistory2015-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Midway_Decisive-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> under Admirals <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester W. Nimitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Jack_Fletcher" title="Frank Jack Fletcher">Frank J. Fletcher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Spruance" title="Raymond A. Spruance">Raymond A. Spruance</a> defeated an attacking fleet of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> under Admirals <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABichi_Nagumo" title="Chūichi Nagumo">Chūichi Nagumo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobutake_Kond%C5%8D" title="Nobutake Kondō">Nobutake Kondō</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a>, inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet. Military historian <a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">John Keegan</a> called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval warfare</a>",<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> while naval historian <a href="/wiki/Craig_Symonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Symonds">Craig Symonds</a> called it "one of the most consequential naval engagements in world history, ranking alongside <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Tsushima Strait</a>, as both tactically decisive and strategically influential."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In response to the <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle air raid</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, the Japanese leadership planned a "barrier" strategy to extend Japan's defensive perimeter. They hoped to lure the American <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a> into a trap, clearing the seas for Japanese attacks on Midway, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. The plan was undermined by faulty Japanese anticipations of the American reaction and poor initial dispositions. Crucially, <a href="/wiki/Station_HYPO" title="Station HYPO">U.S. cryptographers</a> were able to determine the date and location of the planned attack, enabling the forewarned U.S. Navy to prepare its own ambush. Four Japanese and three American aircraft carriers participated in the battle. The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">fleet carriers</a>—<a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga">Kaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū">Sōryū</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū">Hiryū</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor">six-carrier force that had attacked Pearl Harbor</a> six months earlier—were sunk, as was the <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Mikuma" title="Japanese cruiser Mikuma">Mikuma</a>. The U.S. lost the carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-5)">Yorktown</a> and the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Hammann_(DD-412)" title="USS Hammann (DD-412)">Hammann</a>, while the carriers <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS Enterprise</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)" title="USS Hornet (CV-8)">USS Hornet</a> survived the battle fully intact. After Midway and the exhausting attrition of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a>, Japan's capacity to replace its losses in <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> (particularly aircraft carriers) and men (especially well-trained pilots and maintenance crewmen) rapidly became insufficient to cope with mounting casualties, while the United States' massive industrial and training capabilities made its losses far easier to replace. The Battle of Midway, along with the <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a>, is widely considered a turning point in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_expansion_april_1942.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Japanese_expansion_april_1942.svg/330px-Japanese_expansion_april_1942.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Japanese_expansion_april_1942.svg/495px-Japanese_expansion_april_1942.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Japanese_expansion_april_1942.svg/660px-Japanese_expansion_april_1942.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>The extent of Japanese military expansion in the Pacific, April 1942</figcaption></figure> After expanding the war in the Pacific to include western colonies, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese Empire</a> quickly attained its initial strategic goals of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">British Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies</a>, the latter of which's oil resources were particularly important to Japan. Because of this, preliminary planning for the second phase of operations commenced as early as January 1942. Because of strategic disagreements between the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a> (IJA) and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a> (IJN), and infighting between the Navy's <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Yamamoto_Isoroku" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamamoto Isoroku">Isoroku Yamamoto's</a> <a href="/wiki/Combined_Fleet" title="Combined Fleet">Combined Fleet</a>, a follow-up strategy was not formed until April 1942.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Yamamoto finally won the bureaucratic struggle with a thinly veiled threat to resign, after which his plan was adopted.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Yamamoto's primary strategic goal was the elimination of America's carrier forces, which he regarded as the principal threat to the overall <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific campaign</a>. This concern was acutely heightened by the <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a> on 18 April 1942, in which 16 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> (USAAF) <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">B-25 Mitchell</a> bombers launched from <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)" title="USS Hornet (CV-8)">USS Hornet</a> bombed targets in Tokyo and several other Japanese cities. The raid, while militarily insignificant, was a shock to the Japanese and highlighted a gap in the defenses around the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese home islands</a> as well as the vulnerability of Japanese territory to American bombers.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> This, and other <a href="/wiki/Marshalls%E2%80%93Gilberts_raids" title="Marshalls–Gilberts raids">successful hit-and-run raids</a> by American carriers in the South Pacific, showed that they were still a threat, although seemingly reluctant to be drawn into all-out battle.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Yamamoto reasoned that another air attack on <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Pearl_Harbor" title="Naval Station Pearl Harbor">Naval Station Pearl Harbor</a> would induce all of the American fleet to sail out to fight, including the carriers. However, considering the increased strength of American land-based airpower on the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a> since the 7 December 1941 attack, he judged that it was too risky to attack Pearl Harbor directly.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Instead, Yamamoto selected <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway</a>, a tiny <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atoll</a> at the extreme northwest end of the Hawaiian Island chain, approximately 1,300 mi (1,100 nmi; 2,100 km) from <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a>. Midway was outside the effective range of almost all the American aircraft stationed on the main Hawaiian Islands. It was not especially important in the larger scheme of Japan's intentions, but the Japanese felt the Americans would consider Midway a vital outpost of Pearl Harbor and would be compelled to defend it vigorously.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The U.S. did consider Midway vital: after the battle, the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_submarine_bases#Closed_bases" title="United States Navy submarine bases">U.S. submarine base</a> on <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Facility_Midway_Island" title="Naval Air Facility Midway Island">Naval Air Facility Midway Island</a> allowed <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> operating from Pearl Harbor to refuel and re-provision, extending their radius of operations by 1,200 mi (1,900 km). In addition to serving as a seaplane base, Midway's airstrips were a <a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">forward staging point</a> for bomber attacks on <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island#World_War_II" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yamamoto's_plan">Yamamoto's plan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Yamamoto's plan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Midway_Atoll_on_24_November_1941_(80-G-451086).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Aerial_view_of_Midway_Atoll_on_24_November_1941_%2880-G-451086%29.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_Midway_Atoll_on_24_November_1941_%2880-G-451086%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Aerial_view_of_Midway_Atoll_on_24_November_1941_%2880-G-451086%29.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_Midway_Atoll_on_24_November_1941_%2880-G-451086%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Aerial_view_of_Midway_Atoll_on_24_November_1941_%2880-G-451086%29.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_Midway_Atoll_on_24_November_1941_%2880-G-451086%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4797" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a>, several months before the battle. Eastern Island (with the airfield) is in the foreground, and the larger Sand Island is in the background to the west.</figcaption></figure> Typical of Japanese naval planning during World War II, Yamamoto's battle plan for taking Midway (named Operation MI) was exceedingly complex.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> It required the careful coordination of multiple battle groups over hundreds of miles of open sea. His design was also predicated on optimistic intelligence suggesting that <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS Enterprise</a> and USS Hornet, forming <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_16" title="Task Force 16">Task Force 16</a>, were the only carriers available to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">Pacific Fleet</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a> one month earlier, <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)" title="USS Lexington (CV-2)">USS Lexington</a> had been sunk and <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-5)">USS Yorktown</a> suffered so much damage that the Japanese believed she too had been lost.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> However, following hasty repairs at Pearl Harbor, Yorktown sortied and ultimately played a critical role in the discovery and eventual destruction of the Japanese fleet carriers at Midway. Finally, much of Yamamoto's planning, coinciding with the general feeling among the Japanese leadership at the time, was based on a gross misjudgment of American morale which was believed to be debilitated from the string of Japanese victories in the preceding months.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Yamamoto felt deception would be required to lure the U.S. fleet into a fatally compromised situation.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> To this end, he dispersed his forces so that their full extent (particularly his <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>) would be concealed from the Americans prior to battle. Critically, Yamamoto's supporting battleships and cruisers trailed Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABichi_Nagumo" title="Chūichi Nagumo">Chūichi Nagumo</a>'s carrier force by several hundred miles. They were intended to come up and destroy whatever elements of the American fleet might come to Midway's defense once Nagumo's carriers had weakened them sufficiently for a daylight gun battle.<a href="#cite_note-Tully,_pp._51,_55-23">[23]</a> This tactic was doctrine in most major navies of the time.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> What Yamamoto did not know was that the U.S. had broken parts of the main Japanese naval code (dubbed <a href="/wiki/JN-25" class="mw-redirect" title="JN-25">JN-25</a> by the Americans), divulging many details of his plan. His emphasis on dispersal also meant none of his formations were in a position to support the others.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> For instance, although Nagumo's carriers were expected to carry out strikes against Midway and bear the brunt of American counterattacks, the only warships in his fleet larger than the screening force of twelve destroyers were two <a href="/wiki/Kong%C5%8D-class_battlecruiser" title="Kongō-class battlecruiser">Kongō-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Fast_battleship" title="Fast battleship">fast battleships</a>, two heavy cruisers, and one light cruiser. By contrast, Yamamoto and Kondo had between them two light carriers, five battleships, four heavy cruisers, and two light cruisers, none of which saw action at Midway.<a href="#cite_note-Tully,_pp._51,_55-23">[23]</a> The light carriers of the trailing forces and Yamamoto's three battleships were unable to keep pace with the carriers of the <a href="/wiki/Kid%C5%8D_Butai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidō Butai">Kidō Butai</a> (機動部隊, "Mobile Strike Force") and so could not sail in company with them. The Kidō Butai would sail into range at best speed so as to increase the chance of surprise and would not have ships spread out across the ocean guiding the enemy toward it. If the other parts of the invasion force needed more defense, the Kidō Butai would make best speed to defend them. Hence the slower ships could not be with the Kidō Butai. The distance between Yamamoto and Kondo's forces and Nagumo's carriers had grave implications during the battle. The invaluable reconnaissance capability of the <a href="/wiki/Scout_plane" title="Scout plane">scout planes</a> carried by the cruisers and carriers, and the additional anti-aircraft capability of the cruisers and the other two battleships of the Kongō-class in the trailing forces, were unavailable to help Nagumo.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aleutian_invasion">Aleutian invasion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aleutian invasion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></div> To obtain support from the IJA for the Midway operation, the IJN agreed to support their <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the United States">invasion of the United States</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Attu_Island" title="Attu Island">Attu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiska" title="Kiska">Kiska</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Alaska Territory</a>. The IJA occupied these islands to place the Japanese home islands out of range of U.S. land-based bombers in Alaska. Most Americans feared that the occupied islands would be used as bases for Japanese bombers to attack strategic targets and population centers along the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">U.S. West Coast</a>. The Japanese operations in the Aleutians (Operation AL) removed yet more ships that could otherwise have augmented the force striking Midway. Whereas many earlier historical accounts considered the Aleutians operation as a feint to draw American forces away, according to the original Japanese battle plan, AL was intended to be launched simultaneously with the attack on Midway. A one-day delay in the sailing of Nagumo's task force resulted in Operation AL beginning a day before the Midway attack.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prelude">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_reinforcements">American reinforcements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: American reinforcements">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)_in_a_dry_dock_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard,_29_May_1942_(80-G-13065).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_in_a_dry_dock_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_29_May_1942_%2880-G-13065%29.jpg/220px-USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_in_a_dry_dock_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_29_May_1942_%2880-G-13065%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_in_a_dry_dock_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_29_May_1942_%2880-G-13065%29.jpg/330px-USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_in_a_dry_dock_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_29_May_1942_%2880-G-13065%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_in_a_dry_dock_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_29_May_1942_%2880-G-13065%29.jpg/440px-USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_in_a_dry_dock_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_29_May_1942_%2880-G-13065%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5734" data-file-height="4565" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-5)">USS Yorktown</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> days before the battle</figcaption></figure> To do battle with an enemy expected to muster four or five carriers, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester W. Nimitz</a>, Commander in Chief, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Areas" title="Pacific Ocean Areas">Pacific Ocean Areas</a>, needed every available flight deck. He already had Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey" class="mw-redirect" title="William Halsey">William Halsey</a>'s two-carrier (Enterprise and Hornet) <a href="/wiki/Task_force" title="Task force">task force</a> at hand, though Halsey was stricken with <a href="/wiki/Shingles" title="Shingles">shingles</a> and had to be replaced by Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Spruance" title="Raymond A. Spruance">Raymond A. Spruance</a>, Halsey's escort commander.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Nimitz also hurriedly recalled Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Frank_Jack_Fletcher" title="Frank Jack Fletcher">Frank Jack Fletcher</a>'s task force, including the carrier Yorktown, from the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area" title="South West Pacific Area">South West Pacific Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Despite estimates that Yorktown, damaged in the Battle of the Coral Sea, would require several months of repairs at <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_Naval_Shipyard" title="Puget Sound Naval Shipyard">Puget Sound Naval Shipyard</a>, her elevators were intact and her flight deck largely so.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard" title="Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard">Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard</a> worked around the clock, and in 72 hours she was restored to a battle-ready state,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> judged good enough for two or three weeks of operations, as Nimitz required.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Her flight deck was patched, and whole sections of internal frames were cut out and replaced. Repairs continued even as she sortied, with work crews from the repair ship <a href="/wiki/USS_Vestal" title="USS Vestal">USS Vestal</a>, herself damaged in the attack on Pearl Harbor six months earlier, still aboard.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Yorktown's partially depleted air group was rebuilt using whatever planes and pilots could be found. Scouting Five (VS-5) was replaced with Bombing Three (VB-3) from <a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-3)" title="USS Saratoga (CV-3)">USS Saratoga</a>. Torpedo Five (VT-5) was replaced by <a href="/wiki/VA-35_(U.S._Navy)" title="VA-35 (U.S. Navy)">Torpedo Three (VT-3)</a>. Fighting Three (VF-3) was reconstituted to replace VF-42 with sixteen pilots from VF-42 and eleven pilots from VF-3, with <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">Lieutenant Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Thach" title="John Thach">John Thach</a> in command. Some of the aircrew were inexperienced, which may have contributed to an accident in which Thach's executive officer Lieutenant Commander Donald Lovelace was killed.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Despite efforts to get Saratoga (which had been undergoing repairs on the American West Coast) ready, the need to resupply and assemble sufficient escorts meant she was unable to reach Midway until after the battle.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> On Midway, the U.S. Navy had by 4 June stationed four squadrons of <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">PBYs</a>—31 aircraft in total—for long-range reconnaissance duties, and six brand-new <a href="/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger" title="Grumman TBF Avenger">Grumman TBF Avengers</a> from Hornet's <a href="/wiki/VT-8" title="VT-8">VT-8</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The Marine Corps stationed 19 <a href="/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless" title="Douglas SBD Dauntless">Douglas SBD Dauntless</a>, seven <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcat" title="Grumman F4F Wildcat">F4F-3 Wildcats</a>, 17 <a href="/wiki/Vought_SB2U_Vindicator" title="Vought SB2U Vindicator">Vought SB2U Vindicators</a>, and 21 <a href="/wiki/Brewster_F2A_Buffalo" title="Brewster F2A Buffalo">Brewster F2A Buffalos</a>. The USAAF contributed a squadron of 17 <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17 Flying Fortresses</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Martin_B-26_Marauder" title="Martin B-26 Marauder">Martin B-26 Marauders</a> equipped with torpedoes: in total 122 aircraft. Although the F2As and SB2Us were already obsolete, they were the only aircraft available to the Marine Corps at the time.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_shortcomings">Japanese shortcomings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Japanese shortcomings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AkagiDeckApril42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/AkagiDeckApril42.jpg/220px-AkagiDeckApril42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/AkagiDeckApril42.jpg/330px-AkagiDeckApril42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/AkagiDeckApril42.jpg/440px-AkagiDeckApril42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a> (April 1942)</figcaption></figure> During the Battle of the Coral Sea one month earlier, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Light_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Light carrier">light carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shōhō">Shōhō</a> had been sunk, while the fleet carrier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dkaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku">Shōkaku</a> had been severely damaged and was in <a href="/wiki/Drydock" class="mw-redirect" title="Drydock">drydock</a> for months of repair. Although the fleet carrier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku">Zuikaku</a> escaped the battle undamaged, she had lost almost half her air group and was in port at the <a href="/wiki/Kure_Naval_District" title="Kure Naval District">Kure Naval District</a> in Hiroshima, awaiting replacement planes and pilots. That there were none immediately available can be attributed to the growing inability of the IJN to properly train pilots faster than they were killed in action. In desperation, instructors from the <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_Air_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokosuka Air Corps">Yokosuka Air Corps</a> were relieved of their duties to plug the gap.<a href="#cite_note-Willmott101-39">[39]</a> Historians Jonathan Parshall and Anthony Tully believe that by combining the surviving aircraft and pilots from Shōkaku and Zuikaku, Zuikaku likely could have been equipped with almost a full composite air group. They note, however, that doing so would have violated Japanese carrier doctrine, which stressed that carriers and their air groups must train as a single unit. (In contrast, American air squadrons were considered interchangeable between carriers allowing for more flexibility.) The Japanese apparently made no serious attempt to get Zuikaku ready for the forthcoming battle.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Thus, <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Carrier_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Carrier Division">Carrier Division 5</a>, consisting of the two most advanced aircraft carriers of the Kido Butai, was not available which meant that Vice-Admiral Nagumo had only two-thirds of the fleet carriers at his disposal: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga">Kaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a> forming <a href="/wiki/First_Carrier_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="First Carrier Division">Carrier Division 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū">Hiryū</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū">Sōryū</a> making up <a href="/wiki/Second_Carrier_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Carrier Division">Carrier Division 2</a>. This was partly due to fatigue; Japanese carriers had been constantly on operations since 7 December 1941 including raids on <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Darwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Colombo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Nonetheless, the First Carrier Strike Force sailed with 248 available aircraft on the four carriers (60 on Akagi, 74 on Kaga (B5N2 squadron oversized), 57 on Hiryū and 57 on Sōryū).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The main Japanese carrier-borne strike aircraft were the <a href="/wiki/Aichi_D3A" title="Aichi D3A">Aichi D3A</a>1 "Val" <a href="/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">dive bomber</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_B5N" title="Nakajima B5N">Nakajima B5N</a>2 "Kate", which was used either as a <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bomber</a> or as a level bomber. The main carrier fighter was the fast and highly maneuverable <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Mitsubishi A6M Zero</a>. For a variety of reasons, production of the "Val" had been drastically reduced, while that of the "Kate" had been stopped completely and, as a consequence, there were none available to replace losses.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In addition, many of the aircraft being used during the June 1942 operations had been operational since late November 1941 and, although they were well-maintained, many were almost worn out and had become increasingly unreliable. These factors meant all carriers of the Kidō Butai had fewer aircraft than their normal complement, with few spare aircraft or parts in the carriers' hangars.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[nb 1]</a> In addition, Nagumo's carrier force suffered from several defensive deficiencies which gave it, in <a href="/wiki/Mark_Peattie" title="Mark Peattie">Mark Peattie</a>'s words, a "'<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glass_jaw" class="extiw" title="wikt:glass jaw">glass jaw</a>': it could throw a punch but couldn't take one."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007159-47">[46]</a> Japanese carrier anti-aircraft guns and associated fire control systems had several design and configuration change deficiencies[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] which limited their effectiveness. The IJN's fleet <a href="/wiki/Combat_air_patrol" title="Combat air patrol">combat air patrol</a> (CAP) had too few fighter aircraft and was hampered by an inadequate early warning system, including a lack of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>. Poor radio communications with the fighter aircraft inhibited effective command and control. The carriers' escorting warships were deployed as visual scouts in a ring at long range, not as close anti-aircraft escorts, as they lacked training, doctrine, and sufficient anti-aircraft guns.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Japanese strategic scouting arrangements prior to the battle were also in disarray. A <a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">picket</a> line of Japanese submarines was late getting into position (partly because of Yamamoto's haste), which let the American carriers reach their assembly point northeast of Midway (known as "Point Luck") without being detected.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> A second attempt at reconnaissance, using four-engine <a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K">H8K</a> "Emily" <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a> to scout Pearl Harbor prior to the battle and detect whether the American carriers were present, part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">Operation K</a>, was thwarted when Japanese submarines assigned to refuel the search aircraft discovered that the intended refueling point—a hitherto deserted bay off <a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a>—was occupied by American warships because the Japanese had carried out an identical mission in March. Thus, Japan was deprived of any knowledge concerning the movements of the American carriers immediately before the battle.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Japanese radio intercepts did notice an increase in American submarine activity and message traffic. This information was in Yamamoto's hands prior to the battle. Japanese plans were not changed; Yamamoto, at sea in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato">Yamato</a>, assumed Nagumo had received the same signal from Tokyo and did not communicate with him by radio, so as not to reveal his position.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> These messages were, contrary to earlier historical accounts, also received by Nagumo before the battle began. For reasons that remain unclear, Nagumo did not alter his plans or take additional precautions.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._code-breaking">U.S. code-breaking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: U.S. code-breaking">edit</a>]</div> Nimitz had one critical advantage: U.S. cryptanalysts had partially broken the Japanese Navy's <a href="/wiki/JN-25b" class="mw-redirect" title="JN-25b">JN-25b</a> code.<a href="#cite_note-MS-134-53">[52]</a> Since early 1942, the U.S. had been decoding messages stating that there would soon be an operation at objective "AF." It was initially not known where "AF" was, but <a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rochefort" title="Joseph Rochefort">Joseph Rochefort</a> and his team at <a href="/wiki/Station_HYPO" title="Station HYPO">Station HYPO</a> were able to confirm that it was Midway: <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Holmes" title="Wilfred Holmes">Wilfred Holmes</a> devised a ruse of telling the base at Midway (by secure <a href="/wiki/Undersea_communications_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersea communications cable">undersea communications cable</a>) to broadcast an <a href="/wiki/Plaintext" title="Plaintext">uncoded</a> radio message stating that Midway's water purification system had broken down.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Within 24 hours, the code breakers picked up a Japanese message that "AF was short on water."<a href="#cite_note-National_Security_Agency_and_the_Central_Security_Service-55">[54]</a> No Japanese radio operators who intercepted the message seemed concerned that the Americans were broadcasting uncoded that a major naval installation close to the Japanese was having a water shortage, which Japanese intelligence might have suspected as deception.<a href="#cite_note-baker20160108-56">[55]</a> HYPO was also able to determine the date of the attack as either 4 or 5 June, and to provide Nimitz with a complete IJN <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">order of battle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MS-138-141-57">[56]</a> Japan had a new codebook, but its introduction had been delayed, enabling HYPO to read messages for several crucial days; the new code, which took several days to be cracked, came into use on 24 May, but the important breaks had already been made.<a href="#cite_note-Willmott_1983_304-58">[57]</a> As a result, the Americans entered the battle with a good picture of where, when, and in what strength the Japanese would appear. Nimitz knew that the Japanese had negated their numerical advantage by dividing their ships into four separate task groups, so widely separated that they were essentially unable to support each other.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> This dispersal resulted in few fast ships being available to escort the Carrier Striking Force, thus reducing the number of <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft guns</a> protecting the carriers. Nimitz calculated that the aircraft on his three carriers, plus those on Midway Island, gave the U.S. rough parity with Yamamoto's four carriers, mainly because American carrier air groups were larger than Japanese ones. The Japanese, by contrast, remained largely unaware of their opponent's true strength and dispositions even after the battle began.<a href="#cite_note-Willmott_1983_304-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Midway_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Midway order of battle">Midway order of battle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_midway-deployment_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_of_midway-deployment_map.svg/300px-Battle_of_midway-deployment_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_of_midway-deployment_map.svg/450px-Battle_of_midway-deployment_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_of_midway-deployment_map.svg/600px-Battle_of_midway-deployment_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Movements during the battle, according to William Koenig in Epic Sea Battles</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_air_attacks">Initial air attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Initial air attacks">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:left; width:410px;"> <caption>Timeline of the Battle of Midway (<abbr title="according">acc.</abbr> to William Koenig)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenig1975212–231-60">[59]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>4 June </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li>04:30 First Japanese takeoff against Midway Islands</li> <li>04:30 10 planes (Yorktown) begin to search for the Japanese ships</li> <li>05:34 Japanese ships detected by a PBY from Midway I.</li> <li>07:10 6 TBF Avengers and 4 USAAF B-26 (from Midway I.) attack</li> <li>07:15 Nagumo prepares reserve aircraft for second attack on Midway, in direct violation of Yamamoto's order</li> <li>07:40 American Naval Force spotted by Tone No. 4</li> <li>07:50 67 dive bombers, 29 torpedo bombers, 20 Wildcats take off (Spruance)</li> <li>07:55 16 dive bombers of the U.S. Navy (from Midway I.) attack</li> <li>08:10 15 B-17s (from Midway Islands) attack</li> <li>08:20 11 bombers of the U.S. Navy (from Midway I.) attack</li> <li>08:20 "The enemy is accompanied by what appears to be a carrier" by Tone No. 4.</li> <li>09:06 12 torpedo bombers, 17 dive bombers, 6 Wildcats take off (Yorktown)</li> <li>09:10 Tomonaga's strike force safely landed</li> <li>09:18 Nagumo to Northeast</li> <li>09:25 15 torpedo bombers (Hornet) attack</li> <li>09:30 14 torpedo bombers (Enterprise) attack</li> <li>10:00 12 torpedo bombers (Yorktown) attack</li> <li>10:25 30 dive bombers (Enterprise) attack Akagi and Kaga</li> <li>10:25 17 dive bombers (Yorktown) attack Soryū</li> <li>11:00 18 Vals and 6 Zekes (Zeros) take off from Hiryū</li> <li>11:30 10 planes (Yorktown) take off to search for remaining Japanese ships</li> <li>12:05 First attack on Yorktown</li> <li>13:30 Hiryū detected by a Yorktown plane; 24 dive bombers take off against Hiryū (Spruance)</li> <li>13:31 10 Kates and 6 Zekes (Zeros) take off from Hiryū</li> <li>13:40 Yorktown again in service, making 18 knots</li> <li>14:30 Second attack on Yorktown</li> <li>15:00 Yorktown abandoned</li> <li>16:10 Soryū sinks</li> <li>17:00 Dive bombers attack on Hiryū</li> <li>19:25 Kaga sinks</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 June </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li>05:00 Akagi sinks</li> <li>09:00 Hiryū sinks</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 June <ul><li>07:00 Yorktown sinks</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> At about 09:00 on 3 June, Ensign Jack Reid, piloting a PBY from U.S. Navy patrol squadron <a href="/wiki/VPB-44" title="VPB-44">VP-44</a>,<a href="#cite_note-VP44Mid-61">[60]</a> spotted the Japanese Occupation Force 500 nmi (580 mi; 930 km) to the west-southwest of Midway. He mistakenly reported this group as the Main Force.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Nine B-17s took off from Midway at 12:30 for the first air attack. Three hours later, they found Tanaka's transport group 570 nmi (660 mi; 1,060 km) to the west.<a href="#cite_note-nimitz-63">[62]</a> Harassed by heavy anti-aircraft fire, they dropped their bombs. Although their crews reported hitting four ships,<a href="#cite_note-nimitz-63">[62]</a> none were actually hit and no significant damage was inflicted.<a href="#cite_note-toyama-64">[63]</a> Early the following morning, the Japanese oil tanker <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki-type_oiler#Akatsuki_Maru_class" title="Kawasaki-type oiler">Akebono Maru</a> sustained the first hit when <a href="/wiki/Mark_13_torpedo" title="Mark 13 torpedo">a torpedo</a> from an attacking PBY struck her around 01:00. This was the only successful air-launched torpedo attack by the U.S. during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-toyama-64">[63]</a> At 04:30 on 4 June, Nagumo launched his initial attack on Midway, consisting of 36 D3As and 36 B5Ns, escorted by 36 Zero fighters. At the same time, he launched his seven search aircraft (2 B5Ns from Akagi and Kaga; 4 <a href="/wiki/Aichi_E13A" title="Aichi E13A">Aichi E13A</a> "Jakes" from the <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Tone_(1937)" title="Japanese cruiser Tone (1937)">Tone</a> and Chikuma; and 1 short-range <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_E8N" title="Nakajima E8N">Nakajima E8N</a> "Dave" from the battleship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Haruna" title="Japanese battleship Haruna">Haruna</a>; an eighth aircraft from Tone launched 30 minutes late). Japanese reconnaissance arrangements were flimsy, with too few aircraft to adequately cover the assigned search areas, laboring under poor weather conditions to the northeast and east of the task force. As Nagumo's bombers and fighters were taking off, 11 PBYs were leaving Midway to run their search patterns. At 05:34, a PBY reported sighting two Japanese carriers; another spotted the inbound airstrike 10 minutes later.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Midway's radar picked up the enemy at a distance of several miles, and interceptors were scrambled. Unescorted bombers headed off to attack the Japanese carriers, their fighter escorts remaining behind to defend Midway. At 06:20, Japanese carrier aircraft bombed and heavily damaged the U.S. base. Midway-based Marine fighters led by Major <a href="/wiki/Floyd_B._Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Floyd B. Parks">Floyd B. Parks</a>, which included six F4Fs and twenty F2As,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> intercepted the Japanese and suffered heavy losses, though they destroyed four B5Ns and one Zero. Within the first few minutes, two F4Fs and thirteen F2As were destroyed, while most of the surviving U.S. planes were damaged, with only two remaining airworthy. American anti-aircraft fire was intense and accurate, destroying three Japanese aircraft and damaging many more.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Of the 108 Japanese aircraft that participated in this attack, 11 were destroyed (including 3 that ditched), 14 were heavily damaged, and 29 were damaged to some degree. 140 more were available to the Japanese, but never launched, and were destroyed when their carriers sunk. The initial Japanese attack did not succeed in neutralizing Midway: American bombers could still use the airbase to refuel and attack the Japanese, and most of Midway's land-based defenses remained intact. Japanese pilots reported to Nagumo that a second aerial attack on Midway's defenses would be necessary if troops were to go ashore by 7 June.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Having taken off prior to the Japanese attack, American bombers based on Midway made several attacks on the Japanese carrier force. These included six Grumman Avengers, detached to Midway from Hornet's VT-8 (Midway was the combat debut of both VT-8 and the Avenger); Marine Scout-Bombing Squadron 241 (<a href="/wiki/VMSB-241" class="mw-redirect" title="VMSB-241">VMSB-241</a>), consisting of 11 SB2U-3s and 16 SBDs, plus four USAAF B-26s of the <a href="/wiki/408th_Bombardment_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="408th Bombardment Squadron">18th Reconnaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/69th_Bomb_Squadron" title="69th Bomb Squadron">69th Bomb Squadrons</a> armed with torpedoes, and 15 B-17s of the <a href="/wiki/31st_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron" title="31st Test and Evaluation Squadron">31st</a>, <a href="/wiki/72d_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="72d Test and Evaluation Squadron">72nd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/50th_Education_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="50th Education Squadron">431st</a> Bomb Squadrons. The Japanese repelled these attacks, losing only three Zero fighters while destroying five Avengers, two SB2Us, eight SBDs, and two B-26s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1982207–212ParshallTully2005149–152-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Among the dead was Major <a href="/wiki/Lofton_R._Henderson" title="Lofton R. Henderson">Lofton R. Henderson</a> of VMSB-241, killed while leading his inexperienced SBD squadron into action. The main <a href="/wiki/Henderson_Field_(Guadalcanal)" title="Henderson Field (Guadalcanal)">airfield at Guadalcanal</a> was named after him in August 1942.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> One B-26, piloted by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/James_Muri" title="James Muri">James Muri</a>, after dropping his torpedo and searching for an escape route, flew directly down the length of Akagi while being fired upon by fighters and anti-aircraft fire, which had to hold their fire to avoid hitting their own flagship; the B-26 <a href="/wiki/Strafing" title="Strafing">strafed</a> Akagi, killing two men.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Another B-26, piloted by Lieutenant Herbert Mayes, did not pull out of its run after being seriously damaged by anti-aircraft fire, and instead flew directly at Akagi's <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(nautical)" title="Bridge (nautical)">bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Either attempting a suicide ramming or out of control, the plane narrowly missed striking the bridge, which could have killed Nagumo and his staff, crashing into the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> This experience may well have contributed to Nagumo's determination to launch another attack on Midway in direct violation of Yamamoto's order to keep the reserve strike force armed for anti-ship operations.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> While the air strikes from Midway were happening, American submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SS-168)" title="USS Nautilus (SS-168)">USS Nautilus</a>, commanded by Lieutenant Commander <a href="/wiki/William_H._Brockman_Jr." title="William H. Brockman Jr.">William Brockman</a>, approached the Japanese fleet, attracting attention from the escorts. Around 08:20, she made an unsuccessful torpedo attack on a battleship and then dived to evade escorts.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> At 09:10, she launched a torpedo at a cruiser and again dived to evade escorts, with destroyer Arashi spending considerable time chasing Nautilus.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nagumo's_dilemma">Nagumo's dilemma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nagumo's dilemma">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_maneuvers_to_avoid_bombs_on_4_June_1942_(USAF-3725).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_maneuvers_to_avoid_bombs_on_4_June_1942_%28USAF-3725%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_maneuvers_to_avoid_bombs_on_4_June_1942_%28USAF-3725%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_maneuvers_to_avoid_bombs_on_4_June_1942_%28USAF-3725%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_maneuvers_to_avoid_bombs_on_4_June_1942_%28USAF-3725%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_maneuvers_to_avoid_bombs_on_4_June_1942_%28USAF-3725%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_maneuvers_to_avoid_bombs_on_4_June_1942_%28USAF-3725%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5024" data-file-height="3740" /></a><figcaption>A B-17 attack misses Hiryū; this was taken between 08:00 and 08:30. A Shotai of three Zeros is lined up near the bridge. This was one of several <a href="/wiki/Combat_air_patrol" title="Combat air patrol">combat air patrols</a> launched during the day.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></figcaption></figure> In accordance with Yamamoto's orders for Operation MI, Nagumo had kept half of his aircraft in reserve, comprising two squadrons each of dive bombers and torpedo bombers. The dive bombers were as yet unarmed (this was doctrinal: dive bombers were to be armed on the flight deck). The torpedo bombers were armed with torpedoes should any American warships be located.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> At 07:15, Nagumo ordered his reserve planes to be re-armed with contact-fused general-purpose bombs for use against land targets. This was a result of the attacks from Midway, as well as the morning flight leader's recommendation of a second strike. Re-arming had been underway for about 30 minutes when, at 07:40,<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> the delayed scout plane from Tone signaled that it had sighted a sizable American naval force to the east, but neglected to specify its composition. Later evidence suggests Nagumo did not receive the sighting report until 08:00.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Nagumo quickly reversed his order to re-arm the bombers and demanded that the scout plane ascertain the composition of the American force. Another 20–40 minutes elapsed before Tone's scout finally radioed the presence of a single carrier in the American force. This was one of the carriers from <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_16" title="Task Force 16">Task Force 16</a>. The other carrier was not sighted.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Nagumo was now in a quandary. Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Tamon_Yamaguchi" title="Tamon Yamaguchi">Tamon Yamaguchi</a>, leading Carrier Division 2 (Hiryū and Sōryū), recommended that Nagumo strike immediately with the forces at hand: 16 D3A1 dive bombers on Sōryū and 18 on Hiryū, and half the ready cover patrol aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Nagumo's opportunity to hit the American ships<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> was now limited by the imminent return of his Midway strike force. The returning strike force needed to land promptly or it would have to ditch into the sea. Because of the constant flight deck activity associated with combat air patrol operations during the preceding hour, the Japanese never had an opportunity to position ("spot") their reserve planes on the flight deck for launch.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The few aircraft on the Japanese flight decks at the time of the attack were either defensive fighters or, in the case of Sōryū, fighters being spotted to augment the combat air patrol.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Spotting his flight decks and launching aircraft would have required at least 30 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Furthermore, by spotting and launching immediately, Nagumo would be committing some of his reserves to battle without proper anti-ship armament, and likely without fighter escort; he had just witnessed how easily the unescorted American bombers had been shot down.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Japanese <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">naval doctrine</a> preferred the launching of fully constituted strikes rather than piecemeal attacks. Without confirmation of whether the American force included carriers (not received until 08:20), Nagumo's reaction was doctrinaire.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The arrival of another land-based American air strike at 07:53 gave weight to the need to attack the island again. Nagumo decided to wait for his first strike force to land, and then launch the reserve, which would by then be properly armed with torpedoes.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Had Nagumo instead launched the available aircraft around 07:45 and risked the ditching of Tomonaga's aircraft, they would have formed a powerful and well-balanced force with the potential to sink two American carriers.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Furthermore, fueled and armed aircraft inside the ships presented a significant additional hazard for damage to the carriers in an event of attack, and keeping them on the decks was much more dangerous than getting them airborne.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Whatever the case, at that point there was no way to stop the American strike against him, since Fletcher's carriers had launched their planes beginning at 07:00 (with Enterprise and Hornet having completed launching by 07:55, but Yorktown not until 09:08), so the aircraft that would deliver the crushing blow were already on their way. Even if Nagumo had not strictly followed carrier doctrine, he could not have prevented the launch of the American attack.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_the_Japanese_fleet">Attacks on the Japanese fleet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Attacks on the Japanese fleet">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilots_of_U.S._Navy_Torpedo_Squadron_8_(VT-8)_aboard_USS_Hornet_(CV-8),_circa_mid-May_1942_(NH_93595).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pilots_of_U.S._Navy_Torpedo_Squadron_8_%28VT-8%29_aboard_USS_Hornet_%28CV-8%29%2C_circa_mid-May_1942_%28NH_93595%29.jpg/220px-Pilots_of_U.S._Navy_Torpedo_Squadron_8_%28VT-8%29_aboard_USS_Hornet_%28CV-8%29%2C_circa_mid-May_1942_%28NH_93595%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pilots_of_U.S._Navy_Torpedo_Squadron_8_%28VT-8%29_aboard_USS_Hornet_%28CV-8%29%2C_circa_mid-May_1942_%28NH_93595%29.jpg/330px-Pilots_of_U.S._Navy_Torpedo_Squadron_8_%28VT-8%29_aboard_USS_Hornet_%28CV-8%29%2C_circa_mid-May_1942_%28NH_93595%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pilots_of_U.S._Navy_Torpedo_Squadron_8_%28VT-8%29_aboard_USS_Hornet_%28CV-8%29%2C_circa_mid-May_1942_%28NH_93595%29.jpg/440px-Pilots_of_U.S._Navy_Torpedo_Squadron_8_%28VT-8%29_aboard_USS_Hornet_%28CV-8%29%2C_circa_mid-May_1942_%28NH_93595%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>Pilots of Navy Torpedo Squadron 8 (VT-8) aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)" title="USS Hornet (CV-8)">USS Hornet</a>, circa mid-May 1942. Only one member of <a href="/wiki/VT-8" title="VT-8">VT-8</a> who flew from Hornet on 4 June 1942 survived in the action.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vt8-g-gay-may42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vt8-g-gay-may42.jpg/220px-Vt8-g-gay-may42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vt8-g-gay-may42.jpg/330px-Vt8-g-gay-may42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vt8-g-gay-may42.jpg/440px-Vt8-g-gay-may42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">Ensign</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._Gay,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George H. Gay, Jr.">George Gay</a> (right), sole survivor of VT-8's <a href="/wiki/Douglas_TBD_Devastator" title="Douglas TBD Devastator">TBD Devastator</a> squadron, in front of his aircraft, 4 June 1942</figcaption></figure> The Americans had already launched their carrier aircraft against the Japanese. Fletcher, in overall command aboard Yorktown, and benefiting from PBY sighting reports from the early morning, ordered Spruance to launch against the Japanese as soon as was practical, while initially holding Yorktown in reserve in case any other Japanese carriers were found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd2006-95">[94]</a> Spruance judged that, though the range was extreme, a strike could succeed and gave the order to launch the attack. He left Halsey's Chief of Staff, Captain <a href="/wiki/Miles_Browning" title="Miles Browning">Miles Browning</a>, to work out the details and oversee the launch. The carriers had to launch into the wind, so the light southeasterly breeze would require them to steam away from the Japanese at high speed. Browning, therefore, suggested a launch time of 07:00, giving the carriers an hour to close on the Japanese at 25 kn (46 km/h; 29 mph). This would place them at about 155 nmi (287 km; 178 mi) from the Japanese fleet, assuming it did not change course. The first plane took off from Spruance's carriers Enterprise and Hornet a few minutes after 07:00.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Fletcher, upon completing his own scouting flights, followed suit at 08:00 from Yorktown.<a href="#cite_note-Cressman;_Parshall,_Tully;_Buell-97">[96]</a> Fletcher, along with Yorktown's commanding officer, Captain <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Buckmaster" title="Elliott Buckmaster">Elliott Buckmaster</a>, and their staffs, had acquired the first-hand experience needed in organizing and launching a full strike against an enemy force <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">in the Coral Sea</a>, but there was no time to pass these lessons on to Enterprise, commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/George_D._Murray" title="George D. Murray">George Murray</a>, and Hornet, commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/Marc_Mitscher" title="Marc Mitscher">Marc Mitscher</a>, which were tasked with launching the first strike.<a href="#cite_note-cv6.org_p2-98">[97]</a> Spruance ordered the striking aircraft to proceed to target immediately rather than waiting for the strike force to assemble, since neutralizing enemy carriers was the key to the survival of his own task force.<a href="#cite_note-Cressman;_Parshall,_Tully;_Buell-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-cv6.org_p2-98">[97]</a> While the Japanese were able to launch 108 aircraft in just seven minutes, it took Enterprise and Hornet over an hour to launch 117.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Spruance judged that the need to throw something at the enemy as soon as possible was greater than the need to coordinate the attack by aircraft of different types and speeds (fighters, bombers, and torpedo bombers). Accordingly, American squadrons were launched piecemeal and proceeded to the target in several different groups. It was accepted that the lack of coordination would diminish the impact of the American attacks and increase their casualties, but Spruance calculated that this was worthwhile, since keeping the Japanese under aerial attack impaired their ability to launch a counterstrike (Japanese tactics preferred fully constituted attacks), and he gambled that he would find Nagumo with his flight decks at their most vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-Cressman;_Parshall,_Tully;_Buell-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-cv6.org_p2-98">[97]</a> American carrier aircraft had difficulty locating the target, despite the positions they had been given. The strike from Hornet, led by Commander Stanhope C. Ring, followed an incorrect heading of 265 degrees rather than the 240 degrees indicated by the contact report. As a result, Air Group Eight's dive bombers missed the Japanese carriers:<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> the 10 <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcat" title="Grumman F4F Wildcat">F4Fs</a> from Hornet ran out of fuel and had to <a href="/wiki/Water_landing" title="Water landing">ditch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwing200471,_85,_86,_307-101">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Squadron_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpedo Squadron 8">Torpedo Squadron 8</a> (VT-8, from Hornet), led by Lieutenant Commander <a href="/wiki/John_C._Waldron" title="John C. Waldron">John C. Waldron</a>, broke formation from Ring and followed the correct heading. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_TBD-1_Devastators_of_VT-6_are_spotted_for_launch_aboard_USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)_on_4_June_1942_(80-G-41686).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Douglas_TBD-1_Devastators_of_VT-6_are_spotted_for_launch_aboard_USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_on_4_June_1942_%2880-G-41686%29.jpg/220px-Douglas_TBD-1_Devastators_of_VT-6_are_spotted_for_launch_aboard_USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_on_4_June_1942_%2880-G-41686%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Douglas_TBD-1_Devastators_of_VT-6_are_spotted_for_launch_aboard_USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_on_4_June_1942_%2880-G-41686%29.jpg/330px-Douglas_TBD-1_Devastators_of_VT-6_are_spotted_for_launch_aboard_USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_on_4_June_1942_%2880-G-41686%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Douglas_TBD-1_Devastators_of_VT-6_are_spotted_for_launch_aboard_USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_on_4_June_1942_%2880-G-41686%29.jpg/440px-Douglas_TBD-1_Devastators_of_VT-6_are_spotted_for_launch_aboard_USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_on_4_June_1942_%2880-G-41686%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5015" data-file-height="3755" /></a><figcaption>Devastators of VT-6 aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS Enterprise</a> being prepared for takeoff during the battle</figcaption></figure> Waldron's squadron sighted the enemy carriers and began attacking at 09:20, followed at 09:40<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> by <a href="/wiki/VF-6" title="VF-6">VF-6</a> from Enterprise, whose Wildcat fighter escorts lost contact, ran low on fuel, and had to turn back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwing200471,_85,_86,_307-101">[100]</a> Without fighter escort, all 15 <a href="/wiki/Douglas_TBD_Devastator" title="Douglas TBD Devastator">TBD Devastators</a> of VT-8 were shot down without being able to inflict any damage. Ensign <a href="/wiki/George_H._Gay,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George H. Gay, Jr.">George H. Gay, Jr.</a> was the only survivor of the 30 aircrew of VT-8. He launched his <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> on Sōryū before he was shot down, but Sōryū evaded it.<a href="#cite_note-nhcgay-103">[102]</a> VT-6, led by Lieutenant Commander <a href="/wiki/Eugene_E._Lindsey" title="Eugene E. Lindsey">Eugene E. Lindsey</a> lost 9 of its 14 Devastators (one ditched later), and 10 of 12 Devastators from Yorktown's <a href="/wiki/VA-35_(U.S._Navy)" title="VA-35 (U.S. Navy)">VT-3</a> (who attacked at 10:10) were shot down with no hits to show for their effort, thanks in part to the abysmal performance of their unimproved <a href="/wiki/Mark_13_torpedo" title="Mark 13 torpedo">Mark 13 torpedoes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Midway was the last time the TBD Devastator was used in combat.<a href="#cite_note-Military_Factory-105">[104]</a> The Japanese combat air patrol, flying Zeros,<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> made short work of the unescorted, slow, under-armed TBDs. A few TBDs managed to get within a few ship-lengths range of their targets before dropping their torpedoes—close enough to be able to strafe the enemy ships and force the Japanese carriers to make sharp evasive maneuvers—but all of their torpedoes either missed or failed to explode.<a href="#cite_note-cv6.org_p3-107">[106]</a> The performance of American torpedoes early in the war was extremely poor, as shot after shot missed by running directly under the target (deeper than intended), prematurely exploded, or failed to explode at all.<a href="#cite_note-Morison_IV-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Remarkably, senior Navy and <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ordnance" title="Bureau of Ordnance">Bureau of Ordnance</a> officers never questioned why half a dozen torpedoes, released so close to the Japanese carriers, produced no results.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Despite their failure to score any hits, the American torpedo attacks achieved three important results. First, they kept the Japanese carriers off balance and unable to prepare and launch their own counterstrike. Second, the poor control of the Japanese CAP meant they were out of position for subsequent attacks. Third, many of the Zeros ran low on ammunition and fuel.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The appearance of a third torpedo plane attack from the southeast by VT-3 from Yorktown, led by Lieutenant Commander <a href="/wiki/Lance_Edward_Massey" title="Lance Edward Massey">Lance Edward Massey</a> at 10:00 quickly drew the majority of the Japanese CAP to the southeast quadrant of the fleet.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Better discipline and the employment of a greater number of Zeros for the CAP might have enabled Nagumo to prevent (or at least mitigate) the damage caused by the coming American attacks.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> By chance, at the same time VT-3 was sighted by the Japanese, three squadrons of SBDs from Enterprise and Yorktown were approaching from the southwest and northeast. The Yorktown squadron (VB-3) had flown just behind VT-3 but elected to attack from a different course. The two squadrons from Enterprise (VB-6 and VS-6) were running low on fuel because of the time spent looking for the enemy. Air Group Commander <a href="/wiki/C._Wade_McClusky,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="C. Wade McClusky, Jr.">C. Wade McClusky, Jr.</a> decided to continue the search and by good fortune spotted the wake of the Japanese destroyer <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashi" title="Japanese destroyer Arashi">Arashi</a>, steaming at full speed to rejoin Nagumo's carriers after having unsuccessfully <a href="/wiki/Depth-charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Depth-charge">depth-charged</a> U.S. submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SS-168)" title="USS Nautilus (SS-168)">Nautilus</a>, which had unsuccessfully attacked the battleship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kirishima" title="Japanese battleship Kirishima">Kirishima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kirishimamove-114">[113]</a> Some bombers were lost from fuel exhaustion before the attack commenced.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> McClusky's decision to continue the search and his judgment, in the opinion of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Chester_Nimitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Nimitz">Chester Nimitz</a>, "decided the fate of our carrier task force and our forces at Midway ..."<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> All three American dive-bomber squadrons (VB-6, VS-6, and VB-3) arrived almost simultaneously at the perfect time, locations and altitudes to attack.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Most of the Japanese CAP was directing its attention to the torpedo planes of VT-3 and was out of position; meanwhile, armed Japanese strike aircraft filled the hangar decks, fuel hoses snaked across the decks as refueling operations were hastily being completed, and the repeated change of ordnance meant that bombs and torpedoes were stacked around the hangars, rather than stowed safely in the <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">magazines</a>, making the Japanese carriers extraordinarily vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Destruction_of_Kaga,_Sōryū_and_Akagi">Destruction of Kaga, Sōryū and Akagi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Destruction of Kaga, Sōryū and Akagi">edit</a>]</div> Beginning at 10:22, the two squadrons of Enterprise's air group split up with the intention of sending one squadron each to attack Kaga and Akagi. A miscommunication caused both of the squadrons to dive at Kaga. Recognizing the error, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Richard_Halsey_Best" title="Richard Halsey Best">Richard Halsey Best</a> and his two wingmen were able to pull out of their dives and, after judging that Kaga was doomed, headed north to attack Akagi. Coming under an onslaught of bombs from almost two full squadrons, Kaga sustained three to five direct hits, which caused heavy damage and started multiple fires. One of the bombs landed on or right in front of the bridge, killing Captain <a href="/wiki/Jisaku_Okada" title="Jisaku Okada">Jisaku Okada</a> and most of the ship's senior officers.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, part of McClusky's group, recalled: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We were coming down in all directions on the port side of the carrier ... I recognized her as the Kaga; and she was enormous ... The target was utterly satisfying ... I saw a bomb hit just behind where I was aiming ... I saw the deck rippling and curling back in all directions exposing a great section of the hangar below ... I saw [my] 500 lb [230 kg] bomb hit right abreast of the [carrier's] island. The two 100 lb [45 kg] bombs struck in the forward area of the parked planes ... <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2001123-120">[119]</a></blockquote> Several minutes later, Best and his two wingmen dived on Akagi. <a href="/wiki/Mitsuo_Fuchida" title="Mitsuo Fuchida">Mitsuo Fuchida</a>, the Japanese aviator who had led the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, was on Akagi when it was hit, and described the attack: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A look-out screamed: "Hell-Divers!" I looked up to see three black enemy planes plummeting towards our ship. Some of our machineguns managed to fire a few frantic bursts at them, but it was too late. The plump silhouettes of the American Dauntless dive-bombers quickly grew larger, and then a number of black objects suddenly floated eerily from their wings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012310-121">[120]</a> </blockquote> Although Akagi sustained only one direct hit (almost certainly dropped by Lieutenant Best), it proved to be a fatal blow: the bomb struck the edge of the mid-ship deck elevator and penetrated to the upper hangar deck, where it exploded among the armed and fueled aircraft in the vicinity. Nagumo's chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABnosuke_Kusaka" title="Ryūnosuke Kusaka">Ryūnosuke Kusaka</a>, recorded "a terrific fire ... bodies all over the place ... Planes stood tail up, belching livid flames and jet-black smoke, making it impossible to bring the fires under control."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan2004216-122">[121]</a> Another bomb exploded underwater very close astern; the resulting geyser bent the flight deck upward "in grotesque configurations" and caused crucial rudder damage.<a href="#cite_note-cv6.org_p3-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan2004216-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[nb 2]</a> Simultaneously, Yorktown's VB-3, commanded by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Max_Leslie" title="Max Leslie">Max Leslie</a>, went for Sōryū, scoring at least three hits and causing extensive damage. Gasoline ignited, creating an inferno, while stacked bombs and ammunition detonated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012310-121">[120]</a> VT-3 targeted Hiryū, which was hemmed in by Sōryū, Kaga, and Akagi, but achieved no hits.<a href="#cite_note-Parshall_2005_330–353-125">[123]</a> Within six minutes, Sōryū and Kaga were ablaze from stem to stern. Akagi, having been struck by only one bomb, took longer to burn, but the resulting fires quickly expanded and proved impossible to extinguish; she too was eventually consumed by flames and had to be abandoned. Although Nagumo was reluctant to leave Akagi,<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Kusaka was able to persuade him.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> At 10:46, Nagumo transferred his <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flag</a> to the light cruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Nagara" title="Japanese cruiser Nagara">Nagara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-combinedfleet-129">[127]</a> All three carriers remained temporarily afloat, as none had suffered damage below the waterline, other than the rudder damage to Akagi caused by the near miss close astern. Despite initial hopes that Akagi could be saved or at least towed back to Japan, all three carriers were eventually abandoned and <a href="/wiki/Scuttling" title="Scuttling">scuttled</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parshall_2005_330–353-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[nb 3]</a> While Kaga was burning, Nautilus showed up again and launched three torpedoes at her, scoring one dud hit. The Kaga was later sunk by the Japanese destroyer <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hagikaze" title="Japanese destroyer Hagikaze">Hagikaze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_counterattacks">Japanese counterattacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japanese counterattacks">edit</a>]</div> Hiryū, the sole surviving Japanese aircraft carrier, wasted little time in counterattacking. Hiryū's first attack wave, consisting of 18 D3As and 6 Zeros, followed the retreating American aircraft and attacked the first carrier they encountered, Yorktown, hitting her with three bombs, which blew a hole in the deck, snuffed out all but one of her <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boilers</a>, and destroyed one anti-aircraft mount. The damage forced Fletcher to move his command staff to the heavy cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Astoria_(CA-34)" title="USS Astoria (CA-34)">Astoria</a>. Damage control parties were able to temporarily patch the flight deck and restore power to several boilers within an hour, giving her a speed of 19 kn (35 km/h; 22 mph) and enabling her to resume air operations. Yorktown hoisted a flag signal to indicate a speed of 5 knots.<a href="#cite_note-Lord_1967_216–217-133">[130]</a> Captain Buckmaster had his signalmen hoist a new 10-by-15-foot American flag from the foremast. Thirteen D3As and three Zeros were lost in this attack (two Zeros turned back early after they were damaged attacking some of Enterprise's SBDs returning from their attack on the Japanese carriers).<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)_is_hit_by_a_torpedo_on_4_June_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_is_hit_by_a_torpedo_on_4_June_1942.jpg/220px-USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_is_hit_by_a_torpedo_on_4_June_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_is_hit_by_a_torpedo_on_4_June_1942.jpg/330px-USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_is_hit_by_a_torpedo_on_4_June_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_is_hit_by_a_torpedo_on_4_June_1942.jpg/440px-USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_is_hit_by_a_torpedo_on_4_June_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5660" data-file-height="4467" /></a><figcaption>Yorktown at the moment of impact of a torpedo from a <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_B5N" title="Nakajima B5N">Nakajima B5N</a> of Lieutenant Hashimoto's 2nd <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service#Organization" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">chūtai</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a></figcaption></figure> Approximately one hour later, Hiryū's second attack wave, consisting of ten B5Ns and six escorting Zeros, arrived over Yorktown; the repair efforts had been so effective that the Japanese pilots assumed that Yorktown must be a different, undamaged carrier.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> They attacked, crippling Yorktown with two torpedoes; she lost all power and developed a 23-degree list to port. Five B5Ns and two Zeros were shot down in this attack.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> News of the two strikes, with the mistaken reports that each had sunk an American carrier, greatly improved Japanese morale. The few surviving aircraft were all recovered aboard Hiryū. Despite the heavy losses, the Japanese believed that they could scrape together enough aircraft for one more strike against what they believed to be the only remaining American carrier.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_counterattack">American counterattack</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: American counterattack">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_adrift_and_burning_on_5_June_1942_(NH_73065).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_adrift_and_burning_on_5_June_1942_%28NH_73065%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_adrift_and_burning_on_5_June_1942_%28NH_73065%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_adrift_and_burning_on_5_June_1942_%28NH_73065%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_adrift_and_burning_on_5_June_1942_%28NH_73065%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_adrift_and_burning_on_5_June_1942_%28NH_73065%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_adrift_and_burning_on_5_June_1942_%28NH_73065%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3683" data-file-height="2446" /></a><figcaption>Hiryū, shortly before sinking, photo taken by a <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_B4Y" title="Yokosuka B4Y">Yokosuka B4Y</a> off the carrier Hōshō<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a></figcaption></figure> Late in the afternoon, a Yorktown scout aircraft located Hiryū, prompting Enterprise to launch a final strike of 24 dive bombers (six SBDs from <a href="/w/index.php?title=VS-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VS-6 (page does not exist)">VS-6</a>, four SBDs from <a href="/w/index.php?title=VB-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VB-6 (page does not exist)">VB-6</a>, and 14 SBDs from Yorktown's <a href="/wiki/VB-3" class="mw-redirect" title="VB-3">VB-3</a>). Despite Hiryū being defended by more than a dozen Zero fighters, the attack by Enterprise and orphaned Yorktown aircraft launched from Enterprise was successful: four bombs (possibly five) hit Hiryū, leaving her ablaze and unable to operate aircraft. Hornet's strike, launched late because of a communications error, concentrated on the remaining escort ships but failed to score any hits.<a href="#cite_note-Parshall_2005_328–329,_354–359-140">[137]</a> A bomb from the Enterprise dive bomber piloted by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Kleiss" title="Norman Kleiss">Dusty Kleiss</a> struck Hiryū on the bow, essentially crippling her.<a href="#cite_note-Battle_360-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate_Warfare-142">[139]</a> After futile attempts at controlling the blaze, most of the crew on Hiryū were evacuated, and the remainder of the fleet continued sailing northeast in an attempt to intercept the American carriers. Despite a scuttling attempt by a Japanese destroyer that hit her with a torpedo and then departed quickly, Hiryū stayed afloat for several more hours. She was discovered early the next morning by an aircraft from the escort carrier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō">Hōshō</a>, prompting hopes she could be saved or towed back to Japan. Soon after being spotted, Hiryū sank. Yamaguchi, along with ship's captain, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomeo_Kaku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomeo Kaku (page does not exist)">Tomeo Kaku</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%AD%A2%E7%94%B7" class="extiw" title="ja:加来止男">ja</a>], chose to <a href="/wiki/The_captain_goes_down_with_the_ship" title="The captain goes down with the ship">go down with the ship</a>, costing Japan perhaps its best carrier officer. One young sailor reportedly tried to stay with the officers but was denied.<a href="#cite_note-Parshall_2005_328–329,_354–359-140">[137]</a> As darkness fell, both sides made tentative plans for continuing the action. Fletcher, obliged to abandon the derelict Yorktown and feeling he could not adequately command from a cruiser, ceded operational command to Spruance. Spruance knew the U.S. had won a great victory, but he was unsure of what Japanese forces remained and was determined to safeguard both Midway and his carriers. To aid his aviators, who had launched at extreme range, he had continued to close with Nagumo during the day and persisted as night fell.<a href="#cite_note-Potter_&_Nimitz_1960_p.682-143">[140]</a> Finally, fearing a possible night encounter with Japanese surface forces<a href="#cite_note-Potter_&_Nimitz_1960_p.682-143">[140]</a> and believing Yamamoto still intended to invade (based in part on a misleading contact report from the submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Tambor" title="USS Tambor">Tambor</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Blair_1975_246–247-144">[141]</a> Spruance changed course and withdrew to the east, turning back west towards the enemy at midnight.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> For his part, Yamamoto initially decided to continue the engagement and sent his remaining surface forces searching eastward for the American carriers. Simultaneously, he detached a cruiser raiding force to bombard the island. The Japanese surface forces failed to make contact with the Americans because Spruance had briefly withdrawn eastward, and Yamamoto ordered a general withdrawal to the west.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> It was fortunate for the U.S. that Spruance did not pursue: had he come in contact with Yamamoto's heavy ships, including <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato">Yamato</a>, in the dark, considering the Japanese Navy's superiority in night-attack tactics at the time, there is a very high probability his cruisers would have been overwhelmed and his carriers sunk.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> Spruance failed to reestablish contact with Yamamoto's forces on 5 June, despite extensive searches. Towards the end of the day, he launched a search-and-destroy mission to seek out any remnants of Nagumo's carrier force. This late afternoon strike narrowly missed detecting Yamamoto's main body and failed to score hits on a straggling Japanese destroyer. The strike planes returned to the carriers after nightfall, prompting Spruance to order Enterprise and Hornet to turn on their lights to aid the landings.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> At 02:15 on 5 June Commander John Murphy's Tambor, lying 90 nmi (170 km; 100 mi) west of Midway, made the second of the submarine force's two major contributions to the battle's outcome, although its impact was heavily blunted by Murphy.<a href="#cite_note-Blair,_250-149">[146]</a> Sighting several ships, neither Murphy nor his executive officer, Edward Spruance (son of Admiral Spruance), could identify them. Uncertain of whether they were friendly and unwilling to approach any closer to verify their heading or type, Murphy decided to send a vague report of "four large ships" to Admiral <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_English" title="Robert Henry English">Robert English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commander,_Submarine_Force,_U.S._Pacific_Fleet" title="Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet">Commander, Submarine Force, Pacific Fleet</a>. This report was passed on by English to Nimitz, who then sent it to Spruance. Spruance, a former submarine commander, was "understandably furious" at the vagueness of Murphy's report, as it provided him with little more than suspicion and no concrete information on which to make his preparations.<a href="#cite_note-Parshall_&_Tully,_359-150">[147]</a> Unaware of the exact location of Yamamoto's "Main Body" (a persistent problem since the time PBYs had first sighted the Japanese), Spruance was forced to assume the "four large ships" reported by Tambor represented the main invasion force and so he moved to block it, while staying 100 nmi (190 km; 120 mi) northeast of Midway.<a href="#cite_note-prange_320-151">[148]</a> In reality, the ships sighted by Tambor were the detachment of four cruisers and two destroyers Yamamoto had sent to bombard Midway. At 02:55 these ships received Yamamoto's order to retire and changed course to comply.<a href="#cite_note-prange_320-151">[148]</a> At about the same time as this change of course, Tambor was sighted and during maneuvers designed to avoid a submarine attack, the heavy cruisers <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Mogami_(1934)" title="Japanese cruiser Mogami (1934)">Mogami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Mikuma" title="Japanese cruiser Mikuma">Mikuma</a> collided, inflicting serious damage on Mogami's bow. The less severely damaged Mikuma slowed to 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph) to keep pace.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> Only at 04:12 did the sky brighten enough for Murphy to be certain the ships were Japanese, by which time staying surfaced was hazardous and he dived to approach for an attack. The attack was unsuccessful, and around 06:00 he finally reported two westbound <a href="/wiki/Mogami-class_cruiser" title="Mogami-class cruiser">Mogami-class cruisers</a> before diving again and playing no further role in the battle.<a href="#cite_note-Blair_1975_246–247-144">[141]</a> Limping along on a straight course at 12 knots—roughly one-third their top speed—Mogami and Mikuma had been almost perfect targets for a submarine attack. As soon as Tambor returned to port, Spruance had Murphy relieved of duty and reassigned to a shore station, citing his confusing contact report, poor torpedo shooting during his attack run, and general lack of aggression, especially as compared to Nautilus, the oldest of the 12 boats at Midway and the only one which had successfully placed a torpedo on target (albeit a dud).<a href="#cite_note-Blair,_250-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parshall_&_Tully,_359-150">[147]</a> Over the next two days, several strikes were launched against the stragglers, first from Midway, then from Spruance's carriers. Mikuma was eventually sunk by Dauntlesses,<a href="#cite_note-NatlGeo1999-153">[150]</a> while Mogami survived further severe damage to return home for repairs. The destroyers <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio" title="Japanese destroyer Arashio">Arashio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Asashio_(1936)" title="Japanese destroyer Asashio (1936)">Asashio</a> were also bombed and strafed during the last of these attacks.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Fleming" title="Richard E. Fleming">Richard E. Fleming</a>, a U.S. Marine Corps aviator, was killed while executing a glide bomb run on Mikuma and was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> Meanwhile, salvage efforts on Yorktown were encouraging, and she was taken in tow by fleet tug <a href="/wiki/USS_Vireo_(AM-52)" title="USS Vireo (AM-52)">USS Vireo</a>. In the late afternoon of 6 June the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-168" title="Japanese submarine I-168">Japanese submarine I-168</a>, which had managed to slip through the cordon of destroyers (possibly because of the large amount of debris in the water), fired a salvo of torpedoes, two of which struck Yorktown. There were few casualties aboard since most of the crew had already been evacuated, but a third torpedo from this salvo struck the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Hammann_(DD-412)" title="USS Hammann (DD-412)">USS Hammann</a>, which had been providing auxiliary power to Yorktown. Hammann broke in two and sank with the loss of 80 lives, mostly because her own depth charges exploded. With further salvage efforts deemed hopeless, the remaining repair crews were evacuated from Yorktown. Throughout the night of 6 June and into the morning of 7 June, Yorktown remained afloat, but by 05:30 on 7 June, her list rapidly increased to port. Shortly afterward, the ship turned onto her port side.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> At 07:01, Yorktown capsized and sank. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_and_U.S._casualties">Japanese and U.S. casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Japanese and U.S. casualties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_heavy_cruiser_Mikuma_sinking_on_6_June_1942_(80-G-414422).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Japanese_heavy_cruiser_Mikuma_sinking_on_6_June_1942_%2880-G-414422%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_heavy_cruiser_Mikuma_sinking_on_6_June_1942_%2880-G-414422%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Japanese_heavy_cruiser_Mikuma_sinking_on_6_June_1942_%2880-G-414422%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_heavy_cruiser_Mikuma_sinking_on_6_June_1942_%2880-G-414422%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Japanese_heavy_cruiser_Mikuma_sinking_on_6_June_1942_%2880-G-414422%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_heavy_cruiser_Mikuma_sinking_on_6_June_1942_%2880-G-414422%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5724" data-file-height="4501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Mikuma" title="Japanese cruiser Mikuma">Mikuma</a> shortly before sinking</figcaption></figure> SBD pilot Norman "Dusty" Kleiss, who scored three hits on Japanese ships during the Battle of Midway (aircraft carriers Kaga and Hiryū and heavy cruiser Mikuma), wrote: "From the experience in the Marshalls, at Wake and at Marcus, I thought our fleet learned its lessons. We could not send TBDs into action unless they had adequate smoke protection and torpedoes that exploded more than 10 percent of the time."<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> By the time the battle ended, 3,057 Japanese had died. Casualties aboard the four carriers were: Akagi: 267; Kaga: 811; Hiryū: 392 (including Yamaguchi who chose to go down with his ship); Soryū: 711 (including <a href="/wiki/Captain_Yanagimoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Yanagimoto">Captain Yanagimoto</a>, who chose to remain on board); a total of 2,181.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> The heavy cruisers Mikuma (sunk; 700 casualties) and Mogami (badly damaged; 92) accounted for another 792 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> In addition, the destroyers Arashio (bombed; 35) and Asashio (strafed by aircraft; 21) were both damaged during the air attacks which sank Mikuma and caused further damage to Mogami. Floatplanes were lost from the cruisers Chikuma (3) and Tone (2). Dead aboard the destroyers Tanikaze (11), Arashi (1), Kazagumo (1) and the fleet oiler Akebono Maru (10) made up the remaining 23 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-160">[nb 4]</a> At the end of the battle, the U.S. lost the carrier Yorktown and the destroyer Hammann. 307 Americans had been killed, including Major General <a href="/wiki/Clarence_L._Tinker" title="Clarence L. Tinker">Clarence L. Tinker</a>, Commander, <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Air_Force" title="Seventh Air Force">7th Air Force</a>, who personally led a bomber strike from Hawaii against the retreating Japanese forces on 7 June. He was killed when his aircraft crashed near Midway Island. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midway_survivor_on_PBY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Midway_survivor_on_PBY.jpg/220px-Midway_survivor_on_PBY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Midway_survivor_on_PBY.jpg/330px-Midway_survivor_on_PBY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Midway_survivor_on_PBY.jpg/440px-Midway_survivor_on_PBY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>A rescued U.S. aviator on Midway</figcaption></figure> After winning a clear victory, and as pursuit became too hazardous near <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Blair247-161">[157]</a> American forces retired. Spruance again withdrew to the east to refuel his destroyers and rendezvous with the carrier Saratoga, which was ferrying much-needed replacement aircraft. Fletcher transferred his flag to Saratoga on the afternoon of 8 June and resumed command of the carrier force. For the remainder of that day and the next, Fletcher continued to launch search missions from the three carriers to ensure the Japanese were no longer advancing on Midway. Late on 10 June a decision was made to leave the area, and the American carriers returned to Pearl Harbor.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel E. Morison</a> noted in 1949 that Spruance was criticized for not pursuing the retreating Japanese, allowing their surface fleet to escape.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clay_Blair" title="Clay Blair">Clay Blair</a> argued in 1975 that had Spruance pressed on, he would have been unable to launch his aircraft after nightfall, and his cruisers would have been overwhelmed by Yamamoto's powerful surface units, including Yamato.<a href="#cite_note-Blair247-161">[157]</a> Furthermore, the American air groups had suffered considerable losses, including most of their torpedo bombers. This made it unlikely that they would be effective in an airstrike against the Japanese battleships, even if they had managed to catch them during the daytime.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> Also, Spruance's destroyers were critically low on fuel.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toll-166">[162]</a> On 10 June the Imperial Japanese Navy conveyed to the military liaison conference an incomplete picture of the results of the battle. Nagumo's detailed battle report was submitted to the high command on 15 June. It was intended only for the highest echelons in the Japanese Navy and government and was guarded closely throughout the war. In it, one of the more striking revelations is the comment on Mobile Force Commander Nagumo's estimates: "The enemy is not aware of our plans (we were not discovered until early in the morning of the 5th at the earliest)."<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> In reality, the whole operation had been compromised from the beginning by American code-breaking efforts.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> The Japanese public and much of the military command structure were kept in the dark about the extent of the defeat: Japanese news announced a great victory. Only Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> and the highest Navy command staff were accurately informed of the carrier and personnel losses. Consequently, even the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> continued to believe, for at least a short time, that the fleet was in good condition.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> On the return of the Japanese fleet to <a href="/wiki/Hashirajima" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashirajima">Hashirajima</a> on 14 June the wounded were immediately transferred to naval hospitals; most were classified as "secret patients", placed in isolation wards and quarantined from other patients and their own families to keep this major defeat secret.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> The remaining officers and men were quickly dispersed to other units of the fleet and, without being allowed to see family or friends, were shipped to units in the South Pacific, where the majority died in battle.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> None of the flag officers or staff of the Combined Fleet were penalized, and Nagumo was later placed in command of the rebuilt carrier force.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> A possible reason Nagumo was not relieved of command was that he reported two American carriers had been sunk; not one actually sunk.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Still_from_1942_film_Battle_of_Midway_shot_by_John_Ford_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Still_from_1942_film_Battle_of_Midway_shot_by_John_Ford_02.jpg/220px-Still_from_1942_film_Battle_of_Midway_shot_by_John_Ford_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Still_from_1942_film_Battle_of_Midway_shot_by_John_Ford_02.jpg/330px-Still_from_1942_film_Battle_of_Midway_shot_by_John_Ford_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Still_from_1942_film_Battle_of_Midway_shot_by_John_Ford_02.jpg/440px-Still_from_1942_film_Battle_of_Midway_shot_by_John_Ford_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>In this still from the 1942 U.S. Navy film <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Midway_(film)" title="The Battle of Midway (film)">The Battle of Midway</a>, shot by <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a>, soldiers and civilians inspect the wreckage of a plane while black smoke billows in the distance</figcaption></figure> As a result of the defeat, new procedures were adopted whereby more Japanese aircraft were refueled and re-armed on the flight deck rather than in the hangars, and the practice of draining all unused fuel lines was adopted. The new carriers being built were redesigned to incorporate only two flight deck elevators and new firefighting equipment. More carrier crew members were trained in damage-control and firefighting techniques, although the losses of the Shōkaku, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiy%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiyō">Hiyō</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Taih%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Taihō">Taihō</a> later in the war suggest that there were still problems in this area.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> Japanese replacement pilots were pushed through an abbreviated training regimen to meet the short-term needs of the fleet, leading to a sharp decline in the quality of the aviators produced. These inexperienced pilots were fed into front-line units, while the veterans who remained after Midway and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomons campaign</a> were forced to share an increased workload as conditions grew more desperate, with few being given a chance to rest in rear areas or in the home islands. As a result, Japanese naval air groups as a whole progressively deteriorated during the war while their American adversaries continued to improve.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_prisoners">American prisoners</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: American prisoners">edit</a>]</div> Three U.S. aviators were captured during the battle: Ensign Wesley Osmus,<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> a pilot from Yorktown; Ensign Frank O'Flaherty,<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> a pilot from Enterprise; and <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Machinist%27s_Mate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation Machinist's Mate">Aviation Machinist's Mate</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Peter_Gaido" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruno Peter Gaido">Bruno Peter Gaido</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> O'Flaherty's radioman-gunner.<a href="#cite_note-pacwar_Japanese_War_Crimes-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> Osmus was held on Arashi; O'Flaherty and Gaido on the cruiser Nagara (or destroyer Makigumo, sources vary); O'Flaherty and Gaido were interrogated and then tied to water-filled kerosene cans and thrown overboard to drown.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> Osmus was slated for the same fate; however, he resisted and was murdered on the Arashi with a fire axe, and his body was thrown overboard.<a href="#cite_note-pacwar_Japanese_War_Crimes-179">[175]</a> The report filed by Nagumo tersely states that Osmus, "died on 6 June and was buried at sea";<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> O'Flaherty and Gaido's fates were not mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> The execution of Osmus in this manner was apparently ordered by Arashi's captain, Watanabe Yasumasa. Yasumasa died when the destroyer <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Numakaze" title="Japanese destroyer Numakaze">Numakaze</a> sank in December 1943; had he survived the war he would have likely been tried as a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">war criminal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_prisoners">Japanese prisoners</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Japanese prisoners">edit</a>]</div> Two enlisted men from Mikuma were rescued from a life raft on 9 June by <a href="/wiki/USS_Trout_(SS-202)" title="USS Trout (SS-202)">USS Trout</a> and taken to Pearl Harbor. After receiving medical care, at least one of these sailors cooperated during interrogation and provided intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> Another 35 crewmen from Hiryū were taken from a lifeboat by <a href="/wiki/USS_Ballard_(DD-267)" title="USS Ballard (DD-267)">USS Ballard</a> on 19 June after being spotted by an American search plane. They were taken to Midway and then transferred to Pearl Harbor on <a href="/wiki/USS_Sirius_(AK-15)" title="USS Sirius (AK-15)">USS Sirius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SBD-2_Naval_Aviation_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/SBD-2_Naval_Aviation_Museum.jpg/220px-SBD-2_Naval_Aviation_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/SBD-2_Naval_Aviation_Museum.jpg/330px-SBD-2_Naval_Aviation_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/SBD-2_Naval_Aviation_Museum.jpg/440px-SBD-2_Naval_Aviation_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless" title="Douglas SBD Dauntless">SBD-2</a> was one of sixteen dive bombers of <a href="/wiki/VMSB-241" class="mw-redirect" title="VMSB-241">VMSB-241</a> launched from Midway on the morning of 4 June. Holed 219 times in the attack on the carrier Hiryū, it survives today at the <a href="/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum" title="National Naval Aviation Museum">National Naval Aviation Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola, Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SBD-2_Aircraft,_Bureau_Number_2106-188">[184]</a></figcaption></figure> The Battle of Midway has often been called "the turning point of the Pacific".<a href="#cite_note-turning_point-189">[185]</a> It was the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies'</a> first major naval victory against the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-U.S-190">[186]</a> Had Japan won the battle as thoroughly as the U.S. did, it might have been able to capture Midway Island. Saratoga would have been the only American carrier in the Pacific, as no new ones were completed before the end of 1942. While the U.S. would probably not have sought peace with Japan as Yamamoto hoped, his country might have revived <a href="/wiki/Operation_FS" title="Operation FS">Operation FS</a> to invade and occupy Fiji and Samoa; attacked Australia, Alaska, and Ceylon; or even attempted to occupy Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-baker20160108-56">[55]</a> Although the Japanese continued to try to secure more territory, and the U.S. did not move from a state of naval parity to one of supremacy until after several more months of hard combat,<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> Midway allowed the Allies to switch to the strategic initiative, paving the way for the <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">landings on Guadalcanal</a> and the prolonged <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">attrition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a>. Midway allowed this to occur before the first of the new <a href="/wiki/Essex-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Essex-class aircraft carrier">Essex-class</a> fleet carriers became available at the end of 1942.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> The Guadalcanal campaign is regarded by some as a turning point in the Pacific War.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> Some authors have stated that heavy losses in carriers and veteran aircrews at Midway permanently weakened the Imperial Japanese Navy.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> Parshall and Tully have stated that the heavy losses in veteran aircrew (110, just under 25% of the aircrew embarked on the four carriers)<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> were not crippling to the Japanese naval air corps as a whole; the Japanese navy had 2,000 carrier-qualified aircrews at the start of the Pacific War.<a href="#cite_note-Partull417-196">[192]</a> The loss of four large fleet carriers and over 40% of the carriers' highly trained aircraft mechanics and technicians, plus the essential flight-deck crews and armorers, and the loss of organizational knowledge embodied in such highly trained crews, were still heavy blows to the Japanese carrier fleet.<a href="#cite_note-Partul4167-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[nb 5]</a> A few months after Midway, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service</a> sustained similar casualty rates in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons" title="Battle of the Eastern Solomons">Battle of the Eastern Solomons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands">Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands</a>, and it was these battles, combined with the constant attrition of veterans during the Solomons campaign, which were the catalyst for the sharp downward spiral in operational capability.<a href="#cite_note-Partul4167-197">[193]</a> After the battle, Shōkaku and Zuikaku were the only large carriers of the original Pearl Harbor strike force still afloat. Of Japan's other carriers, Taihō, which was not commissioned until early 1944, would be the only fleet carrier worth teaming with Shōkaku and Zuikaku; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ry%C5%ABj%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō">Ryūjō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuih%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuihō">Zuihō</a> were light carriers, while <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Jun%27y%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Jun'yō">Jun'yō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiy%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiyō">Hiyō</a>, although technically classified as fleet carriers, were second-rate ships of comparatively limited effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> In the time it took Japan to build three carriers, the U.S. Navy commissioned more than two dozen fleet and light fleet carriers, and numerous escort carriers.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> By 1942 the U.S. was already three years into a shipbuilding program mandated by the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Naval_Act_of_1938" title="Naval Act of 1938">Second Vinson Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> Both the U.S. and Japan accelerated the training of aircrew, but the U.S. had a more effective pilot rotation system, which meant that more veterans survived and went on to training or command <a href="/wiki/Billet" title="Billet">billets</a>, where they were able to pass on lessons they had learned in combat to trainees, instead of remaining in combat, where errors were more likely to be fatal.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea" title="Battle of the Philippine Sea">Battle of the Philippine Sea</a> in June 1944, the Japanese had nearly rebuilt their carrier forces in terms of numbers, but their planes, many of which were obsolete, were largely flown by inexperienced and poorly trained pilots.<a href="#cite_note-204">[nb 6]</a> Midway showed the worth of pre-war naval cryptanalysis and intelligence-gathering. These efforts continued and were expanded throughout the war in both the Pacific and Atlantic theaters. Successes were numerous and significant. For instance, cryptanalysis made possible the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vengeance" title="Operation Vengeance">shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto's airplane</a> in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-205">[199]</a> The Battle of Midway also caused the plan of Japan and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> to <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_negotiations_on_the_division_of_Asia" title="Axis powers negotiations on the division of Asia">meet up in the Indian subcontinent</a> to be abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> The Battle of Midway redefined the central importance of <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a> for the remainder of the war when the Japanese suddenly lost their four main aircraft carriers and were forced to return home. Without any form of air superiority, the Japanese never again launched a major offensive in the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_of_sunken_vessels">Discovery of sunken vessels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Discovery of sunken vessels">edit</a>]</div> Because of the extreme depth of the ocean in the area of the battle (more than 17,000 ft or 5,200 m), researching the battlefield has presented extraordinary difficulties. On 19 May 1998, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a> and a team of scientists and Midway veterans from both sides located and photographed Yorktown, which was located 16,650 ft (5,070 m) deep. The ship was remarkably intact for a vessel that had sunk in 1942; much of the original equipment and even the original paint scheme were still visible.<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> Ballard's subsequent search for the Japanese carriers was unsuccessful. In September 1999, a joint expedition between Nauticos Corp. and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Oceanographic_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office">U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office</a> searched for the Japanese aircraft carriers. Using advanced renavigation techniques in conjunction with the ship's log of the submarine USS Nautilus, the expedition located a large piece of wreckage, subsequently identified as having come from the upper hangar deck of Kaga. The crew of the research vessel <a href="/wiki/RV_Petrel" title="RV Petrel">RV Petrel</a>, in conjunction with the U.S. Navy, announced on 18 October 2019 that it had <a href="/wiki/RV_Petrel#Kaga" title="RV Petrel">found the Japanese carrier Kaga</a> at 17,700 ft (5,400 m). The crew confirmed the <a href="/wiki/RV_Petrel#Akagi" title="RV Petrel">discovery of another Japanese carrier, the Akagi</a>, on 21 October 2019. The Akagi was found in the <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a> in nearly 18,010 ft (5,490 m) of water. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remembrances">Remembrances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Remembrances">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_080604-6331_Unknown_orchidaceae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Starr_080604-6331_Unknown_orchidaceae.jpg/220px-Starr_080604-6331_Unknown_orchidaceae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Starr_080604-6331_Unknown_orchidaceae.jpg/330px-Starr_080604-6331_Unknown_orchidaceae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Starr_080604-6331_Unknown_orchidaceae.jpg/440px-Starr_080604-6331_Unknown_orchidaceae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The Midway Memorial</figcaption></figure> Chicago Municipal Airport, important to the war effort in World War II, was renamed <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Midway_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Midway International Airport">Chicago Midway International Airport</a> (or simply Midway Airport) in 1949 in honor of the battle.<a href="#cite_note-Airport-210">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henderson_Field_(Guadalcanal)" title="Henderson Field (Guadalcanal)">Henderson Field</a> in Guadalcanal was named in honor of U.S. Marine Corps Major <a href="/wiki/Lofton_Henderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lofton Henderson">Lofton Henderson</a>, the first Marine aviator to perish during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-Henderson-211">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">Escort carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_St._Lo_(CVE-63)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS St. Lo (CVE-63)">USS Midway (CVE-63)</a> was commissioned on 17 August 1943. She was renamed St. Lo on 10 October 1944 to clear the name Midway for a large fleet aircraft carrier,<a href="#cite_note-St_Lo-212">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Midway_(CV-41)" title="USS Midway (CV-41)">USS Midway (CV-41)</a>, which was commissioned on 10 September 1945, eight days after the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a>, and is now docked in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, California, as the <a href="/wiki/USS_Midway_Museum" title="USS Midway Museum">USS Midway Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USS_Midway-213">[207]</a> On 13 September 2000 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt">Bruce Babbitt</a> designated the lands and waters of Midway Atoll <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuge</a> as the Battle of Midway National Memorial.<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tinker_Air_Force_Base" title="Tinker Air Force Base">Tinker Air Force Base</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma City, Oklahoma">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a>, is named in honor of Major General <a href="/wiki/Clarence_L._Tinker" title="Clarence L. Tinker">Clarence L. Tinker</a>, Commander 7th Air Force, who personally led a bomber strike from Hawaii against the retreating Japanese forces on 7 June. <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> directed the 18-minute 1942 <a href="/wiki/Movietone_News" title="Movietone News">Movietone News</a> documentary (released by the <a href="/wiki/War_Activities_Committee_of_the_Motion_Pictures_Industry" title="War Activities Committee of the Motion Pictures Industry">War Activities Committee</a>) <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Midway_(film)" title="The Battle of Midway (film)">The Battle of Midway</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> which received the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature">1942 Academy Award for Best Documentary</a>; and the eight-minute documentary Torpedo Squadron 8, which describes the heroism of <a href="/wiki/VT-8" title="VT-8">Torpedo Squadron 8</a> of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)" title="USS Hornet (CV-8)">USS Hornet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harris02282014-216">[210]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Ford, who was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">Navy Reserve</a> commander at the time, was present at Midway Atoll's power plant on Sand Island during the Japanese attack and filmed it.<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> He was wounded by enemy fire in his arm during the filming.<a href="#cite_note-Harris02282014-216">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parrish-220">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bombardment_of_Midway" title="First Bombardment of Midway">First Bombardment of Midway</a>, a 7 December 1941 attack on Midway by two Japanese destroyers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_in_World_War_II" title="Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II">Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Theater_aircraft_carrier_operations_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Theater aircraft carrier operations during World War II">Pacific Theater aircraft carrier operations during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_(1976_film)" title="Midway (1976 film)">Midway</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauntless:_The_Battle_of_Midway" title="Dauntless: The Battle of Midway">Dauntless: The Battle of Midway</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_(2019_film)" title="Midway (2019 film)">Midway</a> (2019)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The code names "Val", "Kate" and "Zeke", which are often applied to these aircraft, were not introduced until late 1943 by the Allied forces. The D3A was normally referred to by the Japanese as Type 99 Navy dive bomber, the B5N as the Type 97 Navy torpedo bomber and the A6M as the Type 0 Navy fighter; the latter was colloquially known as the "Zero".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Other sources claim a stern hit, but Parshall and Tully make a case for a near miss, because of rudder damage from a high explosive bomb.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Parshall and Tully argue that even if Kaga had been towed back to Japan, the permanent structural damage caused by the inferno on board would likely have made the carrier unusable for anything except <a href="/wiki/Ship_breaking" title="Ship breaking">scrapping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParshallTully2005337-130">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Japanese casualty figures for the battle were compiled by Sawaichi Hisae for her book Midowei Kaisen: Kiroku p. 550: the list was compiled from Japanese prefectural records and is the most accurate to date.<a href="#cite_note-ParTulcas-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Pre-war Japan was less mechanized than America and the highly trained aircraft mechanics, fitters, and technicians lost at Midway were all but impossible to replace and train to a similar level of efficiency. In contrast, the extensive use of machinery in the United States meant that a much larger portion of the population had a mechanical/technical background.<a href="#cite_note-Partull417-196">[192]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shinano" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano">Shinano</a>, commissioned on 19 November 1944, was only the fourth fleet carrier commissioned by Japan during the war, after Taihō, Unryū, and Amagi.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1975">Blair 1975</a>, p. 240 map </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParshallTully2005">Parshall & Tully 2005</a>, pp. 90–91 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-CN-Midway/USN-CN-Midway-13.html#our">"The Battle of Midway"</a>. Office of Naval Intelligence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027163854/http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-CN-Midway/USN-CN-Midway-13.html#our">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Midway&rft.pub=Office+of+Naval+Intelligence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSN%2FUSN-CN-Midway%2FUSN-CN-Midway-13.html%23our&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/battle-midway">"The Battle of Midway"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221202075050/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/battle-midway">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Midway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fwar%2Farticles%2Fbattle-midway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParshallTully2005">Parshall & Tully 2005</a>, p. 524 </li> <li id="cite_note-ParTulcas-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ParTulcas_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParTulcas_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParshallTully2005">Parshall & Tully 2005</a>, pp. 114, 365, 377–380, 476 </li> <li id="cite_note-NavalHistory2015-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NavalHistory2015_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NavalHistory2015_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/b/battle-of-midway-4-7-june-1942.html">"Battle of Midway: June 4–7, 1942"</a>. Naval History & Heritage Command. 26 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520111912/http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/b/battle-of-midway-4-7-june-1942.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Midway%3A+June+4%E2%80%937%2C+1942&rft.pub=Naval+History+%26+Heritage+Command&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fonline-reading-room%2Ftitle-list-alphabetically%2Fb%2Fbattle-of-midway-4-7-june-1942.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDull1978">Dull 1978</a>, p. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-Midway_Decisive-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Midway_Decisive_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612040835/http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/ships/carriers/midway.html">"A Brief History of Aircraft Carriers: Battle of Midway"</a>. U.S. Navy. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/ships/carriers/midway.html">the original</a> on 12 June 2007. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/midway">the original</a> on 11 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=Return+to+the+Battle+of+Midway&rft.volume=195&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=80-103+%28p.+89%29&rft.date=1999-04&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fmidway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParshallTully2005">Parshall & Tully 2005</a>, p. 377 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParshallTully2005">Parshall & Tully 2005</a>, p. 362 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLord1967">Lord 1967</a>, p. 280 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleiss2017">Kleiss 2017</a>, p. 185 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParshallTully2005">Parshall & Tully 2005</a>, p. 476 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParshallTully2005">Parshall & Tully 2005</a>, pp. 378, 380 </li> <li id="cite_note-Blair247-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blair247_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blair247_161-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1975">Blair 1975</a>, p. 247 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLundstrom2006">Lundstrom 2006</a>, pp. 293–296 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1949">Morison 1949</a>, pp. 142–143 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParshallTully2005">Parshall & Tully 2005</a>, p. 330 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParshallTully2005">Parshall & Tully 2005</a>, p. 382 </li> <li id="cite_note-Toll-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Toll_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToll2012">Toll 2012</a>, p. 471 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagumo1942" class="citation report cs1">Nagumo, Chūichi (15 June 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/j/japanese-story-of-the-battle-of-midway.html">The Japanese Story of the Battle of Midway (a Translation)</a>. 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Retrieved 11 December 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Story+of+the+Battle+of+Midway+%28a+Translation%29&rft.pub=Office+of+Naval+Intelligence&rft.date=1942-06-15&rft.aulast=Nagumo&rft.aufirst=Ch%C5%ABichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fonline-reading-room%2Ftitle-list-alphabetically%2Fj%2Fjapanese-story-of-the-battle-of-midway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParshallTully2005">Parshall & Tully 2005</a>, pp. 92–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBix2001">Bix 2001</a>, p. 449 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParshallTully2005">Parshall & Tully 2005</a>, p. 386 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParshallTully2005">Parshall & Tully 2005</a>, pp. 386–387 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParshallTully2005">Parshall & Tully 2005</a>, p. 388 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJN/rep/Midway/Nagumo">"HyperWar: The Japanese Story of the Battle of Midway"</a>. p. 59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002153723/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJN/rep/Midway/Nagumo/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. 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Retrieved 27 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=navsource.org&rft.atitle=USS+Midway+%28CVB-41%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navsource.org%2Farchives%2F02%2F41.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114091546/http://www.fws.gov/midway/memorial.html">"Battle of Midway National Memorial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a>. 22 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/nwrs/threecolumn.aspx?id=2147560557">the original</a> on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Midway+National+Memorial&rft.pub=U.S.+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft.date=2012-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Fnwrs%2Fthreecolumn.aspx%3Fid%3D2147560557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> For <a href="/wiki/Academy_Film_Archive" title="Academy Film Archive">Academy Film Archive</a> of the film, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkiXHKeMC9k&index=37&list=PLJ8RjvesnvDMirffrNEsCKnSFlIMwJoei">The Battle of Midway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201184421/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkiXHKeMC9k&index=37&list=PLJ8RjvesnvDMirffrNEsCKnSFlIMwJoei">Archived</a> 1 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris02282014-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris02282014_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris02282014_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2014" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Harris_(journalist)" title="Mark Harris (journalist)">Harris, Mark</a> (28 February 2014). "In the Line of Fire". <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a>. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=In+the+Line+of+Fire&rft.pages=78&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanovich1971" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich" title="Peter Bogdanovich">Bogdanovich, Peter</a> (1971). <a href="/wiki/Directed_by_John_Ford" title="Directed by John Ford">Directed by John Ford</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/436284884">436284884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directed+by+John+Ford&rft.pub=American+Film+Institute&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F436284884&rft.aulast=Bogdanovich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> See the interview of Henry Fonda. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060905201958/http://history.navy.mil/bios/ford_john.htm">"Biography of Rear Admiral John Ford; U.S. Naval Reserve"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Historical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Historical Center">Naval Historical Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/ford_john.htm">the original</a> on 5 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Rear+Admiral+John+Ford%3B+U.S.+Naval+Reserve&rft.pub=Naval+Historical+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fbios%2Fford_john.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010217181414/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq81-8b.htm">"Oral History—Battle of Midway:Recollections of Commander John Ford"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Historical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Historical Center">Naval Historical Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq81-8b.htm">the original</a> on 17 February 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+History%E2%80%94Battle+of+Midway%3ARecollections+of+Commander+John+Ford&rft.pub=Naval+Historical+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq81-8b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parrish-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Parrish_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrish1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Parrish" title="Robert Parrish">Parrish, Robert</a> (1976). Growing Up in Hollywood. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_(publisher)" title="Harcourt (publisher)">Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780151374731" title="Special:BookSources/9780151374731"><bdi>9780151374731</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1659633">1659633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Up+in+Hollywood&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+Jovanovich&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1659633&rft.isbn=9780151374731&rft.aulast=Parrish&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarde1983" class="citation journal cs1">Barde, Robert E. (December 1983). "Midway: Tarnished Victory". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Military_History" title="The Journal of Military History">Military Affairs</a>. 47 (4). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-3718">0899-3718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.atitle=Midway%3A+Tarnished+Victory&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1983-12&rft.issn=0899-3718&rft.aulast=Barde&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book)" title="The Second World War (book)">The Second World War</a>. New York: Back Bay Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-02375-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-02375-7"><bdi>978-0-316-02375-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Back+Bay+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-316-02375-7&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBicheno2001" class="citation book cs1">Bicheno, Hugh (2001). Midway. London: Orion Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35715-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35715-4"><bdi>978-0-304-35715-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midway&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Orion+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35715-4&rft.aulast=Bicheno&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBix2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_P._Bix" title="Herbert P. Bix">Bix, Herbert P.</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan" title="Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan">Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</a>. New York: Perennial / HarperCollinsPublishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-019314-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-019314-X"><bdi>0-06-019314-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Japan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Perennial+%2F+HarperCollinsPublishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-06-019314-X&rft.aulast=Bix&rft.aufirst=Herbert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clay_Blair_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Clay Blair Jr.">Blair, Clay Jr.</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silentvictoryus00blai">Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan</a>. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-397-00753-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-397-00753-0"><bdi>978-0-397-00753-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Victory%3A+The+U.S.+Submarine+War+Against+Japan&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-397-00753-0&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Clay+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilentvictoryus00blai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuell1987" class="citation book cs1">Buell, Thomas B. (1987). The Quiet Warrior: A Biography of Admiral Raymond A. Spruance. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-562-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-562-0"><bdi>0-87021-562-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quiet+Warrior%3A+A+Biography+of+Admiral+Raymond+A.+Spruance&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-87021-562-0&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesneau1980" class="citation book cs1">Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-146-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-146-5"><bdi>978-0-85177-146-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conway%27s+All+the+World%27s+Fighting+Ships+1922%E2%80%931946&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-85177-146-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw1995" class="citation book cs1">Crenshaw, Russell Sydnor (1995). The Battle of Tassafaronga. Baltimore, Maryland: Nautical & Aviation Pub. Co. of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877853-37-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877853-37-1"><bdi>978-1-877853-37-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Tassafaronga&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Nautical+%26+Aviation+Pub.+Co.+of+America&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-877853-37-1&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=Russell+Sydnor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCressman1990" class="citation book cs1">Cressman, Robert J.; Ewing, Steve; Tillman, Barrett; Horan, Mark; Reynolds, Clark; Cohen, Stan (1990). "A Glorious Page in our History", Adm. Chester Nimitz, 1942: The Battle of Midway, 4–6 June 1942. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929521-40-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-929521-40-4"><bdi>0-929521-40-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22A+Glorious+Page+in+our+History%22%2C+Adm.+Chester+Nimitz%2C+1942%3A+The+Battle+of+Midway%2C+4%E2%80%936+June+1942&rft.place=Missoula%2C+Montana&rft.pub=Pictorial+Histories+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-929521-40-4&rft.aulast=Cressman&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Ewing%2C+Steve&rft.au=Tillman%2C+Barrett&rft.au=Horan%2C+Mark&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Clark&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1996" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Joel R. (1996). The Unsinkable Fleet: the Politics of U.S. Navy Expansion in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-156-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-156-1"><bdi>978-1-55750-156-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unsinkable+Fleet%3A+the+Politics+of+U.S.+Navy+Expansion+in+World+War+II.&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-156-1&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Joel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDull1978" class="citation book cs1">Dull, Paul S. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLfti-Dc1AcC&pg=PA145">A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1941–1945)</a>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-219-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-219-9"><bdi>1-59114-219-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514091353/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLfti-Dc1AcC&pg=PA145">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Battle+History+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Navy+%281941%E2%80%931945%29&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=1-59114-219-9&rft.aulast=Dull&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLfti-Dc1AcC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwing2004" class="citation book cs1">Ewing, Steve (2004). Thach Weave: The Life of Jimmie Thach. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-248-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-248-2"><bdi>1-59114-248-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thach+Weave%3A+The+Life+of+Jimmie+Thach&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59114-248-2&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsom2007" class="citation book cs1">Isom, Dallas Woodbury (2007). Midway Inquest: Why the Japanese Lost the Battle of Midway. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34904-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34904-0"><bdi>978-0-253-34904-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midway+Inquest%3A+Why+the+Japanese+Lost+the+Battle+of+Midway&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34904-0&rft.aulast=Isom&rft.aufirst=Dallas+Woodbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (2004). Intelligence in War. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-70046-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-70046-3"><bdi>0-375-70046-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligence+in+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-375-70046-3&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (2005). The Second World War. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303573-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303573-2"><bdi>978-0-14-303573-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904565693">904565693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904565693&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303573-2&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleiss2017" class="citation book cs1">Kleiss, Norman (2017). Never Call Me A Hero: The Battle of Midway. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-269205-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-269205-4"><bdi>978-0-06-269205-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Call+Me+A+Hero%3A+The+Battle+of+Midway&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-06-269205-4&rft.aulast=Kleiss&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenig1975" class="citation book cs1">Koenig, William J. (1975). "Midway, 1942". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epicseabattles0000koen">Epic Sea Battles</a>. London: Peerage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907408-43-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-907408-43-5"><bdi>0-907408-43-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70866344">70866344</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22361603M">22361603M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Midway%2C+1942&rft.btitle=Epic+Sea+Battles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Peerage+Books&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70866344&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL22361603M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-907408-43-5&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepicseabattles0000koen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lord" title="Walter Lord">Lord, Walter</a> (1967). Incredible Victory. New York: Harper and Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58080-059-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58080-059-9"><bdi>1-58080-059-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incredible+Victory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+and+Row&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=1-58080-059-9&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundstrom1984" class="citation book cs1">Lundstrom, John B. (1984). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-471-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-471-X"><bdi>1-59114-471-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Team%3A+Pacific+Naval+Air+Combat+from+Pearl+Harbor+to+Midway&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=1-59114-471-X&rft.aulast=Lundstrom&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundstrom2006" class="citation book cs1">Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-475-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-475-5"><bdi>978-1-59114-475-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62782215">62782215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Shoe+Carrier+Admiral%3A+Frank+Jack+Fletcher+at+Coral+Sea%2C+Midway%2C+and+Guadalcanal&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62782215&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-475-5&rft.aulast=Lundstrom&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2001" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Donald L. (2001). The Story of World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2718-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2718-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-2718-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2718-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel E.</a> (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942 – August 1942. <a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_II" title="History of United States Naval Operations in World War II">History of United States Naval Operations in World War II</a>. Vol. 4. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-58304-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-58304-6"><bdi>978-0-316-58304-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coral+Sea%2C+Midway+and+Submarine+Actions%3A+May+1942+%E2%80%93+August+1942&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=History+of+United+States+Naval+Operations+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=978-0-316-58304-6&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMrazek2008" class="citation book cs1">Mrazek, Robert (2008). A Dawn Like Thunder: The True Story of Torpedo Squadron Eight. New York: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-02139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-02139-5"><bdi>978-0-316-02139-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/225870332">225870332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dawn+Like+Thunder%3A+The+True+Story+of+Torpedo+Squadron+Eight&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F225870332&rft.isbn=978-0-316-02139-5&rft.aulast=Mrazek&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParshallTully2005" class="citation book cs1">Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shatteredswordun0000pars">Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway</a>. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-923-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-923-0"><bdi>1-57488-923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shattered+Sword%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Battle+of+Midway&rft.place=Dulles%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-57488-923-0&rft.aulast=Parshall&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Tully%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshatteredswordun0000pars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeattie2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Peattie" title="Mark Peattie">Peattie, Mark R.</a> (2007). Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-664-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-664-3"><bdi>978-1-59114-664-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunburst%3A+The+Rise+of+Japanese+Naval+Air+Power%2C+1909%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-664-3&rft.aulast=Peattie&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotterNimitz1960" class="citation book cs1">Potter, E. B.; <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Nimitz, Chester W.</a> (1960). Sea Power: A Naval History. Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/395062">395062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Power%3A+A+Naval+History&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall+Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F395062&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=E.+B.&rft.au=Nimitz%2C+Chester+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_W._Prange" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon W. Prange">Prange, Gordon W.</a>; Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miracleatmidway00pran">Miracle at Midway</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-050672-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-050672-8"><bdi>0-07-050672-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miracle+at+Midway&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-07-050672-8&rft.aulast=Prange&rft.aufirst=Gordon+W.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Donald+M.&rft.au=Dillon%2C+Katherine+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiracleatmidway00pran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScrivner1987" class="citation book cs1">Scrivner, Charles L. (1987). TBM/TBF Avenger in Action. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89747-197-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89747-197-0"><bdi>0-89747-197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TBM%2FTBF+Avenger+in+Action&rft.place=Carrollton%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Squadron%2FSignal+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-89747-197-0&rft.aulast=Scrivner&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2006" class="citation web cs1">Shepherd, Joel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cv6.org/1942/midway/default.htm">"Battle of Midway: June 4–6, 1942"</a>. USS Enterprise (CV6.org). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123185027/http://www.cv6.org/1942/midway/default.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USS+Enterprise+%28CV6.org%29&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Midway%3A+June+4%E2%80%936%2C+1942&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cv6.org%2F1942%2Fmidway%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Michael (2000). The Emperor's Codes: Bletchley Park and the Breaking of Japan's Secret Ciphers. London: Bantam Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-593-04642-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-593-04642-0"><bdi>0-593-04642-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor%27s+Codes%3A+Bletchley+Park+and+the+Breaking+of+Japan%27s+Secret+Ciphers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-593-04642-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1988" class="citation book cs1">Stephen, Martin (1988). Sea Battles in Close-up: World War Two. London: Ian Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-1596-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-1596-8"><bdi>978-0-7110-1596-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Battles+in+Close-up%3A+World+War+Two&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-1596-8&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStille2007" class="citation book cs1">Stille, Mark (2007). USN Carriers vs IJN Carriers: The Pacific 1942. New York: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-248-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-248-6"><bdi>978-1-84603-248-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USN+Carriers+vs+IJN+Carriers%3A+The+Pacific+1942&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-248-6&rft.aulast=Stille&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymonds2018" class="citation book cs1">Symonds, Craig L. (2018). World War Two at Sea: A Global History. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1902-4367-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1902-4367-8"><bdi>978-0-1902-4367-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+Two+at+Sea%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-1902-4367-8&rft.aulast=Symonds&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThruelsen1976" class="citation book cs1">Thruelsen, Richard (1976). The Grumman Story. Praeger Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-54260-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-54260-2"><bdi>0-275-54260-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grumman+Story&rft.pub=Praeger+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-275-54260-2&rft.aulast=Thruelsen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillman1976" class="citation book cs1">Tillman, Barrett (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dauntlessdivebom00barr">The Dauntless Dive-bomber of World War Two</a>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-569-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-569-8"><bdi>0-87021-569-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dauntless+Dive-bomber+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87021-569-8&rft.aulast=Tillman&rft.aufirst=Barrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdauntlessdivebom00barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToll2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_W._Toll" title="Ian W. Toll">Toll, Ian W.</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Crucible:_War_at_Sea_in_the_Pacific,_1941%E2%80%931942" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942">Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942</a>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06813-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06813-9"><bdi>978-0-393-06813-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+Crucible%3A+War+at+Sea+in+the+Pacific%2C+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06813-9&rft.aulast=Toll&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott1983" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H. P. (1983). The Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Strategies, February to June 1942. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-949-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-949-5"><bdi>1-59114-949-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barrier+and+the+Javelin%3A+Japanese+and+Allied+Strategies%2C+February+to+June+1942&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=1-59114-949-5&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansPeattie1997" class="citation book cs1">Evans, David; Peattie, Mark R. (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-192-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-192-7"><bdi>0-87021-192-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaigun%3A+Strategy%2C+Tactics%2C+and+Technology+in+the+Imperial+Japanese+Navy%2C+1887%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-87021-192-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Peattie%2C+Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchidaMasatake_Okumiya1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mitsuo_Fuchida" title="Mitsuo Fuchida">Fuchida, Mitsuo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Masatake_Okumiya" title="Masatake Okumiya">Masatake Okumiya</a> (1955). Midway: The Battle that Doomed Japan, the Japanese Navy's Story. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-372-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-372-5"><bdi>0-87021-372-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midway%3A+The+Battle+that+Doomed+Japan%2C+the+Japanese+Navy%27s+Story&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0-87021-372-5&rft.aulast=Fuchida&rft.aufirst=Mitsuo&rft.au=Masatake+Okumiya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> A Japanese account; numerous assertions in this work have been challenged by more recent sources.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson, Victor D.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carnageculturela00hans">Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power</a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50052-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50052-1"><bdi>0-385-50052-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carnage+and+Culture%3A+Landmark+Battles+in+the+Rise+of+Western+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-385-50052-1&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarnageculturela00hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHara1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tameichi_Hara" title="Tameichi Hara">Hara, Tameichi</a> (1961). Japanese Destroyer Captain. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-27894-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-27894-1"><bdi>0-345-27894-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Destroyer+Captain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0-345-27894-1&rft.aulast=Hara&rft.aufirst=Tameichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> First-hand account by Japanese captain, often inaccurate</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1979" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, W. (1979). Double-Edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II (Bluejacket Books). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-324-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-324-9"><bdi>1-55750-324-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Double-Edged+Secrets%3A+U.S.+Naval+Intelligence+Operations+in+the+Pacific+During+World+War+II+%28Bluejacket+Books%29&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=1-55750-324-9&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kahn_(writer)" title="David Kahn (writer)">Kahn, David</a>. The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83130-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83130-9"><bdi>0-684-83130-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Codebreakers%3A+The+Comprehensive+History+of+Secret+Communication+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Internet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.isbn=0-684-83130-9&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> Significant section on Midway</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKernan2005" class="citation book cs1">Kernan, Alvin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unknownbattleofm00alvi">The Unknown Battle of Midway</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10989-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10989-X"><bdi>0-300-10989-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Battle+of+Midway&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-300-10989-X&rft.aulast=Kernan&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funknownbattleofm00alvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> An account of blunders that led to the near-total destruction of the American torpedo squadrons, and of what the author calls a cover-up by naval officers after the battle</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayton1985" class="citation book cs1">Layton, Edwin T. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andiwastherepear00laytrich">And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway</a>. New York: W. Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-04883-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-04883-9"><bdi>978-0-688-04883-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+I+Was+There%3A+Pearl+Harbor+and+Midway&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+Morrow&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-688-04883-9&rft.aulast=Layton&rft.aufirst=Edwin+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandiwastherepear00laytrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Douglas V. (2006). Carrier Battles: Command Decision in Harm's Way. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-794-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-794-8"><bdi>1-59114-794-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carrier+Battles%3A+Command+Decision+in+Harm%27s+Way&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59114-794-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Douglas+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Smith" title="Peter C. Smith">Smith, Peter C.</a> (2007). Midway Dauntless Victory; Fresh perspectives on America's Seminal Naval Victory of 1942. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Maritime. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-583-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-583-5"><bdi>978-1-84415-583-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midway+Dauntless+Victory%3B+Fresh+perspectives+on+America%27s+Seminal+Naval+Victory+of+1942&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+UK&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Maritime&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-583-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"> Detailed study of battle, from planning to the effects on World War II</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephan1984" class="citation book cs1">Stephan, John J. (1984). Hawaii Under the Rising Sun: Japan's Plans for Conquest After Pearl Harbor. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2550-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2550-0"><bdi>0-8248-2550-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaii+Under+the+Rising+Sun%3A+Japan%27s+Plans+for+Conquest+After+Pearl+Harbor&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8248-2550-0&rft.aulast=Stephan&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott2004" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H. P. (2004). The Second World War in the Far East. Smithsonian History of Warfare. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58834-192-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58834-192-5"><bdi>1-58834-192-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War+in+the+Far+East&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Smithsonian+History+of+Warfare&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-58834-192-5&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Midway" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Midway" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/world-war-ii/1942/midway.html">Battle of Midway</a> main topic page at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BattleOfMidway">Battle of Midway</a> (1942) – U.S. Navy propaganda film directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034498/">The Battle of Midway (1942)</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1795389#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/VAS_04_Midway_Is_East">Victory at Sea: "Midway Is East"</a> (1952) – Episode 4 from a 26-episode series about naval combat during World War II</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vqpk4Rmfbm8">Destination Point Luck: Voices from Midway</a> (2008) – U.S. Navy Interviews of Battle of Midway Veterans</li> <li>Larry Holzwarth: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.com/how-the-battle-of-midway-changed-the-pacific-war/">How the Battle of Midway changed the Pacific War</a>, historycollection.com, 28 February 2020</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_the_United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_the_United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="Template:Protected areas of the United States Minor Outlying Islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_the_United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" 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monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Remote_Islands_Marine_National_Monument" title="Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument">Pacific Remote Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_memorials_of_the_United_States" title="List of national memorials of the United States">National Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Remembrances">Battle of Midway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a 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